1
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Josephson TO, Morgan EF. Harnessing mechanical cues in the cellular microenvironment for bone regeneration. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1232698. [PMID: 37877097 PMCID: PMC10591087 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1232698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
At the macroscale, bones experience a variety of compressive and tensile loads, and these loads cause deformations of the cortical and trabecular microstructure. These deformations produce a variety of stimuli in the cellular microenvironment that can influence the differentiation of marrow stromal cells (MSCs) and the activity of cells of the MSC lineage, including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. Mechanotransduction, or conversion of mechanical stimuli to biochemical and biological signals, is thus part of a multiscale mechanobiological process that drives bone modeling, remodeling, fracture healing, and implant osseointegration. Despite strong evidence of the influence of a variety of mechanical cues, and multiple paradigms proposed to explain the influence of these cues on tissue growth and differentiation, even a working understanding of how skeletal cells respond to the complex combinations of stimuli in their microenvironments remains elusive. This review covers the current understanding of what types of microenvironmental mechanical cues MSCs respond to and what is known about how they respond in the presence of multiple such cues. We argue that in order to realize the vast potential for harnessing the cellular microenvironment for the enhancement of bone regeneration, additional investigations of how combinations of mechanical cues influence bone regeneration are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy O. Josephson
- Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Multiscale and Translational Mechanobiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elise F. Morgan
- Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Multiscale and Translational Mechanobiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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2
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Loi G, Scocozza F, Aliberti F, Rinvenuto L, Cidonio G, Marchesi N, Benedetti L, Ceccarelli G, Conti M. 3D Co-Printing and Substrate Geometry Influence the Differentiation of C2C12 Skeletal Myoblasts. Gels 2023; 9:595. [PMID: 37504474 PMCID: PMC10378771 DOI: 10.3390/gels9070595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells are influenced by several biomechanical aspects of their microenvironment, such as substrate geometry. According to the literature, substrate geometry influences the behavior of muscle cells; in particular, the curvature feature improves cell proliferation. However, the effect of substrate geometry on the myogenic differentiation process is not clear and needs to be further investigated. Here, we show that the 3D co-printing technique allows the realization of substrates. To test the influence of the co-printing technique on cellular behavior, we realized linear polycaprolactone substrates with channels in which a fibrinogen-based hydrogel loaded with C2C12 cells was deposited. Cell viability and differentiation were investigated up to 21 days in culture. The results suggest that this technology significantly improves the differentiation at 14 days. Therefore, we investigate the substrate geometry influence by comparing three different co-printed geometries-linear, circular, and hybrid structures (linear and circular features combined). Based on our results, all structures exhibit optimal cell viability (>94%), but the linear pattern allows to increase the in vitro cell differentiation, in particular after 14 days of culture. This study proposes an endorsed approach for creating artificial muscles for future skeletal muscle tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Loi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata 3, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Franca Scocozza
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata 3, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Flaminia Aliberti
- Human Anatomy Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, Transplant Research Area, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenza Rinvenuto
- Human Anatomy Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Cidonio
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science (CLN2S), Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Marchesi
- Human Anatomy Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Benedetti
- Human Anatomy Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Ceccarelli
- Human Anatomy Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Michele Conti
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata 3, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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3
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Sadeghian Dehkord E, Kerckhofs G, Compère P, Lambert F, Geris L. An Empirical Model Linking Physico-Chemical Biomaterial Characteristics to Intra-Oral Bone Formation. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:388. [PMID: 37504883 PMCID: PMC10381523 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14070388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Facial trauma, bone resection due to cancer, periodontal diseases, and bone atrophy following tooth extraction often leads to alveolar bone defects that require bone regeneration in order to restore dental function. Guided bone regeneration using synthetic biomaterials has been suggested as an alternative approach to autologous bone grafts. The efficiency of bone substitute materials seems to be influenced by their physico-chemical characteristics; however, the debate is still ongoing on what constitutes optimal biomaterial characteristics. The purpose of this study was to develop an empirical model allowing the assessment of the bone regeneration potential of new biomaterials on the basis of their physico-chemical characteristics, potentially giving directions for the design of a new generation of dental biomaterials. A quantitative data set was built composed of physico-chemical characteristics of seven commercially available intra-oral bone biomaterials and their in vivo response. This empirical model allowed the identification of the construct parameters driving optimized bone formation. The presented model provides a better understanding of the influence of driving biomaterial properties in the bone healing process and can be used as a tool to design bone biomaterials with a more controlled and custom-made composition and structure, thereby facilitating and improving the clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Sadeghian Dehkord
- GIGA In Silico Medicine, Biomechanics Research Unit (Biomech), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Kerckhofs
- Prometheus, Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Institute of Mechanics, Materials, and Civil Engineering (iMMC), Université Catholique Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université Catholique Louvain, 1200 Woluwé-Saint-Lambert, Belgium
- Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Compère
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology, FOCUS Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Center for Applied Research and Education in Microscopy (CAREM) and Biomaterials Interfaculty Center (CEIB), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - France Lambert
- Department of Periodontology, Oral Surgery and Implant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit (d-BRU), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- GIGA In Silico Medicine, Biomechanics Research Unit (Biomech), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Biomechanics (BMe), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Schamberger B, Ziege R, Anselme K, Ben Amar M, Bykowski M, Castro APG, Cipitria A, Coles RA, Dimova R, Eder M, Ehrig S, Escudero LM, Evans ME, Fernandes PR, Fratzl P, Geris L, Gierlinger N, Hannezo E, Iglič A, Kirkensgaard JJK, Kollmannsberger P, Kowalewska Ł, Kurniawan NA, Papantoniou I, Pieuchot L, Pires THV, Renner LD, Sageman-Furnas AO, Schröder-Turk GE, Sengupta A, Sharma VR, Tagua A, Tomba C, Trepat X, Waters SL, Yeo EF, Roschger A, Bidan CM, Dunlop JWC. Curvature in Biological Systems: Its Quantification, Emergence, and Implications across the Scales. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2206110. [PMID: 36461812 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Surface curvature both emerges from, and influences the behavior of, living objects at length scales ranging from cell membranes to single cells to tissues and organs. The relevance of surface curvature in biology is supported by numerous experimental and theoretical investigations in recent years. In this review, first, a brief introduction to the key ideas of surface curvature in the context of biological systems is given and the challenges that arise when measuring surface curvature are discussed. Giving an overview of the emergence of curvature in biological systems, its significance at different length scales becomes apparent. On the other hand, summarizing current findings also shows that both single cells and entire cell sheets, tissues or organisms respond to curvature by modulating their shape and their migration behavior. Finally, the interplay between the distribution of morphogens or micro-organisms and the emergence of curvature across length scales is addressed with examples demonstrating these key mechanistic principles of morphogenesis. Overall, this review highlights that curved interfaces are not merely a passive by-product of the chemical, biological, and mechanical processes but that curvature acts also as a signal that co-determines these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schamberger
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ricardo Ziege
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Karine Anselme
