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Sharma C, Timorshina S, Osmolovskiy A, Misri J, Singh R. Chicken Feather Waste Valorization Into Nutritive Protein Hydrolysate: Role of Novel Thermostable Keratinase From Bacillus pacificus RSA27. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:882902. [PMID: 35547122 PMCID: PMC9083118 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.882902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial keratinases exhibit a momentous role in converting keratin biowastes into exceedingly valuable protein supplements. This study reports a novel, highly stable keratinase from Bacillus pacificus RSA27 for the production of pure peptides rich in essential amino acids from chicken feathers. Purified keratinase showed a specific activity of 38.73 U/mg, 2.58-fold purification, and molecular weight of 36 kDa. Kinetic studies using a chicken feather as substrate report Km and Vmax values of 5.69 mg/ml and 142.40 μg/ml/min, respectively, suggesting significant enzyme-substrate affinity/biocatalysis. Identification and in silico structural-functional analysis of keratinase discovered the presence of distinct amino acid residues and their positions. Besides, keratinase possesses a high-affinity calcium-binding site (Asp128, Leu162, Asn164, Ile166, and Val168) and a catalytic triad of Asp119, His151, and Ser308, known attributes of serine protease (subtilisin family). Furthermore, a scale-up to 5 L fermenter revealed complete feather hydrolysis (94.5%) within 24 h with high activity (789 U/ml) and total amino acid of 153.97 μmol/ml. Finally, cytotoxicity evaluation of protein hydrolysate resulted in negligible cytotoxic effects (1.02%) on the mammalian hepatoblastoma cell line, signifying its potential biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhavi Sharma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Svetlana Timorshina
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Osmolovskiy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jyoti Misri
- Division of Animal Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajni Singh
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, India
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2
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Noor AO, Almasri DM, Basyony AF, Albohy A, Almutairi LS, Alhammadi SS, Alkhamisi MA, Alsharif SA, Elfaky MA. Biodiversity of N-acyl homoserine lactonase (aiiA) gene from Bacillus subtilis. Microb Pathog 2022; 166:105543. [PMID: 35460864 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms rely on the benefit of using chemical signals called autoinducers (AIs) as a connection matter in term of population, this mechanism is known as quorum sensing (QS). Quorum sensing is responsible for formation of biofilm together with virulence in bacteria. The most known QS molecule is N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs). A lot of degrading enzymes including lactonases that open the AHL ring and acylases that breakdown its acyl side chain can degrade or inactivate AHL. Due to similarity in lactone ring structure among AHLs it is susceptible to most of lactonases. Bacillus species are among the most promising bacteria producing AHL-lactonase. The aim of the work is to identify and study the diversity of the AHL-Lactonase gene among different Bacillus subtilis as a promising Quorum Quenching (QQ) strategy to prevent bacterial infections and biofilm formation. The AHL-lactonase (aiiA) gene of 64 B. subtilis isolates was amplified and sequenced followed by multiple sequence alignment of the translated amino acid sequences, homology modeling and docking study. An expected PCR product of about 750 base pair was detected in 22 B. subtilis isolates, and the results revealed that the isolates' sequences showed identity ranged between 97.61% to 99.47% with those in the NCBI GenBank database with 100% query coverage and 0.0 E-value. In addition, the results revealed high level of identity between many aiiA gene sequences of our isolates as they were closely related to the same sequences to many sequences of the NCBI GenBank database. The alignment of the amino acid sequences from the 22 B. subtilis isolates indicated that 84.4% of the amino acid residues were conserved between the aligned sequences. Docking of the co-crystalized ligand to wildtype and H109Y mutated protein showed a significant reduction of docking score for the mutated protein. This result indicate that this mutation might affect recognition or at least kinetics of these enzymes and hence their roles in quorum-quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O Noor
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Diena M Almasri
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - A F Basyony
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Amgad Albohy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo, 11837, Egypt; The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo, 11837, Egypt
| | | | - Sarah S Alhammadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam A Alkhamisi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahad A Alsharif
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A Elfaky
- Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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3
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Anaerobic Digestion of Agri-Food Wastes for Generating Biofuels. Indian J Microbiol 2021; 61:427-440. [PMID: 34744198 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-021-00977-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Presently, fossil fuels are extensively employed as major sources of energy, and their uses are considered unsustainable due to emissions of obnoxious gases on the burning of fossil fuels, which can lead to severe environmental complications, including human health. To tackle these issues, various processes are developing to waste as a feed to generate eco-friendly fuels. The biological production of fuels is considered to be more beneficial than physicochemical methods due to their environmentally friendly nature, high rate of conversion at ambient physiological conditions, and less energy-intensive. Among various biofuels, hydrogen (H2) is considered as a wonderful due to high calorific value and generate water molecule as end product on the burning. The H2 production from biowaste is demonstrated, and agri-food waste can be potentially used as a feedstock due to their high biodegradability over lignocellulosic-based biomass. Still, the H2 production is uneconomical from biowaste in fuel competing market because of low yields and increased capital and operational expenses. Anaerobic digestion is widely used for waste management and the generation of value-added products. This article is highlighting the valorization of agri-food waste to biofuels in single (H2) and two-stage bioprocesses of H2 and CH4 production.
