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Kumar RMS, Ramesh SV, Sun Z, Thankappan S, Nulu NPC, Binodh AK, Kalaipandian S, Srinivasan R. Capsicum chinense Jacq.-derived glutaredoxin (CcGRXS12) alters redox status of the cells to confer resistance against pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV-I). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:108. [PMID: 38557872 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The CcGRXS12 gene protects plants from cellular oxidative damage that are caused by both biotic and abiotic stresses. The protein possesses GSH-disulphide oxidoreductase property but lacks Fe-S cluster assembly mechanism. Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are small, ubiquitous and multi-functional proteins. They are present in different compartments of plant cells. A chloroplast targeted Class I GRX (CcGRXS12) gene was isolated from Capsicum chinense during the pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) infection. Functional characterization of the gene was performed in Nicotiana benthamiana transgenic plants transformed with native C. chinense GRX (Nb:GRX), GRX-fused with GFP (Nb:GRX-GFP) and GRX-truncated for chloroplast sequences fused with GFP (Nb:Δ2MGRX-GFP). Overexpression of CcGRXS12 inhibited the PMMoV-I accumulation at the later stage of infection, accompanied with the activation of salicylic acid (SA) pathway pathogenesis-related (PR) transcripts and suppression of JA/ET pathway transcripts. Further, the reduced accumulation of auxin-induced Glutathione-S-Transferase (pCNT103) in CcGRXS12 overexpressing lines indicated that the protein could protect the plants from the oxidative stress caused by the virus. PMMoV-I infection increased the accumulation of pyridine nucleotides (PNs) mainly due to the reduced form of PNs (NAD(P)H), and it was high in Nb:GRX-GFP lines compared to other transgenic lines. Apart from biotic stress, CcGRXS12 protects the plants from abiotic stress conditions caused by H2O2 and herbicide paraquat. CcGRXS12 exhibited GSH-disulphide oxidoreductase activity in vitro; however, it was devoid of complementary Fe-S cluster assembly mechanism found in yeast. Overall, this study proves that CcGRXS12 plays a crucial role during biotic and abiotic stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Saravana Kumar
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India.
| | - S V Ramesh
- Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology Division, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671 124, India
| | - Z Sun
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Sugitha Thankappan
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Asish Kanakaraj Binodh
- Center for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundaravelpandian Kalaipandian
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - Ramachandran Srinivasan
- Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
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Castro ET, Alves AG, de Bittencourt Maia D, Magalhães LS, Paim MP, Penteado F, Gomes CS, Lenardão EJ, Brüning CA, Bortolatto CF. Bioactivity of selenium-containing pyridinium salts: Prospecting future pharmaceutical constituents to treat liver diseases involving oxidative stress. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23535. [PMID: 37711070 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Redox imbalance leads to oxidative stress that causes irreversible cellular damage. The incorporation of the antioxidant element selenium (Se) in the structure of pyridinium salts has been used as a strategy in chemical synthesis and can be useful in drug development. We investigated the antioxidant activity of Se-containing pyridinium salts (named Compounds 3A, 3B, and 3C) through in vitro tests. We focused our study on liver protein carbonylation, liver lipoperoxidation, free radical scavenging activity (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil [DPPH]; 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid [ABTS]), and enzyme-mimetic activity assays (glutathione S-transferase [GST]-like; superoxide dismutase [SOD]-like). In addition, 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl)-2-((phenylselanyl)methyl)pyridin-1-ium bromide (3C) was selected to evaluate the acute oral toxicity in mice due to the best antioxidant profile. The three compounds were effective in reducing the levels of protein carbonylation and lipoperoxidation in the liver in a µM concentration range. All compounds demonstrated scavenger activity of DPPH and ABTS radicals, and GST-like action. No significant effects were detected in the SOD-like assay. Experimental data also showed that the acute oral treatment of mice with Compound 3C (50 and 300 mg/kg) did not cause mortality or change markers of liver and kidney functions. In summary, our findings reveal the antioxidant potential of Se-containing pyridinium salts in liver tissue, which could be related to their radical scavenging ability and mimetic action on the GST enzyme. They also demonstrate a low toxicity potential for Compound 3C. Together, the promising results open space for future studies on the therapeutic application of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ediandra T Castro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Neurofarmacologia Molecular (LABIONEM), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Amália G Alves
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Neurofarmacologia Molecular (LABIONEM), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Bittencourt Maia
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Neurofarmacologia Molecular (LABIONEM), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Larissa S Magalhães
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Neurofarmacologia Molecular (LABIONEM), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Mariana P Paim
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Neurofarmacologia Molecular (LABIONEM), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Filipe Penteado
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química (PPGQ), Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa (LASOL), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Caroline S Gomes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química (PPGQ), Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa (LASOL), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Eder J Lenardão
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química (PPGQ), Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa (LASOL), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Brazil
| | - César A Brüning
