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Méndez-Yáñez A, Sáez D, Rodríguez-Arriaza F, Letelier-Naritelli C, Valenzuela-Riffo F, Morales-Quintana L. Involvement of the GH38 Family Exoglycosidase α-Mannosidase in Strawberry Fruit Ripening. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6581. [PMID: 38928287 PMCID: PMC11203768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Exoglycosidase enzymes hydrolyze the N-glycosylations of cell wall enzymes, releasing N-glycans that act as signal molecules and promote fruit ripening. Vesicular exoglycosidase α-mannosidase enzymes of the GH38 family (EC 3.2.1.24; α-man) hydrolyze N-glycans in non-reduced termini. Strawberry fruit (Fragaria × ananassa) is characterized by rapid softening as a result of cell wall modifications during the fruit ripening process. Enzymes acting on cell wall polysaccharides explain the changes in fruit firmness, but α-man has not yet been described in F. × ananassa, meaning that the indirect effects of N-glycan removal on its fruit ripening process are unknown. The present study identified 10 GH38 α-man sequences in the F. × ananassa genome with characteristic conserved domains and key residues. A phylogenetic tree built with the neighbor-joining method and three groups of α-man established, of which group I was classified into three subgroups and group III contained only Poaceae spp. sequences. The real-time qPCR results demonstrated that FaMAN genes decreased during fruit ripening, a trend mirrored by the total enzyme activity from the white to ripe stages. The analysis of the promoter regions of these FaMAN genes was enriched with ripening and phytohormone response elements, and contained cis-regulatory elements related to stress responses to low temperature, drought, defense, and salt stress. This study discusses the relevance of α-man in fruit ripening and how it can be a useful target to prolong fruit shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Méndez-Yáñez
- Multidisciplinary Agroindustry Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Cinco Poniente #1670, Talca 3467987, Chile
| | - Darwin Sáez
- Multidisciplinary Agroindustry Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Cinco Poniente #1670, Talca 3467987, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Cinco Poniente #1670, Talca 3467987, Chile
| | - Francisca Rodríguez-Arriaza
- Multidisciplinary Agroindustry Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Cinco Poniente #1670, Talca 3467987, Chile
| | - Claudio Letelier-Naritelli
- Multidisciplinary Agroindustry Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Cinco Poniente #1670, Talca 3467987, Chile
| | - Felipe Valenzuela-Riffo
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Campus Talca, Avenida Lircay s/n, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Luis Morales-Quintana
- Multidisciplinary Agroindustry Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Cinco Poniente #1670, Talca 3467987, Chile
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Kishor PBK, Guddimalli R, Kulkarni J, Singam P, Somanaboina AK, Nandimandalam T, Patil S, Polavarapu R, Suravajhala P, Sreenivasulu N, Penna S. Impact of Climate Change on Altered Fruit Quality with Organoleptic, Health Benefit, and Nutritional Attributes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:17510-17527. [PMID: 37943146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
As a consequence of global climate change, acute water deficit conditions, soil salinity, and high temperature have been on the rise in their magnitude and frequency, which have been found to impact plant growth and development negatively. However, recent evidence suggests that many fruit plants that face moderate abiotic stresses can result in beneficial effects on the postharvest storage characters of the fruits. Salinity, drought, and high temperature conditions stimulate the synthesis of abscisic acid (ABA), and secondary metabolites, which are vital for fruit quality. The secondary metabolites like phenolic acids and anthocyanins that accumulate under abiotic stress conditions have antioxidant activity, and therefore, such fruits have health benefits too. It has been noticed that fruits accumulate more sugar and anthocyanins owing to upregulation of phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes. The novel information that has been generated thus far indicates that the growth environment during fruit development influences the quality components of the fruits. But the quality depends on the trade-offs between productivity, plant defense, and the frequency, duration, and intensity of stress. In this review, we capture the current knowledge of the irrigation practices for optimizing fruit production in arid and semiarid regions and enhancement in the quality of fruit with the application of exogenous ABA and identify gaps that exist in our understanding of fruit quality under abiotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Kavi Kishor
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | | | - Jayant Kulkarni
- Department of Botany, Savithribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Prashant Singam
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Anil Kumar Somanaboina
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research Deemed to be University, Vadlamudi, Guntur 522 213, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Tejaswi Nandimandalam
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research Deemed to be University, Vadlamudi, Guntur 522 213, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Swaroopa Patil
- Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416 004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rathnagiri Polavarapu
- Genomix Molecular Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd., Pragathi Nagar, Kukatapally, Hyderabad 500 072, India
| | - Prashanth Suravajhala
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwavidyapeetham, Clappana, 690 525, Amritapuri, Vallikavu, Kerala, India & Bioclues.org, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nese Sreenivasulu
- Consumer-Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Research Unit, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manil 1301, Philippines
| | - Suprasanna Penna
- Amity Centre for Nuclear Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University of Maharashtra, Mumbai 410 206, India
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3
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Wang Y, Li Z, Ahmad N, Sheng X, Iqbal B, Naeem M, Wang N, Li F, Yao N, Liu X. Unraveling the functional characterization of a jasmonate-induced flavonoid biosynthetic CYP45082G24 gene in Carthamus tinctorius. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:172. [PMID: 37212893 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 superfamily of monooxygenases plays a major role in the evolution and diversification of plant natural products. The function of cytochrome P450s in physiological adaptability, secondary metabolism, and xenobiotic detoxification has been studied extensively in numerous plant species. However, their underlying regulatory mechanism in safflower still remained unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the functional role of a putative CtCYP82G24-encoding gene in safflower, which suggests crucial insights into the regulation of methyl jasmonate-induced flavonoid accumulation in transgenic plants. The results showed that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) was associated with a progressive upregulation of CtCYP82G24 expression in safflower among other treatment conditions including light, dark, and polyethylene glycol (PEG). In addition, transgenic plants overexpressing CtCYP82G24 demonstrated increased expression level of other key flavonoid biosynthetic genes, such as AtDFR, AtANS, and AtFLS, and higher content of flavonoid and anthocyanin accumulation when compared with wild-type and mutant plants. Under exogenous MeJA treatment, the CtCYP82G24 transgenic overexpressed lines showed a significant spike in flavonoid and anthocyanin content compared with wild-type and mutant plants. Moreover, the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay of CtCYP82G24 in safflower leaves exhibited decreased flavonoid and anthocyanin accumulation and reduced expression of key flavonoid biosynthetic genes, suggesting a possible coordination between transcriptional regulation of CtCYP82G24 and flavonoid accumulation. Together, our findings confirmed the likely role of CtCYP82G24 during MeJA-induced flavonoid accumulation in safflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Zhiling Li
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Sheng
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Babar Iqbal
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Fengwei Li
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Na Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Xiuming Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
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4
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Moya-León MA, Stappung Y, Mattus-Araya E, Herrera R. Insights into the Genes Involved in ABA Biosynthesis and Perception during Development and Ripening of the Chilean Strawberry Fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108531. [PMID: 37239876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormones act as master ripening regulators. In non-climacteric fruit, ABA plays a key role in ripening. Recently, we confirmed in Fragaria chiloensis fruit that in response to ABA treatment the fruit induces ripening-associated changes such as softening and color development. In consequence of these phenotypic changes, transcriptional variations associated with cell wall disassembly and anthocyanins biosynthesis were reported. As ABA stimulates the ripening of F. chiloensis fruit, the molecular network involved in ABA metabolism was analyzed. Therefore, the expression level of genes involved in ABA biosynthesis and ABA perception was quantified during the development of the fruit. Four NCED/CCDs and six PYR/PYLs family members were identified in F. chiloensis. Bioinformatics analyses confirmed the existence of key domains related to functional properties. Through RT-qPCR analyses, the level of transcripts was quantified. FcNCED1 codifies a protein that displays crucial functional domains, and the level of transcripts increases as the fruit develops and ripens, in parallel with the increment in ABA. In addition, FcPYL4 codifies for a functional ABA receptor, and its expression follows an incremental pattern during ripening. The study concludes that FcNCED1 is involved in ABA biosynthesis; meanwhile, FcPYL4 participates in ABA perception during the ripening of F. chiloensis fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Moya-León
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal y Genética Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3465548, Chile
| | - Yazmina Stappung
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal y Genética Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3465548, Chile
| | - Elena Mattus-Araya
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal y Genética Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3465548, Chile
| | - Raúl Herrera
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal y Genética Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3465548, Chile
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5
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Martínez-Rivas FJ, Blanco-Portales R, Serratosa MP, Ric-Varas P, Guerrero-Sánchez V, Medina-Puche L, Moyano L, Mercado JA, Alseekh S, Caballero JL, Fernie AR, Muñoz-Blanco J, Molina-Hidalgo FJ. FaMYB123 interacts with FabHLH3 to regulate the late steps of anthocyanin and flavonol biosynthesis during ripening. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:683-698. [PMID: 36840368 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we identified and functionally characterized the strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) R2R3 MYB transcription factor FaMYB123. As in most genes associated with organoleptic properties of ripe fruit, FaMYB123 expression is ripening-related, receptacle-specific, and antagonistically regulated by ABA and auxin. Knockdown of FaMYB123 expression by RNAi in ripe strawberry fruit receptacles downregulated the expression of enzymes involved in the late steps of anthocyanin/flavonoid biosynthesis. Transgenic fruits showed a parallel decrease in the contents of total anthocyanin and flavonoid, especially malonyl derivatives of pelargonidin and cyanidins. The decrease was concomitant with accumulation of proanthocyanin, propelargonidins, and other condensed tannins associated mainly with green receptacles. Potential coregulation between FaMYB123 and FaMYB10, which may act on different sets of genes for the enzymes involved in anthocyanin production, was explored. FaMYB123 and FabHLH3 were found to interact and to be involved in the transcriptional activation of FaMT1, a gene responsible for the malonylation of anthocyanin components during ripening. Taken together, these results demonstrate that FaMYB123 regulates the late steps of the flavonoid pathway in a specific manner. In this study, a new function for an R2R3 MYB transcription factor, regulating the expression of a gene that encodes a malonyltransferase, has been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix J Martínez-Rivas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014, Córdoba, Spain
