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Yu P, Li Y, Fang W, Feng XQ, Li B. Mechanochemical dynamics of collective cells and hierarchical topological defects in multicellular lumens. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn0172. [PMID: 38691595 PMCID: PMC11062584 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Collective cell dynamics is essential for tissue morphogenesis and various biological functions. However, it remains incompletely understood how mechanical forces and chemical signaling are integrated to direct collective cell behaviors underlying tissue morphogenesis. Here, we propose a three-dimensional (3D) mechanochemical theory accounting for biochemical reaction-diffusion and cellular mechanotransduction to investigate the dynamics of multicellular lumens. We show that the interplay between biochemical signaling and mechanics can trigger either pitchfork or Hopf bifurcation to induce diverse static mechanochemical patterns or generate oscillations with multiple modes both involving marked mechanical deformations in lumens. We uncover the crucial role of mechanochemical feedback in emerging morphodynamics and identify the evolution and morphogenetic functions of hierarchical topological defects including cell-level hexatic defects and tissue-level orientational defects. Our theory captures the common mechanochemical traits of collective dynamics observed in experiments and could provide a mechanistic context for understanding morphological symmetry breaking in 3D lumen-like tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Yu
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yue Li
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xi-Qiao Feng
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Li
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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2
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Sarkar T, Krajnc M. Graph topological transformations in space-filling cell aggregates. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1012089. [PMID: 38743660 PMCID: PMC11093388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell rearrangements are fundamental mechanisms driving large-scale deformations of living tissues. In three-dimensional (3D) space-filling cell aggregates, cells rearrange through local topological transitions of the network of cell-cell interfaces, which is most conveniently described by the vertex model. Since these transitions are not yet mathematically properly formulated, the 3D vertex model is generally difficult to implement. The few existing implementations rely on highly customized and complex software-engineering solutions, which cannot be transparently delineated and are thus mostly non-reproducible. To solve this outstanding problem, we propose a reformulation of the vertex model. Our approach, called Graph Vertex Model (GVM), is based on storing the topology of the cell network into a knowledge graph with a particular data structure that allows performing cell-rearrangement events by simple graph transformations. Importantly, when these same transformations are applied to a two-dimensional (2D) polygonal cell aggregate, they reduce to a well-known T1 transition, thereby generalizing cell-rearrangements in 2D and 3D space-filling packings. This result suggests that the GVM's graph data structure may be the most natural representation of cell aggregates and tissues. We also develop a Python package that implements GVM, relying on a graph-database-management framework Neo4j. We use this package to characterize an order-disorder transition in 3D cell aggregates, driven by active noise and we find aggregates undergoing efficient ordering close to the transition point. In all, our work showcases knowledge graphs as particularly suitable data models for structured storage, analysis, and manipulation of tissue data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Sarkar
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Krajnc
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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3
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Villeneuve C, Hashmi A, Ylivinkka I, Lawson-Keister E, Miroshnikova YA, Pérez-González C, Myllymäki SM, Bertillot F, Yadav B, Zhang T, Matic Vignjevic D, Mikkola ML, Manning ML, Wickström SA. Mechanical forces across compartments coordinate cell shape and fate transitions to generate tissue architecture. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:207-218. [PMID: 38302719 PMCID: PMC10866703 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Morphogenesis and cell state transitions must be coordinated in time and space to produce a functional tissue. An excellent paradigm to understand the coupling of these processes is mammalian hair follicle development, which is initiated by the formation of an epithelial invagination-termed placode-that coincides with the emergence of a designated hair follicle stem cell population. The mechanisms directing the deformation of the epithelium, cell state transitions and physical compartmentalization of the placode are unknown. Here we identify a key role for coordinated mechanical forces stemming from contractile, proliferative and proteolytic activities across the epithelial and mesenchymal compartments in generating the placode structure. A ring of fibroblast cells gradually wraps around the placode cells to generate centripetal contractile forces, which, in collaboration with polarized epithelial myosin activity, promote elongation and local tissue thickening. These mechanical stresses further enhance compartmentalization of Sox9 expression to promote stem cell positioning. Subsequently, proteolytic remodelling locally softens the basement membrane to facilitate a release of pressure on the placode, enabling localized cell divisions, tissue fluidification and epithelial invagination into the underlying mesenchyme. Together, our experiments and modelling identify dynamic cell shape transformations and tissue-scale mechanical cooperation as key factors for orchestrating organ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Villeneuve
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Cell and Tissue Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Ali Hashmi
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irene Ylivinkka
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Yekaterina A Miroshnikova
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carlos Pérez-González
- Cell Biology and Cancer Unit, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Satu-Marja Myllymäki
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fabien Bertillot
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Cell and Tissue Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Bhagwan Yadav
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Marja L Mikkola
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Lisa Manning
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Sara A Wickström
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Cell and Tissue Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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4
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Lawson-Keister E, Zhang T, Nazari F, Fagotto F, Manning ML. Differences in boundary behavior in the 3D vertex and Voronoi models. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011724. [PMID: 38181065 PMCID: PMC10796063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
An important open question in the modeling of biological tissues is how to identify the right scale for coarse-graining, or equivalently, the right number of degrees of freedom. For confluent biological tissues, both vertex and Voronoi models, which differ only in their representation of the degrees of freedom, have effectively been used to predict behavior, including fluid-solid transitions and cell tissue compartmentalization, which are important for biological function. However, recent work in 2D has hinted that there may be differences between the two models in systems with heterotypic interfaces between two tissue types, and there is a burgeoning interest in 3D tissue models. Therefore, we compare the geometric structure and dynamic sorting behavior in mixtures of two cell types in both 3D vertex and Voronoi models. We find that while the cell shape indices exhibit similar trends in both models, the registration between cell centers and cell orientation at the boundary are significantly different between the two models. We demonstrate that these macroscopic differences are caused by changes to the cusp-like restoring forces introduced by the different representations of the degrees of freedom at the boundary, and that the Voronoi model is more strongly constrained by forces that are an artifact of the way the degrees of freedom are represented. This suggests that vertex models may be more appropriate for 3D simulations of tissues with heterotypic contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Lawson-Keister
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Syracuse, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fatemeh Nazari
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Ecole Centrale de Lille, Villeneuve-d’Ascq, France
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier and CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - François Fagotto
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier and CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - M. Lisa Manning
- Department of Physics and BioInspired Syracuse, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
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5
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Mimura T, Inoue Y. Cell-center-based model for simulating three-dimensional monolayer tissue deformation. J Theor Biol 2023; 571:111560. [PMID: 37315765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The shape of the epithelial monolayer can be depicted as a curved tissue in three-dimensional (3D) space, where individual cells are tightly adhered to one another. The 3D morphogenesis of these tissues is governed by cell dynamics, and a variety of mathematical modeling and simulation studies have been conducted to investigate this process. One promising approach is the cell-center model, which can account for the discreteness of cells. The cell nucleus, which is considered to correspond to the cell center, can be observed experimentally. However, there has been a shortage of cell-center models specifically tailored for simulating 3D monolayer tissue deformation. In this study, we developed a mathematical model based on the cell-center model to simulate 3D monolayer tissue deformation. Our model was confirmed by simulating the in-plane deformation, out-of-plane deformation, and invagination due to apical constriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Mimura
- Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 615-8540 Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Inoue
- Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 615-8540 Kyoto, Japan.