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Neurofarmacologia Molecular (LABIONEM), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Cristiani F Bortolatto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Neurofarmacologia Molecular (LABIONEM), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Brazil
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Liang Q, Yan J, Zhang S, Yang N, Li M, Jin Y, Bai F, Wu W, Cheng Z. CtrA activates the expression of glutathione S-transferase conferring oxidative stress resistance to Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1081614. [PMID: 36579340 PMCID: PMC9791040 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1081614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), is a Gram-negative obligatory intracellular bacterium, which infects and multiplies in human monocytes and macrophages. Host immune cells produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) to eliminate E. chaffeensis upon infection. E. chaffeensis global transcriptional regulator CtrA activates the expression of GshA and GshB to synthesize glutathione (GSH), the most potent natural antioxidant, upon oxidative stress to combat ROS damage. However, the mechanisms exploited by E. chaffeensis to utilize GSH are still unknown. Here, we found that in E. chaffeensis CtrA activated the expression of glutathione S-transferase (GST) upon oxidative stress, and E. chaffeensis GST utilizes GSH to eliminate ROS and confers the oxidative stress resistance to E. chaffeensis. We found that CtrA bound to the promoter regions of 211 genes, including gst, in E. chaffeensis using chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to deep sequencing (ChIP-seq). Recombinant E. chaffeensis CtrA directly bound to the gst promoter region determined with electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and activated the gst expression determined with reporter assay. Recombinant GST showed GSH conjugation activity towards its typical substrate 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (CDNB) in vitro and peptide nucleic acid (PNA) transfection of E. chaffeensis, which can knock down the gst transcription level, reduced bacterial survival upon oxidative stress. Our results demonstrate that E. chaffeensis CtrA regulates GSH utilization, which plays a critical role in resistance to oxidative stress, and aid in the development of new therapeutics for HME.
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Ioannou E, Papageorgiou AC, Labrou NE. Directed Evolution of Phi Class Glutathione Transferases Involved in Multiple-Herbicide Resistance of Grass Weeds and Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137469. [PMID: 35806486 PMCID: PMC9267659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive application of herbicides in crop cultivation has indisputably led to the emergence of weed populations characterized by multiple herbicide resistance (MHR). This phenomenon is associated with the enhanced metabolism and detoxifying ability of endogenous enzymes, such as phi class glutathione transferases (GSTFs). In the present work, a library of mutant GSTFs was created by in vitro directed evolution via DNA shuffling. Selected gstf genes from the weeds Alopecurus myosuroides and Lolium rigidum, and the cereal crops Triticum durum and Hordeum vulgare were recombined to forge a library of novel chimeric GSTFs. The library was activity screened and the best-performing enzyme variants were purified and characterized. The work allowed the identification of enzyme variants that exhibit an eight-fold improvement in their catalytic efficiency, higher thermal stability (8.3 °C) and three-times higher inhibition sensitivity towards the herbicide butachlor. The crystal structures of the best-performing enzyme variants were determined by X-ray crystallography. Structural analysis allowed the identification of specific structural elements that are responsible for kcat regulation, thermal stability and inhibition potency. These improved novel enzymes hold the potential for utilization in biocatalysis and green biotechnology applications. The results of the present work contribute significantly to our knowledge of the structure and function of phi class plant GSTs and shed light on their involvement in the mechanisms of MHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Ioannou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | | | - Nikolaos E. Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence:
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Farías R, Norambuena J, Ferrer A, Camejo P, Zapata C, Chávez R, Orellana O, Levicán G. Redox stress response and UV tolerance in the acidophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria Leptospirillum ferriphilum and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Res Microbiol 2021; 172:103833. [PMID: 33901608 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2021.103833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative stress response represents a sum of antioxidative mechanisms that are essential for determining the adaptation and abundance of microorganisms in the environment. Leptospirillum ferriphilum and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans are chemolithotrophic bacteria that obtain their energy from the oxidation of ferrous ion. Both microorganisms are important for bioleaching of sulfidic ores and both are tolerant to high levels of heavy metals and other factors that can induce oxidative stress. In this work, we compared the tolerance and response of L. ferriphilum and At. ferrooxidans to Fe3+, H2O2, K2CrO4, and UV-C radiation. We evaluated growth, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative damage to lipid membranes and DNA, and the activity of antioxidative proteins in cells exposed to these stressors. L. ferriphilum had higher cell density, lower ROS content and less lipid and DNA damage than At. ferrooxidans. Consistent with this, the activity levels of thioredoxin and superoxide dismutase in L. ferriphilum were upregulated and higher than in At. ferrooxidans. This indicated that L. ferriphilum has a higher capacity to respond to oxidative stress and to manage redox homeostasis. This capacity could largely contribute to the high abundance of this species in natural and anthropogenic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Farías
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Norambuena
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alonso Ferrer
- Núcleo de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela Camejo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Zapata
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - Renato Chávez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - Omar Orellana
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gloria Levicán
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile.