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Rosario Blanco-Portales
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María P Serratosa
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, University of Cordoba, Edificio Marie Curie, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pablo Ric-Varas
- Department of Plant Biology, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, E-29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Víctor Guerrero-Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Laura Medina-Puche
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lourdes Moyano
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, University of Cordoba, Edificio Marie Curie, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José A Mercado
- Department of Plant Biology, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, E-29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Ruski Blvd. 139, Plovdiv, 4000, Bulgaria
| | - José L Caballero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Ruski Blvd. 139, Plovdiv, 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Juan Muñoz-Blanco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco J Molina-Hidalgo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014, Córdoba, Spain
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6
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Yue M, Jiang L, Zhang N, Zhang L, Liu Y, Lin Y, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li M, Wang X, Chen Q, Tang H. Regulation of flavonoids in strawberry fruits by FaMYB5/FaMYB10 dominated MYB-bHLH-WD40 ternary complexes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1145670. [PMID: 36993840 PMCID: PMC10040760 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1145670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins endowing strawberry fruit red color are regulated by the MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex. By analyzing the MYBs involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis in strawberry, we found that R2R3-FaMYB5 promoted the content of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidins in strawberry fruits. Yeast two-hybrid and BiFC assays confirmed that MBW complexes connected with flavonoid metabolism were FaMYB5/FaMYB10-FaEGL3 (bHLH)-FaLWD1/FaLWD1-like (WD40). Transient overexpression and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that disparate MBW models hold different patterns in the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in strawberry fruits. Compared with FaMYB10, FaMYB5 and its dominant complexes showed a more specific regulatory range on strawberry flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, while FaMYB10 was more extensive. In addition, the complexes involved in FaMYB5 facilitated PAs accumulation primarily through the LAR tributary while FaMYB10 mainly by the ANR branch. FaMYB9 and FaMYB11 tremendously elicited the accumulation of proanthocyanidins by up-regulating the expression levels of both LAR and ANR, and also affected anthocyanin metabolism by changing the ratio of Cy3G and Pg3G which were constituted as two major anthocyanin monomers in strawberries. Our study also illustrated that FaMYB5-FaEGL3-FaLWD1-like directly targeted the promoters of F3'H, LAR, and AHA10 thus committing to flavonoid accumulation. These results allow the specific members involved in the MBW complex to be deciphered and provide new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins regulated by the MBW complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolan Yue
- Country College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Leiyu Jiang
- Country College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nating Zhang
- Country College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lianxi Zhang
- Country College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- Country College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanxiu Lin
- Country College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- Country College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Luo
- Country College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Country College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Country College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengyao Li
- Country College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- Country College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Country College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoru Tang
- Country College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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7
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Yue M, Jiang L, Zhang N, Zhang L, Liu Y, Wang Y, Li M, Lin Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Wang X, Chen Q, Tang H. Importance of FaWRKY71 in Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) Fruit Ripening. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012483. [PMID: 36293343 PMCID: PMC9604163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors play a nonnegligible role in plant growth and development, but little is known about the involvement of WRKY transcription factors in the regulation of fruit ripening. In this study, FaWRKY71 was identified to be closely related to fruit maturation in octoploid strawberry. FaWRKY71 protein localized in the nucleus and responded to cold, salt, low phosphate, ABA, and light quality in strawberry seedlings. The temporal and spatial pattern expression analysis indicated that FaWRKY71 was expressed in all the detected tissues, especially in the full red fruits. In addition, FaWRKY71 gave rise to the accumulation of anthocyanin content by promoting the expression of structural genes FaF3’H, FaLAR, FaANR, and transport factors FaTT19 and FaTT12 in the flavonoid pathway, and softening the texture of strawberry via up-regulating the abundance of FaPG19 and FaPG21. Furthermore, FaWRKY71 was a positive regulator that mediated resistance against reactive oxygen species by enhancing the enzyme activities of SOD, POD, and CAT, reducing the amount of MDA. Altogether, this study provides new and comprehensive insight into the regulatory mechanisms facilitating fruit ripening in strawberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolan Yue
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Leiyu Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Nating Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lianxi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mengyao Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuanxiu Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ya Luo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (Q.C.); (H.T.); Tel.: +86-158-9268-5193 (Q.C.); +86-136-0826-4028 (H.T.)
| | - Haoru Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology & Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (Q.C.); (H.T.); Tel.: +86-158-9268-5193 (Q.C.); +86-136-0826-4028 (H.T.)
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8
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Sánchez-Gómez C, Posé D, Martín-Pizarro C. Insights into transcription factors controlling strawberry fruit development and ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1022369. [PMID: 36299782 PMCID: PMC9589285 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1022369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is a highly regulated and complex process involving a series of physiological and biochemical changes aiming to maximize fruit organoleptic traits to attract herbivores, maximizing therefore seed dispersal. Furthermore, this process is of key importance for fruit quality and therefore consumer acceptance. In fleshy fruits, ripening involves an alteration in color, in the content of sugars, organic acids and secondary metabolites, such as volatile compounds, which influence flavor and aroma, and the remodeling of cell walls, resulting in the softening of the fruit. The mechanisms underlying these processes rely on the action of phytohormones, transcription factors and epigenetic modifications. Strawberry fruit is considered a model of non-climacteric species, as its ripening is mainly controlled by abscisic acid. Besides the role of phytohormones in the regulation of strawberry fruit ripening, a number of transcription factors have been identified as important regulators of these processes to date. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the role of transcription factors in the regulation of strawberry fruit ripening, as well as in compiling candidate regulators that might play an important role but that have not been functionally studied to date.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Posé
- *Correspondence: David Posé, ; Carmen Martín-Pizarro,
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9
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Gaete-Eastman C, Stappung Y, Molinett S, Urbina D, Moya-Leon MA, Herrera R. RNAseq, transcriptome analysis and identification of DEGs involved in development and ripening of Fragaria chiloensis fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:976901. [PMID: 36204060 PMCID: PMC9530326 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.976901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fragaria chiloensis (Chilean strawberry) is a native species that produces fruit with an exotic pinkish color and a fruity aroma. It has a non-climacteric pattern of fruit ripening, and it is the mother of the commercial Fragaria x ananassa. The ripening of F. chiloensis fruit seems stimulated by ABA, and a complete set of genes participate in its softening, color, and aroma development. In addition, a set of transcription factors regulate the entire process, but few of them have been described. Over the last two decades, RNA-seq was used to identify genes at three fruit development/ripening stages, named C2 (unripe, large green) to C4 (full ripe), in whole fruit and fruit without achenes. A total of 204,754 contigs were assembled considering all samples, obtaining an N50 of 1.125 bp. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between two samples were identified, obtaining a total of 77,181 DEGs. Transcripts for genes involved in ABA biosynthesis present high and differential expression during the C2, C3, and C4 stages. Besides, contigs corresponding to ABA receptors, which interact with a regulatory network, are also differentially expressed. Genes associated with cell wall remodeling and those involved in flavonoid synthesis were also differentially expressed. An interaction network was built considering differentially expressed genes for the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid molecular pathways and having FcMYB1 as a transcription factor regulator. Identifying key genes could give an option to control the ripening of this non-climacteric fruit.
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10
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Garrido-Gala J, Higuera JJ, Rodríguez-Franco A, Muñoz-Blanco J, Amil-Ruiz F, Caballero JL. A Comprehensive Study of the WRKY Transcription Factor Family in Strawberry. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11121585. [PMID: 35736736 PMCID: PMC9229891 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors play critical roles in plant growth and development or stress responses. Using up-to-date genomic data, a total of 64 and 257 WRKY genes have been identified in the diploid woodland strawberry, Fragaria vesca, and the more complex allo-octoploid commercial strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa cv. Camarosa, respectively. The completeness of the new genomes and annotations has enabled us to perform a more detailed evolutionary and functional study of the strawberry WRKY family members, particularly in the case of the cultivated hybrid, in which homoeologous and paralogous FaWRKY genes have been characterized. Analysis of the available expression profiles has revealed that many strawberry WRKY genes show preferential or tissue-specific expression. Furthermore, significant differential expression of several FaWRKY genes has been clearly detected in fruit receptacles and achenes during the ripening process and pathogen challenged, supporting a precise functional role of these strawberry genes in such processes. Further, an extensive analysis of predicted development, stress and hormone-responsive cis-acting elements in the strawberry WRKY family is shown. Our results provide a deeper and more comprehensive knowledge of the WRKY gene family in strawberry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José-Javier Higuera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Edificio Severo Ochoa-C6, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (J.-J.H.); (A.R.-F.); (J.M.-B.)