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6
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Lou Y, Rupprecht JF, Theis S, Hiraiwa T, Saunders TE. Curvature-Induced Cell Rearrangements in Biological Tissues. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:108401. [PMID: 36962052 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.108401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
On a curved surface, epithelial cells can adapt to geometric constraints by tilting and by exchanging their neighbors from apical to basal sides, known as an apico-basal topological transition 1 (AB-T1). The relationship between cell tilt, AB-T1s, and tissue curvature still lacks a unified understanding. Here, we propose a general framework for cell packing in curved environments and explain the formation of AB-T1s from the perspective of strain anisotropy. We find that steep curvature gradients can lead to cell tilting and induce AB-T1s. Alternatively, pressure differences across the epithelial tissue can drive AB-T1s in regions of large curvature anisotropy. The two mechanisms compete to determine the impact of tissue geometry and mechanics on optimized cell rearrangements in three dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Lou
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Jean-Francois Rupprecht
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT (UMR 7332), Turing Centre for Living systems, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Theis
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Tetsuya Hiraiwa
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Timothy E Saunders
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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7
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Fuji K, Tanida S, Sano M, Nonomura M, Riveline D, Honda H, Hiraiwa T. Computational approaches for simulating luminogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 131:173-185. [PMID: 35773151 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lumens, liquid-filled cavities surrounded by polarized tissue cells, are elementary units involved in the morphogenesis of organs. Theoretical modeling and computations, which can integrate various factors involved in biophysics of morphogenesis of cell assembly and lumens, may play significant roles to elucidate the mechanisms in formation of such complex tissue with lumens. However, up to present, it has not been documented well what computational approaches or frameworks can be applied for this purpose and how we can choose the appropriate approach for each problem. In this review, we report some typical lumen morphologies and basic mechanisms for the development of lumens, focusing on three keywords - mechanics, hydraulics and geometry - while outlining pros and cons of the current main computational strategies. We also describe brief guidance of readouts, i.e., what we should measure in experiments to make the comparison with the model's assumptions and predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Fuji
- Universal Biology Institute, Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sakurako Tanida
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Sano
- Institute of Natural Sciences, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Makiko Nonomura
- Department of Mathematical Information Engineering, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 1-2-1 Izumicho, Narashino-shi, Chiba 275-8575, Japan
| | - Daniel Riveline
- Laboratory of Cell Physics IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hisao Honda
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hiraiwa
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore.
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8
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Impact of environmental asymmetry on epithelial morphogenesis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11326. [PMID: 35790869 PMCID: PMC9256595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15343-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial folding is a universal biological phenomenon in morphogenesis, typical examples being brain gyri, villi of the intestinal tract, and imaginal discs in invertebrates. During epithelial morphogenesis, the physical constraints imposed by the surrounding microenvironment on epithelial tissue play critical roles in folding morphology. In this study, we focused on the asymmetry of the environmental constraints sandwiching the epithelial sheet and introduced the degree of asymmetry, which indicates whether the basal or apical side of the epithelium is closer to the constraint wall. Then, we investigated the relationship between the degree of asymmetry and epithelial folding morphology using three-dimensional vertex simulations. The results show that the folding patterns of the epithelial sheets change from spot patterns to labyrinth patterns and then to hole patterns as the degree of asymmetry changes. Furthermore, we examined the pattern formation in terms of the equation of out-of-plane displacement of the sheet derived from the mechanical energy functional.
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9
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Okuda S, Sato K. Polarized interfacial tension induces collective migration of cells, as a cluster, in a 3D tissue. Biophys J 2022; 121:1856-1867. [PMID: 35525240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In embryogenesis and cancer invasion, cells collectively migrate as a cluster in 3D tissues. Many studies have elucidated mechanisms of either individual or collective cell migration on 2D substrates; however, it remains unclear how cells collectively migrate as a cluster through 3D tissues. To address this issue, we considered the interfacial tension at cell-cell boundaries expressing cortical actomyosin contractions and cell-cell adhesive interactions. The strength of this tension is polarized; i.e., spatially biased within each cell according to a chemoattractant gradient. Using a 3D vertex model, we performed numerical simulations of multicellular dynamics in 3D space. The simulations revealed that the polarized interfacial tension enables cells to migrate collectively as a cluster through a 3D tissue. In this mechanism, interfacial tension induces unidirectional flow of each cell surface from the front to the rear along the cluster surface. Importantly, this mechanism does not necessarily require convection of cells, i.e., cell rearrangement, within the cluster. Moreover, several migratory modes were induced, depending on the strengths of polarity, adhesion, and noise; i.e., cells migrate either as single cells, as a cluster, or aligned like beads on a string, as occurs in embryogenesis and cancer invasion. These results indicate that the simple expansion and contraction of cell-cell boundaries enables cells to move directionally forward and to produce the variety of collective migratory movements observed in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Okuda
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiko Sato
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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10
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Salbaum KA, Shelton ER, Serwane F. Retina organoids: Window into the biophysics of neuronal systems. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 3:011302. [PMID: 38505227 PMCID: PMC10903499 DOI: 10.1063/5.0077014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
With a kind of magnetism, the human retina draws the eye of neuroscientist and physicist alike. It is attractive as a self-organizing system, which forms as a part of the central nervous system via biochemical and mechanical cues. The retina is also intriguing as an electro-optical device, converting photons into voltages to perform on-the-fly filtering before the signals are sent to our brain. Here, we consider how the advent of stem cell derived in vitro analogs of the retina, termed retina organoids, opens up an exploration of the interplay between optics, electrics, and mechanics in a complex neuronal network, all in a Petri dish. This review presents state-of-the-art retina organoid protocols by emphasizing links to the biochemical and mechanical signals of in vivo retinogenesis. Electrophysiological recording of active signal processing becomes possible as retina organoids generate light sensitive and synaptically connected photoreceptors. Experimental biophysical tools provide data to steer the development of mathematical models operating at different levels of coarse-graining. In concert, they provide a means to study how mechanical factors guide retina self-assembly. In turn, this understanding informs the engineering of mechanical signals required to tailor the growth of neuronal network morphology. Tackling the complex developmental and computational processes in the retina requires an interdisciplinary endeavor combining experiment and theory, physics, and biology. The reward is enticing: in the next few years, retina organoids could offer a glimpse inside the machinery of simultaneous cellular self-assembly and signal processing, all in an in vitro setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elijah R. Shelton