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Stavridou E, Voulgari G, Michailidis M, Kostas S, Chronopoulou EG, Labrou NE, Madesis P, Nianiou-Obeidat I. Overexpression of A Biotic Stress-Inducible Pvgstu Gene Activates Early Protective Responses in Tobacco under Combined Heat and Drought. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2352. [PMID: 33652971 PMCID: PMC7956764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought and heat stresses are major factors limiting crop growth and productivity, and their effect is more devastating when occurring concurrently. Plant glutathione transferases (GSTs) are differentially expressed in response to different stimuli, conferring tolerance to a wide range of abiotic stresses. GSTs from drought-tolerant Phaseolus vulgaris var. "Plake Megalosperma Prespon" is expected to play an important role in the response mechanisms to combined and single heat and drought stresses. Herein, we examined wild-type N. tabacum plants (cv. Basmas Xanthi) and T1 transgenic lines overexpressing the stress-induced Pvgstu3-3 and Pvgstu2-2 genes. The overexpression of Pvgstu3-3 contributed to potential thermotolerance and greater plant performance under combined stress. Significant alterations in the primary metabolism were observed in the transgenic plants between combined stress and stress-free conditions. Stress-responsive differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and transcription factors (TFs) related to photosynthesis, signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, osmotic adjustment and thermotolerance, were identified under combined stress. In contrast, induction of certain DEGs and TF families under stress-free conditions indicated that transgenic plants were in a primed state. The overexpression of the Pvgstu3-3 is playing a leading role in the production of signaling molecules, induction of specific metabolites and activation of the protective mechanisms for enhanced protection against combined abiotic stresses in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Stavridou
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 261, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.S.); (G.V.)
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, 6th km Charilaou-Thermis Road, Thermi, P.O. Box 361, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Georgia Voulgari
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 261, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.S.); (G.V.)
| | - Michail Michailidis
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Stefanos Kostas
- Laboratory of Floriculture, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Evangelia G. Chronopoulou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece; (E.G.C.); (N.E.L.)
| | - Nikolaos E. Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece; (E.G.C.); (N.E.L.)
| | - Panagiotis Madesis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, 6th km Charilaou-Thermis Road, Thermi, P.O. Box 361, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plants, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446 Thessaly, Greece
| | - Irini Nianiou-Obeidat
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 261, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.S.); (G.V.)
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Hilario E, De Keyser S, Fan L. Structural and biochemical characterization of a glutathione transferase from the citrus canker pathogen Xanthomonas. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2020; 76:778-789. [PMID: 32744260 PMCID: PMC7397488 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798320009274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Xanthomonas comprises several cosmopolitan plant-pathogenic bacteria that affect more than 400 plant species, most of which are of economic interest. Citrus canker is a bacterial disease that affects citrus species, reducing fruit yield and quality, and is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xac). The Xac3819 gene, which has previously been reported to be important for citrus canker infection, encodes an uncharacterized glutathione S-transferase (GST) of 207 amino-acid residues in length (XacGST). Bacterial GSTs are implicated in a variety of metabolic processes such as protection against chemical and oxidative stresses. XacGST shares high sequence identity (45%) with the GstB dehalogenase from Escherichia coli O6:H1 strain CFT073 (EcGstB). Here, XacGST is reported to be able to conjugate glutathione (GSH) with bromoacetate with a Km of 6.67 ± 0.77 mM, a kcat of 42.69 ± 0.32 s-1 and a kcat/Km of 6.40 ± 0.72 mM-1 s-1 under a saturated GSH concentration (3.6 mM). These values are comparable to those previously reported for EcGstB. In addition, crystal structures of XacGST were determined in the apo form (PDB entry 6nxv) and in a GSH-bound complex (PDB entry 6nv6). XacGST has a canonical GST-like fold with a conserved serine residue (Ser12) at the GSH-binding site near the N-terminus, indicating XacGST to be a serine-type GST that probably belongs to the theta-class GSTs. GSH binding stabilizes a loop of about 20 residues containing a helix that is disordered in the apo XacGST structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Hilario
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Sawyer De Keyser
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Li Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
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Georgakis N, Poudel N, Papageorgiou AC, Labrou NE. Comparative structural and functional analysis of phi class glutathione transferases involved in multiple-herbicide resistance of grass weeds and crops. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 149:266-276. [PMID: 32088578 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiple-herbicide resistant (MHR) weeds are a global problem and a looming threat to weed control in crops. MHR weeds express a specific phi class glutathione transferase (MHR-GSTF) which seems to contribute to herbicide resistance. The present work aims to investigate the structure and catalytic properties of the MHR-GSTFs from different grass weeds and crops (Alopecurus myosuroides, Lolium rigidum, Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum). Recombinant MHR-GSTFs were expressed in E. coli and purified by affinity chromatography. Kinetic analysis of substrate specificity using a range of thiol substrates and xenobiotic compounds suggested that all enzymes display a broad range of specificity and are capable of detoxifying major stress-induced toxic products. Notably, all tested enzymes exhibited high activity towards organic hydroperoxides. The crystal structure of MHR-GSTF from Alopecurus myosuroides (AmGSTF) was determined by molecular replacement at 1.33 Å resolution. The enzyme was resolved with bound glutathione sulfenic acid (GSOH) at the G-site and succinic acid at the H-site. The enzyme shows conserved structural features compared to other Phi class GSTs. However, some differences were observed at the C-terminal helix H9 that may affect substrate specificity. The structural and functional features of AmGSTF were compared with those of the homologue crop enzymes (HvGSTF and TaGSTF) and discussed in light of their contribution to the MHR mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Georgakis