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Edificio Severo Ochoa-C6, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (J.-J.H.); (A.R.-F.); (J.M.-B.)
| | - Juan Muñoz-Blanco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Edificio Severo Ochoa-C6, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (J.-J.H.); (A.R.-F.); (J.M.-B.)
| | - Francisco Amil-Ruiz
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Servicio Central de Apoyo a la Investigación (SCAI), Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - José L. Caballero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Edificio Severo Ochoa-C6, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (J.-J.H.); (A.R.-F.); (J.M.-B.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Martínez-Rivas FJ, Blanco-Portales R, Molina-Hidalgo FJ, Caballero JL, Perez de Souza L, Alseekh S, Fernie AR, Muñoz-Blanco J, Rodríguez-Franco A. Azacytidine arrests ripening in cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) by repressing key genes and altering hormone contents. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:278. [PMID: 35672704 PMCID: PMC9172142 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03670-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strawberry ripening involves a number of irreversible biochemical reactions that cause sensory changes through accumulation of sugars, acids and other compounds responsible for fruit color and flavor. The process, which is strongly dependent on methylation marks in other fruits such as tomatoes and oranges, is highly controlled and coordinated in strawberry. RESULTS Repeated injections of the hypomethylating compound 5-azacytidine (AZA) into green and unripe Fragaria × ananassa receptacles fully arrested the ripening of the fruit. The process, however, was reversible since treated fruit parts reached full maturity within a few days after AZA treatment was stopped. Transcriptomic analyses showed that key genes responsible for the biosynthesis of anthocyanins, phenylpropanoids, and hormones such as abscisic acid (ABA) were affected by the AZA treatment. In fact, AZA downregulated genes associated with ABA biosynthetic genes but upregulated genes associated with its degradation. AZA treatment additionally downregulated a number of essential transcription factors associated with the regulation and control of ripening. Metabolic analyses revealed a marked imbalance in hormone levels, with treated parts accumulating auxins, gibberellins and ABA degradation products, as well as metabolites associated with unripe fruits. CONCLUSIONS AZA completely halted strawberry ripening by altering the hormone balance, and the expression of genes involves in hormone biosynthesis and degradation processes. These results contradict those previously obtained in other climacteric and fleshly fruits, where AZA led to premature ripening. In any case, our results suggests that the strawberry ripening process is governed by methylation marks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Juan Martínez-Rivas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014, Córdoba, Spain.
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Rosario Blanco-Portales
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Molina-Hidalgo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Luis Caballero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Leonardo Perez de Souza
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Ruski Blvd. 139, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Ruski Blvd. 139, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Juan Muñoz-Blanco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Franco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014, Córdoba, Spain.
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12
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Siebeneichler TJ, Crizel RL, Reisser PL, Perin EC, da Silva Messias R, Rombaldi CV, Galli V. Changes in the abscisic acid, phenylpropanoids and ascorbic acid metabolism during strawberry fruit growth and ripening. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Martínez-Rivas FJ, Blanco-Portales R, Moyano E, Alseekh S, Caballero JL, Schwab W, Fernie AR, Muñoz-Blanco J, Molina-Hidalgo FJ. Strawberry fruit FanCXE1 carboxylesterase is involved in the catabolism of volatile esters during the ripening process. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac095. [PMID: 35795396 PMCID: PMC9249579 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Volatile compounds produced during ripening of strawberry are key determinants of fruit quality and consumer preference. Strawberry volatiles are largely esters which are synthesized by alcohol acyltransferases (AATs) and degraded by carboxylesterases (CXEs). Although CXE activity can have a marked influence on volatile contents in ripe strawberry fruits, CXE function and regulation in them are poorly known. Here, we report the biochemical and functional characterization of the fruit receptacle-specific and ripening-related carboxylesterase FanCXE1. The expression of the corresponding gene was found to be antagonistically regulated by auxins and abscisic acid, key hormones that regulate fruit growth and ripening in strawberry. In vitro, FanCXE1 was able to hydrolyze artificial ester substrates similar to those produced by ripe strawberry fruits. Transient suppression of the FanCXE1 gene by RNAi resulted in an increase of important volatile esters such as methyl hexanoate, methyl butanoate and ethyl hexanoate as well as a decrease of the alcohols hexenol and linanool. The results of this work enhance our understanding of the molecular basis for volatile syntheses and facilitate production of better flavored strawberry fruits by introduction of the relevant alleles into common cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Juan Martínez-Rivas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014 Córdoba. Spain
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Rosario Blanco-Portales
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014 Córdoba. Spain
| | - Enriqueta Moyano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014 Córdoba. Spain
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Jose Luis Caballero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014 Córdoba. Spain
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus de Rabanales, E-14014 Córdoba. Spain
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14
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Wang S, Shi M, Zhang Y, Pan Z, Xie X, Zhang L, Sun P, Feng H, Xue H, Fang C, Zhao J. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor FaMYB63 participates in regulation of eugenol production in strawberry. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:2146-2165. [PMID: 35043961 PMCID: PMC8968321 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthetic pathway of volatile phenylpropanoids, including 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol (eugenol), has been investigated in petunia (Petunia hybrida). However, the regulatory network for eugenol accumulation in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) fruit remains unclear. Here, an R2R3-type MYB transcription factor (TF; FaMYB63) was isolated from strawberry by yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) screening using the promoter of the FaEGS1 (eugenol synthase 1 [EGS 1]) gene, which encodes the enzyme responsible for the last step in eugenol biosynthesis. FaMYB63 is phylogenetically distinct from other R2R3-MYB TFs, including FaEOBІІ (EMISSION OF BENZENOID II [EOBII]), which also participates in regulating eugenol biosynthesis in strawberry receptacles. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assays showed that the expression of FaMYB63 was tissue-specific and consistent with eugenol content through strawberry fruit development, was repressed by abscisic acid, and was activated by auxins (indole-3-acetic acid). Overexpression and RNA interference-mediated silencing of FaMYB63 resulted in marked changes in the transcript levels of the biosynthetic genes FaEGS1, FaEGS2, and FaCAD1 (cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1 [CAD1]) and, thereby, the accumulation of eugenol. Electrophoretic mobility shift, Y1H, GUS activity, and dual-luciferase activity assays demonstrated that the transcript levels of FaEOBІІ and FaMYB10 were regulated by FaMYB63, but not the other way around. Together, these results demonstrate that FaMYB63 directly activates FaEGS1, FaEGS2, FaCAD1, FaEOBІІ, and FaMYB10 to induce eugenol biosynthesis during strawberry fruit development. These findings deepen the understanding of the regulatory network that influences eugenol metabolism in an edible fruit crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Wang
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Mengyun Shi
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Zhifei Pan
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xingbin Xie
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Linzhong Zhang
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Peipei Sun
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Huan Feng
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Hao Xue
- School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
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15
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Li T, Dai Z, Zeng B, Li J, Ouyang J, Kang L, Wang W, Jia W. Autocatalytic biosynthesis of abscisic acid and its synergistic action with auxin to regulate strawberry fruit ripening. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab076. [PMID: 35043192 PMCID: PMC9123230 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a major role in the regulation of strawberry fruit ripening; however, the origin of the ABA signal is largely unknown. Here, we report an autocatalytic mechanism for ABA biosynthesis and its synergistic interaction with the auxin to regulate strawberry fruit ripening. We demonstrate that ABA biosynthesis is self-induced in the achenes, but not in the receptacle, which results its substantial accumulation during ripening. ABA was found to regulate both IAA transport and biosynthesis, thereby modulating IAA content during both early fruit growth and later during ripening. Taken together, these results reveal the origins of the ABA signal and demonstrate the importance of its coordinated action with IAA in the regulation of strawberry fruit development and ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural
University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhengrong Dai
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural
University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Baozhen Zeng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural
University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural
University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinyao Ouyang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural
University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Kang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural
University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural
University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wensuo Jia
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural
University, Beijing 100193, China
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16
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Chen Q, Lin X, Tang W, Deng Q, Wang Y, Lin Y, He W, Zhang Y, Li M, Luo Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Tang H. Transcriptomic Complexity in Strawberry Fruit Development and Maturation Revealed by Nanopore Sequencing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:872054. [PMID: 35909727 PMCID: PMC9326444 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.872054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of alternative transcription start or termination sites (aTSS or aTTS) as well as alternative splicing (AS) produce diverse transcript isoforms, playing indispensable roles in the plant development and environmental adaptations. Despite the advances in the finding of the genome-wide alternatively spliced genes in strawberry, it remains unexplored how AS responds to the developmental cues and what relevance do these outcomes have to the gene function. In this study, we have systematically investigated the transcriptome complexity using long-read Oxford Nanopore Technologies along the four successive developmental stages. The full-length cDNA sequencing results unraveled thousands of previously unexplored transcript isoforms raised from aTSS, aTTS, and AS. The relative contributions of these three processes to the complexity of strawberry fruit transcripts were compared. The aTSS and aTTS were more abundant than the AS. Differentially expressed transcripts unraveled the key transitional role of the white fruit stage. Isoform switches of transcripts from 757 genes were observed. They were associated with protein-coding potential change and domain gain or loss as the main consequences. Those genes with switched isoforms take part in the key processes of maturation in the late stages. A case study using yeast two hybrid analysis supported the functional divergence of the two isoforms of the B-box protein 22. Our results provided a new comprehensive overview of the dynamic transcriptomic landscape during strawberry fruit development and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ximeng Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenlu Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Deng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanxiu Lin
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen He
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengyao Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Luo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoru Tang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Haoru Tang
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17