- Faculty of Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Zheng F, Xiao Y, Liu H, Fan Y, Dao M. Patient-Specific Organoid and Organ-on-a-Chip: 3D Cell-Culture Meets 3D Printing and Numerical Simulation. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000024. [PMID: 33856745 PMCID: PMC8243895 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed diversified in vitro models to recapitulate the architecture and function of living organs or tissues and contribute immensely to advances in life science. Two novel 3D cell culture models: 1) Organoid, promoted mainly by the developments of stem cell biology and 2) Organ-on-a-chip, enhanced primarily due to microfluidic technology, have emerged as two promising approaches to advance the understanding of basic biological principles and clinical treatments. This review describes the comparable distinct differences between these two models and provides more insights into their complementarity and integration to recognize their merits and limitations for applicable fields. The convergence of the two approaches to produce multi-organoid-on-a-chip or human organoid-on-a-chip is emerging as a new approach for building 3D models with higher physiological relevance. Furthermore, rapid advancements in 3D printing and numerical simulations, which facilitate the design, manufacture, and results-translation of 3D cell culture models, can also serve as novel tools to promote the development and propagation of organoid and organ-on-a-chip systems. Current technological challenges and limitations, as well as expert recommendations and future solutions to address the promising combinations by incorporating organoids, organ-on-a-chip, 3D printing, and numerical simulation, are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyin Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yuminghao Xiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ming Dao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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12
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Durney CH, Feng JJ. A three-dimensional vertex model for Drosophilasalivary gland invagination. Phys Biol 2021; 18. [PMID: 33882465 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/abfa69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
During epithelial morphogenesis, force generation at the cellular level not only causes cell deformation, but may also produce coordinated cell movement and rearrangement on the tissue level. In this paper, we use a novel three-dimensional vertex model to explore the roles of cellular forces during the formation of the salivary gland in theDrosophilaembryo. Representing the placode as an epithelial sheet of initially columnar cells, we focus on the spatial and temporal patterning of contractile forces due to three actomyosin pools: the apicomedial actomyosin in the pit of the placode, junctional actomyosin arcs outside the pit, and a supracellular actomyosin cable along the circumference of the placode. In anin silico'wild type' model, these pools are activated at different times according to experimental data. To identify the role of each myosin pool, we have also simulated variousin silico'mutants' in which only one or two of the myosin pools are activated. We find that the apicomedial myosin initiates a small dimple in the pit, but this is not essential for the overall invagination of the placode. The myosin arcs are the main driver of invagination and are responsible for the internalization of the apical surface. The circumferential actomyosin cable acts to constrict the opening of the developing tube, and is responsible for forming a properly shaped lumen. Cell intercalation tends to facilitate the invagination, but the geometric constraints of our model only allow a small number of intercalations, and their effect is minor. The placode invagination predicted by the model is in general agreement with experimental observations. It confirms some features of the current 'belt-and-braces' model for the process, and provides new insights on the separate roles of the various myosin pools and their spatio-temporal coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton H Durney
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - James J Feng
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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13
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Okuda S, Fujimoto K. A Mechanical Instability in Planar Epithelial Monolayers Leads to Cell Extrusion. Biophys J 2020; 118:2549-2560. [PMID: 32333862 PMCID: PMC7231918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In cell extrusion, a cell embedded in an epithelial monolayer loses its apical or basal surface and is subsequently squeezed out of the monolayer by neighboring cells. Cell extrusions occur during apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, or precancerous cell invasion. They play important roles in embryogenesis, homeostasis, carcinogenesis, and many other biological processes. Although many of the molecular factors involved in cell extrusion are known, little is known about the mechanical basis of cell extrusion. We used a three-dimensional (3D) vertex model to investigate the mechanical stability of cells arranged in a monolayer with 3D foam geometry. We found that when the cells composing the monolayer have homogeneous mechanical properties, cells are extruded from the monolayer when the symmetry of the 3D geometry is broken because of an increase in cell density or a decrease in the number of topological neighbors around single cells. Those results suggest that mechanical instability inherent in the 3D foam geometry of epithelial monolayers is sufficient to drive epithelial cell extrusion. In the situation in which cells in the monolayer actively generate contractile or adhesive forces under the control of intrinsic genetic programs, the forces act to break the symmetry of the monolayer, leading to cell extrusion that is directed to the apical or basal side of the monolayer by the balance of contractile and adhesive forces on the apical and basal sides. Although our analyses are based on a simple mechanical model, our results are in accordance with observations of epithelial monolayers in vivo and consistently explain cell extrusions under a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Our results illustrate the importance of a mechanical understanding of cell extrusion and provide a basis by which to link molecular regulation to physical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Okuda
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-cho, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Koichi Fujimoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Osaka University, Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Japan
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14
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Hirashima T, Adachi T. Polarized cellular mechano-response system for maintaining radial size in developing epithelial tubes. Development 2019; 146:dev.181206. [PMID: 31619390 PMCID: PMC6918744 DOI: 10.1242/dev.181206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Size control in biological tissues involves multicellular communication via mechanical forces during development. Although fundamental cellular behaviours in response to mechanical stimuli underlie size maintenance during morphogenetic processes, the mechanisms underpinning the cellular mechano-response system that maintains size along an axis of a polarized tissue remain elusive. Here, we show how the diameter of an epithelial tube is maintained during murine epididymal development by combining quantitative imaging, mechanical perturbation and mathematical modelling. We found that epithelial cells counteract compressive forces caused by cell division exclusively along the circumferential axis of the tube to produce polarized contractile forces, eventually leading to an oriented cell rearrangement. Moreover, a mathematical model that includes the polarized mechano-responsive regime explains how the diameter of proliferating tubes is maintained. Our findings pave the way for an improved understanding of the cellular response to mechanical forces that involves collective multicellular behaviours for organizing diverse tissue morphologies. Summary: Polarized cellular constriction responding to mechanical stress controls the diameter of a developing epithelial tube during murine epididymal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Hirashima
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 6068501, Kyoto, Japan .,Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 6068501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 6068501, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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Loerke D, Blankenship JT. Viscoelastic voyages - Biophysical perspectives on cell intercalation during Drosophila gastrulation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 100:212-222. [PMID: 31784092 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Developmental processes are driven by a combination of cytoplasmic, cortical, and surface-associated forces. However, teasing apart the contributions of these forces and how a viscoelastic cell responds has long been a key question in developmental biology. Recent advances in applying biophysical approaches to these questions is leading to a fundamentally new understanding of morphogenesis. In this review, we discuss how computational analysis of experimental findings and in silico modeling of Drosophila gastrulation processes has led to a deeper comprehension of the physical principles at work in the early embryo. We also summarize many of the emerging methodologies that permit biophysical analysis as well as those that provide direct and indirect measurements of force directions and magnitudes. Finally, we examine the multiple frameworks that have been used to model tissue and cellular behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinah Loerke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA.