- IS2M (CNRS - UMR 7361), Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68100, Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Martine Ben Amar
- Department of Physics, Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Michał Bykowski
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - André P G Castro
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
- ESTS, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, 2914-761, Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Amaia Cipitria
- IS2M (CNRS - UMR 7361), Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68100, Mulhouse, France
- Group of Bioengineering in Regeneration and Cancer, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Rhoslyn A Coles
- Cluster of Excellence, Matters of Activity, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10178, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michaela Eder
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ehrig
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis M Escudero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Myfanwy E Evans
- Institute for Mathematics, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Paulo R Fernandes
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Institute of Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (Boku), 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Aleš Iglič
- Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Electrical engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jacob J K Kirkensgaard
- Condensed Matter Physics, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, København Ø, Denmark
- Ingredients and Dairy Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Philip Kollmannsberger
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Łucja Kowalewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nicholas A Kurniawan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Stadiou Str., 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Laurent Pieuchot
- IS2M (CNRS - UMR 7361), Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68100, Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tiago H V Pires
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lars D Renner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research and the Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Gerd E Schröder-Turk
- School of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
- Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Anupam Sengupta
- Physics of Living Matter, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511, Luxembourg City, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Vikas R Sharma
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Antonio Tagua
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caterina Tomba
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, INL, UMR5270, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Xavier Trepat
- ICREA at the Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah L Waters
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, Oxford, UK
| | - Edwina F Yeo
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas Roschger
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Cécile M Bidan
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - John W C Dunlop
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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5
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Efficient calculation of fluid-induced wall shear stress within tissue engineering scaffolds by an empirical model. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2023.100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
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6
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Flores-Jiménez MS, Garcia-Gonzalez A, Fuentes-Aguilar RQ. Review on Porous Scaffolds Generation Process: A Tissue Engineering Approach. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:1-23. [PMID: 36599046 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Porous scaffolds have been widely explored for tissue regeneration and engineering in vitro three-dimensional models. In this review, a comprehensive literature analysis is conducted to identify the steps involved in their generation. The advantages and disadvantages of the available techniques are discussed, highlighting the importance of considering pore geometrical parameters such as curvature and size, and summarizing the requirements to generate the porous scaffold according to the desired application. This paper considers the available design tools, mathematical models, materials, fabrication techniques, cell seeding methodologies, assessment methods, and the status of pore scaffolds in clinical applications. This review compiles the relevant research in the field in the past years. The trends, challenges, and future research directions are discussed in the search for the generation of a porous scaffold with improved mechanical and biological properties that can be reproducible, viable for long-term studies, and closer to being used in the clinical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S Flores-Jiménez
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey Campus Guadalajara, Av. Gral. Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, 45121Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Alejandro Garcia-Gonzalez
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey Campus Guadalajara, Av. Gral. Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, 45121Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Rita Q Fuentes-Aguilar
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey Campus Guadalajara, Av. Gral. Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, 45121Zapopan, Jalisco, México
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7
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Darshna, Kumar R, Srivastava P, Chandra P. Bioengineering of bone tissues using bioreactors for modulation of mechano-sensitivity in bone. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-41. [PMID: 36596226 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2162249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the last decade, significant developments have been made in the area of bone tissue engineering associated with the emergence of novel biomaterials as well as techniques of scaffold fabrication. Despite all these developments, the translation from research findings to clinical applications is still very limited. Manufacturing the designed tissue constructs in a scalable manner remains the most challenging aspect. This bottleneck could be overcome by using bioreactors for the manufacture of these tissue constructs. In this review, a current scenario of bone injuries/defects and the cause of the translational gap between laboratory research and clinical use has been emphasized. Furthermore, various bioreactors being used in the area of bone tissue regeneration in recent studies have been highlighted along with their advantages and limitations. A vivid literature survey on the ideal attributes of bioreactors has been accounted, viz. dynamic, versatile, automated, reproducible and commercialization aspects. Additionally, the illustration of computational approaches that should be combined with bone tissue engineering experiments using bioreactors to simulate and optimize cellular growth in bone tissue constructs has also been done extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshna
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Pradeep Srivastava
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
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8
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Li Z, Chen Z, Chen X, Zhao R. Effect of Surface Curvature on the Mechanical and Mass-Transport Properties of Additively Manufactured Tissue Scaffolds with Minimal Surfaces. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:1623-1643. [PMID: 35285609 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The design of scaffolds for tissue engineering has to consider two trade-off properties: mechanical and mass-transport properties. This is particularly true for additively manufactured scaffolds with the structures of minimal surfaces, and notably, the influence of the surface curvature of the structure on the mechanical and mass-transport properties remains unclear. This work presents our study on the scaffolds designed with the structure of triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS), with a focus on discovering the influence of surface curvature on the mechanical response and the mass-transport property or permeability of the scaffolds. Based on the entropy weight fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, a model representative of both mechanical and permeable properties of scaffolds was developed; scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and finite element analysis (FEA) were also used to reveal the influence mechanism of curvature on structural fracture and deformation behavior. AlSi10Mg samples of scaffolds designed with different surface curvatures were manufactured using selective laser melting (SLM), and their mechanical and permeable properties were examined and characterized by both experiments and simulations. Our results illustrate that at the same porosity, the more concentrated the curvature distribution of the same type of unit, the better trade-off mechanical and mass-transport properties the scaffolds have. Particularly, at the porosity of 55%, the compressive elastic modulus and permeability of the Dte structure are increased by 2.03 times and 1.95 times compared with the Diamond unit, respectively. The fusion structure can greatly improve permeability performance at the cost of mechanical properties. Our results also show that porosity has the greatest influence on mechanical and permeable properties, followed by the surface curvature. The study illustrates that the surface curvature has a significant influence on the mechanical and permeable properties of scaffolds, and that the developed scaffold performance evaluation scheme is an effective means for the optimization and evaluation of scaffold performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Li