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Li BJ, Grierson D, Shi Y, Chen KS. Roles of abscisic acid in regulating ripening and quality of strawberry, a model non-climacteric fruit. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac089. [PMID: 35795383 PMCID: PMC9252103 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a dominant regulator of ripening and quality in non-climacteric fruits. Strawberry is regarded as a model non-climacteric fruit due to its extensive genetic studies and proven suitability for transgenic approaches to understanding gene function. Strawberry research has contributed to studies on color, flavor development, and fruit softening, and in recent years ABA has been established as a core regulator of strawberry fruit ripening, whereas ethylene plays this role in climacteric fruits. Despite this major difference, several components of the interacting genetic regulatory network in strawberry, such as MADS-box and NAC transcription factors, are similar to those that operate in climacteric fruit. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the role of ABA biosynthesis and signaling and the regulatory network of transcription factors and other phytohormones in strawberry fruit ripening. In addition to providing an update on its ripening, we discuss how strawberry research has helped generate a broader and more comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of non-climacteric fruit ripening and focus attention on the use of strawberry as a model platform for ripening studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Jun Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ;
| | - Yanna Shi
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ;
| | - Kun-Song Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
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18
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Hirsch M, Langer SE, Marina M, Rosli HG, Civello PM, Martínez GA, Villarreal NM. Expression profiling of endo-xylanases during ripening of strawberry cultivars with contrasting softening rates. Influence of postharvest and hormonal treatments. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:3676-3684. [PMID: 33280108 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Softening is one of the main features that determine fruit quality during strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa, Duch.) ripening and storage. Being closely related to textural changes, the molecular and biochemical bases underlying strawberry cell-wall metabolism is a matter of interest. Here we investigated the abundance of transcripts encoding putative strawberry endo-xylanases in plant tissues, during fruit ripening and under postharvest and hormonal treatments. Total xylanase activity and expression of related genes in strawberry varieties with contrasting firmness were analyzed. RESULTS FaXynA and FaXynC mRNA abundance was significantly higher than FaXynB in each plant tissue studied. Higher total xylanase activity was detected at the end of the ripening of the softer cultivar ('Toyonoka') in comparison with the firmer one ('Camarosa'), correlating with the abundance of FaXynA and FaXynC transcripts. Postharvest 1-methylcyclopropene treatment up-regulated FaXynA and FaXynC expressions. FaXynC mRNA abundance decreased with heat treatment but the opposite was observed for FaXynA. Calcium chloride treatment down-regulated FaXynA and FaXynC expression. Both genes responded differently to plant growth regulators' exposure. FaXynC expression was down-regulated by auxins and gibberellins treatment and up-regulated by abscisic acid. FaXynA was up-regulated by auxins, while no changes in mRNA levels were evident by abscisic acid and gibberellins treatment. Ethephon exposure did not change FaXynA and FaXynC expressions. CONCLUSION New knowledge about the presence of xylanases in ripening strawberry fruit and their response to postharvest and hormonal treatments is provided. Our findings suggest a role for endo-xylanases in hemicelluloses depolymerization and possibly in strawberry fruit softening. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mailén Hirsch
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Fisiología de la Maduración de Frutos, INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Av. Intendente Marino km 8,2, Chascomús, Pcia. Buenos Aires, B7130IWA, Argentina
| | - Silvia E Langer
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Fisiología de la Maduración de Frutos, INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Av. Intendente Marino km 8,2, Chascomús, Pcia. Buenos Aires, B7130IWA, Argentina
| | - María Marina
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Fisiología de la Maduración de Frutos, INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Av. Intendente Marino km 8,2, Chascomús, Pcia. Buenos Aires, B7130IWA, Argentina
| | - Hernán G Rosli
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Bioquímica de la Maduración de Frutos y Senescencia Foliar, INFIVE (CONICET-UNLP), Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, Diag. 113 N° 495, La Plata, Pcia. Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
| | - Pedro M Civello
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Bioquímica de la Maduración de Frutos y Senescencia Foliar, INFIVE (CONICET-UNLP), Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, Diag. 113 N° 495, La Plata, Pcia. Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 47 y 115, La Plata, Pcia. de Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Martínez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Bioquímica de la Maduración de Frutos y Senescencia Foliar, INFIVE (CONICET-UNLP), Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, Diag. 113 N° 495, La Plata, Pcia. Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 47 y 115, La Plata, Pcia. de Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
| | - Natalia M Villarreal
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Fisiología de la Maduración de Frutos, INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Av. Intendente Marino km 8,2, Chascomús, Pcia. Buenos Aires, B7130IWA, Argentina
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19
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Medina-Puche L, Martínez-Rivas FJ, Molina-Hidalgo FJ, García-Gago JA, Mercado JA, Caballero JL, Muñoz-Blanco J, Blanco-Portales R. Ectopic expression of the atypical HLH FaPRE1 gene determines changes in cell size and morphology. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 305:110830. [PMID: 33691964 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PACLOBUTRAZOL RESISTANCE (PRE) genes code atypical HLH transcriptional regulators characterized by the absence of a DNA-binding domain but present an HLH dimerization domain. In vegetative tissues, the function of these HLH proteins has been related with cell elongation processes. In strawberry, three FaPRE genes are expressed, two of them (FaPRE2 and FaPRE3) in vegetative tissues while FaPRE1 is fruit receptacle-specific. Ubiquitous FaPRE1 accumulation produced elongated flower receptacles and plants due to the elongation of the main aerial vegetative organs, with the exception of leaves. Histological analysis clearly demonstrated that the observed phenotype was due to significant changes in the parenchymal cell's morphology. In addition, transcriptomic studies of the transgenic elongated flower receptacles allowed to identify a small group of differentially expressed genes that encode cell wall-modifying enzymes. Together, the data seem to indicate that, in the strawberry plant vegetative organs, FaPRE proteins could modulate the expression of genes related with the determination of the size and shape of the parenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Medina-Puche
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - F J Martínez-Rivas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - F J Molina-Hidalgo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - J A García-Gago
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
| | - J A Mercado
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
| | - J L Caballero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - J Muñoz-Blanco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - R Blanco-Portales
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
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20
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Zeng B, Li T, Wang W, Dai Z, Li J, Xi Z, Jia K, Xing Y, Li B, Yan J, Jia W. An effector-reporter system to study cellular signal transduction in strawberry fruit (Fragaria ananassa). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:60. [PMID: 33750770 PMCID: PMC7943591 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00493-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
An effector-reporter system is a powerful tool used to study cellular signal transduction, but this technique has been traditionally used in protoplasts. A similar system to study cellular signal transduction in fruits has not yet been established. In this study, we aimed to establish an effector-reporter system for strawberry fruit, a model nonclimacteric fruit. We first investigated the characteristics of transient gene expression in strawberry fruits and found marked variation in gene expression levels among individual fruits, and this variation has complicated the establishment of a technical system. To overcome this difficulty, we investigated a sampling strategy based on a statistical analysis of the activity pattern of four different reporters (GUS, GFP, FLuc, and RLuc) among individual fruits and combinations of pairs of reporters (GUS/GFP and RLuc/FLuc). Based on an optimized sampling strategy, we finally established a step-by step protocol for the effector/reporter assay. Using FaMYB10 and FaWRKY71 as the effectors and GUS driven by the FaCHS promoter as the reporter, we demonstrated that this effector/reporter system was practical and reliable. This effector/reporter technique will contribute to an in-depth exploration of the signaling mechanism for the regulation of strawberry fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhen Zeng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhengrong Dai
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiyuan Xi
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kenan Jia
- College of International Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yu Xing
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Bingbing Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiaqi Yan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wensuo Jia
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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21
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Song J, CampbellPalmer L, Vinqvist-Tymchuk M, Fillmore S, Forney C, Luo H, Zhang Z. Proteomic Changes in Antioxidant System in Strawberry During Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:594156. [PMID: 33424890 PMCID: PMC7785977 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.594156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the strawberry antioxidant defense system during fruit ripening, a targeted quantitative proteomic approach using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was developed to investigate targeted proteins in the antioxidant enzyme system in strawberry fruit. We investigated 46 proteins and isoforms with 73 identified peptides which may be involved in this antioxidant enzyme system. Among the proteins that changed during ripening, aldo/keto reductase (AKR), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione transferase (GT) increased significantly, while dehydroascorbate reductase, 2-Cys peroxiredoxin, catalase (CAT), 1-Cys peroxiredoxin and L-ascorbate peroxidase (APX) decreased significantly. These results suggest that fruit ripening of strawberry activates the enzymes of an SOD/glutathione metabolism system. The methodologies used in this study will be useful for systematically characterizing the role of antioxidant enzymes in fruit ripening of other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Song
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS, Canada
| | - Leslie CampbellPalmer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS, Canada
| | - Mindy Vinqvist-Tymchuk
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS, Canada
| | - Sherry Fillmore
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS, Canada
| | - Charles Forney
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS, Canada
| | - Honghui Luo
- College of Horticulture, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Comparative transcriptome and metabolome analyses of two strawberry cultivars with different storability. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242556. [PMID: 33264316 PMCID: PMC7710044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Postharvest storability is an important trait for breeding strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). We evaluated the postharvest fruit quality of five strawberry cultivars (‘Durihyang’, ‘Kingsberry’, ‘Maehyang’, ‘Seolhyang’, and ‘Sunnyberry’) and identified differences in their fruit ripening during the transition from the big-green to fully-red stage between two cultivars with the highest (‘Sunnyberry’) and lowest (‘Kingsberry’) storability, using comparative transcriptome and -metabolome analysis. The differentially expressed genes revealed transcriptome changes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis and cell walls. Consistently, the metabolites of both cultivars showed general changes during ripening along with cultivar-specific characteristics in sugar and amino acid profiles. To identify the genes responsible for storability differences, we surveyed the expression of transcription factors, and found that the expression levels of WRKY31, WRKY70, and NAC83 correlated with delayed senescence and increased storability. Among them, the expression levels of NAC83, and its downstream target genes, in the five cultivars suggested that NAC83 expression can be used to predict postharvest strawberry fruit storability.