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Nirmal Poudel
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20521, Finland
| | | | - Nikolaos E Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, GR-11855, Athens, Greece.
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Sylvestre-Gonon E, Law SR, Schwartz M, Robe K, Keech O, Didierjean C, Dubos C, Rouhier N, Hecker A. Functional, Structural and Biochemical Features of Plant Serinyl-Glutathione Transferases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:608. [PMID: 31191562 PMCID: PMC6540824 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) belong to a ubiquitous multigenic family of enzymes involved in diverse biological processes including xenobiotic detoxification and secondary metabolism. A canonical GST is formed by two domains, the N-terminal one adopting a thioredoxin (TRX) fold and the C-terminal one an all-helical structure. The most recent genomic and phylogenetic analysis based on this domain organization allowed the classification of the GST family into 14 classes in terrestrial plants. These GSTs are further distinguished based on the presence of the ancestral cysteine (Cys-GSTs) present in TRX family proteins or on its substitution by a serine (Ser-GSTs). Cys-GSTs catalyze the reduction of dehydroascorbate and deglutathionylation reactions whereas Ser-GSTs catalyze glutathione conjugation reactions and eventually have peroxidase activity, both activities being important for stress tolerance or herbicide detoxification. Through non-catalytic, so-called ligandin properties, numerous plant GSTs also participate in the binding and transport of small heterocyclic ligands such as flavonoids including anthocyanins, and polyphenols. So far, this function has likely been underestimated compared to the other documented roles of GSTs. In this review, we compiled data concerning the known enzymatic and structural properties as well as the biochemical and physiological functions associated to plant GSTs having a conserved serine in their active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Sylvestre-Gonon
- Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Simon R. Law
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Schwartz
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Cristallographie, Résonance Magnétique et Modélisations, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Kevin Robe
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes (BPMP), INRA, CNRS, SupAgro-M, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Keech
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Claude Didierjean
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Cristallographie, Résonance Magnétique et Modélisations, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Christian Dubos
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes (BPMP), INRA, CNRS, SupAgro-M, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
- *Correspondence: Nicolas Rouhier, Arnaud Hecker,
| | - Arnaud Hecker
- Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
- *Correspondence: Nicolas Rouhier, Arnaud Hecker,
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10
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Gullner G, Komives T, Király L, Schröder P. Glutathione S-Transferase Enzymes in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1836. [PMID: 30622544 PMCID: PMC6308375 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are ubiquitous and multifunctional enzymes encoded by large gene families. A characteristic feature of GST genes is their high inducibility by a wide range of stress conditions including biotic stress. Early studies on the role of GSTs in plant biotic stress showed that certain GST genes are specifically up-regulated by microbial infections. Later numerous transcriptome-wide investigations proved that distinct groups of GSTs are markedly induced in the early phase of bacterial, fungal and viral infections. Proteomic investigations also confirmed the accumulation of multiple GST proteins in infected plants. Furthermore, functional studies revealed that overexpression or silencing of specific GSTs can markedly modify disease symptoms and also pathogen multiplication rates. However, very limited information is available about the exact metabolic functions of disease-induced GST isoenzymes and about their endogenous substrates. The already recognized roles of GSTs are the detoxification of toxic substances by their conjugation with glutathione, the attenuation of oxidative stress and the participation in hormone transport. Some GSTs display glutathione peroxidase activity and these GSTs can detoxify toxic lipid hydroperoxides that accumulate during infections. GSTs can also possess ligandin functions and participate in the intracellular transport of auxins. Notably, the expression of multiple GSTs is massively activated by salicylic acid and some GST enzymes were demonstrated to be receptor proteins of salicylic acid. Furthermore, induction of GST genes or elevated GST activities have often been observed in plants treated with beneficial microbes (bacteria and fungi) that induce a systemic resistance response (ISR) to subsequent pathogen infections. Further research is needed to reveal the exact metabolic functions of GST isoenzymes in infected plants and to understand their contribution to disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Gullner
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamas Komives
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lóránt Király
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Schröder
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analyses, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
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11