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Adesra A, Srivastava VK, Varjani S. Valorization of Dairy Wastes: Integrative Approaches for Value Added Products. Indian J Microbiol 2021; 61:270-278. [PMID: 34294992 PMCID: PMC8263842 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-021-00943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The era of rapid industrialization succeeded by a shift in organizational focus on research and technology development which has fueled many industries along with the dairy industry to grow at an exponential rate. The dairy industry has achieved remarkable growth in the last decade in India. Waste produced by dairy industry consists of a high organic load thus cannot be discharged untreated. Even though treatment and management of waste are well documented, but the main problem is concerned with sludge produced after treatment. There is a gap in the application of various methods for effective treatment of the waste, hence there is a need for technology-oriented research in this area because of a paradigm shift in perspectives towards sustainable management of waste to recover value added products including energy as energy demand is also rising. Sludge which is generally land spread can also be used for energy generation. This paper discusses the environmental effects of waste generated due to dairy industrial activities; various methods used for the advanced treatment of dairy waste. This review article aims to present and discuss the state-of-art information for recovery of value-added products (single cell protein, biofertilizers, biopolymers and biosurfactants) from dairy waste with emphasis on integration of technologies for environmental sustainability. This paper also includes challenges and future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Adesra
- Sankalchand Patel Vidyadham, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat 384 315 India
| | - Vijay Kumar Srivastava
- Sankalchand Patel Vidyadham, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat 384 315 India
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Sankalchand Patel Vidyadham, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat 384 315 India
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 010 India
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Tikariha H, Purohit HJ. Unfolding microbial community intelligence in aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation processes using metagenomics. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:1269-1274. [PMID: 32130435 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01839-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors and available nutrients influence microbial communities, and with that, there exists a dynamic shift in community structure and hierarchy in wastewater treatment systems. Of the various factors, the availability and gradient of oxygen selectively enrich a typical microbial community and also form the community stratification which could be established through metagenomics studies. In recent years, metagenomics with various sets of bioinformatics tools has assisted in exploration and better insight into the organization and relation of the taxonomical and functional composition and associate physiological intelligence of the microbial communities. The microbial communities, under defined conditions acquire a typical hierarchy with flexible but active network of the metabolic route, which ensures the survival needs of every member residing in that community and their abundance. This knowledge of community functional organization defines the rule in designing and improving biodegradation processes in case of both aerobic and anaerobic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Tikariha
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Hemant J Purohit
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India.
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Lee JK, Patel SKS, Sung BH, Kalia VC. Biomolecules from municipal and food industry wastes: An overview. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 298:122346. [PMID: 31734061 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biological wastes generated from food and fruit processing industries, municipal markets, and water treatment facilities are a major cause of concern for Health Departments and Environmentalists around the world. Conventional means of managing these wastes such as transportation, treatment, and disposal, are proving uneconomical. The need is to develop green and sustainable technologies to circumvent this ever-growing and persistent problem. In this article, the potential of diverse microbes to metabolize complex organic rich biowastes into a variety of bioactive compounds with diverse biotechnological applications have been presented. An integrated strategy has been proposed that can be commercially exploited for the recovery of value-adding products ranging from bioactive compounds, chemical building blocks, energy rich chemicals, biopolymers and materials, which results in a self-sustaining circular bioeconomy with nearly zero waste generation and complete degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Kul Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanjay Kumar Singh Patel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Hyun Sung
- Bioenergy and Biochemical Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Vipin Chandra Kalia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Mapping Microbial Capacities for Bioremediation: Genes to Genomics. Indian J Microbiol 2019; 60:45-53. [PMID: 32089573 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-019-00842-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioremediation is a process wherein the decontamination strategies are designed so that a site could achieve the environmental abiotic and biotic parameters close to its baseline. In the process, the driving force is the available microbial genetic degradative capabilities, which are supported by required nutrients so that the desired expression of these capabilities could be exploited in favour of removal of pollutants. With genomics tools not only the available abilities could be estimated but their dynamic performance could also be established. These tools are now playing important role in bioprocess optimization, which not only derive the bio-stimulation plans but also could suggest possible genetic bio-augmentation options.
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8
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Purohit HJ. Aligning Microbial Biodiversity for Valorization of Biowastes: Conception to Perception. Indian J Microbiol 2019; 59:391-400. [PMID: 31762500 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-019-00826-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of biowastes is increasing rapidly and its uncontrolled, slow and persistent fermentation leads to the release of Green-house gases (GHGs) into the environment. Exploration and exploitation of microbial diversity for degrading biowastes can result in producing diverse range of bioactive molecules, which can act as a source of bioenergy, biopolymers, nutraceuticals and antimicrobials. The whole process is envisaged to manage biowastes, and reduce their pollution causing capacity, and lead to a sustainable society. A strategy has been proposed for: (1) producing bioactive molecules, and (2) achieving a zero-pollution emission by recycling of the GHGs through biological routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant J Purohit
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440020 India
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9
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Patel SKS, Ray S, Prakash J, Wee JH, Kim SY, Lee JK, Kalia VC. Co-digestion of Biowastes to Enhance Biological Hydrogen Process by Defined Mixed Bacterial Cultures. Indian J Microbiol 2019; 59:154-160. [PMID: 31031429 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-018-00777-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-digestion of biowastes for hydrogen (H2) production using defined mixed cultures can overcome the high risk of failure due to contamination and imbalanced nutrient status. H2 production from biowastes-pea-shells, potato peels (PP), onion peels (OP) and apple pomace, either individually or in various combinations was evaluated by hydrolyzing with defined hydrolytic mixed bacterial culture (MHC5) and subjecting the hydrolysate to mixture of defined H2 producers (MMC6). Co-digestion of OP and PP hydrolysate supplemented at H2 production stage with GM-2 and M-9 media resulted in 95 and 102 l H2/kg of Total solids (TS), respectively compared to 84 l H2/kg of TS in control. Upscaling the process by digesting 4.0 l slurry (16-fold) resulted in 88.5 and 95 l H2/kg of TS, respectively compared to 72 l H2/kg of TS in control. Thus, H2 production by co-digestion of biowastes could be improved through the supplementation with very dilute medium (0.1 ×) and selection of suitable biowastes under unsterile conditions. The overall efficiency can be further enhanced by integrating it with bioprocesses for biopolymers such as polyhydroxyalkanoates and or biofuels like methane production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K S Patel
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Subhasree Ray
- 2Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Jyotsana Prakash
- 2Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Ji Hyang Wee
- 3Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Shin-Ansan University, Ansan, 15435 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yong Kim
- 3Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Shin-Ansan University, Ansan, 15435 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Kul Lee
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Vipin Chandra Kalia
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
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10
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Beyond the Theoretical Yields of Dark-Fermentative Biohydrogen. Indian J Microbiol 2018; 58:529-530. [PMID: 30262965 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-018-0759-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical hydrogen (H2) yield by dark fermentative route is 12 mol/mol of glucose. Biological H2 production yields of 3.8 mol/mol of glucose by microbes have been reported. Transient gene inactivation in combination with adaptive laboratory evolution strategy has enabled the H2 yield to exceed the stoichiometric production values.
