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Smoglica C, Angelucci S, Di Tana F, Antonucci A, Marsilio F, Di Francesco CE. Antibiotic Resistance in the Apennine Wolf ( Canis lupus italicus): Implications for Wildlife and Human Health. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:950. [PMID: 37370269 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12060950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Apennine wolf (Canis lupus italicus) is a subspecies of gray wolf that is widespread throughout Italy. Due to hunting and habitat loss, their population declined dramatically in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but conservation efforts improved to restore the species to an estimated population of 3300 individuals. The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Apennine Wolf may pose a risk to its health and survival, as well as the health of other animals in its environment. In this study, we investigated the antibiotic resistance profiles of bacteria collected from Apennine wolves admitted to the Wildlife Research Center of Maiella National Park (Italy) in 2022. A total of 12 bacteria collected from four wolves were isolated and tested for susceptibility to antibiotics used in veterinary medicine and to critically important antibiotics for human health by means of the Vitek 2 system. All isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and six bacteria were multidrug resistant to critically important antibiotics (third-generation cephalosporins, carbapenems and fluoroquinolones). The results of this pilot study have allowed for the characterization of resistant profiles in Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and other bacterial species not previously reported in Apennine wolves. Our findings provide important insights into antibiotic resistance in wildlife and its potential implications for the conservation of biodiversity and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Smoglica
- Post-Graduation School of Animal Health, Breeding and Zootechnical Productions, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano D'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Simone Angelucci
- Post-Graduation School of Animal Health, Breeding and Zootechnical Productions, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano D'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Wildlife Research Center, Maiella National Park, Viale del Vivaio, 65023 Caramanico Terme, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Di Tana
- Wildlife Research Center, Maiella National Park, Viale del Vivaio, 65023 Caramanico Terme, Italy
| | - Antonio Antonucci
- Wildlife Research Center, Maiella National Park, Viale del Vivaio, 65023 Caramanico Terme, Italy
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Post-Graduation School of Animal Health, Breeding and Zootechnical Productions, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano D'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Cristina Esmeralda Di Francesco
- Post-Graduation School of Animal Health, Breeding and Zootechnical Productions, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano D'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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Abstract
The existence of coronaviruses has been known for many years. These viruses cause significant disease that primarily seems to affect agricultural species. Human coronavirus disease due to the 2002 outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and the 2012 outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome made headlines; however, these outbreaks were controlled, and public concern quickly faded. This complacency ended in late 2019 when alarms were raised about a mysterious virus responsible for numerous illnesses and deaths in China. As we now know, this novel disease called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was caused by Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and rapidly became a worldwide pandemic. Luckily, decades of research into animal coronaviruses hastened our understanding of the genetics, structure, transmission, and pathogenesis of these viruses. Coronaviruses infect a wide range of wild and domestic animals, with significant economic impact in several agricultural species. Their large genome, low dependency on host cellular proteins, and frequent recombination allow coronaviruses to successfully cross species barriers and adapt to different hosts including humans. The study of the animal diseases provides an understanding of the virus biology and pathogenesis and has assisted in the rapid development of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Here, we briefly review the classification, origin, etiology, transmission mechanisms, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies, including available vaccines, for coronaviruses that affect domestic, farm, laboratory, and wild animal species. We also briefly describe the coronaviruses that affect humans. Expanding our knowledge of this complex group of viruses will better prepare us to design strategies to prevent and/or minimize the impact of future coronavirus outbreaks.