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23
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Durán-Soria S, Pott DM, Osorio S, Vallarino JG. Sugar Signaling During Fruit Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:564917. [PMID: 32983216 PMCID: PMC7485278 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.564917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sugars play a key role in fruit quality, as they directly influence taste, and thus consumer acceptance. Carbohydrates are the main resources needed by the plant for carbon and energy supply and have been suggested to be involved in all the important developmental processes, including embryogenesis, seed germination, stress responses, and vegetative and reproductive growth. Recently, considerable progresses have been made in understanding regulation of fruit ripening mechanisms, based on the role of ethylene, auxins, abscisic acid, gibberellins, or jasmonic acid, in both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. However, the role of sugar and its associated molecular network with hormones in the control of fruit development and ripening is still poorly understood. In this review, we focus on sugar signaling mechanisms described up to date in fruits, describing their involvement in ripening-associated processes, such as pigments accumulation, and their association with hormone transduction pathways, as well as their role in stress-related responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sonia Osorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
| | - José G. Vallarino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
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24
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Lu H, Luo Z, Wang L, Liu W, Li D, Belwal T, Xu Y, Li L. FaMYB9 is involved in the regulation of C6 volatile biosynthesis in strawberry. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 293:110422. [PMID: 32081270 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale untargeted proteomic and metabolomic studies were conducted in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) cv. Akihime fruit at five developmental stages. We found that some C6 volatiles highly contributed to the enrichment of volatiles at the red stage of strawberry fruit. We found that 12 genes involved in LOX pathway for volatile biosynthesis showed multiple patterns in protein abundance during fruit development and ripening, and 9 out of the 12 genes exhibited a significant increase in their relative expression levels at the red stage of fruit. We also found that the MYB9 gene (FaMYB9) expression level was positively correlated with the content of C6 volatiles (R = 0.989) and with the relative expression level and protein abundance of FaLOX5 at different strawberry fruit developmental stages (R = 0.954). The interaction between FaMYB9 and FaLOX5 was detected by yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), and immunofluorescence (IF) analyses. Transient silencing of FaMYB9 delayed the fruit development and ripening, resulting in a significant decrease in the contents of C6 volatiles, while overexpression of FaMYB9 increased the fruit development and ripening and the contents of C6 volatiles in Akihime fruit. Therefore, FaMYB9 is positively involved in C6 volatile biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Lu
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Zisheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Wusheng Liu
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Dong Li
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Tarun Belwal
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Yanqun Xu
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China.
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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25
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Whitaker VM, Knapp SJ, Hardigan MA, Edger PP, Slovin JP, Bassil NV, Hytönen T, Mackenzie KK, Lee S, Jung S, Main D, Barbey CR, Verma S. A roadmap for research in octoploid strawberry. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:33. [PMID: 32194969 PMCID: PMC7072068 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is an allo-octoploid species, originating nearly 300 years ago from wild progenitors from the Americas. Since that time the strawberry has become the most widely cultivated fruit crop in the world, universally appealing due to its sensory qualities and health benefits. The recent publication of the first high-quality chromosome-scale octoploid strawberry genome (cv. Camarosa) is enabling rapid advances in genetics, stimulating scientific debate and provoking new research questions. In this forward-looking review we propose avenues of research toward new biological insights and applications to agriculture. Among these are the origins of the genome, characterization of genetic variants, and big data approaches to breeding. Key areas of research in molecular biology will include the control of flowering, fruit development, fruit quality, and plant-pathogen interactions. In order to realize this potential as a global community, investments in genome resources must be continually augmented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vance M Whitaker
- 1University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, Florida 33598 USA
| | - Steven J Knapp
- 2Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Michael A Hardigan
- 2Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Patrick P Edger
- 3Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Janet P Slovin
- USDA-ARS Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, Beltsville, MA 20705 USA
| | - Nahla V Bassil
- 5USDA-ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA
| | - Timo Hytönen
- 6Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790 Finland
- 7Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790 Finland
- NIAB EMR, Kent, ME19 6BJ UK
| | - Kathryn K Mackenzie
- 6Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790 Finland
| | - Seonghee Lee
- 1University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, Florida 33598 USA
| | - Sook Jung
- 9Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Dorrie Main
- 9Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Christopher R Barbey
- 1University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, Florida 33598 USA
| | - Sujeet Verma
- 1University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, Florida 33598 USA
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26
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Tosetti R, Elmi F, Pradas I, Cools K, Terry LA. Continuous Exposure to Ethylene Differentially Affects Senescence in Receptacle and Achene Tissues in Strawberry Fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:174. [PMID: 32226433 PMCID: PMC7080867 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry shelf life is limited, and little is known about the postharvest regulation of senescence in different fruit tissues. Strawberry is classified as a non-climacteric fruit, yet it is known that ethylene affects strawberry ripening. Here the effects of continuous exogenous ethylene (50 µl l-1) were investigated in cold stored strawberry (5°C). The physiological and biochemical responses of ripe strawberry were evaluated across 6 days, together with hormonal profiles of the whole fruit and individual tissues (achenes and receptacle). Continuous exposure to ethylene induced as a first response an accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) in the receptacle tissue, followed by an increase in CO2 production. Ethylene also elicited sucrose hydrolysis and malic acid catabolism, with the major effect seen after 4 days of ethylene exposure. Additionally, accumulation of phenolics (epicatechin and chlorogenic acid) were also observed in ethylene treated strawberry. Achenes did not exhibit a response to ethylene, yet catabolism of both ABA and auxins increased by two thirds during air storage. In contrast, ethylene induced ABA accumulation in the receptacle tissue without ABA catabolism being affected. This hormonal disequilibrium in response to ethylene between the two tissues was maintained during storage, and therefore might be the precursor for the following biochemical variations reported during storage.
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27
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Wang Y, Li W, Chang H, Zhou J, Luo Y, Zhang K, Zuo J, Wang B. SRNAome and transcriptome analysis provide insight into strawberry fruit ripening. Genomics 2020; 112:2369-2378. [PMID: 31945464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Strawberry fruit ripening is a complex process affected by multiple factors at different regulation levels. To elucidate the regulation mechanisms, the combined analysis of sRNAome and transcriptome were used. A total of 124 known and 190 novel miRNAs were found, 62 of them were significantly differentially expressed (DE). The targets of the DE miRNAs were parsed and several TFs, such as SPL, ARF, WRKY, and TCP, were found to be involved in ripening. Elevated CO2 can significantly postpone ripening and miR156, miR166f, miR171a, and miR171d were the DE miRNAs. Transcriptome analysis found 313 DE genes related to fruit ripening, including cell wall metabolism-related genes, color-related genes, ethylene-related genes, and genes encoding TFs such as MYB, SPL, NAC, TCP, and ARF. Based on above, a combined regulatory model involved in fruit ripening was created. These results provide valuable information for understanding the complicated coordinated regulatory network of strawberry fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Wang
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; National R&D Center For Fruit Processing, Beijing 100093, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Wensheng Li
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; National R&D Center For Fruit Processing, Beijing 100093, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hong Chang
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; National R&D Center For Fruit Processing, Beijing 100093, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jiahua Zhou
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; National R&D Center For Fruit Processing, Beijing 100093, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yunbo Luo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kaichun Zhang
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; National R&D Center For Fruit Processing, Beijing 100093, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jinhua Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Baogang Wang
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; National R&D Center For Fruit Processing, Beijing 100093, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Beijing 100093, China.