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11
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Yang G, Wang J. Pretreatment of grass waste using combined ionizing radiation-acid treatment for enhancing fermentative hydrogen production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 255:7-15. [PMID: 29414175 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the combined ionizing radiation-acid pretreatment process was firstly applied to enhance hydrogen fermentation of grass waste. Results showed that the combined pretreatment synergistically enhanced hydrogen fermentation of grass waste. The SCOD and soluble polysaccharide contents of grass waste increased by 1.6 and 2.91 times after the combined pretreatment, respectively. SEM observation and crystallinity test showed the combined pretreatment effectively disrupted the grass structure. Owing to the more favorable substrate conditions, the hydrogen yield achieved 68 mL/g-dry grassadded after the combined pretreatment, which was 161.5%, 112.5% and 28.3% higher than those from raw, ionizing radiation pretreated and acid pretreated grass waste, respectively. The VS removal also increased from 13.9% to 25.6% by the combined pretreatment. Microbial community analysis showed that the abundance of dominant hydrogen producing genus Clostridium sensu stricto 1 increased from 37.9% to 69.4% after the combined pretreatment, which contributed to more efficient hydrogen fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Laboratory of Environmental Technology, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Technology, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Radioactive Wastes Treatment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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12
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Ventorino V, Romano I, Pagliano G, Robertiello A, Pepe O. Pre-treatment and inoculum affect the microbial community structure and enhance the biogas reactor performance in a pilot-scale biodigestion of municipal solid waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 73:69-77. [PMID: 29249310 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
During anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste, organic matter is converted to methane, carbon dioxide, and other organic and inorganic compounds through a complex cooperation among different microbial groups with different metabolic activities. Here, culture-dependent and independent approaches provided evidence for examining the relationship between bacterial and archaeal communities and methane production in a pilot-scale anaerobic digestion. The abundance of aerobic and anaerobic functional groups of C and N cycles, such as cellulolytic, pectinolytic, amylolytic and proteolytic bacteria, was high at the beginning of the experiment and was drastically decreased after anaerobic digestion. In contrast, the ammonifiers increased in the biogas producing reactors in a higher pH environment. The methanogenic archaeal genera recovered were Methanobrevibacter, Methanobacterium, Methanoculleus and Methanocorpusculum, thus indicating that methane was formed primarily by the hydrogenotrophic pathway in the reactors. Moreover, the mechanical pretreatment effects, as well as the effect of pelleted manure as inoculum, were considered. The highest methane production was detected in the biodigesters with minced organic waste, thus indicating that pre-treatment of a heterogeneous starting matrix was essential for improving biogas production and stabilizing the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Ventorino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Ida Romano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Giorgia Pagliano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Alessandro Robertiello
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Olimpia Pepe
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy.
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14
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Lazaro CZ, Hitit ZY, Hallenbeck PC. Optimization of the yield of dark microaerobic production of hydrogen from lactate by Rhodopseudomonas palustris. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:123-131. [PMID: 28892681 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen yields of dark fermentation are limited due to the need to also produce reduced side products, and photofermentation, an alternative, is limited by the need for light. A relatively new strategy, dark microaerobic fermentation, could potentially overcome both these constraints. Here, application of this strategy demonstrated for the first time significant hydrogen production from lactate by a single organism in the dark. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize substrate and oxygen concentration as well as inoculum using both (1) regular batch and (2) O2 fed batch cultures. The highest hydrogen yield (HY) was observed under regular batch (1.4±0.1molH2/mollactate) and the highest hydrogen production (HP) (173.5µmolH2) was achieved using O2 fed batch. This study has provided proof of principal for the ability of microaerobic fermentation to drive thermodynamically difficult reactions, such as the conversion of lactate to hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Zampol Lazaro
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Zeynep Yilmazer Hitit
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7 Canada; Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ankara University, Tandogan, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Patrick C Hallenbeck
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7 Canada; Life Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, United States Air Force Academy, 2355 Faculty Drive, USAF Academy, CO 80840, United States.
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15
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Patel SKS, Lee JK, Kalia VC. Nanoparticles in Biological Hydrogen Production: An Overview. Indian J Microbiol 2017; 58:8-18. [PMID: 29434392 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-017-0678-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological hydrogen (H2) production enhancement through the use of nanoparticles (NPs) supplement in the media is being recognized as a promising approach. The NPs, including those of metal and metal oxides have shown a significant improvement in the BHP. A number of organisms as pure or mixed cultures can produce H2 in presence of NPs from pure sugars and biowaste as a feed. However, their H2 production efficiencies have been found to vary significantly with the type of NPs and their concentration. In this review article, the potential role of NPs in the enhancement of H2 production has been assessed in dark- and photo-fermentative organisms using sugars and biowaste materials as feed. Further, the integrative approaches for commercial applications of NPs in BHP have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K S Patel
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 143-701 Korea.,2Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Jung-Kul Lee
- 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 143-701 Korea
| | - Vipin C Kalia
- 2Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India
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16
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Bioengineering of Nitrilases Towards Its Use as Green Catalyst: Applications and Perspectives. Indian J Microbiol 2017; 57:131-138. [PMID: 28611489 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-017-0645-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrilases are commercial biocatalysts used for the synthesis of plastics, paints, fibers in the chemical industries, pharmaceutical drugs and herbicides for agricultural uses. Nitrilase hydrolyses the nitriles and dinitriles to their corresponding carboxylic acids and ammonia. They have a broad range of substrate specificities as well as enantio-, regio- and chemo-selective properties which make them useful for biotransformation of nitriles to important compounds because of which they are considered as 'Green Catalysts'. Nitriles are widespread in nature and synthesized as a consequence of anthropogenic and biological activities. These are also present in certain plant species and are known to cause environmental pollution. Biotransformation using native organisms as catalysts tends to be insufficient since the enzyme of interest has very low amount in the total cellular protein, rate of reaction is slow along with the instability of enzymes. Therefore, to overcome these limitations, bioengineering offers an alternative approach to alter the properties of enzymes to enhance the applicability and stability. The present review highlights the aspects of producing the recombinant microorganisms and overexpressing the enzyme of interest for the enhanced stability at high temperatures, immobilization techniques, extremes of pH, organic solvents and hydrolysing dintriles to chiral compounds which may enhance the possibilities for creating specific enzymes for biotransformation.