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China
| | - Zhaobo Chen
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5A9, Canada
| | - Runchao Zhao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China
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9
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Pires T, Dunlop JWC, Fernandes PR, Castro APG. Challenges in computational fluid dynamics applications for bone tissue engineering. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2022; 478:20210607. [PMID: 35153613 PMCID: PMC8791047 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2021.0607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone injuries or defects that require invasive surgical treatment are a serious clinical issue, particularly when it comes to treatment success and effectiveness. Accordingly, bone tissue engineering (BTE) has been researching the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis tools to assist in designing optimal scaffolds that better promote bone growth and repair. This paper aims to offer a comprehensive review of recent studies that use CFD analysis in BTE. The mechanical and fluidic properties of a given scaffold are coupled to each other via the scaffold architecture, meaning an optimization of one may negatively affect the other. For example, designs that improve scaffold permeability normally result in a decreased average wall shear stress. Linked with these findings, it appears there are very few studies in this area that state a specific application for their scaffolds and those that do are focused on in vitro bioreactor environments. Finally, this review also demonstrates a scarcity of studies that combine CFD with optimization methods to improve scaffold design. This highlights an important direction of research for the development of the next generation of BTE scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Pires
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - John W C Dunlop
- MorphoPhysics Group, Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - André P G Castro
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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10
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Sauty B, Santesarti G, Fleischhammer T, Lindner P, Lavrentieva A, Pepelanova I, Marino M. Enabling Technologies for Obtaining Desired Stiffness Gradients in GelMA Hydrogels Constructs. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Sauty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering ENS Paris Saclay 4 avenue des sciences Gif‐sur‐Yvette 91190 France
| | - Gianluca Santesarti
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science University of Rome Tor Vergata Via del Politecnico 1 Rome 00133 Italy
| | - Tabea Fleischhammer
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University of Hannover Callinstrasse 5 Hannover 30167 Germany
| | - Patrick Lindner
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University of Hannover Callinstrasse 5 Hannover 30167 Germany
| | - Antonina Lavrentieva
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University of Hannover Callinstrasse 5 Hannover 30167 Germany
| | - Iliyana Pepelanova
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University of Hannover Callinstrasse 5 Hannover 30167 Germany
| | - Michele Marino
- Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science University of Rome Tor Vergata Via del Politecnico 1 Rome 00133 Italy
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11
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A quantitative analysis of cell bridging kinetics on a scaffold using computer vision algorithms. Acta Biomater 2021; 136:429-440. [PMID: 34571272 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering involves the seeding of cells into a structural scaffolding to regenerate the architecture of damaged or diseased tissue. To effectively design a scaffold, an understanding of how cells collectively sense and react to the geometry of their local environment is needed. Advances in the development of melt electro-writing have allowed micron and submicron polymeric fibres to be accurately printed into porous, complex and three-dimensional structures. By using melt electrowriting, we created a geometrically relevant in vitro scaffold model to study cellular spatial-temporal kinetics. These scaffolds were paired with custom computer vision algorithms to investigate cell nuclei, cell membrane actin and scaffold fibres over different pore sizes (200-600 µm) and time points (28 days). We find that cells proliferated much faster in the smaller (200 µm) pores which halved the time until confluence versus larger (500 and 600 µm) pores. Our analysis of stained actin fibres revealed that cells were highly aligned to the fibres and the leading edge of the pore filling front, and we found that cells behind the leading edge were not aligned in any particular direction. This study provides a systematic understanding of cellular spatial temporal kinetics within a 3D in vitro model to inform the design of more effective synthetic tissue engineering scaffolds for tissue regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Advances in the development of melt electro-writing have allowed micron and submicron polymeric fibres to be accurately printed into porous, complex and three-dimensional structures. By using melt electrowriting, we created a geometrically relevant in vitro model to study cellular spatial-temporal kinetics to provide a systematic understanding of cellular spatial temporal kinetics within a 3D in vitro model. The insights presented in this work help to inform the design of more effective synthetic tissue engineering scaffolds by reducing cell culture time; which is valuable information for the implant or lab-grown-meat industries.
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Simulated tissue growth in tetragonal lattices with mechanical stiffness tuned for bone tissue engineering. Comput Biol Med 2021; 138:104913. [PMID: 34619409 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering approaches have recently begun considering 3D printed lattices as viable scaffold solutions due to their highly tunable geometries and mechanical efficiency. However, scaffold design remains challenging due to the numerous biological and mechanical trade-offs related to lattice geometry. Here, we investigate novel tetragonal unit cell designs by independently adjusting unit cell height and width to find scaffolds with improved tissue growth while maintaining suitable scaffold mechanical properties for bone tissue engineering. Lattice tissue growth behavior is evaluated using a curvature-based growth model while elastic modulus is evaluated with finite element analysis. Computationally efficient modeling approaches are implemented to facilitate bulk analysis of lattice design trade-offs using design maps for biological and mechanical functionalities in relation to unit cell height and width for two contrasting unit cell topologies. Newly designed tetragonal lattices demonstrate higher tissue growth per unit volume and advantageous stiffness in preferred directions compared to cubically symmetric unit cells. When lattice beam diameter is fixed to 200 μm, Tetra and BC-Tetra lattices with elastic moduli of 200 MPa-400 MPa are compared for squashed, cubic, and stretched topologies. Squashed Tetra lattices demonstrated higher growth rates and growth densities compared to symmetrically cubic lattices. BC-Tetra lattices with the same range of elastic moduli show squashed lattices tend to achieve higher growth rates, whereas stretched lattices promote higher growth density. The results suggest tetragonal unit cells provide favorable properties for biological and mechanical tailoring, therefore enabling new strategies for diverse patient needs and applications in regenerative medicine.
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Zhao F, Xiong Y, Ito K, van Rietbergen B, Hofmann S. Porous Geometry Guided Micro-mechanical Environment Within Scaffolds for Cell Mechanobiology Study in Bone Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:736489. [PMID: 34595161 PMCID: PMC8476750 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.736489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanobiology research is for understanding the role of mechanics in cell physiology and pathology. It will have implications for studying bone physiology and pathology and to guide the strategy for regenerating both the structural and functional features of bone. Mechanobiological studies in vitro apply a dynamic micro-mechanical environment to cells via bioreactors. Porous scaffolds are commonly used for housing the cells in a three-dimensional (3D) culturing environment. Such scaffolds usually have different pore geometries (e.g. with different pore shapes, pore dimensions and porosities). These pore geometries can affect the internal micro-mechanical environment that the cells experience when loaded in the bioreactor. Therefore, to adjust the applied micro-mechanical environment on cells, researchers can tune either the applied load and/or the design of the scaffold pore geometries. This review will provide information on how the micro-mechanical environment (e.g. fluid-induced wall shear stress and mechanical strain) is affected by various scaffold pore geometries within different bioreactors. It shall allow researchers to estimate/quantify the micro-mechanical environment according to the already known pore geometry information, or to find a suitable pore geometry according to the desirable micro-mechanical environment to be applied. Finally, as future work, artificial intelligent - assisted techniques, which can achieve an automatic design of solid porous scaffold geometry for tuning/optimising the micro-mechanical environment are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Zhao
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Xiong
- School of System Design and Intelligent Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Bert van Rietbergen