| | - J Todd Blankenship
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA.
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16
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Inoue Y, Tateo I, Adachi T. Epithelial tissue folding pattern in confined geometry. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 19:815-822. [PMID: 31728791 PMCID: PMC7203093 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The primordium of the exoskeleton of an insect is epithelial tissue with characteristic patterns of folds. As the insect develops from larva to pupa, the spreading of these folds produces the three-dimensional shape of the exoskeleton of the insect. It is known that the three-dimensional exoskeleton shape has already been encoded in characteristic patterns of folds in the primordium; however, a description of how the epithelial tissue forms with the characteristic patterns of folds remains elusive. The present paper suggests a possible mechanism for the formation of the folding pattern. During the primordium development, because of the epithelial tissue is surrounded by other tissues, cell proliferation proceeds within a confined geometry. To elucidate the mechanics of the folding of the epithelial tissue in the confined geometry, we employ a three-dimensional vertex model that expresses tissue deformations based on cell mechanical behaviors and apply the model to examine the effects of cell divisions and the confined geometry on epithelial folding. Our simulation results suggest that the orientation of the axis of cell division is sufficient to cause different folding patterns in silico and that the restraint of out-of-plane deformation due to the confined geometry determines the interspacing of the folds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Inoue
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Itsuki Tateo
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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17
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Okuda S, Kuranaga E, Sato K. Apical Junctional Fluctuations Lead to Cell Flow while Maintaining Epithelial Integrity. Biophys J 2019; 116:1159-1170. [PMID: 30799073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial sheet integrity is robustly maintained during morphogenesis, which is essential to shape organs and embryos. While maintaining the planar monolayer in three-dimensional space, cells dynamically flow via rearranging their connections between each other. However, little is known about how cells maintain the plane sheet integrity in three-dimensional space and provide cell flow in the in-plane sheet. In this study, using a three-dimensional vertex model, we demonstrate that apical junctional fluctuations allow stable cell rearrangements while ensuring monolayer integrity. In addition to the fluctuations, direction-dependent contraction on the apical cell boundaries, which corresponds to forces from adherens junctions, induces cell flow in a definite direction. We compared the kinematic behaviors of this apical-force-driven cell flow with those of typical cell flow that is driven by forces generated on basal regions and revealed the characteristic differences between them. These differences can be used to distinguish the mechanism of epithelial cell flow observed in experiments, i.e., whether it is apical- or basal-force-driven. Our numerical simulations suggest that cells actively generate fluctuations and use them to regulate both epithelial integrity and plasticity during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Okuda
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan; Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Erina Kuranaga
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Sato
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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18
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Okuda S, Takata N, Hasegawa Y, Kawada M, Inoue Y, Adachi T, Sasai Y, Eiraku M. Strain-triggered mechanical feedback in self-organizing optic-cup morphogenesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaau1354. [PMID: 30474058 PMCID: PMC6248953 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Organogenesis is a self-organizing process of multiple cells in three-dimensional (3D) space, where macroscopic tissue deformations are robustly regulated by multicellular autonomy. It is clear that this robust regulation requires cells to sense and modulate 3D tissue formation across different scales, but its underlying mechanisms are still unclear. To address this question, we developed a versatile computational model of 3D multicellular dynamics at single-cell resolution and combined it with the 3D culture system of pluripotent stem cell-derived optic-cup organoid. The complementary approach enabled quantitative prediction of morphogenesis and its corresponding verification and elucidated that the macroscopic 3D tissue deformation is fed back to individual cellular force generations via mechanosensing. We hereby conclude that mechanical force plays a key role as a feedback regulator to establish the robustness of organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Okuda
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - N. Takata
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Y. Hasegawa
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - M. Kawada
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Y. Inoue
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - T. Adachi
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Y. Sasai
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - M. Eiraku
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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19
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Hashimoto A, Nagao A, Okuda S. Topological graph description of multicellular dynamics based on vertex model. J Theor Biol 2018; 437:187-201. [PMID: 29080778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vertex models are generally powerful tools for exploring biological insights into multicellular dynamics. In these models, a multicellular structure is represented by a network, which is dynamically rearranged using topological operations. Remarkably, the topological dynamics of the network are important in guaranteeing the results from the models and their biological implications. However, it remains unclear whether the entire pattern of multicellular topological dynamics can be accurately expressed by a set of operators in the models. Surprisingly, vertex models have been empirically used for several decades without any mathematical verification. In this study, we propose a rigorous two-/three-dimensional (2D/3D) vertex model to describe multicellular topological dynamics. To do this, we classify several types of vertex models from a graph-theoretic perspective. Based on the classification, mathematical analyses reveal several conditions that enable us to apply the operators accurately without topological errors. Under these conditions, the operators can completely express the entire pattern of multicellular topological dynamics. From these results, we newly propose rigorous 2D/3D vertex models that can be applied to general multicellular dynamics, and we clarify several points to verify the results obtained from previous models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuki Nagao
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, University of Electro-Communication, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Satoru Okuda
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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20
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Okuda S, Miura T, Inoue Y, Adachi T, Eiraku M. Combining Turing and 3D vertex models reproduces autonomous multicellular morphogenesis with undulation, tubulation, and branching. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2386. [PMID: 29402913 PMCID: PMC5799218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20678-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates computational simulations of multicellular deformation coupled with chemical patterning in the three-dimensional (3D) space. To address these aspects, we proposes a novel mathematical model, where a reaction–diffusion system is discretely expressed at a single cell level and combined with a 3D vertex model. To investigate complex phenomena emerging from the coupling of patterning and deformation, as an example, we employed an activator–inhibitor system and converted the activator concentration of individual cells into their growth rate. Despite the simplicity of the model, by growing a monolayer cell vesicle, the coupling system provided rich morphological dynamics such as undulation, tubulation, and branching. Interestingly, the morphological variety depends on the difference in time scales between patterning and deformation, and can be partially understood by the intrinsic hysteresis in the activator-inhibitor system with domain growth. Importantly, the model can be applied to 3D multicellular dynamics that couple the reaction–diffusion patterning with various cell behaviors, such as deformation, rearrangement, division, apoptosis, differentiation, and proliferation. Thus, the results demonstrate the significant advantage of the proposed model as well as the biophysical importance of exploring spatiotemporal dynamics of the coupling phenomena of patterning and deformation in 3D space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Okuda