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Patel SKS, Lee JK, Kalia VC. Dark-Fermentative Biological Hydrogen Production from Mixed Biowastes Using Defined Mixed Cultures. Indian J Microbiol 2017; 57:171-176. [PMID: 28611494 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-017-0643-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological hydrogen (H2) production from the biowastes is widely recognized as a suitable alternative approach to utilize low cost feed instead of costly individual sugars. In the present investigation, pure and mixed biowastes were fermented by defined sets of mixed cultures for hydrolysis and H2 production. Under batch conditions, up to 65, 67 and 70 L H2/kg total solids (2%, TS) were evolved from apple pomace (AP), onion peels (OP) and potato peels (PP) using a combination of hydrolytic mixed culture (MHC5) and mixed microbial cultures (MMC4 or MMC6), respectively. Among the different combinations of mixed biowastes including AP, OP, PP and pea-shells, the combination of OP and PP exhibited maximum H2 production of 73 and 84 L/kg TS with MMC4 and MMC6, respectively. This study suggested that H2 production can be effectively regulated by using defined sets of mixed cultures for hydrolysis and H2 production from pure and mixed biowastes as feed even under unsterile conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K S Patel
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 143-701 Korea
| | - Jung-Kul Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 143-701 Korea
| | - Vipin C Kalia
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India
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Cabrol L, Marone A, Tapia-Venegas E, Steyer JP, Ruiz-Filippi G, Trably E. Microbial ecology of fermentative hydrogen producing bioprocesses: useful insights for driving the ecosystem function. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:158-181. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Chatellard L, Trably E, Carrère H. The type of carbohydrates specifically selects microbial community structures and fermentation patterns. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 221:541-549. [PMID: 27686722 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The impact on dark fermentation of seven carbohydrates as model substrates of lignocellulosic fractions (glucose, cellobiose, microcrystalline cellulose, arabinose, xylose, xylan and wheat straw) was investigated. Metabolic patterns and bacterial communities were characterized at the end of batch tests inoculated with manure digestate. It was found that hydrogen production was linked to the sugar type (pentose or hexose) and the degree of polymerisation. Hexoses produced less hydrogen, with a specific selection of lactate-producing bacterial community structures. Maximal hydrogen production was five times higher on pentose-based substrates, with specific bacterial community structures producing acetate and butyrate as main metabolites. Low hydrogen amounts accumulated from complex sugars (cellulose, xylan and wheat straw). A relatively high proportion of the reads was affiliated to Ruminococcaceae suggesting an efficient hydrolytic activity. Knowing that the bacterial community structure is very specific to a particular substrate offers new possibilities to design more efficient H2-producing biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Trably
- LBE, INRA, 102 avenue des Etangs, 11100 Narbonne, France.
| | - Hélène Carrère
- LBE, INRA, 102 avenue des Etangs, 11100 Narbonne, France
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Pandit PD, Gulhane MK, Khardenavis AA, Purohit HJ. Mining of hemicellulose and lignin degrading genes from differentially enriched methane producing microbial community. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 216:923-930. [PMID: 27323244 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Study creates a scenario for enrichment and selection of ligno-hemicellulose degrading genotypes with anaerobic bioreactor as a model using rice straw, vegetable waste and food waste as substrates. Relative discrimination analysis showed that the hydrolytic pathways and associated microbial communities for ligno-hemicellulose degradation were dominatingly colonized with rice straw as substrate. The dominating bacteria were Caldicellulosiruptor, Fervidobacterium, Cytophaga, Ruminococcus, Thermotoga associated with hemicellulose degradation and Burkholderia, Pandorea, Sphingomonas, Spirochaeta, Pseudomonas for lignocellulose hydrolysis. This was further supported by the abundance of anaerobic aromatic compound degrading genes along with genes for xylanase and xylosidase in rice straw enriched community. The metagenome analysis data was validated by evaluation of the biochemical methane potential for these substrates. Food waste being most amenable substrate yielded 1410mL of biogas/gVS added whereas, biogas yield of 1160mL/gVS and 1080mL/gVS was observed in presence of vegetable waste and rice straw respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar D Pandit
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Environmental Genomics Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India; CSIR-NEERI, Nagpur, India
| | | | | | - Hemant J Purohit
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Environmental Genomics Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India; CSIR-NEERI, Nagpur, India.
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Integrative Approach for Producing Hydrogen and Polyhydroxyalkanoate from Mixed Wastes of Biological Origin. Indian J Microbiol 2016; 56:293-300. [PMID: 27407293 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-016-0595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an integrative approach to produce biohydrogen (H2) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) from the wastes of biological origin was investigated. A defined set of mixed cultures was used for hydrolysis and the hydrolysates were used to produce H2. The effluent from H2 production stage was used for PHA production. Under batch culture, a maximum of 62 l H2/kg of pure potato peels (Total solid, TS 2 %, w/v) and 54 l H2/kg of mixed biowastes (MBW1) was recorded. Using effluent from the H2 production stage of biowaste mixture (MBW1), Bacillus cereus EGU43 could produce 195 mg PHA/l and 15.6 % (w/w). Further, supplementation of GM-2 medium (0.1×) and glucose (0.5 %) in H2 production stage effluents, resulted in significant improvements of up to 11 and 41.7 % of PHA contents, respectively. An improvement of 3.9- and 17-fold in PHA yields as compared to with and without integrative H2 production from the MBW1 has been recorded. This integrative approach seems to be a suitable process to improve the yields of H2 and PHA by mixing biowastes.
