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Krasnyakov I, Bratsun D. Cell-Based Modeling of Tissue Developing in the Scaffold Pores of Varying Cross-Sections. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:562. [PMID: 38132501 PMCID: PMC10741956 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8080562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we present a mathematical model of cell growth in the pores of a perfusion bioreactor through which a nutrient solution is pumped. We have developed a 2-D vertex model that allows us to reproduce the microscopic dynamics of the microenvironment of cells and describe the occupation of the pore space with cells. In this model, each cell is represented by a polygon; the number of vertices and shapes may change over time. The model includes mitotic cell division and intercalation. We study the impact of two factors on cell growth. On the one hand, we consider a channel of variable cross-section, which models a scaffold with a porosity gradient. On the other hand, a cluster of cells grows under the influence of a nutrient solution flow, which establishes a non-uniform distribution of shear stresses in the pore space. We present the results of numerical simulation of the tissue growth in a wavy channel. The model allows us to obtain complete microscopic information that includes the dynamics of intracellular pressure, the local elastic energy, and the characteristics of cell populations. As we showed, in a functional-graded scaffold, the distribution of the shear stresses in the pore space has a complicated structure, which implies the possibility of controlling the growth zones by varying the pore geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitry Bratsun
- Applied Physics Department, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 614990 Perm, Russia;
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2
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Efficient calculation of fluid-induced wall shear stress within tissue engineering scaffolds by an empirical model. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2023.100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
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3
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Dehghan-Baniani D, Mehrjou B, Chu PK, Lee WYW, Wu H. Recent Advances in "Functional Engineering of Articular Cartilage Zones by Polymeric Biomaterials Mediated with Physical, Mechanical, and Biological/Chemical Cues". Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 12:e2202581. [PMID: 36571465 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) plays an unquestionable role in joint movements but unfortunately the healing capacity is restricted due to its avascular and acellular nature. While cartilage tissue engineering has been lifesaving, it is very challenging to remodel the complex cartilage composition and architecture with gradient physio-mechanical properties vital to proper tissue functions. To address these issues, a better understanding of the intrinsic AC properties and how cells respond to stimuli from the external microenvironment must be better understood. This is essential in order to take one step closer to producing functional cartilaginous constructs for clinical use. Recently, biopolymers have aroused much attention due to their versatility, processability, and flexibility because the properties can be tailored to match the requirements of AC. This review highlights polymeric scaffolds developed in the past decade for reconstruction of zonal AC layers including the superficial zone, middle zone, and deep zone by means of exogenous stimuli such as physical, mechanical, and biological/chemical signals. The mimicked properties are reviewed in terms of the biochemical composition and organization, cell fate (morphology, orientation, and differentiation), as well as mechanical properties and finally, the challenges and potential ways to tackle them are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Dehghan-Baniani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.,Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Babak Mehrjou
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul K Chu
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wayne Yuk Wai Lee
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, CUHK InnoHK Centres, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hongkai Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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4
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Pires T, Dunlop JWC, Fernandes PR, Castro APG. Challenges in computational fluid dynamics applications for bone tissue engineering. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2022; 478:20210607. [PMID: 35153613 PMCID: PMC8791047 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2021.0607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone injuries or defects that require invasive surgical treatment are a serious clinical issue, particularly when it comes to treatment success and effectiveness. Accordingly, bone tissue engineering (BTE) has been researching the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis tools to assist in designing optimal scaffolds that better promote bone growth and repair. This paper aims to offer a comprehensive review of recent studies that use CFD analysis in BTE. The mechanical and fluidic properties of a given scaffold are coupled to each other via the scaffold architecture, meaning an optimization of one may negatively affect the other. For example, designs that improve scaffold permeability normally result in a decreased average wall shear stress. Linked with these findings, it appears there are very few studies in this area that state a specific application for their scaffolds and those that do are focused on in vitro bioreactor environments. Finally, this review also demonstrates a scarcity of studies that combine CFD with optimization methods to improve scaffold design. This highlights an important direction of research for the development of the next generation of BTE scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Pires
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - John W C Dunlop
- MorphoPhysics Group, Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - André P G Castro
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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5
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Ene-Iordache B, Campiglio CE, Raimondi MT, Remuzzi A. Characterization of the Microflow Through 3D Synthetic Niche Microenvironments Hosted in a Millifluidic Bioreactor. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:799594. [PMID: 34976990 PMCID: PMC8718690 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.799594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Development of new medicines is a lengthy process with high risk of failure since drug efficacy measured in vitro is difficult to confirm in vivo. Intended to add a new tool aiding drug discovery, the MOAB-NICHOID device was developed: a miniaturized optically accessible bioreactor (MOAB) housing the 3D engineered scaffold NICHOID. The aim of our study was to characterize the microflow through the 3D nichoid microenvironment hosted in the MOAB-NICHOID device. Methods: We used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to compute the flow field inside a very fine grid resembling the scaffold microenvironment. Results: The microflow inside the multi-array of nichoid blocks is fed and locally influenced by the mainstream flow developed in the perfusion chamber of the device. Here we have revealed a low velocity, complex flow field with secondary, backward, or local recirculation micro-flows induced by the intricate architecture of the nichoid scaffold. Conclusion: Knowledge of the microenvironment inside the 3D nichoids allows planning of cell experiments, to regulate the transport of cells towards the scaffold substrate during seeding or the spatial delivery of nutrients and oxygen which affects cell growth and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Ene-Iordache
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Ranica, Italy
- *Correspondence: Bogdan Ene-Iordache, ; Manuela Teresa Raimondi,
| | - Chiara Emma Campiglio
- Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, Dalmine, Italy
| | - Manuela Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Bogdan Ene-Iordache, ; Manuela Teresa Raimondi,
| | - Andrea Remuzzi
- Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, Dalmine, Italy
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Zhao F, Xiong Y, Ito K, van Rietbergen B, Hofmann S. Porous Geometry Guided Micro-mechanical Environment Within Scaffolds for Cell Mechanobiology Study in Bone Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:736489. [PMID: 34595161 PMCID: PMC8476750 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.736489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanobiology research is for understanding the role of mechanics in cell physiology and pathology. It will have implications for studying bone physiology and pathology and to guide the strategy for regenerating both the structural and functional features of bone. Mechanobiological studies in vitro apply a dynamic micro-mechanical environment to cells via bioreactors. Porous scaffolds are commonly used for housing the cells in a three-dimensional (3D) culturing environment. Such scaffolds usually have different pore geometries (e.g. with different pore shapes, pore dimensions and porosities). These pore geometries can affect the internal micro-mechanical environment that the cells experience when loaded in the bioreactor. Therefore, to adjust the applied micro-mechanical environment on cells, researchers can tune either the applied load and/or the design of the scaffold pore geometries. This review will provide information on how the micro-mechanical environment (e.g. fluid-induced wall shear stress and mechanical strain) is affected by various scaffold pore geometries within different bioreactors. It shall allow researchers to estimate/quantify the micro-mechanical environment according to the already known pore geometry information, or to find a suitable pore geometry according to the desirable micro-mechanical environment to be applied. Finally, as future work, artificial intelligent - assisted techniques, which can achieve an automatic design of solid porous scaffold geometry for tuning/optimising the micro-mechanical environment are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Zhao
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Xiong
- School of System Design and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Bert van Rietbergen
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Sandra Hofmann
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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7