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan. .,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Takashi Miura
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Inoue
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Eiraku
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.,Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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21
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Misra M, Audoly B, Shvartsman SY. Complex structures from patterned cell sheets. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2015.0515. [PMID: 28348251 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of three-dimensional structures from patterned epithelial sheets plays a key role in tissue morphogenesis. An important class of morphogenetic mechanisms relies on the spatio-temporal control of apical cell contractility, which can result in the localized bending of cell sheets and in-plane cell rearrangements. We have recently proposed a modified vertex model that can be used to systematically explore the connection between the two-dimensional patterns of cell properties and the emerging three-dimensional structures. Here we review the proposed modelling framework and illustrate it through the computational analysis of the vertex model that captures the salient features of the formation of the dorsal appendages during Drosophila oogenesis.This article is part of the themed issue 'Systems morphodynamics: understanding the development of tissue hardware'.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Misra
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.,Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - B Audoly
- LMS, École Polytechnique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - S Y Shvartsman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA .,Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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22
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Okuda S, Unoki K, Eiraku M, Tsubota KI. Contractile actin belt and mesh structures provide the opposite dependence of epithelial stiffness on the spontaneous curvature of constituent cells. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:455-464. [PMID: 28707721 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Actomyosin generates contractile forces within cells, which have a crucial role in determining the macroscopic mechanical properties of epithelial tissues. Importantly, actin cytoskeleton, which propagates actomyosin contractile forces, forms several characteristic structures in a 3D intracellular space, such as a circumferential actin belt lining adherence junctions and an actin mesh beneath the apical membrane. However, little is known about how epithelial mechanical property depends on the intracellular contractile structures. We performed computational simulations using a 3D vertex model, and demonstrated the longitudinal tensile test of an epithelial tube, whose inside and outside are defined as the apical and basal surfaces, respectively. As a result, these subcellular structures provide the contrary dependence of epithelial stiffness and fracture force on the spontaneous curvature of constituent cells; the epithelial stiffness increases with increasing the spontaneous curvature in the case of belt, meanwhile it decreases in the case of mesh. This qualitative difference emerges from the different anisotropic deformability of apical cell surfaces; while belt preserves isotropic apical cell shapes, mesh does not. Moreover, the difference in the anisotropic deformability determines the frequency of cell rearrangements, which in turn effectively decrease the tube stiffness. These results illustrate the importance of the intracellular contractile structures, which may be regulated to optimize mechanical functions of individual epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Okuda
- Laboratory for in vitro Histogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Unoki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8552, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Eiraku
- Laboratory for in vitro Histogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Tsubota
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8552, Japan
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23
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Inoue Y, Watanabe T, Okuda S, Adachi T. Mechanical role of the spatial patterns of contractile cells in invagination of growing epithelial tissue. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:444-454. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Inoue
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences Kyoto University Kyoto 606‐8507Japan
| | - Tadashi Watanabe
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences Kyoto University Kyoto 606‐8507Japan
| | - Satoru Okuda
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology Kobe 650‐0047 Japan
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences Kyoto University Kyoto 606‐8507Japan
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24
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Sato K. Direction‐dependent contraction forces on cell boundaries induce collective migration of epithelial cells within their sheet. Dev Growth Differ 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Sato
- Research Institute for Electronic Science Hokkaido University Sapporo 001‐0020 Japan
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25
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Barton DL, Henkes S, Weijer CJ, Sknepnek R. Active Vertex Model for cell-resolution description of epithelial tissue mechanics. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005569. [PMID: 28665934 PMCID: PMC5493290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce an Active Vertex Model (AVM) for cell-resolution studies of the mechanics of confluent epithelial tissues consisting of tens of thousands of cells, with a level of detail inaccessible to similar methods. The AVM combines the Vertex Model for confluent epithelial tissues with active matter dynamics. This introduces a natural description of the cell motion and accounts for motion patterns observed on multiple scales. Furthermore, cell contacts are generated dynamically from positions of cell centres. This not only enables efficient numerical implementation, but provides a natural description of the T1 transition events responsible for local tissue rearrangements. The AVM also includes cell alignment, cell-specific mechanical properties, cell growth, division and apoptosis. In addition, the AVM introduces a flexible, dynamically changing boundary of the epithelial sheet allowing for studies of phenomena such as the fingering instability or wound healing. We illustrate these capabilities with a number of case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Barton
- Division of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Division of Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Silke Henkes
- Institute of Complex Systems and Mathematical Biology, Department of Physics, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Cornelis J. Weijer
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Rastko Sknepnek
- Division of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Division of Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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26
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Akiyama M, Sushida T, Ishida S, Haga H. Mathematical model of collective cell migrations based on cell polarity. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:471-490. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Akiyama
- Research Institute for Electronic Science Hokkaido University N12‐W7, Kita‐ku Sapporo Hokkaido 060‐0812 Japan
| | - Takamichi Sushida
- Research Institute for Electronic Science Hokkaido University N12‐W7, Kita‐ku Sapporo Hokkaido 060‐0812 Japan
| | - Sumire Ishida
- Division of Life Science Graduate School of Life ScienceHokkaido UniversityN10‐W8, Kita‐ku Sapporo Hokkaido 060‐0810 Japan
| | - Hisashi Haga
- Transdisciplinary Life Science Course Faculty of Advanced Life Science Hokkaido University N10‐W8, Kita‐ku Sapporo Hokkaido 060‐0810 Japan
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27