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Roy S, Das D. Biohythane production from organic wastes: present state of art. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:9391-9410. [PMID: 26507735 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5469-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The economy of an industrialized country is greatly dependent on fossil fuels. However, these nonrenewable sources of energy are nearing the brink of extinction. Moreover, the reliance on these fuels has led to increased levels of pollution which have caused serious adverse impacts on the environment. Hydrogen has emerged as a promising alternative since it does not produce CO2 during combustion and also has the highest calorific value. The biohythane process comprises of biohydrogen production followed by biomethanation. Biological H2 production has an edge over its chemical counterpart mainly because it is environmentally benign. Maximization of gaseous energy recovery could be achieved by integrating dark fermentative hydrogen production followed by biomethanation. Intensive research work has already been carried out on the advancement of biohydrogen production processes, such as the development of suitable microbial consortium (mesophiles or thermophiles), genetically modified microorganism, improvement of the reactor designs, use of different solid matrices for the immobilization of whole cells, and development of two-stage process for higher rate of H2 production. Scale-up studies of the dark fermentation process was successfully carried out in 20- and 800-L reactors. However, the total gaseous energy recovery for two stage process was found to be 53.6 %. From single-stage H2 production, gaseous energy recovery was only 28 %. Thus, two-stage systems not only help in improving gaseous energy recovery but also can make biohythane (mixture of H2 and CH4) concept commercially feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantonu Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Debabrata Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
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Kalia VC, Prakash J, Koul S. Biorefinery for Glycerol Rich Biodiesel Industry Waste. Indian J Microbiol 2016; 56:113-25. [PMID: 27570302 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-016-0583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The biodiesel industry has the potential to meet the fuel requirements in the future. A few inherent lacunae of this bioprocess are the effluent, which is 10 % of the actual product, and the fact that it is 85 % glycerol along with a few impurities. Biological treatments of wastes have been known as a dependable and economical direction of overseeing them and bring some value added products as well. A novel eco-biotechnological strategy employs metabolically diverse bacteria, which ensures higher reproducibility and economics. In this article, we have opined, which organisms and what bioproducts should be the focus, while exploiting glycerol as feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Chandra Kalia
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India ; Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, 110001 India
| | - Jyotsana Prakash
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India ; Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, 110001 India
| | - Shikha Koul
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India ; Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, 110001 India
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Kumar P, Sharma R, Ray S, Mehariya S, Patel SKS, Lee JK, Kalia VC. Dark fermentative bioconversion of glycerol to hydrogen by Bacillus thuringiensis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 182:383-388. [PMID: 25686722 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel manufacturing units discharge effluents rich in glycerol. The need is to convert crude glycerol (CG) into useful products such as hydrogen (H2). Under batch culture, Bacillusthuringiensis EGU45 adapted on pure glycerol (PG, 2% v/v) resulted in an H2 yield of 0.646 mol/mol glycerol consumed on minimal media (250 mL) supplemented with 1% ammonium nitrate at 37°C over 4 days. Here, H2 constituted 67% of the total biogas. Under continuous culture, at 2 days of hydraulic retention time, B. thuringiensis immobilized on ligno-cellulosic materials (banana leaves - BL, 10% v/v) resulted in a H2 yield of 0.386 mol/mol PG consumed. On CG, the maximal H2 yield of 0.393 mol/mol feed consumed was recorded. In brief, B. thuringiensis could transform CG, on limited resources - minimal medium with sodium nitrate, by immobilizing them on cheap and easily available biowaste, which makes it a suitable candidate for H2 production on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasun Kumar
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Rishi Sharma
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Subhasree Ray
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Sanjeet Mehariya
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Sanjay K S Patel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Kul Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Vipin C Kalia
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India.
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Patel SKS, Kumar P, Singh M, Lee JK, Kalia VC. Integrative approach to produce hydrogen and polyhydroxybutyrate from biowaste using defined bacterial cultures. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 176:136-41. [PMID: 25460994 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Biological production of hydrogen (H2) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) from pea-shell slurry (PSS) was investigated using defined mixed culture (MMC4, composed of Enterobacter, Proteus, Bacillus spp.). Under batch culture, 19.0LH2/kg of PSS (total solid, TS, 2%w/v) was evolved. Using effluent from the H2 producing stage, Bacillus cereus EGU43 could produce 12.4% (w/w) PHB. Dilutions of PSS hydrolysate containing glucose (0.5%, w/v) resulted in 45-75LH2/kg TS fed and 19.1% (w/w) of PHB content. Under continuous culture, MMC4 immobilized on coconut coir (CC) lead to an H2 yield of 54L/kg TS fed and a PHB content of 64.7% (w/w). An improvement of 2- and 3.7-fold in H2 and PHB yields were achieved in comparison to control. This integrative approach using defined set of bacterial strains can prove effective in producing biomolecules from biowastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K S Patel
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Prasun Kumar
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; Department of Biotechnology, Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Mamtesh Singh
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Jung-Kul Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Vipin C Kalia
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India.
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Sirasani G, Tong L, Balskus EP. A biocompatible alkene hydrogenation merges organic synthesis with microbial metabolism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:7785-8. [PMID: 24916924 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Organic chemists and metabolic engineers use orthogonal technologies to construct essential small molecules such as pharmaceuticals and commodity chemicals. While chemists have leveraged the unique capabilities of biological catalysts for small-molecule production, metabolic engineers have not likewise integrated reactions from organic synthesis with the metabolism of living organisms. Reported herein is a method for alkene hydrogenation which utilizes a palladium catalyst and hydrogen gas generated directly by a living microorganism. This biocompatible transformation, which requires both catalyst and microbe, and can be used on a preparative scale, represents a new strategy for chemical synthesis that combines organic chemistry and metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Sirasani
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138 (USA) http://scholar.harvard.edu/balskus
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Sirasani G, Tong L, Balskus EP. A Biocompatible Alkene Hydrogenation Merges Organic Synthesis with Microbial Metabolism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ecobiotechnological strategy to enhance efficiency of bioconversion of wastes into hydrogen and methane. Indian J Microbiol 2014; 54:262-7. [PMID: 24891732 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-014-0467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetable wastes (VW) and food wastes (FW) are generated in large quantities by municipal markets, restaurants and hotels. Waste slurries (250 ml) in 300 ml BOD bottles, containing 3, 5 and 7 % total solids (TS) were hydrolyzed with bacterial mixtures composed of: Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Exiguobacterium, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas and Sphingobacterium species. Each of these bacteria had high activities for the hydrolytic enzymes: amylase, protease and lipase. Hydrolysate of biowaste slurries were subjected to defined mixture of H2 producers and culture enriched for methanogens. The impact of hydrolysis of VW and FW was observed as 2.6- and 2.8-fold enhancement in H2 yield, respectively. Direct biomethanation of hydrolysates of VW and FW resulted in 3.0- and 1.15-fold improvement in CH4 yield, respectively. A positive effect of hydrolysis was also observed with biomethanation of effluent of H2 production stage, to the extent of 1.2- and 3.5-fold with FW and VW, respectively. The effective H2 yields were 17 and 85 l/kg TS fed, whereas effective CH4 yields were 61.7 and 63.3 l/kg TS fed, from VW and FW, respectively. This ecobiotechnological strategy can help to improve the conversion efficiency of biowastes to biofuels.