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Mainardi VL, Arrigoni C, Bianchi E, Talò G, Delcogliano M, Candrian C, Dubini G, Levi M, Moretti M. Improving cell seeding efficiency through modification of fiber geometry in 3D printed scaffolds. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 33578401 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abe5b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell seeding on 3D scaffolds is a very delicate step in tissue engineering applications, influencing the outcome of the subsequent culture phase, and determining the results of the entire experiment. Thus, it is crucial to maximize its efficiency. To this purpose, a detailed study of the influence of the geometry of the scaffold fibers on dynamic seeding efficiency is presented. 3D printing technology was used to realize PLA porous scaffolds, formed by fibers with a non-circular cross-sectional geometry, named multilobed to highlight the presence of niches and ridges. An oscillating perfusion bioreactor was used to perform bidirectional dynamic seeding of MG63 cells. The fiber shape influences the fluid dynamic parameters of the flow, affecting values of fluid velocity and wall shear stress. The path followed by cells through the scaffold fibers is also affected and results in a larger number of adhered cells in multilobed scaffolds compared to scaffolds with standard pseudo cylindrical fibers. Geometrical and fluid dynamic features can also have an influence on the morphology of adhered cells. The obtained results suggest that the reciprocal influence of geometrical and fluid dynamic features and their combined effect on cell trajectories should be considered to improve the dynamic seeding efficiency when designing scaffold architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Luca Mainardi
- Regenerative Medicine Technologies Lab, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Tesserete, 46, Lugano, 6900, SWITZERLAND
| | - Chiara Arrigoni
- Regenerative Medicine Technologies Lab, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Tesserete, 46, Lugano, 6900, SWITZERLAND
| | - Elena Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milano, 20133, ITALY
| | - Giuseppe Talò
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi, 4, Milano, 20161, ITALY
| | - Marco Delcogliano
- Unità di Traumatologia e Ortopedia, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Tesserete, 46, Lugano, 6900, SWITZERLAND
| | - Christian Candrian
- Unità di Traumatologia e Ortopedia, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Tesserete, 46, Lugano, 6900, SWITZERLAND
| | - Gabriele Dubini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milano, 20133, ITALY
| | - Marinella Levi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milano, 20133, ITALY
| | - Matteo Moretti
- Regenerative Medicine Technologies Laboratory, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Via Tesserete, 46, Lugano, 6900, SWITZERLAND
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8
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Wright ME, Yu JK, Jain D, Maeda A, Yeh SCA, DaCosta RS, Lin CP, Santerre JP. Engineering functional microvessels in synthetic polyurethane random-pore scaffolds by harnessing perfusion flow. Biomaterials 2020; 256:120183. [PMID: 32622017 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently reported biomaterial-based approaches toward prevascularizing tissue constructs rely on biologically or structurally complex scaffolds that are complicated to manufacture and sterilize, and challenging to customize for clinical applications. In the current work, a prevascularization method for soft tissue engineering that uses a non-patterned and non-biological scaffold is proposed. Human fibroblasts and HUVECs were seeded on an ionomeric polyurethane-based hydrogel and cultured for 14 days under medium perfusion. A flow rate of 0.05 mL/min resulted in a greater lumen density in the constructs relative to 0.005 and 0.5 mL/min, indicating the critical importance of flow magnitude in establishing microvessels. Constructs generated at 0.05 mL/min perfusion flow were implanted in a mouse subcutaneous model and intravital imaging was used to characterize host blood perfusion through the construct after 2 weeks. Engineered microvessels were functional (i.e. perfused with host blood and non-leaky) and neovascularization of the construct by host vessels was enhanced relative to non-prevascularized constructs. We report on the first strategy toward engineering functional microvessels in a tissue construct using non-bioactive, non-patterned synthetic polyurethane materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Ee Wright
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jonathan K Yu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Devika Jain
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Azusa Maeda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shu-Chi A Yeh
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralph S DaCosta
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Charles P Lin
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Paul Santerre
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Zhao F, Lacroix D, Ito K, van Rietbergen B, Hofmann S. Changes in scaffold porosity during bone tissue engineering in perfusion bioreactors considerably affect cellular mechanical stimulation for mineralization. Bone Rep 2020; 12:100265. [PMID: 32613033 PMCID: PMC7315008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) experiments in vitro have shown that fluid-induced wall shear stress (WSS) can stimulate cells to produce mineralized extracellular matrix (ECM). The application of WSS on seeded cells can be achieved through bioreactors that perfuse medium through porous scaffolds. In BTE experiments in vitro, commonly a constant flow rate is used. Previous studies have found that tissue growth within the scaffold will result in an increase of the WSS over time. To keep the WSS in a reported optimal range of 10–30 mPa, the applied external flow rate can be decreased over time. To investigate what reduction of the external flow rate during culturing is needed to keep the WSS in the optimal range, we here conducted a computational study, which simulated the formation of ECM, and in which we investigated the effect of constant fluid flow and different fluid flow reduction scenarios on the WSS. It was found that for both constant and reduced fluid flow scenarios, the WSS did not exceed a critical value, which was set to 60 mPa. However, the constant flow velocity resulted in a reduction of the cell/ECM surface being exposed to a WSS in the optimal range from 50% at the start of culture to 18.6% at day 21. Reducing the fluid flow over time could avoid much of this effect, leaving the WSS in the optimal range for 40.9% of the surface at 21 days. Therefore, for achieving more mineralized tissue, the conventional manner of loading the perfusion bioreactors (i.e. constant flow rate/velocity) should be changed to a decreasing flow over time in BTE experiments. This study provides an in silico tool for finding the best fluid flow reduction strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Zhao
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering (ZCCE), College of Engineering, Swansea University, SA1 8EN Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Damien Lacroix
- INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, S1 3JD Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Bert van Rietbergen
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Corresponding authors at: Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Sandra Hofmann
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Corresponding authors at: Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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Zhao F, van Rietbergen B, Ito K, Hofmann S. Fluid flow-induced cell stimulation in bone tissue engineering changes due to interstitial tissue formation in vitro. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 36:e3342. [PMID: 32323478 PMCID: PMC7388075 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In tissue engineering experiments in vitro, bioreactors have been used for applying wall shear stress (WSS) on cells to regulate cellular activities. To determine the loading conditions within bioreactors and to design tissue engineering products, in silico models are used. Previous in silico studies in bone tissue engineering (BTE) focused on quantifying the WSS on cells and the influence on appositional tissue growth. However, many BTE experiments also show interstitial tissue formation (i.e., tissue infiltrated in the pores rather than growing on the struts - appositional growth), which has not been considered in previous in silico studies. We hereby used a multiscale fluid-solid interaction model to quantify the WSS and mechanical strain on cells with interstitial tissue formation, taken from a reported BTE experiment. The WSS showed a high variation among different interstitial tissue morphologies. This is different to the situation under appositional tissue growth. It is found that a 35% filling of the pores results (by mineralised bone tissue) when the average WSS increases from 1.530 (day 0) to 5.735 mPa (day 28). Furthermore, the mechanical strain on cells caused by the fluid flow was extremely low (at the level of 10-14 -10-15 ), comparing to the threshold in a previous mechanobiological theory of osteogenesis (eg, 10-2 ). The output from this study offers a significant insight of the WSS changes during interstitial tissue growth under a constant perfusion flow rate in a BTE experiment. It has paved the way for optimising the local micro-fluidic environment for interstitial tissue mineralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Zhao
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS)Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering (ZCCE), College of EngineeringSwansea UniversitySwanseaUnited Kingdom
| | - Bert van Rietbergen
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS)Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Sandra Hofmann
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS)Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
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11