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Sandra Hofmann
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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Waters SL, Schumacher LJ, El Haj AJ. Regenerative medicine meets mathematical modelling: developing symbiotic relationships. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:24. [PMID: 33846347 PMCID: PMC8042047 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful progression from bench to bedside for regenerative medicine products is challenging and requires a multidisciplinary approach. What has not yet been fully recognised is the potential for quantitative data analysis and mathematical modelling approaches to support this process. In this review, we highlight the wealth of opportunities for embedding mathematical and computational approaches within all stages of the regenerative medicine pipeline. We explore how exploiting quantitative mathematical and computational approaches, alongside state-of-the-art regenerative medicine research, can lead to therapies that potentially can be more rapidly translated into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Waters
- Oxford Centre for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Mathematical Institute, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - L J Schumacher
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A J El Haj
- Healthcare Technology Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Pires T, Santos J, Ruben RB, Gouveia BP, Castro APG, Fernandes PR. Numerical-experimental analysis of the permeability-porosity relationship in triply periodic minimal surfaces scaffolds. J Biomech 2021; 117:110263. [PMID: 33493715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bone Tissue Engineering has been focusing on improving the current methods for bone repair, being the use of scaffolds presented as an upgrade to traditional surgery techniques. Scaffolds are artificially porous matrices, meant to promote cell seeding and proliferation, being these properties influenced by the permeability of the structure. This work employed experimental pressure drop tests and Computational Fluid Dynamics models to assess permeability (and fluid streamlines) within different triply periodic minimal surfaces scaffold geometries (Schwarz D, Gyroid and Schwarz P). The pressure outputs from the computational analysis presented a good correlation with the experimental results, with R2 equal to 0.903; they have also shown that a lower porosity may not mean a lower permeability if the geometry is altered, such as the difference between 60% porous Gyroid scaffolds (8.1*10-9 mm2) and 70% porous Schwarz D scaffolds (7.1*10-9 mm2). Fluid streamlines revealed how the Gyroid geometries are the most appropriate design for most bone tissue engineering applications, due to their consistent fluid permeation, followed by Schwarz D. The Schwarz P geometries have shown flat streamlines and significant variation of the permeability with the porosity (an increase of 10% in their porosity lead to an increase in the permeability from 5.1*10-9 mm2 to 11.7*10-9 mm2), which would imply a poor environment for cell seeding and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Pires
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Santos
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui B Ruben
- ESTG, CDRSP, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Bárbara P Gouveia
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - André P G Castro
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Paulo R Fernandes
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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16
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DiNapoli KT, Robinson DN, Iglesias PA. Tools for computational analysis of moving boundary problems in cellular mechanobiology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 13:e1514. [PMID: 33305503 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A cell's ability to change shape is one of the most fundamental biological processes and is essential for maintaining healthy organisms. When the ability to control shape goes awry, it often results in a diseased system. As such, it is important to understand the mechanisms that allow a cell to sense and respond to its environment so as to maintain cellular shape homeostasis. Because of the inherent complexity of the system, computational models that are based on sound theoretical understanding of the biochemistry and biomechanics and that use experimentally measured parameters are an essential tool. These models involve an inherent feedback, whereby shape is determined by the action of regulatory signals whose spatial distribution depends on the shape. To carry out computational simulations of these moving boundary problems requires special computational techniques. A variety of alternative approaches, depending on the type and scale of question being asked, have been used to simulate various biological processes, including cell motility, division, mechanosensation, and cell engulfment. In general, these models consider the forces that act on the system (both internally generated, or externally imposed) and the mechanical properties of the cell that resist these forces. Moving forward, making these techniques more accessible to the non-expert will help improve interdisciplinary research thereby providing new insight into important biological processes that affect human health. This article is categorized under: Cancer > Cancer>Computational Models Cancer > Cancer>Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen T DiNapoli
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Douglas N Robinson
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pablo A Iglesias
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Buenzli PR, Lanaro M, Wong CS, McLaughlin MP, Allenby MC, Woodruff MA, Simpson MJ. Cell proliferation and migration explain pore bridging dynamics in 3D printed scaffolds of different pore size. Acta Biomater 2020; 114:285-295. [PMID: 32673750 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue growth in bioscaffolds is influenced significantly by pore geometry, but how this geometric dependence emerges from dynamic cellular processes such as cell proliferation and cell migration remains poorly understood. Here we investigate the influence of pore size on the time required to bridge pores in thin 3D-printed scaffolds. Experimentally, new tissue infills the pores continually from their perimeter under strong curvature control, which leads the tissue front to round off with time. Despite the varied shapes assumed by the tissue during this evolution, we find that time to bridge a pore simply increases linearly with the overall pore size. To disentangle the biological influence of cell behaviour and the mechanistic influence of geometry in this experimental observation, we propose a simple reaction-diffusion model of tissue growth based on Porous-Fisher invasion of cells into the pores. First, this model provides a good qualitative representation of the evolution of the tissue; new tissue in the model grows at an effective rate that depends on the local curvature of the tissue substrate. Second, the model suggests that a linear dependence of bridging time with pore size arises due to geometric reasons alone, not to differences in cell behaviours across pores of different sizes. Our analysis suggests that tissue growth dynamics in these experimental constructs is dominated by mechanistic crowding effects that influence collective cell proliferation and migration processes, and that can be predicted by simple reaction-diffusion models of cells that have robust, consistent behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal R Buenzli
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Matthew Lanaro
- School of Mechanical Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cynthia S Wong
- School of Mechanical Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Maximilian P McLaughlin
- School of Mechanical Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark C Allenby
- School of Mechanical Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Maria A Woodruff
- School of Mechanical Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew J Simpson
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
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Zhao F, Lacroix D, Ito K, van Rietbergen B, Hofmann S. Changes in scaffold porosity during bone tissue engineering in perfusion bioreactors considerably affect cellular mechanical stimulation for mineralization. Bone Rep 2020; 12:100265. [PMID: 32613033 PMCID: PMC7315008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) experiments in vitro have shown that fluid-induced wall shear stress (WSS) can stimulate cells to produce mineralized extracellular matrix (ECM). The application of WSS on seeded cells can be achieved through bioreactors that perfuse medium through porous scaffolds. In BTE experiments in vitro, commonly a constant flow rate is used. Previous studies have found that tissue growth within the scaffold will result in an increase of the WSS over time. To keep the WSS in a reported optimal range of 10–30 mPa, the applied external flow rate can be decreased over time. To investigate what reduction of the external flow rate during culturing is needed to keep the WSS in the optimal range, we here conducted a computational study, which simulated the formation of ECM, and in which we investigated the effect of constant fluid flow and different fluid flow reduction scenarios on the WSS. It was found that for both constant and reduced fluid flow scenarios, the WSS did not exceed a critical value, which was set to 60 mPa. However, the constant flow velocity resulted in a reduction of the cell/ECM surface being exposed to a WSS in the optimal range from 50% at the start of culture to 18.6% at day 21. Reducing the fluid flow over time could avoid much of this effect, leaving the WSS in the optimal range for 40.9% of the surface at 21 days. Therefore, for achieving more mineralized tissue, the conventional manner of loading the perfusion bioreactors (i.e. constant flow rate/velocity) should be changed to a decreasing flow over time in BTE experiments. This study provides an in silico tool for finding the best fluid flow reduction strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Zhao