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28
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Bai Q, Huang Y, Shen Y. The Physiological and Molecular Mechanism of Abscisic Acid in Regulation of Fleshy Fruit Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:619953. [PMID: 33505417 PMCID: PMC7829184 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.619953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The ripening of fleshy fruits is coupled with the degradation of both chlorophyll and cell walls, as well as changes in the metabolism of phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, starch/sucrose, and carotenoids. These processes are controlled by phytohormones and other factors, including abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, auxin, polyamines, sugar, and reactive oxygen species. The ripening of climacteric fruits is controlled by ethylene and non-climacteric fruit ripening is regulated mainly by ABA. Also, ABA and ethylene may interact in both types of fruit ripening. ABA concentrations in fleshy fruits are regulated in response to developmental and environmental cues and are controlled by the relative rates of ABA biosynthesis and catabolism, the former mainly via 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenases (NCEDs) and β-glucosidases and the latter via ABA 8'-hydroxylases (CYP707As) and β-glycosyltransferases. In strawberry fruit ripening, ABA is perceived via at least two receptors, Pyrabactin resistance (PYR)/PYR-like (PYL) and putative abscisic acid receptor (ABAR), which are linked separately to the conserved signaling pathway ABA-FaPYR1-FaABIl-FaSnRK2 and the novel signaling pathway ABA-FaABAR-FaRIPK1-FaABI4. Downstream signaling components include important transcription factors, such as AREB (ABA responsive element binding protein)/ABF (ABRE binding factors ABA responsive factor), ethylene response factor (ERF), and V-myb Myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB), as well as ripening-related genes. Finally, a comprehensive model of ABA linked to ethylene, sugar, polyamines, auxin and reactive oxygen species in the regulation of strawberry fruit ripening is proposed. Next, new integrated mechanisms, including two ABA signaling pathways, ABA and ethylene signaling pathways, and ABA/ethylene to other phytohormones are interesting and important research topics in ripening, especially in non-climacteric fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Bai
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Huang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Yun Huang,
| | - Yuanyue Shen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuanyue Shen,
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Medina-Puche L, Martínez-Rivas FJ, Molina-Hidalgo FJ, Mercado JA, Moyano E, Rodríguez-Franco A, Caballero JL, Muñoz-Blanco J, Blanco-Portales R. An atypical HLH transcriptional regulator plays a novel and important role in strawberry ripened receptacle. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:586. [PMID: 31881835 PMCID: PMC6933692 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In soft fruits, the differential expression of many genes during development and ripening is responsible for changing their organoleptic properties. In strawberry fruit, although some genes involved in the metabolic regulation of the ripening process have been functionally characterized, some of the most studied genes correspond to transcription factors. High throughput transcriptomics analyses performed in strawberry red receptacle (Fragaria x ananassa) allowed us to identify a ripening-related gene that codes an atypical HLH (FaPRE1) with high sequence homology with the PACLOBUTRAZOL RESISTANCE (PRE) genes. PRE genes are atypical bHLH proteins characterized by the lack of a DNA-binding domain and whose function has been linked to the regulation of cell elongation processes. RESULTS FaPRE1 sequence analysis indicates that this gene belongs to the subfamily of atypical bHLHs that also includes ILI-1 from rice, SlPRE2 from tomato and AtPRE1 from Arabidopsis, which are involved in transcriptional regulatory processes as repressors, through the blockage by heterodimerization of bHLH transcription factors. FaPRE1 presented a transcriptional model characteristic of a ripening-related gene with receptacle-specific expression, being repressed by auxins and activated by abscisic acid (ABA). However, its expression was not affected by gibberellic acid (GA3). On the other hand, the transitory silencing of FaPRE1 transcription by agroinfiltration in receptacle produced the down-regulation of a group of genes related to the ripening process while inducing the transcription of genes involved in receptacle growth and development. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this work presents for the first time experimental data that support an important novel function for the atypical HLH FaPRE1 during the strawberry fruit ripening. We hypothesize that FaPRE1 modulates antagonistically the transcription of genes related to both receptacle growth and ripening. Thus, FaPRE1 would repress the expression of receptacle growth promoting genes in the ripened receptacle, while it would activate the expression of those genes related to the receptacle ripening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Medina-Puche
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Present Address: Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology (PSC), Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Félix J. Martínez-Rivas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Molina-Hidalgo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Present Address: VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - José A. Mercado
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Enriqueta Moyano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José L. Caballero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Muñoz-Blanco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rosario Blanco-Portales
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Recent Advances in Hormonal Regulation and Cross-Talk during Non-Climacteric Fruit Development and Ripening. HORTICULTURAE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae5020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fleshy fruits are characterized by having a developmentally and genetically controlled, highly intricate ripening process, leading to dramatic modifications in fruit size, texture, color, flavor, and aroma. Climacteric fruits such as tomato, pear, banana, and melon show a ripening-associated increase in respiration and ethylene production and these processes are well-documented. In contrast, the hormonal mechanism of fruit development and ripening in non-climacteric fruit, such as strawberry, grape, raspberry, and citrus, is not well characterized. However, recent studies have shown that non-climacteric fruit development and ripening, involves the coordinated action of different hormones, such as abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, gibberellins, ethylene, and others. In this review, we discuss and evaluate the recent research findings concerning the hormonal regulation of non-climacteric fruit development and ripening and their cross-talk by taking grape, strawberry, and raspberry as reference fruit species.
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Forlani S, Masiero S, Mizzotti C. Fruit ripening: the role of hormones, cell wall modifications, and their relationship with pathogens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2993-3006. [PMID: 30854549 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fruits result from complex biological processes that begin soon after fertilization. Among these processes are cell division and expansion, accumulation of secondary metabolites, and an increase in carbohydrate biosynthesis. Later fruit ripening is accomplished by chlorophyll degradation and cell wall lysis. Fruit maturation is an essential step to optimize seed dispersal, and is controlled by a complex network of transcription factors and genetic regulators that are strongly influenced by phytohormones. Abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene are the major regulators of ripening and senescence in both dry and fleshy fruits, as demonstrated by numerous ripening-defective mutants, effects of exogenous hormone application, and transcriptome analyses. While ethylene is the best characterized player in the final step of a fruit's life, ABA also has a key regulatory role, promoting ethylene production and acting as a stress-related hormone in response to drought and pathogen attack. In this review, we focus on the role of ABA and ethylene in relation to the interconnected biotic and abiotic phenomena that affect ripening and senescence. We integrate and discuss the most recent data available regarding these biological processes, which are crucial for post-harvest fruit conservation and for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Forlani
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Masiero
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Mizzotti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Moya-León MA, Mattus-Araya E, Herrera R. Molecular Events Occurring During Softening of Strawberry Fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:615. [PMID: 31156678 PMCID: PMC6529986 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Changes in fruit texture taking place during ripening, described as softening, are mainly due to alterations in structure and/or composition of the cell wall. Several non-covalent interactions between the three carbohydrate polymers of the cell wall, cellulose, pectins and hemicellulose, and many structural proteins and ions, enable a complex structure. During softening, the disassembly of the cell wall structure takes place, mediated by a complete set of cell wall degrading enzymes or proteins. Softening is a coordinated event that requires the orchestrated participation of a wide variety of proteins. Plant hormones and a set of transcription factors are the organizers of this multi-protein effort. Strawberry is a non climacteric fruit that softens intensively during the last stages of development. The Chilean strawberry fruit (Fragaria chiloensis), the maternal relative of the commercial strawberry (F. × ananassa), softens even faster than commercial strawberry. Softening of the Chilean strawberry fruit has been studied at different levels: changes in cell wall polymers, activity of cell wall degrading enzymes and transcriptional changes of their genes, providing a general view of the complex process. The search for the 'orchestra director' that could coordinate softening events in strawberry fruit has been focussed on hormones like ABA and auxins, and more precisely the relation ABA/AUX. These hormones regulate the expression of many cell wall degrading enzyme genes, and this massive transcriptional change that takes place involves the participation of key transcriptional factors (TF). This review provides an update of the present knowledge regarding the softening of strawberry fruit. Nevertheless, the entire softening process is still under active research especially for the great influence of texture on fruit quality and its high impact on fruit shelf life, and therefore it is expected that new and promising information will illuminate the field in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raul Herrera