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Kumar P, Patel SK, Lee JK, Kalia VC. Extending the limits of Bacillus for novel biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1543-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Dragosits M, Mattanovich D. Adaptive laboratory evolution -- principles and applications for biotechnology. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:64. [PMID: 23815749 PMCID: PMC3716822 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive laboratory evolution is a frequent method in biological studies to gain insights into the basic mechanisms of molecular evolution and adaptive changes that accumulate in microbial populations during long term selection under specified growth conditions. Although regularly performed for more than 25 years, the advent of transcript and cheap next-generation sequencing technologies has resulted in many recent studies, which successfully applied this technique in order to engineer microbial cells for biotechnological applications. Adaptive laboratory evolution has some major benefits as compared with classical genetic engineering but also some inherent limitations. However, recent studies show how some of the limitations may be overcome in order to successfully incorporate adaptive laboratory evolution in microbial cell factory design. Over the last two decades important insights into nutrient and stress metabolism of relevant model species were acquired, whereas some other aspects such as niche-specific differences of non-conventional cell factories are not completely understood. Altogether the current status and its future perspectives highlight the importance and potential of adaptive laboratory evolution as approach in biotechnological engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dragosits
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Singh M, Kumar P, Patel SKS, Kalia VC. Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Co-polymer by Bacillus thuringiensis. Indian J Microbiol 2013; 53:77-83. [PMID: 24426082 PMCID: PMC3587498 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-012-0294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrative processes for the production of bioenergy and biopolymers are gaining importance in recent years as alternatives to fossil fuels and synthetic plastics. In the present study, Bacillus thuringiensis strain EGU45 has been used to generate hydrogen (H2), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and new co-polymers (NP). Under batch culture conditions with 250 ml synthetic media, B. thuringiensis EGU45 produced up to 0.58 mol H2/mol of glucose. Effluent from the H2 production stage was incubated under shaking conditions leading to the production of PHB up to 95 mg/l along with NP of levulinic acid up to 190 mg/l. A twofold to fourfold enhancement in PHB and up to 1.5 fold increase in NP yields was observed on synthetic medium (mixture of M-9+GM-2 medium in 1:1 ratio) containing at 1-2 % glucose concentration. The novelty of this work lies in developing modified physiological conditions, which induce bacterial culture to produce NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamtesh Singh
- />Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Prasun Kumar
- />Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India
- />Department of Biotechnology, University of Pune, Pune, 411007 India
| | - Sanjay K. S. Patel
- />Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Vipin C. Kalia
- />Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India
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Roumagnac P, Richaud P, Barakat M, Ortet P, Roncato MA, Heulin T, Peltier G, Achouak W, Cournac L. Reversible oxygen-tolerant hydrogenase carried by free-living N2-fixing bacteria isolated from the rhizospheres of rice, maize, and wheat. Microbiologyopen 2012; 1:349-61. [PMID: 23233392 PMCID: PMC3535381 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen production by microorganisms is often described as a promising sustainable and clean energy source, but still faces several obstacles, which prevent practical application. Among them, oxygen sensitivity of hydrogenases represents one of the major limitations hampering the biotechnological implementation of photobiological production processes. Here, we describe a hierarchical biodiversity-based approach, including a chemochromic screening of hydrogenase activity of hundreds of bacterial strains collected from several ecosystems, followed by mass spectrometry measurements of hydrogenase activity of a selection of the H2-oxidizing bacterial strains identified during the screen. In all, 131 of 1266 strains, isolated from cereal rhizospheres and basins containing irradiating waste, were scored as H2-oxidizing bacteria, including Pseudomonas sp., Serratia sp., Stenotrophomonas sp., Enterobacter sp., Rahnella sp., Burkholderia sp., and Ralstonia sp. isolates. Four free-living N2-fixing bacteria harbored a high and oxygen-tolerant hydrogenase activity, which was not fully inhibited within entire cells up to 150–250 μmol/L O2 concentration or within soluble protein extracts up to 25–30 μmol/L. The only hydrogenase-related genes that we could reveal in these strains were of the hyc type (subunits of formate hydrogenlyase complex). The four free-living N2-fixing bacteria were closely related to Enterobacter radicincitans based on the sequences of four genes (16S rRNA, rpoB, hsp60, and hycE genes). These results should bring interesting prospects for microbial biohydrogen production and might have ecophysiological significance for bacterial adaptation to the oxic–anoxic interfaces in the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Roumagnac
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, Campus International de Montferrier-Baillarguet, F-34398, Montpellier Cedex-5, France
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Rittmann S, Herwig C. A comprehensive and quantitative review of dark fermentative biohydrogen production. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:115. [PMID: 22925149 PMCID: PMC3443015 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Biohydrogen production (BHP) can be achieved by direct or indirect biophotolysis, photo-fermentation and dark fermentation, whereof only the latter does not require the input of light energy. Our motivation to compile this review was to quantify and comprehensively report strains and process performance of dark fermentative BHP. This review summarizes the work done on pure and defined co-culture dark fermentative BHP since the year 1901. Qualitative growth characteristics and quantitative normalized results of H2 production for more than 2000 conditions are presented in a normalized and therefore comparable format to the scientific community.Statistically based evidence shows that thermophilic strains comprise high substrate conversion efficiency, but mesophilic strains achieve high volumetric productivity. Moreover, microbes of Thermoanaerobacterales (Family III) have to be preferred when aiming to achieve high substrate conversion efficiency in comparison to the families Clostridiaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. The limited number of results available on dark fermentative BHP from fed-batch cultivations indicates the yet underestimated potential of this bioprocessing application. A Design of Experiments strategy should be preferred for efficient bioprocess development and optimization of BHP aiming at improving medium, cultivation conditions and revealing inhibitory effects. This will enable comparing and optimizing strains and processes independent of initial conditions and scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Rittmann
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, 1060, Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, 1060, Austria
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Integrative biological hydrogen production: an overview. Indian J Microbiol 2012; 53:3-10. [PMID: 24426072 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-012-0287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological hydrogen (H2) production by dark and photo-fermentative organisms is a promising area of research for generating bioenergy. A large number of organisms have been widely studied for producing H2 from diverse feeds, both as pure and as mixed cultures. However, their H2 producing efficiencies have been found to vary (from 3 to 8 mol/mol hexose) with physiological conditions, type of organisms and composition of feed (starchy waste from sweet potato, wheat, cassava and algal biomass). The present review deals with the possibilities of enhancing H2 production by integrating metabolic pathways of different organisms-dark fermentative bacteria (from cattle dung, activated sludge, Caldicellulosiruptor, Clostridium, Enterobacter, Lactobacillus, and Vibrio) and photo-fermentative bacteria (such as Rhodobacter, Rhodobium and Rhodopseudomonas). The emphasis has been laid on systems which are driven by undefined dark-fermentative cultures in combination with pure photo-fermentative bacterial cultures using biowaste as feed. Such an integrative approach may prove suitable for commercial applications on a large scale.