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Beauchesne CC, Chabanon M, Smaniotto B, Ladoux B, Goyeau B, David B. Channeling Effect and Tissue Morphology in a Perfusion Bioreactor Imaged by X-Ray Microtomography. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 17:301-311. [PMID: 32314312 PMCID: PMC7260345 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfusion bioreactors for tissue engineering hold great promises. Indeed, the perfusion of culture medium enhances species transport and mechanically stimulates the cells, thereby increasing cell proliferation and tissue formation. Nonetheless, their development is still hampered by a lack of understanding of the relationship between mechanical cues and tissue growth. METHODS Combining tissue engineering, three-dimensional visualization and numerical simulations, we analyze the morphological evolution of neo-tissue in a model bioreactor with respect to the local flow pattern. NIH-3T3 cells were grown under perfusion for one, two and three weeks on a stack of 2 mm polyacetal beads. The model bioreactor was then imaged by X-ray micro-tomography and local tissue morphology was analyzed. To relate experimental observations and mechanical stimulii, a computational fluid dynamics model of flow around spheres in a canal was developed and solved using the finite element method. RESULTS We observe a preferential tissue formation at the bioreactor periphery, and relate it to a channeling effect leading to regions of higher flow intensity. Additionally, we find that circular crater-like tissue patterns form in narrow channel regions at early culture times. Using computational fluid dynamic simulations, we show that the location and morphology of these patterns match those of shear stress maxima. Finally, the morphology of the tissue is qualitatively described as the tissue grows and reorganizes itself. CONCLUSION Altogether, our study points out the key role of local flow conditions on the tissue morphology developed on a stack of beads in perfusion bioreactors and provides new insights for effective design of hydrodynamic bioreactors for tissue engineering using bead packings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C Beauchesne
- Lab. EM2C, UPR CNRS 288, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 3 rue Joliot-Curie, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- Lab. MSSMat, UMR CNRS 8579, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 3 rue Joliot-Curie, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Morgan Chabanon
- Single Molecule Biophotonics Lab. ICFO, The Institute of Photonic Sciences, av. Carl Friedrich Gauss, 3, 08860, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benjamin Smaniotto
- ENS Paris Saclay, LMT, CNRS, UMR 8535, 61 avenue du Président Wilson, 94230, Cachan, France
| | - Benoît Ladoux
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), UMR CNRS 7592, Université Paris Diderot, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Benoît Goyeau
- Lab. EM2C, UPR CNRS 288, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 3 rue Joliot-Curie, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | - Bertrand David
- Lab. MSSMat, UMR CNRS 8579, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 3 rue Joliot-Curie, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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12
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Raimondi MT, Donnaloja F, Barzaghini B, Bocconi A, Conci C, Parodi V, Jacchetti E, Carelli S. Bioengineering tools to speed up the discovery and preclinical testing of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 and therapeutic agents for COVID-19. Theranostics 2020; 10:7034-7052. [PMID: 32641977 PMCID: PMC7330866 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an update for the international research community on the cell modeling tools that could accelerate the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms and could thus speed up the development of vaccines and therapeutic agents against COVID-19. Many bioengineering groups are actively developing frontier tools that are capable of providing realistic three-dimensional (3D) models for biological research, including cell culture scaffolds, microfluidic chambers for the culture of tissue equivalents and organoids, and implantable windows for intravital imaging. Here, we review the most innovative study models based on these bioengineering tools in the context of virology and vaccinology. To make it easier for scientists working on SARS-CoV-2 to identify and apply specific tools, we discuss how they could accelerate the discovery and preclinical development of antiviral drugs and vaccines, compared to conventional models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Donnaloja
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Bianca Barzaghini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Bocconi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudio Conci
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Parodi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Jacchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Stephana Carelli
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milano, Italy
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Cassani S, Olson SD. A Hybrid Model of Cartilage Regeneration Capturing the Interactions Between Cellular Dynamics and Porosity. Bull Math Biol 2020; 82:18. [PMID: 31970523 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-020-00695-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To accelerate the development of strategies for cartilage tissue engineering, models are necessary to investigate the interactions between cellular dynamics and the local microenvironment. We use a discrete framework to capture the individual behavior of cells, modeling experiments where cells are seeded in a porous scaffold or hydrogel and over the time course of a month, the scaffold slowly degrades while cells divide and synthesize extracellular matrix constituents. The movement of cells and the ability to proliferate is a function of the local porosity, defined as the volume fraction of fluid in the surrounding region. A phenomenological approach is used to capture a continuous profile for the degrading scaffold and accumulating matrix, which will then change the local porosity throughout the construct. We parameterize the model by first matching total cell counts in the construct to chondrocytes seeded in a polyglycolic acid scaffold (Freed et al. in Biotechnol Bioeng 43:597-604, 1994). We investigate the influence of initial scaffold porosity on the total cell count and spatial profiles of cell and ECM in the construct. Cell counts were higher at day 30 in scaffolds of lower initial porosity, and similar cell counts were obtained using different models of scaffold degradation and matrix accumulation (either uniform or cell-specific). Using this modeling framework, we study the interplay between a phenomenological representation of scaffold architecture and porosity as well as the potential continuous application of growth factors. We determine parameter regimes where large cellular aggregates occur, which can hinder matrix accumulation and cellular proliferation. The developed modeling framework can easily be extended and can be used to identify optimal scaffolds and culture conditions that lead to a desired distribution of extracellular matrix and cell counts throughout the construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cassani
- Department of Mathematics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 244 Mathematics Building, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Sarah D Olson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA.
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14
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Pearce D, Fischer S, Huda F, Vahdati A. Applications of Computer Modeling and Simulation in Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 17:1-13. [PMID: 32002838 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-019-00216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in cartilage tissue engineering have demonstrated noteworthy potential for developing cartilage for implantation onto sites impacted by joint degeneration and injury. To supplement resource-intensive in vivo and in vitro studies required for cartilage tissue engineering, computational models and simulations can assist in enhancing experimental design. METHODS Research articles pertinent to cartilage tissue engineering and computer modeling were identified, reviewed, and summarized. Various applications of computer modeling for cartilage tissue engineering are highlighted, limitations of in silico modeling are addressed, and suggestions for future work are enumerated. RESULTS Computational modeling can help better characterize shear stresses generated by bioreactor fluid flow, refine scaffold geometry, customize the mechanical properties of engineered cartilage tissue, and model rates of cell growth and dynamics. Thus, results from in silico studies can help resourcefully enhance in vitro and in vivo studies; however, the limitations of these studies, such as the underlying assumptions and simplifications applied in each model, should always be addressed and justified where applicable. In silico models should also seek validation and verification when possible. CONCLUSION Future studies may adopt similar approaches to supplement in vitro trials and further investigate effects of mechanical stimulation on chondrocyte and stem cell dynamics. Additionally, as precision medicine, machine learning, and powerful open-source software become more popular and accessible, applications of multi-scale and multiphysics computational models in cartilage tissue engineering are expected to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pearce
- Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, 1000 E Fifth Street, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Sarah Fischer
- Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, 1000 E Fifth Street, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 7, 70174, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fatama Huda
- Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, 1000 E Fifth Street, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Ali Vahdati
- Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, 1000 E Fifth Street, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Bone tissue engineering is currently a mature methodology from a research perspective. Moreover, modeling and simulation of involved processes and phenomena in BTE have been proved in a number of papers to be an excellent assessment tool in the stages of design and proof of concept through in-vivo or in-vitro experimentation. In this paper, a review of the most relevant contributions in modeling and simulation, in silico, in BTE applications is conducted. The most popular in silico simulations in BTE are classified into: (i) Mechanics modeling and scaffold design, (ii) transport and flow modeling, and (iii) modeling of physical phenomena. The paper is restricted to the review of the numerical implementation and simulation of continuum theories applied to different processes in BTE, such that molecular dynamics or discrete approaches are out of the scope of the paper. Two main conclusions are drawn at the end of the paper: First, the great potential and advantages that in silico simulation offers in BTE, and second, the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to further validate numerical models developed in BTE.