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
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Zhang Z, Kang C, Zhang S, Li X. Transcript analyses reveal a comprehensive role of abscisic acid in modulating fruit ripening in Chinese jujube. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:189. [PMID: 31068143 PMCID: PMC6505321 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1802-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is a non-climacteric fruit; however, the underlying mechanism of ripening and the role of abscisic acid involved in this process are not yet understood for this species. RESULTS In the present study, a positive correlation between dynamic changes in endogenous ABA and the onset of jujube ripening was determined. Transcript analyses suggested that the expression balance among genes encoding nine-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (ZjNCED3), ABA-8'-hydroxylase (ZjCYP707A2), and beta-glucosidase (ZjBG4, ZjBG5, ZjBG8, and ZjBG9) has an important role in maintaining ABA accumulation, while the expression of a receptor (ZjPYL8), protein phosphatase 2C (ZjPP2C4-8), and sucrose nonfermenting 1-related protein kinase 2 (ZjSnRK2-2 and ZjSnRK2-5) is important in regulating fruit sensitivity to ABA applications. In addition, white mature 'Dongzao' fruit were harvested and treated with 50 mg L- 1 ABA or 50 mg L- 1 nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) to explore the role of ABA in jujube fruit ripening. By comparative transcriptome analyses, 1103 and 505 genes were differentially expressed in response to ABA and NDGA applications on the 1st day after treatment, respectively. These DEGs were associated with photosynthesis, secondary, lipid, cell wall, and starch and sugar metabolic processes, suggesting the involvement of ABA in modulating jujube fruit ripening. Moreover, ABA also exhibited crosstalk with other phytohormones and transcription factors, indicating a regulatory network for jujube fruit ripening. CONCLUSIONS Our study further elucidated ABA-associated metabolic and regulatory processes. These findings are helpful for improving strategies for jujube fruit storage and for gaining insights into understand complex non-climacteric fruit ripening processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Chenxuan Kang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Forestry Administration of Linwei District, Weinan, 714000 Shaanxi China
| | - Xingang Li
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Key Comprehensive Laboratory of Forestry of Shaanxi Province, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- Research Centre for Jujube Engineering and Technology of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
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Dubey M, Jaiswal V, Rawoof A, Kumar A, Nitin M, Chhapekar SS, Kumar N, Ahmad I, Islam K, Brahma V, Ramchiary N. Identification of genes involved in fruit development/ripening in Capsicum and development of functional markers. Genomics 2019; 111:1913-1922. [PMID: 30615924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of the underlying genes involved in the process of fruit ripening in Capsicum (family Solanaceae) is not clearly known. In the present study, we identified orthologs of 32 fruit development/ripening genes of tomato in Capsicum, and validated their expression in fruit development stages in C. annuum, C. frutescens, and C. chinense. In silico expression analysis using transcriptome data identified a total of 12 out of 32 genes showing differential expression during different stages of fruit development in Capsicum. Real time expression identified gene LOC107847473 (ortholog of MADS-RIN) had substantially higher expression (>500 folds) in breaker and mature fruits, which suggested the non-climacteric ripening behaviour of Capsicum. However, differential expression of Ehtylene receptor 2-like (LOC107873245) gene during fruit maturity supported the climacteric behaviour of only C. frutescens (hot pepper). Furthermore, development of 49 gene based simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers would help in selection of identified genes in Capsicum breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Dubey
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India
| | - Vandana Jaiswal
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Abdul Rawoof
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; Department of Plant Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kararagod 671316, India
| | - Mukesh Nitin
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sushil Satish Chhapekar
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Nitin Kumar
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Institute of Science and Technology, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Guwahati 781014, India
| | - Ilyas Ahmad
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Khushbu Islam
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vijaya Brahma
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Nirala Ramchiary
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India.
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Higuera JJ, Garrido-Gala J, Lekhbou A, Arjona-Girona I, Amil-Ruiz F, Mercado JA, Pliego-Alfaro F, Muñoz-Blanco J, López-Herrera CJ, Caballero JL. The Strawberry FaWRKY1 Transcription Factor Negatively Regulates Resistance to Colletotrichum acutatum in Fruit Upon Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:480. [PMID: 31057583 PMCID: PMC6482226 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) is a major food crop worldwide, due to the flavor, aroma and health benefits of the fruit, but its productivity and quality are seriously limited by a large variety of phytopathogens, including Colletotrichum spp. So far, key factors regulating strawberry immune response remain unknown. The FaWRKY1 gene has been previously proposed as an important element mediating defense responses in strawberry to Colletotrichum acutatum. To get further insight into the functional role that FaWRKY1 plays in the defense mechanism, Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation was used both to silence and overexpress the FaWRKY1 gene in strawberry fruits (Fragaria ×ananassa cv. Primoris), which were later analyzed upon C. acutatum inoculation. Susceptibility tests were performed after pathogen infection comparing the severity of disease between the two agroinfiltrated opposite halves of the same fruit, one half bearing a construct either for FaWRKY1 overexpression or RNAi-mediated silencing and the other half bearing the empty vector, as control. The severity of tissue damage was monitored and found to be visibly reduced at five days after pathogen inoculation in the fruit half where FaWRKY1 was transiently silenced compared to that of the opposite control half and statistical analysis corroborated a significant reduction in disease susceptibility. Contrarily, a similar level of susceptibility was found when FaWRKY1 overexpression and control fruit samples, was compared. These results unravel a negative regulatory role of FaWRKY1 in resistance to the phytopathogenic fungus C. acutatum in strawberry fruit and contrast with the previous role described for this gene in Arabidopsis as positive regulator of resistance against the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae. Based on previous results, a tentative working model for WRKY75 like genes after pathogen infection is proposed and the expression pattern of potential downstream FaWRKY1 target genes was also analyzed in strawberry fruit upon C. acutatum infection. Our results highlight that FaWRKY1 might display different function according to species, plant tissue and/or type of pathogen and underline the intricate FaWRKY1 responsive defense regulatory mechanism taking place in strawberry against this important crop pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Higuera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Garrido-Gala
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ayman Lekhbou
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Isabel Arjona-Girona
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Amil-Ruiz
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Servicio Central de Apoyo a la Investigación (SCAI), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José A. Mercado
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Juan Muñoz-Blanco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos J. López-Herrera
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - José L. Caballero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- *Correspondence: José L. Caballero,
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Regulatory Mechanism of ABA and ABI3 on Vegetative Development in the Moss Physcomitrella patens. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092728. [PMID: 30213069 PMCID: PMC6164827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The moss Physcomitrella patens is a model system for studying plant developmental processes. ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3), a transcription factor of the ABA signaling pathway, plays an important role in plant growth and development in vascular plant. To understand the regulatory mechanism of ABA and PpABI3 on vegetative development in Physcomitrella patens, we applied physiological, cellular, and RNA-seq analyses in wild type (WT) plants and ∆abi3 mutants. During ABA treatment, the growth of gametophytes was inhibited to a lesser extent ∆abi3 plants compared with WT plants. Microscopic observation indicated that the differentiation of caulonemata from chloronemata was accelerated in ∆abi3 plants when compared with WT plants, with or without 10 μM of ABA treatment. Under normal conditions, auxin concentration in ∆abi3 plants was markedly higher than that in WT plants. The auxin induced later differentiation of caulonemata from chloronemata, and the phenotype of ∆abi3 plants was similar to that of WT plants treated with exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). RNA-seq analysis showed that the PpABI3-regulated genes overlapped with genes regulated by the ABA treatment, and about 78% of auxin-related genes regulated by the ABA treatment overlapped with those regulated by PpABI3. These results suggested that ABA affected vegetative development partly through PpABI3 regulation in P. patens; PpABI3 is a negative regulator of vegetative development in P. patens, and the vegetative development regulation by ABA and PpABI3 might occur by regulating the expression of auxin-related genes. PpABI3 might be associated with cross-talk between ABA and auxin in P. patens.