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Lal S, Romano S, Chiarini L, Signorini A, Tabacchioni S. The Paenibacillus polymyxa species is abundant among hydrogen-producing facultative anaerobic bacteria in Lake Averno sediment. Arch Microbiol 2011; 194:345-51. [PMID: 22038026 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-011-0763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lake Averno sediment was used to isolate the facultative anaerobic bacteria having the potential for H(2) production. Twenty-five out of 35 isolates recovered from the sediment sample produced hydrogen under anaerobic conditions from glucose with yields ranging from 0.1 to 0.49 mol H(2)/mol glucose. Identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that most of them belong to the Firmicutes group, with a prevalence of the Paenibacillus polymyxa species. Seven distinct genomic fingerprints among the 11 P. polymyxa isolates were obtained using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Glucose fermentation by P. polymyxa isolates was investigated. Glucose was totally consumed after 3 days of fermentation. The fermentation products were hydrogen (0.18-0.47 mol H(2)/mol glucose), ethanol (0.1-0.5 mol ethanol/mol glucose), and 2,3-butanediol (0.1 mol 2,3-butanediol/mol glucose). Lower amounts of acetic, butyric, formic, lactic, and propionic acids were detected. All metabolic data concerning P. polymyxa isolates were analyzed by cluster analysis to reveal similarities and/or differences with clustering based on RAPD profiles. Despite the high metabolic similarity among almost all P. paenibacillus isolates, results of cluster analyses of metabolic and genetic data do not match completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhana Lal
- Technical Unit for Sustainable Development and Innovation of Agroindustrial System, S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy
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Patel SKS, Singh M, Kalia VC. Hydrogen and Polyhydroxybutyrate Producing Abilities of Bacillus spp. From Glucose in Two Stage System. Indian J Microbiol 2011; 51:418-23. [PMID: 23024402 PMCID: PMC3209939 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-011-0236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic activities of four Bacillus strains to transform glucose into hydrogen (H(2)) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) in two stages were investigated in this study. Under batch culture conditions, Bacillus thuringiensis EGU45 and Bacillus cereus EGU44 evolved 1.67-1.92 mol H(2)/mol glucose, respectively during the initial 3 days of incubation at 37°C. In the next 2 days, the residual glucose solutions along with B. thuringiensis EGU45 shaken at 200 rpm was found to produce PHB yield of 11.3% of dry cell mass. This is the first report among the non-photosynthetic microbes, where the Bacillus spp.-B. thuringiensis and B. cereus strains have been shown to produce H(2) and PHB in same medium under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K. S. Patel
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), CSIR, Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Pune, Pune, 411007 India
| | - Mamtesh Singh
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), CSIR, Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Pune, Pune, 411007 India
| | - Vipin C. Kalia
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), CSIR, Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India
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Zhang XZ, Zhang YHP. One-step production of biocommodities from lignocellulosic biomass by recombinant cellulolytic Bacillus subtilis: Opportunities and challenges. Eng Life Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Dias AA, Freitas GS, Marques GSM, Sampaio A, Fraga IS, Rodrigues MAM, Evtuguin DV, Bezerra RMF. Enzymatic saccharification of biologically pre-treated wheat straw with white-rot fungi. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:6045-50. [PMID: 20307975 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Wheat straw was submitted to a pre-treatment by the basidiomycetous fungi Euc-1 and Irpex lacteus, aiming to improve the accessibility of cellulose towards enzymatic hydrolysis via previous selective bio-delignification. This allowed the increase of substrate saccharification nearly four and three times while applying the basidiomycetes Euc-1 and I. lacteus, respectively. The cellulose/lignin ratio increased from 2.7 in the untreated wheat straw to 5.9 and 4.6 after the bio-treatment by the basidiomycetes Euc-1 and I. lacteus, respectively, thus evidencing the highly selective lignin biodegradation. The enzymatic profile of both fungi upon bio-treatment of wheat straw have been assessed including laccase, manganese-dependent peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, carboxymethylcellulase, xylanase, avicelase and feruloyl esterase activities. The difference in efficiency and selectivity of delignification within the two fungi treatments was interpreted in terms of specific lignolytic enzyme profiles and moderate xylanase and cellulolytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albino A Dias
- CITAB, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Department of Biology and Environment, Apartado 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Moreno-Dav IM, Rios-Gonza LJ, Gaona-Loza JG, Garza-Garc Y, Rodriguez- JA, Rodriguez- J. Biohydrogen Production by Anaerobic Biofilms from a Pretreated Mixed Microflora. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/rjasci.2010.376.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hu B, Du J, Zou RY, Yuan YJ. An environment-sensitive synthetic microbial ecosystem. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10619. [PMID: 20485551 PMCID: PMC2868903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial ecosystems have been widely used in industrial production, but the inter-relationships of organisms within them haven't been completely clarified due to complex composition and structure of natural microbial ecosystems. So it is challenging for ecologists to get deep insights on how ecosystems function and interplay with surrounding environments. But the recent progresses in synthetic biology show that construction of artificial ecosystems where relationships of species are comparatively clear could help us further uncover the meadow of those tiny societies. By using two quorum-sensing signal transduction circuits, this research designed, simulated and constructed a synthetic ecosystem where various population dynamics formed by changing environmental factors. Coherent experimental data and mathematical simulation in our study show that different antibiotics levels and initial cell densities can result in correlated population dynamics such as extinction, obligatory mutualism, facultative mutualism and commensalism. This synthetic ecosystem provides valuable information for addressing questions in ecology and may act as a chassis for construction of more complex microbial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education and Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Du