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering (ZCCE), College of Engineering, Swansea University, SA1 8EN Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Damien Lacroix
- INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, S1 3JD Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Bert van Rietbergen
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Corresponding authors at: Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Sandra Hofmann
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Corresponding authors at: Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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Zhao F, van Rietbergen B, Ito K, Hofmann S. Fluid flow-induced cell stimulation in bone tissue engineering changes due to interstitial tissue formation in vitro. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 36:e3342. [PMID: 32323478 PMCID: PMC7388075 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In tissue engineering experiments in vitro, bioreactors have been used for applying wall shear stress (WSS) on cells to regulate cellular activities. To determine the loading conditions within bioreactors and to design tissue engineering products, in silico models are used. Previous in silico studies in bone tissue engineering (BTE) focused on quantifying the WSS on cells and the influence on appositional tissue growth. However, many BTE experiments also show interstitial tissue formation (i.e., tissue infiltrated in the pores rather than growing on the struts - appositional growth), which has not been considered in previous in silico studies. We hereby used a multiscale fluid-solid interaction model to quantify the WSS and mechanical strain on cells with interstitial tissue formation, taken from a reported BTE experiment. The WSS showed a high variation among different interstitial tissue morphologies. This is different to the situation under appositional tissue growth. It is found that a 35% filling of the pores results (by mineralised bone tissue) when the average WSS increases from 1.530 (day 0) to 5.735 mPa (day 28). Furthermore, the mechanical strain on cells caused by the fluid flow was extremely low (at the level of 10-14 -10-15 ), comparing to the threshold in a previous mechanobiological theory of osteogenesis (eg, 10-2 ). The output from this study offers a significant insight of the WSS changes during interstitial tissue growth under a constant perfusion flow rate in a BTE experiment. It has paved the way for optimising the local micro-fluidic environment for interstitial tissue mineralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Zhao
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS)Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering (ZCCE), College of EngineeringSwansea UniversitySwanseaUnited Kingdom
| | - Bert van Rietbergen
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS)Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Sandra Hofmann
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS)Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
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Beauchesne CC, Chabanon M, Smaniotto B, Ladoux B, Goyeau B, David B. Channeling Effect and Tissue Morphology in a Perfusion Bioreactor Imaged by X-Ray Microtomography. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 17:301-311. [PMID: 32314312 PMCID: PMC7260345 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfusion bioreactors for tissue engineering hold great promises. Indeed, the perfusion of culture medium enhances species transport and mechanically stimulates the cells, thereby increasing cell proliferation and tissue formation. Nonetheless, their development is still hampered by a lack of understanding of the relationship between mechanical cues and tissue growth. METHODS Combining tissue engineering, three-dimensional visualization and numerical simulations, we analyze the morphological evolution of neo-tissue in a model bioreactor with respect to the local flow pattern. NIH-3T3 cells were grown under perfusion for one, two and three weeks on a stack of 2 mm polyacetal beads. The model bioreactor was then imaged by X-ray micro-tomography and local tissue morphology was analyzed. To relate experimental observations and mechanical stimulii, a computational fluid dynamics model of flow around spheres in a canal was developed and solved using the finite element method. RESULTS We observe a preferential tissue formation at the bioreactor periphery, and relate it to a channeling effect leading to regions of higher flow intensity. Additionally, we find that circular crater-like tissue patterns form in narrow channel regions at early culture times. Using computational fluid dynamic simulations, we show that the location and morphology of these patterns match those of shear stress maxima. Finally, the morphology of the tissue is qualitatively described as the tissue grows and reorganizes itself. CONCLUSION Altogether, our study points out the key role of local flow conditions on the tissue morphology developed on a stack of beads in perfusion bioreactors and provides new insights for effective design of hydrodynamic bioreactors for tissue engineering using bead packings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C Beauchesne
- Lab. EM2C, UPR CNRS 288, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 3 rue Joliot-Curie, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- Lab. MSSMat, UMR CNRS 8579, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 3 rue Joliot-Curie, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Morgan Chabanon
- Single Molecule Biophotonics Lab. ICFO, The Institute of Photonic Sciences, av. Carl Friedrich Gauss, 3, 08860, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benjamin Smaniotto
- ENS Paris Saclay, LMT, CNRS, UMR 8535, 61 avenue du Président Wilson, 94230, Cachan, France
| | - Benoît Ladoux
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), UMR CNRS 7592, Université Paris Diderot, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Benoît Goyeau
- Lab. EM2C, UPR CNRS 288, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 3 rue Joliot-Curie, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | - Bertrand David
- Lab. MSSMat, UMR CNRS 8579, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 3 rue Joliot-Curie, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Melke J, Zhao F, Ito K, Hofmann S. Orbital seeding of mesenchymal stromal cells increases osteogenic differentiation and bone-like tissue formation. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:1228-1237. [PMID: 31922286 PMCID: PMC7317919 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In bone tissue engineering (TE), an efficient seeding and homogenous distribution of cells is needed to avoid cell loss and damage as well as to facilitate tissue development. Dynamic seeding methods seem to be superior to the static ones because they tend to result in a more homogeneous cell distribution by using kinetic forces. However, most dynamic seeding techniques are elaborate or require special equipment and its influence on the final bone tissue-engineered construct is not clear. In this study, we applied a simple, dynamic seeding method using an orbital shaker to seed human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs) on silk fibroin scaffolds. Significantly higher cell numbers with a more homogenous cell distribution, increased osteogenic differentiation, and mineral deposition were observed using the dynamic approach both for 4 and 6 hours as compared to the static seeding method. The positive influence of dynamic seeding could be attributed to both cell density and distribution but also nutrient supply during seeding and shear stresses (0.0-3.0 mPa) as determined by computational simulations. The influence of relevant mechanical stimuli during seeding should be investigated in the future, especially regarding the importance of mechanical cues for bone TE applications. Our results highlight the importance of adequate choice of seeding method and its impact on developing tissue-engineered constructs. The application of this simple seeding technique is not only recommended for bone TE but can also be used for seeding similar porous scaffolds with hBMSCs in other TE fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Melke
- Orthopaedic BiomechanicsDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands,Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Feihu Zhao
- Orthopaedic BiomechanicsDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands,Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic BiomechanicsDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands,Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Sandra Hofmann
- Orthopaedic BiomechanicsDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands,Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
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22
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Abstract
Recently, bone tissue engineering (TE) has seen new developments, with triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs) being used to develop new porosity-controlled scaffolds to interface new tissue growth. The process of choosing the best geometry to a specific application still lacks research, so the goal for this work is to propose a new method of scaffold selection, based on assessing the tortuosity inside these symmetric TPMS-based structures. Additionally, computer fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations were conducted to validate this method. The comparison between tortuosity and CFD outputs suggests that an analysis of the tortuosity could be used as an early indicator of the scaffold’s viability for specific applications, favouring scaffolds with more intricate and curvature-dependent streamlines.