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Hou BZ, Li CL, Han YY, Shen YY. Characterization of the hot pepper (Capsicum frutescens) fruit ripening regulated by ethylene and ABA. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:162. [PMID: 30097017 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1377-1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ripening of fleshy fruits has been classically defined as climacteric or non-climacteric. Both types of ripening are controlled by plant hormones, notably by ethylene in climacteric ripening and by abscisic acid (ABA) in non-climacteric ripening. In pepper (Capsicum), fruit ripening has been widely classified as non-climacteric, but the ripening of the hot pepper fruit appears to be climacteric. To date, how to regulate the hot pepper fruit ripening through ethylene and ABA remains unclear. RESULTS Here, we examined ripening of the hot pepper (Capsicum frutescens) fruit during large green (LG), initial colouring (IC), brown (Br), and full red (FR) stages. We found a peak of ethylene emission at the IC stage, followed by a peak respiratory quotient at the Br stage. By contrast, ABA levels increased slowly before the Br stage, then increased sharply and reached a maximum level at the FR stage. Exogenous ethylene promoted colouration, but exogenous ABA did not. Unexpectedly, fluridone, an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis, promoted colouration. RNA-sequencing data obtained from the four stages around ripening showed that ACO3 and NCED1/3 gene expression determined ethylene and ABA levels, respectively. Downregulation of ACO3 and NCED1/3 expression by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) inhibited and promoted colouration, respectively, as evidenced by changes in carotenoid, ABA, and ethylene levels, as well as carotenoid biosynthesis-related gene expression. Importantly, the retarded colouration in ACO3-VIGS fruits was rescued by exogenous ethylene. CONCLUSIONS Ethylene positively regulates the hot pepper fruit colouration, while inhibition of ABA biosynthesis promotes colouration, suggesting a role of ABA in de-greening. Our findings provide new insights into processes of fleshy fruit ripening regulated by ABA and ethylene, focusing on ethylene in carotenoid biosynthesis and ABA in chlorophyll degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Zhu Hou
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Chun-Li Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ying-Yan Han
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuan-Yue Shen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Hou BZ, Li CL, Han YY, Shen YY. Characterization of the hot pepper (Capsicum frutescens) fruit ripening regulated by ethylene and ABA. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:162. [PMID: 30097017 PMCID: PMC6086059 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ripening of fleshy fruits has been classically defined as climacteric or non-climacteric. Both types of ripening are controlled by plant hormones, notably by ethylene in climacteric ripening and by abscisic acid (ABA) in non-climacteric ripening. In pepper (Capsicum), fruit ripening has been widely classified as non-climacteric, but the ripening of the hot pepper fruit appears to be climacteric. To date, how to regulate the hot pepper fruit ripening through ethylene and ABA remains unclear. RESULTS Here, we examined ripening of the hot pepper (Capsicum frutescens) fruit during large green (LG), initial colouring (IC), brown (Br), and full red (FR) stages. We found a peak of ethylene emission at the IC stage, followed by a peak respiratory quotient at the Br stage. By contrast, ABA levels increased slowly before the Br stage, then increased sharply and reached a maximum level at the FR stage. Exogenous ethylene promoted colouration, but exogenous ABA did not. Unexpectedly, fluridone, an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis, promoted colouration. RNA-sequencing data obtained from the four stages around ripening showed that ACO3 and NCED1/3 gene expression determined ethylene and ABA levels, respectively. Downregulation of ACO3 and NCED1/3 expression by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) inhibited and promoted colouration, respectively, as evidenced by changes in carotenoid, ABA, and ethylene levels, as well as carotenoid biosynthesis-related gene expression. Importantly, the retarded colouration in ACO3-VIGS fruits was rescued by exogenous ethylene. CONCLUSIONS Ethylene positively regulates the hot pepper fruit colouration, while inhibition of ABA biosynthesis promotes colouration, suggesting a role of ABA in de-greening. Our findings provide new insights into processes of fleshy fruit ripening regulated by ABA and ethylene, focusing on ethylene in carotenoid biosynthesis and ABA in chlorophyll degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Zhu Hou
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Chun-Li Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Ying-Yan Han
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Yuan-Yue Shen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206 China
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Recognition of candidate transcription factors related to bilberry fruit ripening by de novo transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9943. [PMID: 29967355 PMCID: PMC6028583 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruits are an excellent natural resource for human diet because of their special flavor, taste and nutritional value as well as medical properties. Bilberries are recognized for their high anthocyanin content and many of the genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis have been characterized. So far, neither genomic nor RNA-seq data have been available for the species. In the present study, we de novo sequenced two bilberry fruit developmental stages, unripe green (G) and ripening (R). A total of 57,919 unigenes were assembled of which 80.2% were annotated against six public protein databases. The transcriptome served as exploratory data to identify putative transcription factors related to fruit ripening. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between G and R stages were prominently upregulated in R stage with the functional annotation indicating their main roles in active metabolism and catalysis. The unigenes encoding putative ripening-related regulatory genes, including members of NAC, WRKY, LOB, ERF, ARF and ABI families, were analysed by qRT-PCR at five bilberry developmental stages. Our de novo transcriptome database contributes to the understanding of the regulatory network associated with the fruit ripening in bilberry and provides the first dataset for wild Vaccinium species acquired by NGS technology.
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Moyano E, Martínez-Rivas FJ, Blanco-Portales R, Molina-Hidalgo FJ, Ric-Varas P, Matas-Arroyo AJ, Caballero JL, Muñoz-Blanco J, Rodríguez-Franco A. Genome-wide analysis of the NAC transcription factor family and their expression during the development and ripening of the Fragaria × ananassa fruits. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196953. [PMID: 29723301 PMCID: PMC5933797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
NAC proteins are a family of transcription factors which have a variety of important regulatory roles in plants. They present a very well conserved group of NAC subdomains in the N-terminal region and a highly variable domain at the C-terminus. Currently, knowledge concerning NAC family in the strawberry plant remains very limited. In this work, we analyzed the NAC family of Fragaria vesca, and a total of 112 NAC proteins were identified after we curated the annotations from the version 4.0.a1 genome. They were placed into the ligation groups (pseudo-chromosomes) and described its physicochemical and genetic features. A microarray transcriptomic analysis showed six of them expressed during the development and ripening of the Fragaria x ananassa fruit. Their expression patterns were studied in fruit (receptacle and achenes) in different stages of development and in vegetative tissues. Also, the expression level under different hormonal treatments (auxins, ABA) and drought stress was investigated. In addition, they were clustered with other NAC transcription factor with known function related to growth and development, senescence, fruit ripening, stress response, and secondary cell wall and vascular development. Our results indicate that these six strawberry NAC proteins could play different important regulatory roles in the process of development and ripening of the fruit, providing the basis for further functional studies and the selection for NAC candidates suitable for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enriqueta Moyano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Félix J. Martínez-Rivas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rosario Blanco-Portales
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Molina-Hidalgo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pablo Ric-Varas
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Matas-Arroyo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José Luis Caballero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Muñoz-Blanco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Karppinen K, Tegelberg P, Häggman H, Jaakola L. Abscisic Acid Regulates Anthocyanin Biosynthesis and Gene Expression Associated With Cell Wall Modification in Ripening Bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.) Fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1259. [PMID: 30210522 PMCID: PMC6124387 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ripening of non-climacteric bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruit is characterized by a high accumulation of health-beneficial anthocyanins. Plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) and sucrose have been shown to be among the central signaling molecules coordinating non-climacteric fruit ripening and anthocyanin accumulation in some fruits such as strawberry. Our earlier studies have demonstrated an elevation in endogenous ABA level in bilberry fruit at the onset of ripening indicating a role for ABA in the regulation of bilberry fruit ripening. In the present study, we show that the treatment of unripe green bilberry fruits with exogenous ABA significantly promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation both in fruits attached and detached to the plant. In addition, ABA biosynthesis inhibitor, fluridone, delayed anthocyanin accumulation in bilberries. Exogenous ABA also induced the expression of several genes involved in cell wall modification in ripening bilberry fruits. Furthermore, silencing of VmNCED1, the key gene in ABA biosynthesis, was accompanied by the down-regulation in the expression of key anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. In contrast, the treatment of unripe green bilberry fruits with exogenous sucrose or glucose did not lead to an enhancement in the anthocyanin accumulation neither in fruits attached to plant nor in post-harvest fruits. Moreover, sugars failed to induce the expression of genes associated in anthocyanin biosynthesis or ABA biosynthesis while could elevate expression of some genes associated with cell wall modification in post-harvest bilberry fruits. Our results demonstrate that ABA plays a major role in the regulation of ripening-related processes such as anthocyanin biosynthesis and cell wall modification in bilberry fruit, whereas sugars seem to have minor regulatory roles in the processes. The results indicate that the regulation of bilberry fruit ripening differs from strawberry that is currently considered as a model of non-climacteric fruit ripening. In this study, we also identified transcription factors, which expression was enhanced by ABA, as potential regulators of ABA-mediated bilberry fruit ripening processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Karppinen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Climate laboratory Holt, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pinja Tegelberg
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hely Häggman
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Laura Jaakola
- Climate laboratory Holt, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
- *Correspondence: Laura Jaakola,
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Molina-Hidalgo FJ, Medina-Puche L, Cañete-Gómez C, Franco-Zorrilla JM, López-Vidriero I, Solano R, Caballero JL, Rodríguez-Franco A, Blanco-Portales R, Muñoz-Blanco J, Moyano E. The fruit-specific transcription factor FaDOF2 regulates the production of eugenol in ripe fruit receptacles. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4529-4543. [PMID: 28981772 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Only a few transcription factors have been described in the regulation of the strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) fruit ripening process. Using a transcriptomic approach, we identified and functionally characterized FaDOF2, a DOF-type ripening-related transcription factor, which is hormonally regulated and specific to the receptacle, though high expression levels were also found in petals. The expression pattern of FaDOF2 correlated with eugenol content, a phenylpropanoid volatile, in both fruit receptacles and petals. When FaDOF2 expression was silenced in ripe strawberry receptacles, the expression of FaEOBII and FaEGS2, two key genes involved in eugenol production, were down-regulated. These fruits showed a concomitant decrease in eugenol content, which confirmed that FaDOF2 is a transcription factor that is involved in eugenol production in ripe fruit receptacles. By using the yeast two-hybrid system and bimolecular fluorescence complementation, we demonstrated that FaDOF2 interacts with FaEOBII, a previously reported regulator of eugenol production, which determines fine-tuning of the expression of key genes that are involved in eugenol production. These results provide evidence that FaDOF2 plays a subsidiary regulatory role with FaEOBII in the expression of genes encoding enzymes that control eugenol production. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the regulation of the volatile phenylpropanoid pathway in ripe strawberry receptacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Molina-Hidalgo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba,Spain
| | - Laura Medina-Puche
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Carlos Cañete-Gómez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba,Spain
| | | | | | - Roberto Solano
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Darwin 3, 28049-Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Caballero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba,Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba,Spain
| | - Rosario Blanco-Portales
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba,Spain
| | - Juan Muñoz-Blanco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba,Spain
| | - Enriqueta Moyano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba,Spain
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