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16
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Krause AL, Beliaev D, Van Gorder RA, Waters SL. Lattice and continuum modelling of a bioactive porous tissue scaffold. MATHEMATICAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY-A JOURNAL OF THE IMA 2019; 36:325-360. [PMID: 30107530 DOI: 10.1093/imammb/dqy012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A contemporary procedure to grow artificial tissue is to seed cells onto a porous biomaterial scaffold and culture it within a perfusion bioreactor to facilitate the transport of nutrients to growing cells. Typical models of cell growth for tissue engineering applications make use of spatially homogeneous or spatially continuous equations to model cell growth, flow of culture medium, nutrient transport and their interactions. The network structure of the physical porous scaffold is often incorporated through parameters in these models, either phenomenologically or through techniques like mathematical homogenization. We derive a model on a square grid lattice to demonstrate the importance of explicitly modelling the network structure of the porous scaffold and compare results from this model with those from a modified continuum model from the literature. We capture two-way coupling between cell growth and fluid flow by allowing cells to block pores, and by allowing the shear stress of the fluid to affect cell growth and death. We explore a range of parameters for both models and demonstrate quantitative and qualitative differences between predictions from each of these approaches, including spatial pattern formation and local oscillations in cell density present only in the lattice model. These differences suggest that for some parameter regimes, corresponding to specific cell types and scaffold geometries, the lattice model gives qualitatively different model predictions than typical continuum models. Our results inform model selection for bioactive porous tissue scaffolds, aiding in the development of successful tissue engineering experiments and eventually clinically successful technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Krause
- Mathematical Institute, Andrew Wiles Building, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Rd, UK
| | - Dmitry Beliaev
- Mathematical Institute, Andrew Wiles Building, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Rd, UK
| | - Robert A Van Gorder
- Mathematical Institute, Andrew Wiles Building, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Rd, UK
| | - Sarah L Waters
- Mathematical Institute, Andrew Wiles Building, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Rd, UK
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17
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Elsayed Y, Lekakou C, Tomlins P. Modeling, simulations, and optimization of smooth muscle cell tissue engineering for the production of vascular grafts. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1509-1522. [PMID: 30737955 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents a transient, continuum, two-phase model of the tissue engineering in fibrous scaffolds, including transport equations for the flowing culture medium, nutrient and cell concentration with transverse and in-plane diffusion and cell migration, a novel feature of local in-plane transport across a phenomenological pore and innovative layer-by-layer cell filling approach. The model is successfully validated for the smooth muscle cell tissue engineering of a vascular graft using crosslinked, electrospun gelatin fiber scaffolds for both static and dynamic cell culture, the latter in a dynamic bioreactor with a rotating shaft on which the tubular scaffold is attached. Parametric studies evaluate the impact of the scaffold microstructure, cell dynamics, oxygen transport, and static or dynamic conditions on the rate and extent of cell proliferation and depth of oxygen accessibility. An optimized scaffold of 75% dry porosity is proposed that can be tissue engineered into a viable and still fully oxygenated graft of the tunica media of the coronary artery within 2 days in the dynamic bioreactor. Such scaffold also matches the mechanical properties of the tunica media of the human coronary artery and the suture retention strength of a saphenous vein, often used as a coronary artery graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Elsayed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, Engineering Materials Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.,Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, Centre of Biomedical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Constantina Lekakou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, Engineering Materials Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Paul Tomlins
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, UK
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18
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A computational reaction–diffusion model for biosynthesis and linking of cartilage extracellular matrix in cell-seeded scaffolds with varying porosity. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 18:701-716. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-018-01110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Paim Á, Tessaro IC, Pranke P, Cardozo NSM. A sensitivity analysis for tissue development by varying model parameters and input variables. CAN J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ágata Paim
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), R. Eng. Luis Englert; s/n. Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul 90040-040 Brazil
| | - Isabel C. Tessaro
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), R. Eng. Luis Englert; s/n. Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul 90040-040 Brazil
| | - Patricia Pranke
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Av. Ipiranga, 2752. Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000 Brazil
- Stem Cell Research Institute; Porto Alegre; Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Nilo S. M. Cardozo
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), R. Eng. Luis Englert; s/n. Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul 90040-040 Brazil
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20
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Zhao F, van Rietbergen B, Ito K, Hofmann S. Flow rates in perfusion bioreactors to maximise mineralisation in bone tissue engineering in vitro. J Biomech 2018; 79:232-237. [PMID: 30149981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In bone tissue engineering experiments, fluid-induced shear stress is able to stimulate cells to produce mineralised extracellular matrix (ECM). The application of shear stress on seeded cells can for example be achieved through bioreactors that perfuse medium through porous scaffolds. The generated mechanical environment (i.e. wall shear stress: WSS) within the scaffolds is complex due to the complexity of scaffold geometry. This complexity has so far prevented setting an optimal loading (i.e. flow rate) of the bioreactor to achieve an optimal distribution of WSS for stimulating cells to produce mineralised ECM. In this study, we demonstrate an approach combining computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and mechano-regulation theory to optimise flow rates of a perfusion bioreactor and various scaffold geometries (i.e. pore shape, porosity and pore diameter) in order to maximise shear stress induced mineralisation. The optimal flow rates, under which the highest fraction of scaffold surface area is subjected to a wall shear stress that induces mineralisation, are mainly dependent on the scaffold geometries. Nevertheless, the variation range of such optimal flow rates are within 0.5-5 mL/min (or in terms of fluid velocity: 0.166-1.66 mm/s), among different scaffolds. This approach can facilitate the determination of scaffold-dependent flow rates for bone tissue engineering experiments in vitro, avoiding performing a series of trial and error experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Zhao
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bert van Rietbergen
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, UMC Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Hofmann
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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21
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Factors Affecting Mass Transport Properties of Poly(ε-caprolactone) Membranes for Tissue Engineering Bioreactors. MEMBRANES 2018; 8:membranes8030051. [PMID: 30071589 PMCID: PMC6160940 DOI: 10.3390/membranes8030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High porosity and mass transport properties of microfiltration polymeric membranes benefit nutrients supply to cells when used as scaffolds in interstitial perfusion bioreactors for tissue engineering. High nutrients transport is assumed when pore size and porosity of the membrane are in the micrometric range. The present work demonstrates that the study of membrane fouling by proteins present in the culture medium, though not done usually, should be included in the routine testing of new polymer membranes for this intended application. Two poly(ε-caprolactone) microfiltration membranes presenting similar average pore size (approximately 0.7 µm) and porosity (>80%) but different external surface porosity and pore size have been selected as case studies. The present work demonstrates that a membrane with lower surface pore abundance and smaller external pore size (approximately 0.67 µm), combined with adequate hydrodynamics and tangential flow filtration mode is usually more convenient to guarantee high flux of nutrients. On the contrary, having large external pore size (approximately 1.70 µm) and surface porosity would incur important internal protein fouling that could not be prevented with the operation mode and hydrodynamics of the perfusion system. Additionally, the use of glycerol in the drying protocols of the membranes might cause plasticization and a consequent reduction of mass transport properties due to membrane compaction by the pressure exerted to force perfusion. Therefore, preferentially, drying protocols that omit the use of plasticizing agents are recommended.