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A 3D computational model of perfusion seeding for investigating cell transport and adhesion within a porous scaffold. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 19:1461-1475. [PMID: 31900653 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The process of cell seeding within a porous scaffold is an essential first step in the development of tissue-engineered bone grafts. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of cell distribution and adhesion is fundamental for the design and optimization of the seeding process. To that end, we present a numerical model to investigate the perfusion cell seeding process that incorporates cell mechanics, cell-fluid interaction, and cell-scaffold adhesion. The individual cells are modeled as deformable spherical capsules capable of adhering to the scaffold surface as well as to other cells with probabilistic bond formation and rupture. The mechanical deformation of the cell is calibrated with the stretching of mice mesenchymal stem cells induced by optical tweezers, while the predicted adhesive forces are consistent with the experimental data reported in the literature. A sub-domain is numerically reconstructed as the region of interest (ROI) which is representative of an actual scaffold. Through the simulations, the perfusion seeding kinetics within the ROI involving detailed transport and adhesion of cells over time is analyzed. The effects of the perfusion pressure and initial cell concentration on the seeding kinetics are studied in terms of adhesion rates, cell cluster formation, seeding uniformity, and efficiency, as well as scaffold permeability. The results highlight the importance of cell-fluid interaction and adhesion dynamics in modeling the dynamic seeding process. This bottom-up model provides a way to bridge detailed behaviors of individual cells to the seeding outcomes at the macroscopic scale, allowing for finding the best configuration to enhance cell seeding.
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Callens SJP, Uyttendaele RJC, Fratila-Apachitei LE, Zadpoor AA. Substrate curvature as a cue to guide spatiotemporal cell and tissue organization. Biomaterials 2019; 232:119739. [PMID: 31911284 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence clearly shows that cells respond to various physical cues in their environments, guiding many cellular processes and tissue morphogenesis, pathology, and repair. One aspect that is gaining significant traction is the role of local geometry as an extracellular cue. Elucidating how geometry affects cell and tissue behavior is, indeed, crucial to design artificial scaffolds and understand tissue growth and remodeling. Perhaps the most fundamental descriptor of local geometry is surface curvature, and a growing body of evidence confirms that surface curvature affects the spatiotemporal organization of cells and tissues. While well-defined in differential geometry, curvature remains somewhat ambiguously treated in biological studies. Here, we provide a more formal curvature framework, based on the notions of mean and Gaussian curvature, and summarize the available evidence on curvature guidance at the cell and tissue levels. We discuss the involved mechanisms, highlighting the interplay between tensile forces and substrate curvature that forms the foundation of curvature guidance. Moreover, we show that relatively simple computational models, based on some application of curvature flow, are able to capture experimental tissue growth remarkably well. Since curvature guidance principles could be leveraged for tissue regeneration, the implications for geometrical scaffold design are also discussed. Finally, perspectives on future research opportunities are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien J P Callens
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, the Netherlands.
| | - Rafael J C Uyttendaele
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, the Netherlands
| | - Lidy E Fratila-Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, the Netherlands
| | - Amir A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, the Netherlands
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Pearce D, Fischer S, Huda F, Vahdati A. Applications of Computer Modeling and Simulation in Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 17:1-13. [PMID: 32002838 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-019-00216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in cartilage tissue engineering have demonstrated noteworthy potential for developing cartilage for implantation onto sites impacted by joint degeneration and injury. To supplement resource-intensive in vivo and in vitro studies required for cartilage tissue engineering, computational models and simulations can assist in enhancing experimental design. METHODS Research articles pertinent to cartilage tissue engineering and computer modeling were identified, reviewed, and summarized. Various applications of computer modeling for cartilage tissue engineering are highlighted, limitations of in silico modeling are addressed, and suggestions for future work are enumerated. RESULTS Computational modeling can help better characterize shear stresses generated by bioreactor fluid flow, refine scaffold geometry, customize the mechanical properties of engineered cartilage tissue, and model rates of cell growth and dynamics. Thus, results from in silico studies can help resourcefully enhance in vitro and in vivo studies; however, the limitations of these studies, such as the underlying assumptions and simplifications applied in each model, should always be addressed and justified where applicable. In silico models should also seek validation and verification when possible. CONCLUSION Future studies may adopt similar approaches to supplement in vitro trials and further investigate effects of mechanical stimulation on chondrocyte and stem cell dynamics. Additionally, as precision medicine, machine learning, and powerful open-source software become more popular and accessible, applications of multi-scale and multiphysics computational models in cartilage tissue engineering are expected to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pearce
- Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, 1000 E Fifth Street, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Sarah Fischer
- Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, 1000 E Fifth Street, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 7, 70174, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fatama Huda
- Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, 1000 E Fifth Street, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Ali Vahdati
- Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, 1000 E Fifth Street, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA.
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Mathematical Model and Numerical Simulation for Tissue Growth on Bioscaffolds. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9194058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue growth on bioscaffolds can be controlled using substrate geometry such as substrate curvature. In this study, we present a mathematical model and numerical simulation method for tissue growth on a bioscaffold to investigate the effect of local curvature on tissue growth. The mathematical model is based on the Allen–Cahn (AC) equation, which has been extensively used to model many problems involving motion by mean curvature. By solving the AC equation using the explicit Euler method, the proposed method is simple and fast. Numerical simulations on various geometries are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework on tissue growth on a bioscaffold.
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Abstract
Bone tissue engineering is currently a mature methodology from a research perspective. Moreover, modeling and simulation of involved processes and phenomena in BTE have been proved in a number of papers to be an excellent assessment tool in the stages of design and proof of concept through in-vivo or in-vitro experimentation. In this paper, a review of the most relevant contributions in modeling and simulation, in silico, in BTE applications is conducted. The most popular in silico simulations in BTE are classified into: (i) Mechanics modeling and scaffold design, (ii) transport and flow modeling, and (iii) modeling of physical phenomena. The paper is restricted to the review of the numerical implementation and simulation of continuum theories applied to different processes in BTE, such that molecular dynamics or discrete approaches are out of the scope of the paper. Two main conclusions are drawn at the end of the paper: First, the great potential and advantages that in silico simulation offers in BTE, and second, the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to further validate numerical models developed in BTE.