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Okuda S, Eiraku M. Role of molecular turnover in dynamic deformation of a three-dimensional cellular membrane. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2017; 16:1805-1818. [PMID: 28555369 PMCID: PMC5599494 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-017-0920-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In cells, the molecular constituents of membranes are dynamically turned over by transportation from one membrane to another. This molecular turnover causes the membrane to shrink or expand by sensing the stress state within the cell, changing its morphology. At present, little is known as to how this turnover regulates the dynamic deformation of cellular membranes. In this study, we propose a new physical model by which molecular turnover is coupled with three-dimensional membrane deformation to explore mechanosensing roles of turnover in cellular membrane deformations. In particular, as an example of microscopic machinery, based on a coarse-graining description, we suppose that molecular turnover depends on the local membrane strain. Using the proposed model, we demonstrate computational simulations of a single vesicle. The results show that molecular turnover adaptively facilitates vesicle deformation, owing to its stress dependence; while the vesicle drastically expands in the case with low bending rigidity, it shrinks in that with high bending rigidity. Moreover, localized active tension on the membrane causes cellular migration by driving the directional transport of molecules within the cell. These results illustrate the use of the proposed model as well as the role of turnover in the dynamic deformations of cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Okuda
- Laboratory for in vitro Histogenesis, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
- JST PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Mototsugu Eiraku
- Laboratory for in vitro Histogenesis, Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
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28
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Alt S, Ganguly P, Salbreux G. Vertex models: from cell mechanics to tissue morphogenesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20150520. [PMID: 28348254 PMCID: PMC5379026 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis requires the collective, coordinated motion and deformation of a large number of cells. Vertex model simulations for tissue mechanics have been developed to bridge the scales between force generation at the cellular level and tissue deformation and flows. We review here various formulations of vertex models that have been proposed for describing tissues in two and three dimensions. We discuss a generic formulation using a virtual work differential, and we review applications of vertex models to biological morphogenetic processes. We also highlight recent efforts to obtain continuum theories of tissue mechanics, which are effective, coarse-grained descriptions of vertex models.This article is part of the themed issue 'Systems morphodynamics: understanding the development of tissue hardware'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvanus Alt
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Poulami Ganguly
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
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29
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Misra M, Audoly B, Kevrekidis IG, Shvartsman SY. Shape Transformations of Epithelial Shells. Biophys J 2016; 110:1670-1678. [PMID: 27074691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated deformations of epithelial sheets are frequently foreshadowed by patterning of their mechanical properties. The connection between patterns of cell properties and the emerging tissue deformations is studied in multiple experimental systems, but the general principles remain poorly understood. For instance, it is in general unclear what determines the direction in which the patterned sheet is going to bend and whether the resulting shape transformation will be discontinuous or smooth. Here these questions are explored computationally, using vertex models of epithelial shells assembled from prismlike cells. In response to rings and patches of apical cell contractility, model epithelia smoothly deform into invaginated or evaginated shapes similar to those observed in embryos and tissue organoids. Most of the observed effects can be captured by a simpler model with polygonal cells, modified to include the effects of the apicobasal polarity and natural curvature of epithelia. Our models can be readily extended to include the effects of multiple constraints and used to describe a wide range of morphogenetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahim Misra
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Basile Audoly
- Laboratoire de Mécanique des Solides, École Polytechnique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Ioannis G Kevrekidis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Stanislav Y Shvartsman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey.
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30
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Inoue Y, Suzuki M, Watanabe T, Yasue N, Tateo I, Adachi T, Ueno N. Mechanical roles of apical constriction, cell elongation, and cell migration during neural tube formation in Xenopus. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 15:1733-1746. [PMID: 27193152 PMCID: PMC5106510 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0794-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neural tube closure is an important and necessary process during the development of the central nervous system. The formation of the neural tube structure from a flat sheet of neural epithelium requires several cell morphogenetic events and tissue dynamics to account for the mechanics of tissue deformation. Cell elongation changes cuboidal cells into columnar cells, and apical constriction then causes them to adopt apically narrow, wedge-like shapes. In addition, the neural plate in Xenopus is stratified, and the non-neural cells in the deep layer (deep cells) pull the overlying superficial cells, eventually bringing the two layers of cells to the midline. Thus, neural tube closure appears to be a complex event in which these three physical events are considered to play key mechanical roles. To test whether these three physical events are mechanically sufficient to drive neural tube formation, we employed a three-dimensional vertex model and used it to simulate the process of neural tube closure. The results suggest that apical constriction cued the bending of the neural plate by pursing the circumference of the apical surface of the neural cells. Neural cell elongation in concert with apical constriction further narrowed the apical surface of the cells and drove the rapid folding of the neural plate, but was insufficient for complete neural tube closure. Migration of the deep cells provided the additional tissue deformation necessary for closure. To validate the model, apical constriction and cell elongation were inhibited in Xenopus laevis embryos. The resulting cell and tissue shapes resembled the corresponding simulation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Inoue
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tadashi Watanabe
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoko Yasue
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Itsuki Tateo
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoto Ueno
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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31
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Matthys OB, Hookway TA, McDevitt TC. Design Principles for Engineering of Tissues from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2016; 2:43-51. [PMID: 27330934 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-016-0030-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) technologies have enabled the engineering of human tissue constructs for developmental studies, disease modeling, and drug screening platforms. In vitro tissue formation can be generally described at three levels of cellular organization. Multicellular hPSC constructs are initially formed either with polymeric scaffold materials or simply via self-assembly, adhesive mechanisms. Heterotypic interactions within hPSC tissue constructs can be achieved by physically mixing independently differentiated cell populations or coaxed to simultaneously co-emerge from a common population of undifferentiated cells. Higher order tissue architecture can be engineered by imposing external spatial constraints, such as molds and scaffolds, or depend upon cell-driven organization that exploits endogenous innate developmental mechanisms. The multicellular, heterogeneous, and highly organized structure of hPSC constructs ultimately dictates the resulting form and function of in vitro engineered human tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriane B Matthys
- The Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA; Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley and University of California San Francisco, Berkeley/San Francisco, CA
| | - Tracy A Hookway
- The Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA
| | - Todd C McDevitt
- The Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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32