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22
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Permeability and fluid flow-induced wall shear stress of bone tissue scaffolds: Computational fluid dynamic analysis using Newtonian and non-Newtonian blood flow models. Comput Biol Med 2018; 99:201-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Paim Á, Cardozo NSM, Tessaro IC, Pranke P. Relevant biological processes for tissue development with stem cells and their mechanistic modeling: A review. Math Biosci 2018; 301:147-158. [PMID: 29746816 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A potential alternative for tissue transplants is tissue engineering, in which the interaction of cells and biomaterials can be optimized. Tissue development in vitro depends on the complex interaction of several biological processes such as extracellular matrix synthesis, vascularization and cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, death, and differentiation. The complexity of an individual phenomenon or of the combination of these processes can be studied with phenomenological modeling techniques. This work reviews the main biological phenomena in tissue development and their mathematical modeling, focusing on mesenchymal stem cell growth in three-dimensional scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágata Paim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), R. Eng. Luis Englert, s/n Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90040-040, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ipiranga, 2752. Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil.
| | - Nilo S M Cardozo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), R. Eng. Luis Englert, s/n Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90040-040, Brazil
| | - Isabel C Tessaro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), R. Eng. Luis Englert, s/n Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90040-040, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pranke
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ipiranga, 2752. Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil; Stem Cell Research Institute, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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24
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Tajsoleiman T, Abdekhodaie MJ, Gernaey KV, Krühne U. Efficient Computational Design of a Scaffold for Cartilage Cell Regeneration. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 5:E33. [PMID: 29695105 PMCID: PMC6027378 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the sensitivity of mammalian cell cultures, understanding the influence of operating conditions during a tissue generation procedure is crucial. In this regard, a detailed study of scaffold based cell culture under a perfusion flow is presented with the aid of mathematical modelling and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). With respect to the complexity of the case study, this work focuses solely on the effect of nutrient and metabolite concentrations, and the possible influence of fluid-induced shear stress on a targeted cell (cartilage) culture. The simulation set up gives the possibility of predicting the cell culture behavior under various operating conditions and scaffold designs. Thereby, the exploitation of the predictive simulation into a newly developed stochastic routine provides the opportunity of exploring improved scaffold geometry designs. This approach was applied on a common type of fibrous structure in order to increase the process efficiencies compared with the regular used formats. The suggested topology supplies a larger effective surface for cell attachment compared to the reference design while the level of shear stress is kept at the positive range of effect. Moreover, significant improvement of mass transfer is predicted for the suggested topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannaz Tajsoleiman
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark.
| | | | - Krist V Gernaey
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Ulrich Krühne
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark.
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25
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Time-Dependent Shear Stress Distributions during Extended Flow Perfusion Culture of Bone Tissue Engineered Constructs. FLUIDS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fluids3020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Ceffa NG, Bouzin M, D'Alfonso L, Sironi L, Marquezin CA, Auricchio F, Marconi S, Chirico G, Collini M. Spatiotemporal Image Correlation Analysis for 3D Flow Field Mapping in Microfluidic Devices. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2277-2284. [PMID: 29266924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices reproducing 3D networks are particularly valuable for nanomedicine applications such as tissue engineering and active cell sorting. There is however a gap in the possibility to measure how the flow evolves in such 3D structures. We show here that it is possible to map 3D flows in complex microchannel networks by combining wide field illumination to image correlation approaches. For this purpose, we have derived the spatiotemporal image correlation analysis of time stacks of single-plane illumination microscopy images. From the detailed analytical and numerical analysis of the resulting model, we developed a fitting method that allows us to measure, besides the in-plane velocity, the out-of-plane velocity component down to vz ≅ 65 μm/s. We have applied this method successfully to the 3D reconstruction of flows in microchannel networks with planar and 3D ramifications. These different network architectures have been realized by exploiting the great prototyping ability of a 3D printer, whose precision can reach few tens of micrometers, coupled to poly dimethyl-siloxane soft-printing lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolo' G Ceffa
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro di Nanomedicina, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Margaux Bouzin
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro di Nanomedicina, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura D'Alfonso
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro di Nanomedicina, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Sironi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro di Nanomedicina, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Cassia A Marquezin
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia, Goiás 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Ferdinando Auricchio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Architettura, Università degli Studi di Pavia , 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Marconi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Architettura, Università degli Studi di Pavia , 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Chirico
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro di Nanomedicina, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy.,CNR-ISASI, Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems , Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Maddalena Collini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro di Nanomedicina, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy.,CNR-ISASI, Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems , Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
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Shen N, Riedl JA, Carvajal Berrio DA, Davis Z, Monaghan MG, Layland SL, Hinderer S, Schenke-Layland K. A flow bioreactor system compatible with real-time two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 13:024101. [PMID: 29148433 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa9b3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bioreactors are essential cell and tissue culture tools that allow the introduction of biophysical signals into in vitro cultures. One major limitation is the need to interrupt experiments and sacrifice samples at certain time points for analyses. To address this issue, we designed a bioreactor that combines high-resolution contact-free imaging and continuous flow in a closed system that is compatible with various types of microscopes. The high throughput fluid flow bioreactor was combined with two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (2P-FLIM) and validated. The hydrodynamics of the bioreactor chamber were characterized using COMSOL. The simulation of shear stress indicated that the bioreactor system provides homogeneous and reproducible flow conditions. The designed bioreactor was used to investigate the effects of low shear stress on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In a scratch assay, we observed decreased migration of HUVECs under shear stress conditions. Furthermore, metabolic activity shifts from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation-dependent mechanisms in HUVECs cultured under low shear stress conditions were detected using 2P-FLIM. Future applications for this bioreactor range from observing cell fate development in real-time to monitoring the environmental effects on cells or metabolic changes due to drug applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Shen
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, University Hospital of the Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany. Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
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Talò G, Turrisi C, Arrigoni C, Recordati C, Gerges I, Tamplenizza M, Cappelluti A, Riboldi S, Moretti M. Industrialization of a perfusion bioreactor: Prime example of a non‐straightforward process. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:405-415. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Talò
- Cell and Tissue Engineering LaboratoryIRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi Milan Italy
| | - C. Turrisi
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e BioingegneriaPolitecnico di Milano Milan Italy
| | - C. Arrigoni
- Cell and Tissue Engineering LaboratoryIRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi Milan Italy
| | | | | | | | - A. Cappelluti
- Fondazione Filarete Milan Italy
- SEMM European School of Molecular Medicine Milano Italy
| | | | - M. Moretti
- Cell and Tissue Engineering LaboratoryIRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi Milan Italy
- Regenerative Medicine Technologies LaboratoryEnte Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC) Lugano Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Regenerative Medicine (SIRM) Torricella‐Taverne Switzerland
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Akintewe OO, Roberts EG, Rim NG, Ferguson MA, Wong JY. Design Approaches to Myocardial and Vascular Tissue Engineering. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2017; 19:389-414. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071516-044641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olukemi O. Akintewe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215;, ,
| | - Erin G. Roberts
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215;,
| | - Nae-Gyune Rim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215;, ,
| | - Michael A.H. Ferguson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215;, ,
| | - Joyce Y. Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215;, ,
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215;,
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Eghbali H, Nava MM, Leonardi G, Mohebbi-Kalhori D, Sebastiano R, Samimi A, Raimondi MT. An experimental-numerical investigation on the effects of macroporous scaffold geometry on cell culture parameters. Int J Artif Organs 2017; 40:185-195. [PMID: 28430298 PMCID: PMC6159852 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Perfused bioreactors have been demonstrated to be effective in the delivery of nutrients and in the removal of waste products to and from the interior of cell-populated three-dimensional scaffolds. In this paper, a perfused bioreactor hosting a macroporous scaffold provided with a channel is used to investigate transport phenomena and culture parameters on cell growth. METHODS MG63 human osteosarcoma cells were seeded on macroporous poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds provided with a channel. The scaffolds were cultured in a perfused bioreactor and in static conditions for 5 days. Cell viability and growth were assessed while the concentration of oxygen, glucose and lactate were measured. An in silico, multiphysics, numerical model was set up to study the fluid dynamics and the mass transport of the nutrients in the perfused bioreactor hosting different scaffold geometries. RESULTS The experimental and numerical results indicated that the specific cell metabolic activity in scaffolds cultured under perfusion was 30% greater than scaffolds cultured under static conditions. In addition, the scaffold provided with a channel enabled the shear stress to be controlled, the initial seeding density to be retained, and adequate mass transport and waste removal. CONCLUSIONS We show that the macroporous scaffold provided with a channel cultured in a macroscale bioreactor can be a robust reference experimental model system to systematically investigate and assess crucial culture parameters. We also show that such an experimental model system can be employed as a simplified "representative unit" to improve the performance of both perfused culture systems and hollow, fiber-integrated scaffolds for large-scale tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Eghbali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan - Iran