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education and Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-yang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education and Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-jin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education and Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Patil SA, Surakasi VP, Koul S, Ijmulwar S, Vivek A, Shouche YS, Kapadnis BP. Electricity generation using chocolate industry wastewater and its treatment in activated sludge based microbial fuel cell and analysis of developed microbial community in the anode chamber. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:5132-5139. [PMID: 19539465 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Feasibility of using chocolate industry wastewater as a substrate for electricity generation using activated sludge as a source of microorganisms was investigated in two-chambered microbial fuel cell. The maximum current generated with membrane and salt bridge MFCs was 3.02 and 2.3 A/m(2), respectively, at 100 ohms external resistance, whereas the maximum current generated in glucose powered MFC was 3.1 A/m(2). The use of chocolate industry wastewater in cathode chamber was promising with 4.1 mA current output. Significant reduction in COD, BOD, total solids and total dissolved solids of wastewater by 75%, 65%, 68%, 50%, respectively, indicated effective wastewater treatment in batch experiments. The 16S rDNA analysis of anode biofilm and suspended cells revealed predominance of beta-Proteobacteria clones with 50.6% followed by unclassified bacteria (9.9%), alpha-Proteobacteria (9.1%), other Proteobacteria (9%), Planctomycetes (5.8%), Firmicutes (4.9%), Nitrospora (3.3%), Spirochaetes (3.3%), Bacteroides (2.4%) and gamma-Proteobacteria (0.8%). Diverse bacterial groups represented as members of the anode chamber community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil A Patil
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pune, Pune 411 007, Maharashtra, India
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Singh M, Patel SK, Kalia VC. Bacillus subtilis as potential producer for polyhydroxyalkanoates. Microb Cell Fact 2009; 8:38. [PMID: 19619289 PMCID: PMC2719590 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-8-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable polymers produced by microbes to overcome environmental stress. Commercial production of PHAs is limited by the high cost of production compared to conventional plastics. Another hindrance is the brittle nature and low strength of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), the most widely studied PHA. The needs are to produce PHAs, which have better elastomeric properties suitable for biomedical applications, preferably from inexpensive renewable sources to reduce cost. Certain unique properties of Bacillus subtilis such as lack of the toxic lipo-polysaccharides, expression of self-lysing genes on completion of PHA biosynthetic process – for easy and timely recovery, usage of biowastes as feed enable it to compete as potential candidate for commercial production of PHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamtesh Singh
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), CSIR, Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi-110007, India.
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Kumar T, Singh M, Purohit HJ, Kalia VC. Potential of Bacillus sp. to produce polyhydroxybutyrate from biowaste. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 106:2017-23. [PMID: 19226393 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To test the Bacillus strains for their abilities to produce polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) from different sugars and biowaste (Pea-shells). METHODS AND RESULTS Six Bacillus strains were checked for their ability to produce PHB from GM2 medium supplemented with different sugars at the rate of 1% (w/v) and from biowaste and GM2 (BW : M) combinations (3 : 7, 1 : 1, 7 : 3). Glucose supplemented GM2 medium resulted in maximum PHB production of 435 mg l(-1) constituting 31-62% w/w of the total cell dry mass. Substituting GM2 medium to the extent of 50% with biowaste (pea-shell slurry) resulted in 945-1205 mg l(-1) PHB (55-65% w/w). Optimization for additional nitrogen supplementation, inoculum size resulted in a final PHB production of 3010-3370 mg l(-1) equivalent to 300 g kg(-1) biowaste (dry wt). CONCLUSION The Bacillus strains were able to produce PHB from biowaste (Pea-shells) as cheap source of substrate. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first report on usage of pea-shells as feed for PHB production, opening new possibilities for its use for production of PHB and Bacillus as potential candidate for the purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kumar
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, CSIR, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, India
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Lal S, Cheema S, Kalia VC. Phylogeny vs genome reshuffling: horizontal gene transfer. Indian J Microbiol 2008; 48:228-42. [PMID: 23100716 PMCID: PMC3450171 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-008-0034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary events in organisms can be tracked to the transfer of genetic material. The inheritance of genetic material among closely related organisms is a slow evolutionary process. On the other hand, the movement of genes among distantly related species can account for rapid evolution. The later process has been quite evident in the appearance of antibiotic resistance genes among human and animal pathogens. Phylogenetic trees based on such genes and those involved in metabolic activities reflect the incongruencies in comparison to the 16S rDNA gene, generally used for taxonomic relationships. Such discrepancies in gene inheritance have been termed as horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events. In the post-genomic era, the explosion of known sequences through large-scale sequencing projects has unraveled the weakness of traditional 16S rDNA gene tree based evolutionary model. Various methods to scrutinize HGT events include atypical composition, abnormal sequence similarity, anomalous phylogenetic distribution, unusual phyletic patterns, etc. Since HGT generates greater genetic diversity, it is likely to increase resource use and ecosystem resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhana Lal
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics; Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007 India
| | - Simrita Cheema
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics; Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007 India
| | - Vipin C. Kalia
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics; Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110 007 India
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