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Cancer Cell Mechanics. PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING ADVANCES IN LIFE SCIENCES AND ONCOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17930-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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33
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Modeling cell apoptosis for simulating three-dimensional multicellular morphogenesis based on a reversible network reconnection framework. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2015; 15:805-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-015-0724-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Okuda S, Inoue Y, Adachi T. Three-dimensional vertex model for simulating multicellular morphogenesis. Biophys Physicobiol 2015; 12:13-20. [PMID: 27493850 PMCID: PMC4736843 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.12.0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
During morphogenesis, various cellular activities are spatiotemporally coordinated on the protein regulatory background to construct the complicated, three-dimensional (3D) structures of organs. Computational simulations using 3D vertex models have been the focus of efforts to approach the mechanisms underlying 3D multicellular constructions, such as dynamics of the 3D monolayer or multilayer cell sheet like epithelia as well as the 3D compacted cell aggregate, including dynamic changes in layer structures. 3D vertex models enable the quantitative simulation of multicellular morphogenesis on the basis of single-cell mechanics, with complete control of various cellular activities such as cell contraction, growth, rearrangement, division, and death. This review describes the general use of the 3D vertex model, along with its applications to several simplified problems of developmental phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Okuda
- Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Inoue
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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35
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Okuda S, Inoue Y, Watanabe T, Adachi T. Coupling intercellular molecular signalling with multicellular deformation for simulating three-dimensional tissue morphogenesis. Interface Focus 2015; 5:20140095. [PMID: 25844156 PMCID: PMC4342952 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2014.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During morphogenesis, three-dimensional (3D) multicellular structures emerge from biochemical and mechanical interplays among cells. In particular, by organizing their gradient within tissues, the diffusible signalling molecules play an essential role in producing the spatio-temporal patterns of cell status such as the differentiation states. Notably, this biochemical patterning can be dynamically coupled with multicellular deformations by signal-dependent cell activities such as contraction, adhesion, migration, proliferation and apoptosis. However, the mechanism by which these cellular activities mediate the interactions between multicellular deformations and patterning is still unknown. Herein, we propose a novel framework of a 3D vertex model to express molecular signalling among the mechanically deforming cells. By specifying a density of signalling molecules for each cell, we express their transport between neighbouring cells. By simulating signal-dependent epithelial growth, we found various types of tissue morphogenesis such as arrest, expansion, invagination and evagination. In the expansion phase, growth molecules were widely diffused with increasing tissue volume, which diluted the growth molecules in order to support the autonomous suppression of tissue growth. These results indicate that the proposed model successfully expresses 3D multicellular deformations dynamically coupled with biochemical patterning. We expect our proposed model to be a useful tool for predicting new phenomena emerging from mechanochemical coupling in multicellular morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Okuda
- Organogenesis and Neurogenesis Group, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, 2–2–3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650–0047, Japan
- Department of Biomechanics, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8507, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Inoue
- Department of Biomechanics, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8507, Japan
| | - Tadashi Watanabe
- Department of Biomechanics, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8507, Japan
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Department of Biomechanics, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8507, Japan
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36
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Fukushima K, Fujita H, Yamaguchi T, Kawaguchi M, Tsukaya H, Hasebe M. Oriented cell division shapes carnivorous pitcher leaves of Sarracenia purpurea. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6450. [PMID: 25774486 PMCID: PMC4382701 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex morphology is an evolutionary outcome of phenotypic diversification. In some carnivorous plants, the ancestral planar leaf has been modified to form a pitcher shape. However, how leaf development was altered during evolution remains unknown. Here we show that the pitcher leaves of Sarracenia purpurea develop through cell division patterns of adaxial tissues that are distinct from those in bifacial and peltate leaves, subsequent to standard expression of adaxial and abaxial marker genes. Differences in the orientation of cell divisions in the adaxial domain cause bifacial growth in the distal region and adaxial ridge protrusion in the middle region. These different growth patterns establish pitcher morphology. A computer simulation suggests that the cell division plane is critical for the pitcher morphogenesis. Our results imply that tissue-specific changes in the orientation of cell division underlie the development of a morphologically complex leaf. The pitcher-shaped leaf of the carnivorous plant Sarracenia purpurea acts as a pitfall trap to capture small animals. Here, Fukushima et al. analyse pitcher leaf development and propose that this unusual shape evolved from ancestral planar leaves through changes in the orientation of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Fukushima
- 1] 1Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan [2] National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji-cho, Nishigonaka 38, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hironori Fujita
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji-cho, Nishigonaka 38, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- 1] 1Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan [2] National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji-cho, Nishigonaka 38, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Hasebe
- 1] 1Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Japan [2] National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji-cho, Nishigonaka 38, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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Fletcher AG, Osterfield M, Baker RE, Shvartsman SY. Vertex models of epithelial morphogenesis. Biophys J 2015; 106:2291-304. [PMID: 24896108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.4498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic behavior of epithelial cell sheets plays a central role during numerous developmental processes. Genetic and imaging studies of epithelial morphogenesis in a wide range of organisms have led to increasingly detailed mechanisms of cell sheet dynamics. Computational models offer a useful means by which to investigate and test these mechanisms, and have played a key role in the study of cell-cell interactions. A variety of modeling approaches can be used to simulate the balance of forces within an epithelial sheet. Vertex models are a class of such models that consider cells as individual objects, approximated by two-dimensional polygons representing cellular interfaces, in which each vertex moves in response to forces due to growth, interfacial tension, and pressure within each cell. Vertex models are used to study cellular processes within epithelia, including cell motility, adhesion, mitosis, and delamination. This review summarizes how vertex models have been used to provide insight into developmental processes and highlights current challenges in this area, including progressing these models from two to three dimensions and developing new tools for model validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Fletcher
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Miriam Osterfield
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Ruth E Baker
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Stanislav Y Shvartsman
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton, New Jersey; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey.