| | - Michele M. Nava
- Giulio Natta Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan - Italy
| | - Gabriella Leonardi
- Giulio Natta Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan - Italy
| | - Davod Mohebbi-Kalhori
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan - Iran
| | - Roberto Sebastiano
- Giulio Natta Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan - Italy
| | - Abdolreza Samimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan - Iran
| | - Manuela T. Raimondi
- Giulio Natta Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan - Italy
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Campos Marin A, Grossi T, Bianchi E, Dubini G, Lacroix D. 2D µ-Particle Image Velocimetry and Computational Fluid Dynamics Study Within a 3D Porous Scaffold. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 45:1341-1351. [PMID: 27957607 PMCID: PMC5397455 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1772-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Transport properties of 3D scaffolds under fluid flow are critical for tissue development. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models can resolve 3D flows and nutrient concentrations in bioreactors at the scaffold-pore scale with high resolution. However, CFD models can be formulated based on assumptions and simplifications. μ-Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements should be performed to improve the reliability and predictive power of such models. Nevertheless, measuring fluid flow velocities within 3D scaffolds is challenging. The aim of this study was to develop a μPIV approach to allow the extraction of velocity fields from a 3D additive manufacturing scaffold using a conventional 2D μPIV system. The μ-computed tomography scaffold geometry was included in a CFD model where perfusion conditions were simulated. Good agreement was found between velocity profiles from measurements and computational results. Maximum velocities were found at the centre of the pore using both techniques with a difference of 12% which was expected according to the accuracy of the μPIV system. However, significant differences in terms of velocity magnitude were found near scaffold substrate due to scaffold brightness which affected the μPIV measurements. As a result, the limitations of the μPIV system only permits a partial validation of the CFD model. Nevertheless, the combination of both techniques allowed a detailed description of velocity maps within a 3D scaffold which is crucial to determine the optimal cell and nutrient transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Campos Marin
- Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Pam Liversidge Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - T Grossi
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - E Bianchi
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - G Dubini
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - D Lacroix
- Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Pam Liversidge Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
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32
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Aznar JMG, Valero C, Borau C, Garijo N. Computational mechano-chemo-biology: a tool for the design of tissue scaffolds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40898-016-0002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Bandeiras C, Completo A. A mathematical model of tissue-engineered cartilage development under cyclic compressive loading. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 16:651-666. [PMID: 27817048 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0843-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work a coupled model of solute transport and uptake, cell proliferation, extracellular matrix synthesis and remodeling of mechanical properties accounting for the impact of mechanical loading is presented as an advancement of a previously validated coupled model for free-swelling tissue-engineered cartilage cultures. Tissue-engineering constructs were modeled as biphasic with a linear elastic solid, and relevant intrinsic mechanical stimuli in the constructs were determined by numerical simulation for use as inputs of the coupled model. The mechanical dependent formulations were derived from a calibration and parametrization dataset and validated by comparison of normalized ratios of cell counts, total glycosaminoglycans and collagen after 24-h continuous cyclic unconfined compression from another dataset. The model successfully fit the calibration dataset and predicted the results from the validation dataset with good agreement, with average relative errors up to 3.1 and 4.3 %, respectively. Temporal and spatial patterns determined for other model outputs were consistent with reported studies. The results suggest that the model describes the interaction between the simultaneous factors involved in in vitro tissue-engineered cartilage culture under dynamic loading. This approach could also be attractive for optimization of culture protocols, namely through the application to longer culture times and other types of mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Bandeiras
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - António Completo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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34
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Computational modelling of local calcium ions release from calcium phosphate-based scaffolds. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 16:425-438. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0827-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Bajger P, Ashbourn JMA, Manhas V, Guyot Y, Lietaert K, Geris L. Mathematical modelling of the degradation behaviour of biodegradable metals. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 16:227-238. [PMID: 27502687 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0812-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A mathematical model for the biodegradation of magnesium is developed in this study to inspect the corrosion behaviour of biodegradable implants. The aim of this study was to provide a suitable framework for the assessment of the corrosion rate of magnesium which includes the process of formation/dissolution of the protective film. The model is intended to aid the design of implants with suitable geometries. The level-set method is used to follow the changing geometry of the implants during the corrosion process. A system of partial differential equations is formulated based on the physical and chemical processes that occur at the implant-medium boundary in order to simulate the effect of the formation of a protective film on the degradation rate. The experimental data from the literature on the corrosion of a high-purity magnesium sample immersed in simulated body fluid is used to calibrate the model. The model is then used to predict the degradation behaviour of a porous orthopaedic implant. The model successfully reproduces the precipitation of the corrosion products on the magnesium surface and the effect on the degradation rate. It can be used to simulate the implant degradation and the formation of the corrosion products on the surface of biodegradable magnesium implants with complex geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bajger
- Christ Church, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 1DP, UK. .,College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - J M A Ashbourn
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - V Manhas
- Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Prometheus, R&D Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Y Guyot
- Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Prometheus, R&D Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Lietaert
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Prometheus, R&D Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Zhang C, Qiu L, Gao L, Guan Y, Xu Q, Zhang X, Chen Q. A novel dual-frequency loading system for studying mechanobiology of load-bearing tissue. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 69:262-7. [PMID: 27612712 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In mechanobiological research, an appropriate loading system is an essential tool to mimic mechanical signals in a native environment. To achieve this goal, we have developed a novel loading system capable of applying dual-frequency loading including both a low-frequency high-amplitude loading and a high-frequency low-amplitude loading, according to the mechanical conditions experienced by bone and articular cartilage tissues. The low-frequency high-amplitude loading embodies the main force from muscular contractions and/or reaction forces while the high-frequency low-amplitude loading represents an assistant force from small muscles, ligaments and/or other tissue in order to maintain body posture during human activities. Therefore, such dual frequency loading system may reflect the natural characteristics of complex mechanical load on bone or articular cartilage than the single frequency loading often applied during current mechanobiological experiments. The dual-frequency loading system is validated by experimental tests using precision miniature plane-mirror interferometers. The dual-frequency loading results in significantly more solute transport in articular cartilage than that of the low-frequency high-amplitude loading regiment alone, as determined by quantitative fluorescence microscopy of tracer distribution in articular cartilage. Thus, the loading system can provide a new method to mimic mechanical environment in bone and cartilage, thereby revealing the in vivo mechanisms of mechanosensation, mechanotransduction and mass-transport, and improving mechanical conditioning of cartilage and/or bone constructs for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqiu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of the Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China; Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Lulu Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of the Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Lilan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of the Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yinjie Guan
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Qiang Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of the Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xizheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of the Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