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Genome-wide analysis of the Tetrahymena thermophila glutathione S-transferase gene superfamily. Genomics 2018; 111:534-548. [PMID: 30572113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila has a rapid response to detoxify xenobiotics, which presents opportunity to study the diversification of Glutathione S-Transferase superfamily. In-silico identification of putative GST genes were resulted with 70 GST genes; 49 TtGSTmu, 7 TtGSTomega, 5 TtGSTtheta, 2 TtGSTzeta, 4 TtMAPEG and 3 TtEF1G. TtGST superfamily has short intron carrying or intronless genes. The most expressed mRNAs of TtGST are limited to 4 members at all life stages. TtGST genes are widely distributed to all five micronuclear chromosomes with the highest diversified members from different classes in chromosome 4. The clustering and the orientation of some TtGSTs in the T. thermophila genome give clues about the recent gene duplication. Analysis of GSH affinity-purified GST proteins with Western blot and activity assay showed GST activity carrying purified TtGST populations. In conclusion, the enhanced genome capacity of TtGST superfamily may have evolved through improved GST enzymatic activity.
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12
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Chronopoulou EG, Papageorgiou AC, Ataya F, Nianiou-Obeidat I, Madesis P, Labrou NE. Expanding the Plant GSTome Through Directed Evolution: DNA Shuffling for the Generation of New Synthetic Enzymes With Engineered Catalytic and Binding Properties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1737. [PMID: 30555496 PMCID: PMC6284010 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs, EC. 2.5.1.18) are inducible multifunctional enzymes that are essential in the detoxification and degradation of toxic compounds. GSTs have considerable biotechnological potential. In the present work, a new method for the generation of synthetic GSTs was developed. Abiotic stress treatment of Phaseolus vulgaris and Glycine max plants led to the induction of total GST activity and allowed the creation of a GST-enriched cDNA library using degenerated GST-specific primers and reverse transcription-PCR. This library was further diversified by employing directed evolution through DNA shuffling. Activity screening of the evolved library led to the identification of a novel tau class GST enzyme (PvGmGSTUG). The enzyme was purified by affinity chromatography, characterized by kinetic analysis, and its structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. Interestingly, PvGmGSTUG displayed enhanced glutathione hydroperoxidase activity, which was significantly greater than that reported so far for natural tau class GSTs. In addition, the enzyme displayed unusual cooperative kinetics toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (CDNB) but not toward glutathione. The present work provides an easy approach for the simultaneous shuffling of GST genes from different plants, thus allowing the directed evolution of plants GSTome. This may permit the generation of new synthetic enzymes with interesting properties that are valuable in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia G. Chronopoulou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Farid Ataya
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irini Nianiou-Obeidat
- Laboratory of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Madesis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos E. Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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13
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Theoharaki C, Chronopoulou E, Vlachakis D, Ataya FS, Giannopoulos P, Maurikou S, Skopelitou K, Papageorgiou AC, Labrou NE. Delineation of the functional and structural properties of the glutathione transferase family from the plant pathogen Erwinia carotovora. Funct Integr Genomics 2018; 19:1-12. [PMID: 29938342 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-018-0618-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Erwinia carotovora, a widespread plant pathogen that causes soft rot disease in many plants, is considered a major threat in agriculture. Bacterial glutathione transferases (GSTs) play important roles in a variety of metabolic pathways and processes, such as the biodegradation of xenobiotics, protection against abiotic stress, and resistance against antimicrobial drugs. The GST family of canonical soluble enzymes from Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica strain SCRI1043 (EcaGSTs) was investigated. Genome analysis showed the presence of six putative canonical cytoplasmic EcaGSTs, which were revealed by phylogenetic analysis to belong to the well-characterized GST classes beta, nu, phi, and zeta. The analysis also revealed the presence of two isoenzymes that were phylogenetically close to the omega class of GSTs, but formed a distinct class. The EcaGSTs were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and their catalytic activity toward different electrophilic substrates was elucidated. The EcaGSTs catalyzed different types of reactions, although all enzymes were particularly active in reactions involving electrophile substitution. Gene and protein expression profiling conducted under normal culture conditions as well as in the presence of the herbicide alachlor and the xenobiotic 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) showed that the isoenzyme EcaGST1, belonging to the omega-like class, was specifically induced at both the protein and mRNA levels. EcaGST1 presumably participates in counteracting the xenobiotic toxicity and/or abiotic stress conditions, and may therefore represent a novel molecular target in the development of new chemical treatments to control soft rot diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Theoharaki
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 118 55, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Chronopoulou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 118 55, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 118 55, Athens, Greece
| | - Farid S Ataya
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering Division, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, P.O. 12622, Egypt
| | - Panagiotis Giannopoulos
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 118 55, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Maurikou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 118 55, Athens, Greece
| | - Katholiki Skopelitou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 118 55, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastassios C Papageorgiou
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Nikolaos E Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 118 55, Athens, Greece.