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38
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Honda H, Nagai T. Cell models lead to understanding of multi-cellular morphogenesis consisting of successive self-construction of cells. J Biochem 2014; 157:129-36. [PMID: 25552548 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvu088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis of multi-cellular organisms occurs through cell behaviours within a cell aggregate. Cell behaviours have been described using cell models involving equations of motion for cells. Cells in cell models construct shapes of the cell aggregate by themselves. Here, a history of cell models, the cell centre model and the vertex cell model, which we have constructed, are described. Furthermore, the application of these cell models is explained in detail. These cell models have been applied to transformation of cell aggregates to become spherical, formation of mammalian blastocysts and cell intercalation in elongating tissues. These are all elemental processes of morphogenesis and take place in succession during the whole developmental process. A chain of successive elemental processes leads to morphogenesis. Finally, we highlight that cell models are indispensable to understand the process whereby genes direct biological shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Honda
- Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; and Research Institute, Kyushu Kyoritsu University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8585, Japan Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; and Research Institute, Kyushu Kyoritsu University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8585, Japan
| | - Tatsuzo Nagai
- Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; and Research Institute, Kyushu Kyoritsu University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8585, Japan
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39
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Ishimoto Y, Morishita Y. Bubbly vertex dynamics: A dynamical and geometrical model for epithelial tissues with curved cell shapes. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:052711. [PMID: 25493820 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.052711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to describe two-dimensionally packed cells in epithelial tissues both mathematically and physically, there have been developed several sorts of geometrical models, such as the vertex model, the finite element model, the cell-centered model, and the cellular Potts model. So far, in any case, pressures have not neatly been dealt with and the curvatures of the cell boundaries have been even omitted through their approximations. We focus on these quantities and formulate them in the vertex model. Thus, a model with the curvatures is constructed, and its algorithm for simulation is provided. The possible extensions and applications of this model are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukitaka Ishimoto
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Morishita
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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40
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Okuda S, Inoue Y, Eiraku M, Adachi T, Sasai Y. Vertex dynamics simulations of viscosity-dependent deformation during tissue morphogenesis. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2014; 14:413-25. [PMID: 25227116 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-014-0613-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In biological development, multiple cells cooperate to form tissue morphologies based on their mechanical interactions; namely active force generation and passive viscoelastic response. In particular, the dynamic processes of tissue deformations are governed by the viscous properties of the tissues. These properties are spatially inhomogeneous because they depend on the tissue constituents, such as cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, basement membrane and extracellular matrix. The multicellular mechanics of tissue morphogenesis have been investigated in vertex dynamics models. However, conventional models are applicable only to quasi-static deformation processes, which do not account for tissue viscosities. We propose a vertex dynamics model that simulates the viscosity-dependent dynamic deformation processes during tissue morphogenesis. By incorporating local velocity fields into the governing equation of vertex movements, the model turns Galilean invariant. In addition, the viscous properties of tissue components are newly expressed by formulating friction forces on vertices as functions of the relative velocities among the vertices. The advantages of the proposed model are examined by epithelial growth simulations under the employed condition for quasi-static processes. As a result, the epithelial vesicle simulated by the proposed model is linearly elongated with nearly free stress, while that simulated by the conventional model is undulated with compressive residual stress. Therefore, the proposed model is able to reflect the timescale of deformations by satisfying Galilean invariance. Next, the applicability of the proposed model is assessed in epithelial growth simulations of viscous extracellular materials. In this test, the epithelial vesicles are deformed into tubular shapes by oriented cell divisions, and their morphologies are extremely sensitive to extracellular viscosity. Therefore, the dynamic deformations in the proposed model depend on the viscous properties of tissue components. The proposed model will be useful for simulating dynamic deformation processes of tissue morphogenesis depending on viscous properties of various tissue components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Okuda
- Organogenesis and Neurogenesis Group, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan,
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Abstract
The RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology in Kobe, Japan, hosted a meeting entitled ‘Regeneration of Organs: Programming and Self-Organization’ in March, 2014. Scientists from across the globe met to discuss current research on regeneration, organ morphogenesis and self-organization – and the links between these fields. A diverse range of experimental models and organ systems was presented, and the speakers aptly illustrated the unique power of each. This Meeting Review describes the major advances reported and themes emerging from this exciting meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Goldman
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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42
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OKUDA S, INOUE Y, ADACHI T. Mechanics-based Simulations for Understanding Multicellular Tissue Morphogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2142/biophys.54.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuhiro INOUE
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Taiji ADACHI
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University
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43
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Apical contractility in growing epithelium supports robust maintenance of smooth curvatures against cell-division-induced mechanical disturbance. J Biomech 2013; 46:1705-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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44
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Okuda S, Inoue Y, Eiraku M, Sasai Y, Adachi T. Modeling cell proliferation for simulating three-dimensional tissue morphogenesis based on a reversible network reconnection framework. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2012. [PMID: 23196700 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-012-0458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis in multicellular organisms is accompanied by proliferative cell behaviors: cell division (increase in cell number after each cell cycle) and cell growth (increase in cell volume during each cell cycle). These proliferative cell behaviors can be regulated by multicellular dynamics to achieve proper tissue sizes and shapes in three-dimensional (3D) space. To analyze multicellular dynamics, a reversible network reconnection (RNR) model has been suggested, in which each cell shape is expressed by a single polyhedron. In this study, to apply the RNR model to simulate tissue morphogenesis involving proliferative cell behaviors, we model cell proliferation based on a RNR model framework. In this model, cell division was expressed by dividing a polyhedron at a planar surface for which cell division behaviors were characterized by three quantities: timing, intracellular position, and normal direction of the dividing plane. In addition, cell growth was expressed by volume growth as a function of individual cell times within their respective cell cycles. Numerical simulations using the proposed model showed that tissues grew during successive cell divisions with several cell cycle times. During these processes, the cell number in tissues increased while maintaining individual cell size and shape. Furthermore, tissue morphology dramatically changed based on different regulations of cell division directions. Thus, the proposed model successfully provided a basis for expressing proliferative cell behaviors during morphogenesis based on a RNR model framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Okuda
- Department of Biomechanics, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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