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Tunesi M, Fusco F, Fiordaliso F, Corbelli A, Biella G, Raimondi MT. Optimization of a 3D Dynamic Culturing System for In Vitro Modeling of Frontotemporal Neurodegeneration-Relevant Pathologic Features. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:146. [PMID: 27445790 PMCID: PMC4916174 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder that is diagnosed with increasing frequency in clinical setting. Currently, no therapy is available and in addition the molecular basis of the disease are far from being elucidated. Consequently, it is of pivotal importance to develop reliable and cost-effective in vitro models for basic research purposes and drug screening. To this respect, recent results in the field of Alzheimer’s disease have suggested that a tridimensional (3D) environment is an added value to better model key pathologic features of the disease. Here, we have tried to add complexity to the 3D cell culturing concept by using a microfluidic bioreactor, where cells are cultured under a continuous flow of medium, thus mimicking the interstitial fluid movement that actually perfuses the body tissues, including the brain. We have implemented this model using a neuronal-like cell line (SH-SY5Y), a widely exploited cell model for neurodegenerative disorders that shows some basic features relevant for FTLD modeling, such as the release of the FTLD-related protein progranulin (PRGN) in specific vesicles (exosomes). We have efficiently seeded the cells on 3D scaffolds, optimized a disease-relevant oxidative stress experiment (by targeting mitochondrial function that is one of the possible FTLD-involved pathological mechanisms) and evaluated cell metabolic activity in dynamic culture in comparison to static conditions, finding that SH-SY5Y cells cultured in 3D scaffold are susceptible to the oxidative damage triggered by a mitochondrial-targeting toxin (6-OHDA) and that the same cells cultured in dynamic conditions kept their basic capacity to secrete PRGN in exosomes once recovered from the bioreactor and plated in standard 2D conditions. We think that a further improvement of our microfluidic system may help in providing a full device where assessing basic FTLD-related features (including PRGN dynamic secretion) that may be useful for monitoring disease progression over time or evaluating therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tunesi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di MilanoMilan, Italy; Unità di Ricerca Consorzio INSTM, Politecnico di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Federica Fusco
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Fiordaliso
- Unit of Bio-imaging, Department of Cardiovascular Research, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corbelli
- Unit of Bio-imaging, Department of Cardiovascular Research, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Biella
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela T Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano Milan, Italy
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Geris L, Guyot Y, Schrooten J, Papantoniou I. In silico regenerative medicine: how computational tools allow regulatory and financial challenges to be addressed in a volatile market. Interface Focus 2016; 6:20150105. [PMID: 27051516 PMCID: PMC4759755 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2015.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell therapy market is a highly volatile one, due to the use of disruptive technologies, the current economic situation and the small size of the market. In such a market, companies as well as academic research institutes are in need of tools to advance their understanding and, at the same time, reduce their R&D costs, increase product quality and productivity, and reduce the time to market. An additional difficulty is the regulatory path that needs to be followed, which is challenging in the case of cell-based therapeutic products and should rely on the implementation of quality by design (QbD) principles. In silico modelling is a tool that allows the above-mentioned challenges to be addressed in the field of regenerative medicine. This review discusses such in silico models and focuses more specifically on the bioprocess. Three (clusters of) examples related to this subject are discussed. The first example comes from the pharmaceutical engineering field where QbD principles and their implementation through the use of in silico models are both a regulatory and economic necessity. The second example is related to the production of red blood cells. The described in silico model is mainly used to investigate the manufacturing process of the cell-therapeutic product, and pays special attention to the economic viability of the process. Finally, we describe the set-up of a model capturing essential events in the development of a tissue-engineered combination product in the context of bone tissue engineering. For each of the examples, a short introduction to some economic aspects is given, followed by a description of the in silico tool or tools that have been developed to allow the implementation of QbD principles and optimal design.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Geris
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing 1 (+8), Herestraat 49-PB813, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Biomechanics Research Unit, Université de Liège, Chemin des Chevreuils 1 - BAT 52/3, Liège 4000, Belgium; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C-PB 2419, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Y Guyot
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing 1 (+8), Herestraat 49-PB813, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Biomechanics Research Unit, Université de Liège, Chemin des Chevreuils 1 - BAT 52/3, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | | | - I Papantoniou
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing 1 (+8), Herestraat 49-PB813, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing 1 (+8), Herestraat 49-PB813, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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Coupling curvature-dependent and shear stress-stimulated neotissue growth in dynamic bioreactor cultures: a 3D computational model of a complete scaffold. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 15:169-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-015-0753-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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40
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Oxygen measurement in interstitially perfused cellularized constructs cultured in a miniaturized bioreactor. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2015; 13:e313-9. [PMID: 26450634 DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.5000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The possibility of developing engineered tissue in vitro and maintaining the cell viability and functionality is primarily related to the possibility of controlling key culture parameters such as oxygen concentration and cell-specific oxygen consumption. We measured these parameters in a three-dimensional (3D) cellularized construct maintained under interstitially perfused culture in a miniaturized bioreactor. METHODS MG63 osteosarcoma cells were seeded at high density on a 3D polystyrene scaffold. The 3D scaffolds were sensorized with sensor foils made of a polymer, which fluoresce with intensity proportional to the local oxygen tension. Images of the sensor foil in contact with the cellularized construct were acquired with a video camera every four hours for six culture days and were elaborated with analytical imaging software to obtain oxygen concentration maps. RESULTS The data collected indicate a globally decreasing oxygen concentration profile, with a total drop of 28% after six days of culture and an average drop of 10.5% between the inlet and outlet of the perfused construct. Moreover, by importing the measured oxygen concentration data and the cell counts in a model of mass transport, we calculated the cell-specific oxygen consumption over the whole culture period. The consumption increased with oxygen availability and ranged from 0.1 to 0.7 µmol/h/106 cells. CONCLUSIONS The sensors used here allowed a non-invasive, contamination-free and non-destructive oxygen measurement over the whole culture period. This study is the basis for optimization of the culture parameters involved in oxygen supply, in order to guarantee maintenance of cell viability in our system.
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Guyot Y, Luyten F, Schrooten J, Papantoniou I, Geris L. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model of shear stress distribution during neotissue growth in a perfusion bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2591-600. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Guyot
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Biomechanics Research Unit; Universite de Liège, Chemin des Chevreuils; Liège Belgium
| | - F.P. Luyten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center; KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing; Leuven Belgium
| | - J. Schrooten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Department of Materials Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - I. Papantoniou
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center; KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing; Leuven Belgium
| | - L. Geris
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Biomechanics Research Unit; Universite de Liège, Chemin des Chevreuils; Liège Belgium
- Biomechanics Section; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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Shakhawath Hossain M, Bergstrom DJ, Chen XB. A mathematical model and computational framework for three-dimensional chondrocyte cell growth in a porous tissue scaffold placed inside a bi-directional flow perfusion bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2601-10. [PMID: 26061385 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro chondrocyte cell culture for cartilage tissue regeneration in a perfusion bioreactor is a complex process. Mathematical modeling and computational simulation can provide important insights into the culture process, which would be helpful for selecting culture conditions to improve the quality of the developed tissue constructs. However, simulation of the cell culture process is a challenging task due to the complicated interaction between the cells and local fluid flow and nutrient transport inside the complex porous scaffolds. In this study, a mathematical model and computational framework has been developed to simulate the three-dimensional (3D) cell growth in a porous scaffold placed inside a bi-directional flow perfusion bioreactor. The model was developed by taking into account the two-way coupling between the cell growth and local flow field and associated glucose concentration, and then used to perform a resolved-scale simulation based on the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The simulation predicts the local shear stress, glucose concentration, and 3D cell growth inside the porous scaffold for a period of 30 days of cell culture. The predicted cell growth rate was in good overall agreement with the experimental results available in the literature. This study demonstrates that the bi-directional flow perfusion culture system can enhance the homogeneity of the cell growth inside the scaffold. The model and computational framework developed is capable of providing significant insight into the culture process, thus providing a powerful tool for the design and optimization of the cell culture process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shakhawath Hossain
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - D J Bergstrom
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - X B Chen
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada
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Leijten J, Chai Y, Papantoniou I, Geris L, Schrooten J, Luyten F. Cell based advanced therapeutic medicinal products for bone repair: Keep it simple? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 84:30-44. [PMID: 25451134 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of cell based advanced therapeutic medicinal products (ATMPs) for bone repair has been expected to revolutionize the health care system for the clinical treatment of bone defects. Despite this great promise, the clinical outcomes of the few cell based ATMPs that have been translated into clinical treatments have been far from impressive. In part, the clinical outcomes have been hampered because of the simplicity of the first wave of products. In response the field has set-out and amassed a plethora of complexities to alleviate the simplicity induced limitations. Many of these potential second wave products have remained "stuck" in the development pipeline. This is due to a number of reasons including the lack of a regulatory framework that has been evolving in the last years and the shortage of enabling technologies for industrial manufacturing to deal with these novel complexities. In this review, we reflect on the current ATMPs and give special attention to novel approaches that are able to provide complexity to ATMPs in a straightforward manner. Moreover, we discuss the potential tools able to produce or predict 'goldilocks' ATMPs, which are neither too simple nor too complex.