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Egan PF. Integrated Design Approaches for 3D Printed Tissue Scaffolds: Review and Outlook. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2355. [PMID: 31344956 PMCID: PMC6695904 DOI: 10.3390/ma12152355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Emerging 3D printing technologies are enabling the fabrication of complex scaffold structures for diverse medical applications. 3D printing allows controlled material placement for configuring porous tissue scaffolds with tailored properties for desired mechanical stiffness, nutrient transport, and biological growth. However, tuning tissue scaffold functionality requires navigation of a complex design space with numerous trade-offs that require multidisciplinary assessment. Integrated design approaches that encourage iteration and consideration of diverse processes including design configuration, material selection, and simulation models provide a basis for improving design performance. In this review, recent advances in design, fabrication, and assessment of 3D printed tissue scaffolds are investigated with a focus on bone tissue engineering. Bone healing and fusion are examples that demonstrate the needs of integrated design approaches in leveraging new materials and 3D printing processes for specified clinical applications. Current challenges for integrated design are outlined and emphasize directions where new research may lead to significant improvements in personalized medicine and emerging areas in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Egan
- Texas Tech University, 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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Geris L, Papantoniou I. The Third Era of Tissue Engineering: Reversing the Innovation Drivers. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 25:821-826. [PMID: 30860432 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT From this perspective, we discuss the different stages of development the tissue engineering (TE) field has gone through in its relatively young history. We discuss how TE is evolving from a technology-driven, science-focused field toward a patient-driven, manufacturing-focused one where patients' needs are translated into production process requirements, and subsequently into technological and biological innovations needed to meet the regulatory and clinical demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbet Geris
- 1 Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA-In silico Medicine, Université de Liège, Quartier Hôpital, Liège, Belgium.,2 Prometheus, LRD Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,3 Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- 2 Prometheus, LRD Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,4 Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Olofsson S, Mehrian M, Calandra R, Geris L, Deisenroth MP, Misener R. Bayesian Multiobjective Optimisation With Mixed Analytical and Black-Box Functions: Application to Tissue Engineering. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2019; 66:727-739. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2018.2855404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Mir TA, Iwanaga S, Kurooka T, Toda H, Sakai S, Nakamura M. Biofabrication offers future hope for tackling various obstacles and challenges in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: A Perspective. Int J Bioprint 2018; 5:153. [PMID: 32596529 PMCID: PMC7294687 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v5i1.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofabrication is an emerging multidisciplinary field that makes a revolutionary impact on the researches on life science, biomedical engineering, and both basic and clinical medicine, has progressed tremendously over the past few years. Recently, there has been a big boom in three-dimensional (3D) printing or additive manufacturing (AM) research worldwide, and there is a significant increase not only in the number of researchers turning their attention to AM but also publications demonstrating the potential applications of 3D printing techniques in multiple fields. Biofabrication and bioprinting hold great promise for the innovation of engineering-based organ replacing medicine. In this mini review, various challenges in the field of tissue engineering are focused from the point of view of the biofabrication - strategies to bridge the gap between organ shortage and mission of medical innovation research seek to achieve organ-specific treatments or regenerative therapies. Four major challenges are discussed including (i) challenge of producing organs by AM, (ii) digitalization of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, (iii) rapid production of organs beyond the biological natural course, and (iv) extracorporeal organ engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Ahmad Mir
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research (Engineering), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
- Toyama Nanotechnology Manufacturing Cluster, Toyama, Japan
- Laboratory of Biosensors, BioMEMS and Bionanotechnology, Alfaisal University Riyadh 11533, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shintaroh Iwanaga
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research (Engineering), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Kurooka
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research (Engineering), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Hideki Toda
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research (Engineering), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Shinji Sakai
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3, Machikaneyama-Cho, Toyonaka City, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakamura
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research (Engineering), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
- Toyama Nanotechnology Manufacturing Cluster, Toyama, Japan
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Kadri OE, Williams C, Sikavitsas V, Voronov RS. Numerical accuracy comparison of two boundary conditions commonly used to approximate shear stress distributions in tissue engineering scaffolds cultured under flow perfusion. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018; 34:e3132. [PMID: 30047248 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Flow-induced shear stresses have been found to be a stimulatory factor in pre-osteoblastic cells seeded in 3D porous scaffolds and cultured under continuous flow perfusion. However, due to the complex internal structure of the scaffolds, whole scaffold calculations of the local shear forces are computationally intensive. Instead, representative volume elements (RVEs), which are obtained by extracting smaller portions of the scaffold, are commonly used in literature without a numerical accuracy standard. OBJECTIVE Hence, the goal of this study is to examine how closely the whole scaffold simulations are approximated by the two types of boundary conditions used to enable the RVEs: "wall boundary condition" (WBC) and "periodic boundary condition" (PBC). METHOD To that end, lattice Boltzmann method fluid dynamics simulations were used to model the surface shear stresses in 3D scaffold reconstructions, obtained from high-resolution microcomputed tomography images. RESULTS It was found that despite the RVEs being sufficiently larger than 6 times the scaffold pore size (which is the only accuracy guideline found in literature), the stresses were still significantly under-predicted by both types of boundary conditions: between 20% and 80% average error, depending on the scaffold's porosity. Moreover, it was found that the error grew with higher porosity. This is likely due to the small pores dominating the flow field, and thereby negating the effects of the unrealistic boundary conditions, when the scaffold porosity is small. Finally, it was found that the PBC was always more accurate and computationally efficient than the WBC. Therefore, it is the recommended type of RVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufemi E Kadri
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Cortes Williams
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Vassilios Sikavitsas
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Roman S Voronov
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
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Zhao F, van Rietbergen B, Ito K, Hofmann S. Flow rates in perfusion bioreactors to maximise mineralisation in bone tissue engineering in vitro. J Biomech 2018; 79:232-237. [PMID: 30149981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In bone tissue engineering experiments, fluid-induced shear stress is able to stimulate cells to produce mineralised extracellular matrix (ECM). The application of shear stress on seeded cells can for example be achieved through bioreactors that perfuse medium through porous scaffolds. The generated mechanical environment (i.e. wall shear stress: WSS) within the scaffolds is complex due to the complexity of scaffold geometry. This complexity has so far prevented setting an optimal loading (i.e. flow rate) of the bioreactor to achieve an optimal distribution of WSS for stimulating cells to produce mineralised ECM. In this study, we demonstrate an approach combining computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and mechano-regulation theory to optimise flow rates of a perfusion bioreactor and various scaffold geometries (i.e. pore shape, porosity and pore diameter) in order to maximise shear stress induced mineralisation. The optimal flow rates, under which the highest fraction of scaffold surface area is subjected to a wall shear stress that induces mineralisation, are mainly dependent on the scaffold geometries. Nevertheless, the variation range of such optimal flow rates are within 0.5-5 mL/min (or in terms of fluid velocity: 0.166-1.66 mm/s), among different scaffolds. This approach can facilitate the determination of scaffold-dependent flow rates for bone tissue engineering experiments in vitro, avoiding performing a series of trial and error experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Zhao
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bert van Rietbergen
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, UMC Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Hofmann
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Simulated tissue growth for 3D printed scaffolds. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2018; 17:1481-1495. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-018-1040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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35
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Geris L, Lambrechts T, Carlier A, Papantoniou I. The future is digital: In silico tissue engineering. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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36
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Osteoblasts infill irregular pores under curvature and porosity controls: a hypothesis-testing analysis of cell behaviours. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2018; 17:1357-1371. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-018-1031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