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14
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Sevastos A, Labrou NE, Flouri F, Malandrakis A. Glutathione transferase-mediated benzimidazole-resistance in Fusarium graminearum. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 141:23-28. [PMID: 28911737 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum laboratory mutants moderately (MR) and highly (HR) benzimidazole-resistant, carrying or not target-site mutations at the β2-tubulin gene were utilized in an attempt to elucidate the biochemical mechanism(s) underlying the unique BZM-resistance paradigm of this fungal plant pathogen. Relative expression analysis in the presence or absence of carbendazim (methyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate) using a quantitative Real Time qPCR (RT-qPCR) revealed differences between resistant and the wild-type parental strain although no differences in expression levels of either β1- or β2-tubulin homologue genes were able to fully account for two of the highly resistant phenotypes. Glutathione transferase (GST)-mediated detoxification was shown to be -at least partly- responsible for the elevated resistance levels of a HR isolate bearing the β2-tubulin Phe200Tyr resistance mutation compared with another MR isolate carrying the same mutation. This benzimidazole-resistance mechanism is reported for the first time in F. graminearum. No indications of detoxification involved in benzimidazole resistance were found for the rest of the isolates as revealed by GST and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and bioassays using monoxygenase and hydrolase detoxification enzyme inhibiting synergists. Interestingly, besides the Phe200Tyr mutation-carrying HR isolate, the remaining highly-carbendazim resistant phenotypes could not be associated with any of the target site modification/overproduction, detoxification or reduced uptake-increased efflux mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sevastos
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Votanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | - N E Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855-Athens, Greece
| | - F Flouri
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Votanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | - A Malandrakis
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Votanikos, 118 55 Athens, Greece.
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15
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Chatzikonstantinou M, Vlachakis D, Chronopoulou E, Papageorgiou L, Papageorgiou AC, Labrou NE. The glutathione transferase family of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Identification and characterization of novel sigma class-like enzymes. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Karamitros CS, Labrou NE. Preserving enzymatic activity and enhancing biochemical stability of glutathione transferase by soluble additives under free and tethered conditions. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 64:754-764. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christos S. Karamitros
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development; Agricultural University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Nikolaos E. Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development; Agricultural University of Athens; Athens Greece
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17
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Chai B, Tsoi TV, Iwai S, Liu C, Fish JA, Gu C, Johnson TA, Zylstra G, Teppen BJ, Li H, Hashsham SA, Boyd SA, Cole JR, Tiedje JM. Sphingomonas wittichii Strain RW1 Genome-Wide Gene Expression Shifts in Response to Dioxins and Clay. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157008. [PMID: 27309357 PMCID: PMC4911050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingomonas wittichii strain RW1 (RW1) is one of the few strains that can grow on dibenzo-p-dioxin (DD). We conducted a transcriptomic study of RW1 using RNA-Seq to outline transcriptional responses to DD, dibenzofuran (DF), and the smectite clay mineral saponite with succinate as carbon source. The ability to grow on DD is rare compared to growth on the chemically similar DF even though the same initial dioxygenase may be involved in oxidation of both substrates. Therefore, we hypothesized the reason for this lies beyond catabolic pathways and may concern genes involved in processes for cell-substrate interactions such as substrate recognition, transport, and detoxification. Compared to succinate (SUC) as control carbon source, DF caused over 240 protein-coding genes to be differentially expressed, whereas more than 300 were differentially expressed with DD. Stress response genes were up-regulated in response to both DD and DF. This effect was stronger with DD than DF, suggesting a higher toxicity of DD compared to DF. Both DD and DF caused changes in expression of genes involved in active cross-membrane transport such as TonB-dependent receptor proteins, but the patterns of change differed between the two substrates. Multiple transcription factor genes also displayed expression patterns distinct to DD and DF growth. DD and DF induced the catechol ortho- and the salicylate/gentisate pathways, respectively. Both DD and DF induced the shared down-stream aliphatic intermediate compound pathway. Clay caused category-wide down-regulation of genes for cell motility and chemotaxis, particularly those involved in the synthesis, assembly and functioning of flagella. This is an environmentally important finding because clay is a major component of soil microbes’ microenvironment influencing local chemistry and may serve as a geosorbent for toxic pollutants. Similar to clay, DD and DF also affected expression of genes involved in motility and chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benli Chai
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Tamara V. Tsoi
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Shoko Iwai
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Cun Liu
- Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Jordan A. Fish