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Hossain MS, Bergstrom DJ, Chen XB. Computational modelling of the scaffold-free chondrocyte regeneration: a two-way coupling between the cell growth and local fluid flow and nutrient concentration. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2015; 14:1217-25. [PMID: 25804699 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-015-0666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro chondrocyte cell culture process in a perfusion bioreactor provides enhanced nutrient supply as well as the flow-induced shear stress that may have a positive influence on the cell growth. Mathematical and computational modelling of such a culture process, by solving the coupled flow, mass transfer and cell growth equations simultaneously, can provide important insight into the biomechanical environment of a bioreactor and the related cell growth process. To do this, a two-way coupling between the local flow field and cell growth is required. Notably, most of the computational and mathematical models to date have not taken into account the influence of the cell growth on the local flow field and nutrient concentration. The present research aimed at developing a mathematical model and performing a numerical simulation using the lattice Boltzmann method to predict the chondrocyte cell growth without a scaffold on a flat plate placed inside a perfusion bioreactor. The model considers the two-way coupling between the cell growth and local flow field, and the simulation has been performed for 174 culture days. To incorporate the cell growth into the model, a control-volume-based surface growth modelling approach has been adopted. The simulation results show the variation of local fluid velocity, shear stress and concentration distribution during the culture period due to the growth of the cell phase and also illustrate that the shear stress can increase the cell volume fraction to a certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shakhawath Hossain
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - D J Bergstrom
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - X B Chen
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada.
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Bandeiras C, Completo A, Ramos A. Influence of the scaffold geometry on the spatial and temporal evolution of the mechanical properties of tissue-engineered cartilage: insights from a mathematical model. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2015; 14:1057-70. [PMID: 25801173 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-015-0654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The production of tissue-engineered cartilage in vitro with inhomogeneous mechanical properties is a problem yet to be solved. Different geometries have been studied to overcome this caveat; however, the reported measurements are limited to average values of some properties and qualitative measures of spatial distributions. We will apply a coupled model to extend knowledge about the introduction of a macrochannel in a scaffold by calculating spatiotemporal patterns for several interest variables related to the remodeling of the mechanical properties. Model parameters were estimated based on experimental data on the temporal patterns of glycosaminoglycans, collagen and compressive Young's modulus for channel-free constructs. The model reproduced the experimental data trends in both geometries, with experimental-numerical correlations between 0.84 and 0.97. The channel had a higher impact on the reduction in spatial heterogeneities and delay of saturation of core properties than in the improvement of average properties. Despite the possible improvement of cell densities for longer periods than 56 days, it is estimated that it will not cause further significant improvements of the mechanical properties. The degrees of spatial heterogeneity of the Young's modulus and permeability in the channeled geometry are 23 and 27 % of the channel-free values. While the average Young's modulus values are in the range of native cartilage, the permeabilities are one to three degrees of magnitude higher than the native cartilage, suggesting that limiting factors such as scaffold porosity and initial permeability are more relevant than scaffold geometry to effectively decrease the tissue permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Bandeiras
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal,
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Hossain MS, Bergstrom DJ, Chen XB. Modelling and simulation of the chondrocyte cell growth, glucose consumption and lactate production within a porous tissue scaffold inside a perfusion bioreactor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [PMID: 28626683 PMCID: PMC5466199 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mathematical and numerical modelling of the tissue culture process in a perfusion bioreactor is able to provide insight into the fluid flow, nutrients and wastes transport, dynamics of the pH value, and the cell growth rate. Knowing the complicated interdependence of these processes is essential for optimizing the culture process for cell growth. This paper presents a resolved scale numerical simulation, which allows one not only to characterize the supply of glucose inside a porous tissue scaffold in a perfusion bioreactor, but also to assess the overall culture condition and predict the cell growth rate. The simulation uses a simplified scaffold that consists of a repeatable unit composed of multiple strands. The simulation results explore some problematic regions inside the simplified scaffold where the concentration of glucose becomes lower than the critical value for the chondrocyte cell viability and the cell growth rate becomes significantly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shakhawath Hossain
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - D J Bergstrom
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - X B Chen
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
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Prediction of cell growth rate over scaffold strands inside a perfusion bioreactor. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2014; 14:333-44. [PMID: 25022870 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-014-0606-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mathematical and computational modeling of the dynamic process where tissue scaffolds are cultured in perfusion bioreactors is able to provide insight into the cell and tissue growth which can facilitate the design of tissue scaffolds and selection of optimal operating conditions. To date, a resolved-scale simulation of cell growth in the culture process, by taking account of the influences of the supply of nutrients and fluid shear stress on the cells, is not yet available in the literature. This paper presents such a simulation study specifically on cartilage tissue regeneration by numerically solving the momentum, scalar transport and cell growth equations, simultaneously, based on the lattice Boltzmann method. The simulation uses a simplified scaffold that consists of two circular strands placed in tandem inside a microchannel, with the object of identifying the effect of one strand on the other. The results indicate that the presence of the front strand can reduce the cell growth rate on the surface of the rear strand, depending on the distance between them. As such, the present study allows for investigation into the influence of the scaffold geometry on the cell growth rate within scaffolds, thus providing a means to improve the scaffold design and the culture process.
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Geris L. Regenerative orthopaedics: in vitro, in vivo...in silico. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2014; 38:1771-8. [PMID: 24984594 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-014-2419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In silico, defined in analogy to in vitro and in vivo as those studies that are performed on a computer, is an essential step in problem-solving and product development in classical engineering fields. The use of in silico models is now slowly easing its way into medicine. In silico models are already used in orthopaedics for the planning of complicated surgeries, personalised implant design and the analysis of gait measurements. However, these in silico models often lack the simulation of the response of the biological system over time. In silico models focusing on the response of the biological systems are in full development. This review starts with an introduction into in silico models of orthopaedic processes. Special attention is paid to the classification of models according to their spatiotemporal scale (gene/protein to population) and the information they were built on (data vs hypotheses). Subsequently, the review focuses on the in silico models used in regenerative orthopaedics research. Contributions of in silico models to an enhanced understanding and optimisation of four key elements-cells, carriers, culture and clinics-are illustrated. Finally, a number of challenges are identified, related to the computational aspects but also to the integration of in silico tools into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium,
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