Bioreactors have become indispensable tools in the cell-based therapy industry. Various forms of bioreactors are used to maintain well-controlled microenvironments to regulate cell growth, differentiation, and tissue development. They are essential for providing standardized, reproducible cell-based products for regenerative medicine applications or to establish physiologically relevant
in vitro models for testing of pharmacologic agents. In this review, we discuss three main classes of bioreactors: cell expansion bioreactors, tissue engineering bioreactors, and lab-on-a-chip systems. We briefly examine the factors driving concerted research endeavors in each of these areas and describe the major advancements that have been reported in the last three years. Emerging issues that impact the commercialization and clinical use of bioreactors include (i) the need to scale up to greater cell quantities and larger graft sizes, (ii) simplification of
in vivo systems to function without exogenous stem cells or growth factors or both, and (iii) increased control in the manufacture and monitoring of miniaturized systems to better capture complex tissue and organ physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makeda Stephenson
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Warren Grayson
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Time-Dependent Shear Stress Distributions during Extended Flow Perfusion Culture of Bone Tissue Engineered Constructs. FLUIDS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fluids3020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Castro APG, Lacroix D. Micromechanical study of the load transfer in a polycaprolactone-collagen hybrid scaffold when subjected to unconfined and confined compression. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2018; 17:531-541. [PMID: 29129026 PMCID: PMC5845056 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-017-0976-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Scaffolds are used in diverse tissue engineering applications as hosts for cell proliferation and extracellular matrix formation. One of the most used tissue engineering materials is collagen, which is well known to be a natural biomaterial, also frequently used as cell substrate, given its natural abundance and intrinsic biocompatibility. This study aims to evaluate how the macroscopic biomechanical stimuli applied on a construct made of polycaprolactone scaffold embedded in a collagen substrate translate into microscopic stimuli at the cell level. Eight poro-hyperelastic finite element models of 3D printed hybrid scaffolds from the same batch were created, along with an equivalent model of the idealized geometry of that scaffold. When applying an 8% confined compression at the macroscopic level, local fluid flow of up to 20 [Formula: see text]m/s and octahedral strain levels mostly under 20% were calculated in the collagen substrate. Conversely unconfined compression induced fluid flow of up to 10 [Formula: see text]m/s and octahedral strain from 10 to 35%. No relevant differences were found amongst the scaffold-specific models. Following the mechanoregulation theory based on Prendergast et al. (J Biomech 30:539-548, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9290(96)00140-6 ), those results suggest that mainly cartilage or fibrous tissue formation would be expected to occur under unconfined or confined compression, respectively. This in silico study helps to quantify the microscopic stimuli that are present within the collagen substrate and that will affect cell response under in vitro bioreactor mechanical stimulation or even after implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P G Castro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Pam Liversidge Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - D Lacroix
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Pam Liversidge Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
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Mehrian M, Guyot Y, Papantoniou I, Olofsson S, Sonnaert M, Misener R, Geris L. Maximizing neotissue growth kinetics in a perfusion bioreactor: An in silico strategy using model reduction and Bayesian optimization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:617-629. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehrian
- Biomechanics Research Unit; GIGA In Silico Medicine; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
- Prometheus; The Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Yann Guyot
- Biomechanics Research Unit; GIGA In Silico Medicine; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
- Prometheus; The Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- Prometheus; The Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Simon Olofsson
- Department of Computing; Imperial College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Maarten Sonnaert
- Prometheus; The Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Ruth Misener
- Department of Computing; Imperial College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit; GIGA In Silico Medicine; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
- Prometheus; The Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Biomechanics Section; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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Zhao F, Vaughan TJ, Mc Garrigle MJ, McNamara LM. A coupled diffusion-fluid pressure model to predict cell density distribution for cells encapsulated in a porous hydrogel scaffold under mechanical loading. Comput Biol Med 2017; 89:181-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Foreword to the special issue on Bone and cartilage mechanobiology across the scales. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 15:5-7. [PMID: 26810629 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0761-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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43
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Aznar JMG, Valero C, Borau C, Garijo N. Computational mechano-chemo-biology: a tool for the design of tissue scaffolds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40898-016-0002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Guyot Y, Smeets B, Odenthal T, Subramani R, Luyten FP, Ramon H, Papantoniou I, Geris L. Immersed Boundary Models for Quantifying Flow-Induced Mechanical Stimuli on Stem Cells Seeded on 3D Scaffolds in Perfusion Bioreactors. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005108. [PMID: 27658116 PMCID: PMC5033382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfusion bioreactors regulate flow conditions in order to provide cells with oxygen, nutrients and flow-associated mechanical stimuli. Locally, these flow conditions can vary depending on the scaffold geometry, cellular confluency and amount of extra cellular matrix deposition. In this study, a novel application of the immersed boundary method was introduced in order to represent a detailed deformable cell attached to a 3D scaffold inside a perfusion bioreactor and exposed to microscopic flow. The immersed boundary model permits the prediction of mechanical effects of the local flow conditions on the cell. Incorporating stiffness values measured with atomic force microscopy and micro-flow boundary conditions obtained from computational fluid dynamics simulations on the entire scaffold, we compared cell deformation, cortical tension, normal and shear pressure between different cell shapes and locations. We observed a large effect of the precise cell location on the local shear stress and we predicted flow-induced cortical tensions in the order of 5 pN/μm, at the lower end of the range reported in literature. The proposed method provides an interesting tool to study perfusion bioreactors processes down to the level of the individual cell's micro-environment, which can further aid in the achievement of robust bioprocess control for regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Guyot
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Biomechanics Research Unit, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bart Smeets
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Leuven, Belgium
- Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Odenthal
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ramesh Subramani
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P. Luyten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Herman Ramon
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Biomechanics Research Unit, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Geris L, Guyot Y, Schrooten J, Papantoniou I. In silico regenerative medicine: how computational tools allow regulatory and financial challenges to be addressed in a volatile market. Interface Focus 2016; 6:20150105. [PMID: 27051516 PMCID: PMC4759755 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2015.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell therapy market is a highly volatile one, due to the use of disruptive technologies, the current economic situation and the small size of the market. In such a market, companies as well as academic research institutes are in need of tools to advance their understanding and, at the same time, reduce their R&D costs, increase product quality and productivity, and reduce the time to market. An additional difficulty is the regulatory path that needs to be followed, which is challenging in the case of cell-based therapeutic products and should rely on the implementation of quality by design (QbD) principles. In silico modelling is a tool that allows the above-mentioned challenges to be addressed in the field of regenerative medicine. This review discusses such in silico models and focuses more specifically on the bioprocess. Three (clusters of) examples related to this subject are discussed. The first example comes from the pharmaceutical engineering field where QbD principles and their implementation through the use of in silico models are both a regulatory and economic necessity. The second example is related to the production of red blood cells. The described in silico model is mainly used to investigate the manufacturing process of the cell-therapeutic product, and pays special attention to the economic viability of the process. Finally, we describe the set-up of a model capturing essential events in the development of a tissue-engineered combination product in the context of bone tissue engineering. For each of the examples, a short introduction to some economic aspects is given, followed by a description of the in silico tool or tools that have been developed to allow the implementation of QbD principles and optimal design.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Geris
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing 1 (+8), Herestraat 49-PB813, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Biomechanics Research Unit, Université de Liège, Chemin des Chevreuils 1 - BAT 52/3, Liège 4000, Belgium; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C-PB 2419, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Y Guyot
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing 1 (+8), Herestraat 49-PB813, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Biomechanics Research Unit, Université de Liège, Chemin des Chevreuils 1 - BAT 52/3, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | | | - I Papantoniou
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing 1 (+8), Herestraat 49-PB813, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Onderwijs en Navorsing 1 (+8), Herestraat 49-PB813, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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