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Cheng Gu
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Timothy A. Johnson
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
- Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Gerben Zylstra
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Teppen
- Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Hui Li
- Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Syed A. Hashsham
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Stephen A. Boyd
- Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - James R. Cole
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - James M. Tiedje
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Dong Y, Li C, Zhang Y, He Q, Daud MK, Chen J, Zhu S. Glutathione S-Transferase Gene Family in Gossypium raimondii and G. arboreum: Comparative Genomic Study and their Expression under Salt Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:139. [PMID: 26904090 PMCID: PMC4751282 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play versatile functions in multiple aspects of plant growth and development. A comprehensive genome-wide survey of this gene family in the genomes of G. raimondii and G. arboreum was carried out in this study. Based on phylogenetic analyses, the GST gene family of both two diploid cotton species could be divided into eight classes, and approximately all the GST genes within the same subfamily shared similar gene structure. Additionally, the gene structures between the orthologs were highly conserved. The chromosomal localization analyses revealed that GST genes were unevenly distributed across the genome in both G. raimondii and G. arboreum. Tandem duplication could be the major driver for the expansion of GST gene families. Meanwhile, the expression analysis for the selected 40 GST genes showed that they exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns and their expression were induced or repressed by salt stress. Those findings shed lights on the function and evolution of the GST gene family in Gossypium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Dong
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Qiuling He
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad K. Daud
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and TechnologyKohat, Pakistan
| | - Jinhong Chen
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jinhong Chen
| | - Shuijin Zhu
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- Shuijin Zhu
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Chronopoulou E, Madesis P, Tsaftaris A, Labrou NE. Cloning and characterization of a biotic-stress-inducible glutathione transferase from Phaseolus vulgaris. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:595-609. [PMID: 24104686 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs, EC 2.5.1.18) are ubiquitous proteins in plants that play important roles in stress tolerance and in the detoxification of toxic chemicals and metabolites. In this study, we systematically examined the catalytic diversification of a GST isoenzyme from Phaseolus vulgaris (PvGST) which is induced under biotic stress treatment (Uromyces appendiculatus infection). The full-length cDNA of this GST isoenzyme (termed PvGSTU3-3) with complete open reading frame, was isolated using RACE-RT and showed that the deduced amino acid sequence shares high homology with the tau class plant GSTs. PvGSTU3-3 catalyzes several different reactions and exhibits wide substrate specificity. Of particular importance is the finding that the enzyme shows high antioxidant catalytic function and acts as hydroperoxidase, thioltransferase, and dehydroascorbate reductase. In addition, its K m for GSH is about five to ten times lower compared to other plant GSTs, suggesting that PvGSTU3-3 is able to perform efficient catalysis under conditions where the concentration of reduced glutathione is low (e.g., oxidative stress). Its ability to conjugate GSH with isothiocyanates may provide an additional role for this enzyme to act as a regulator of the released isothiocyanates from glucosinolates as a response of biotic stress. Molecular modeling showed that PvGSTU3-3 shares the same overall fold and structural organization with other plant cytosolic GSTs, with major differences at their hydrophobic binding sites (H-sites) and some differences at the level of C-terminal domain and the linker between the C- and N-terminal domains. PvGSTU3-3, in general, exhibits restricted ability to bind xenobiotics in a nonsubstrate manner, suggesting that the biological role of PvGSTU3-3, is restricted mainly to the catalytic function. Our findings highlight the functional and catalytic diversity of plant GSTs and demonstrate their pivotal role for addressing biotic stresses in Phaseolus vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Chronopoulou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855, Athens, Greece
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20
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Zhou WW, Liang QM, Xu Y, Gurr GM, Bao YY, Zhou XP, Zhang CX, Cheng J, Zhu ZR. Genomic insights into the glutathione S-transferase gene family of two rice planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) and Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). PLoS One 2013; 8:e56604. [PMID: 23457591 PMCID: PMC3572974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes control crucial traits for the metabolism of various toxins encountered by insects in host plants and the wider environment, including insecticides. The planthoppers Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera are serious specialist pests of rice throughout eastern Asia. Their capacity to rapidly adapt to resistant rice varieties and to develop resistance to various insecticides has led to severe outbreaks over the last decade. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using the genome sequence of N. lugens, we identified for the first time the complete GST gene family of a delphacid insect whilst nine GST gene orthologs were identified from the closely related species S. furcifera. Nilaparvata lugens has 11 GST genes belonging to six cytosolic subclasses and a microsomal class, many fewer than seen in other insects with known genomes. Sigma is the largest GST subclass, and the intron-exon pattern deviates significantly from that of other species. Higher GST gene expression in the N. lugens adult migratory form reflects the higher risk of this life stage in encountering the toxins of non-host plants. After exposure to a sub-lethal dose of four insecticides, chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, buprofezin or beta-cypermethrin, more GST genes were upregulated in S. furcifera than in N. lugens. RNA interference targeting two N. lugens GST genes, NlGSTe1 and NlGSTm2, significantly increased the sensitivity of fourth instar nymphs to chlorpyrifos but not to beta-cypermethrin. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study provides the first elucidation of the nature of the GST gene family in a delphacid species, offering new insights into the evolution of metabolic enzyme genes in insects. Further, the use of RNA interference to identify the GST genes induced by insecticides illustrates likely mechanisms for the tolerance of these insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Ministry of Agriculture; and Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Mei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Ministry of Agriculture; and Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Xu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Geoff M. Gurr
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Ministry of Agriculture; and Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yan-Yuan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Ministry of Agriculture; and Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Ping Zhou
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Ministry of Agriculture; and Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Ministry of Agriculture; and Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeng-Rong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Ministry of Agriculture; and Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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21
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Chronopoulou E, Madesis P, Asimakopoulou B, Platis D, Tsaftaris A, Labrou NE. Catalytic and structural diversity of the fluazifop-inducible glutathione transferases from Phaseolus vulgaris. PLANTA 2012; 235:1253-1269. [PMID: 22203322 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1572-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant glutathione transferases (GSTs) comprise a large family of inducible enzymes that play important roles in stress tolerance and herbicide detoxification. Treatment of Phaseolus vulgaris leaves with the aryloxyphenoxypropionic herbicide fluazifop-p-butyl resulted in induction of GST activities. Three inducible GST isoenzymes were identified and separated by affinity chromatography. Their full-length cDNAs with complete open reading frame were isolated using RACE-RT and information from N-terminal amino acid sequences. Analysis of the cDNA clones showed that the deduced amino acid sequences share high homology with GSTs that belong to phi and tau classes. The three isoenzymes were expressed in E. coli and their substrate specificity was determined towards 20 different substrates. The results showed that the fluazifop-inducible glutathione transferases from P. vulgaris (PvGSTs) catalyze a broad range of reactions and exhibit quite varied substrate specificity. Molecular modeling and structural analysis was used to identify key structural characteristics and to provide insights into the substrate specificity and the catalytic mechanism of these enzymes. These results provide new insights into catalytic and structural diversity of GSTs and the detoxifying mechanism used by P. vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Chronopoulou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece
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A glutathione transferase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens reveals a novel class of bacterial GST superfamily. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34263. [PMID: 22496785 PMCID: PMC3319563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, we report a novel class of glutathione transferases (GSTs) originated from the pathogenic soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58, with structural and catalytic properties not observed previously in prokaryotic and eukaryotic GST isoenzymes. A GST-like sequence from A. tumefaciens C58 (Atu3701) with low similarity to other characterized GST family of enzymes was identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that it belongs to a distinct GST class not previously described and restricted only in soil bacteria, called the Eta class (H). This enzyme (designated as AtuGSTH1-1) was cloned and expressed in E. coli and its structural and catalytic properties were investigated. Functional analysis showed that AtuGSTH1-1 exhibits significant transferase activity against the common substrates aryl halides, as well as very high peroxidase activity towards organic hydroperoxides. The crystal structure of AtuGSTH1-1 was determined at 1.4 Å resolution in complex with S-(p-nitrobenzyl)-glutathione (Nb-GSH). Although AtuGSTH1-1 adopts the canonical GST fold, sequence and structural characteristics distinct from previously characterized GSTs were identified. The absence of the classic catalytic essential residues (Tyr, Ser, Cys) distinguishes AtuGSTH1-1 from all other cytosolic GSTs of known structure and function. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that instead of the classic catalytic residues, an Arg residue (Arg34), an electron-sharing network, and a bridge of a network of water molecules may form the basis of the catalytic mechanism. Comparative sequence analysis, structural information, and site-directed mutagenesis in combination with kinetic analysis showed that Phe22, Ser25, and Arg187 are additional important residues for the enzyme's catalytic efficiency and specificity.
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