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Key Words
- bcov, bovine coronavirus
- ccov, canine coronavirus
- cov(s), coronavirus(es)
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- crcov, canine respiratory coronavirus
- e, coronaviral envelope protein
- ecov, equine coronavirus
- fcov, feline coronavirus
- fipv, feline infectious peritonitis virus
- gfcov, guinea fowl coronavirus
- hcov, human coronavirus
- ibv, infectious bronchitis virus
- m, coronaviral membrane protein
- mers, middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus
- mhv, mouse hepatitis virus
- pedv, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
- pdcov, porcine deltacoronavirus
- phcov, pheasant coronavirus
- phev, porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus
- prcov, porcine respiratory coronavirus
- rt-pcr, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
- s, coronaviral spike protein
- sads-cov, swine acute diarrhea syndrome-coronavirus
- sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus–2
- tcov, turkey coronavirus
- tgev, transmissible gastroenteritis virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso S Gozalo
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;,
| | - Tannia S Clark
- Office of Laboratory Animal Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David M Kurtz
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina
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3
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Dong B, Zhang X, Bai J, Zhang G, Li C, Lin W. Epidemiological investigation of canine coronavirus infection in Chinese domestic dogs: A systematic review and data synthesis. Prev Vet Med 2022; 209:105792. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Islam A, Ferdous J, Islam S, Sayeed MA, Dutta Choudhury S, Saha O, Hassan MM, Shirin T. Evolutionary Dynamics and Epidemiology of Endemic and Emerging Coronaviruses in Humans, Domestic Animals, and Wildlife. Viruses 2021; 13:1908. [PMID: 34696338 PMCID: PMC8537103 DOI: 10.3390/v13101908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse coronavirus (CoV) strains can infect both humans and animals and produce various diseases. CoVs have caused three epidemics and pandemics in the last two decades, and caused a severe impact on public health and the global economy. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to understand the emergence and evolution of endemic and emerging CoV diversity in humans and animals. For diverse bird species, the Infectious Bronchitis Virus is a significant one, whereas feline enteric and canine coronavirus, recombined to produce feline infectious peritonitis virus, infects wild cats. Bovine and canine CoVs have ancestral relationships, while porcine CoVs, especially SADS-CoV, can cross species barriers. Bats are considered as the natural host of diverse strains of alpha and beta coronaviruses. Though MERS-CoV is significant for both camels and humans, humans are nonetheless affected more severely. MERS-CoV cases have been reported mainly in the Arabic peninsula since 2012. To date, seven CoV strains have infected humans, all descended from animals. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) are presumed to be originated in Rhinolopoid bats that severely infect humans with spillover to multiple domestic and wild animals. Emerging alpha and delta variants of SARS-CoV-2 were detected in pets and wild animals. Still, the intermediate hosts and all susceptible animal species remain unknown. SARS-CoV-2 might not be the last CoV to cross the species barrier. Hence, we recommend developing a universal CoV vaccine for humans so that any future outbreak can be prevented effectively. Furthermore, a One Health approach coronavirus surveillance should be implemented at human-animal interfaces to detect novel coronaviruses before emerging to humans and to prevent future epidemics and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA; (J.F.); (S.I.); (M.A.S.); (S.D.C.)
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3216, Australia
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Jinnat Ferdous
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA; (J.F.); (S.I.); (M.A.S.); (S.D.C.)
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Shariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA; (J.F.); (S.I.); (M.A.S.); (S.D.C.)
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Abu Sayeed
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA; (J.F.); (S.I.); (M.A.S.); (S.D.C.)
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Shusmita Dutta Choudhury
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA; (J.F.); (S.I.); (M.A.S.); (S.D.C.)
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Otun Saha
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh;
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
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Integrated Use of Molecular Techniques to Detect and Genetically Characterise DNA Viruses in Italian Wolves ( Canis lupus italicus). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082198. [PMID: 34438655 PMCID: PMC8388400 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In our study, different quantitative and qualitative molecular techniques were used to detect and genetically characterise Carnivore protoparvovirus 1, Canine adenovirus type 1 and 2 (CAdV-1 and CAdV-2), and Canine circovirus (CanineCV) in Italian wolves (Canis lupus italicus) of the Italian Apennines. Carnivore protoparvoviruses were the most frequently detected viruses, followed by CanineCV and CAdV. All the wolves tested positive for at least one of the DNA viruses screened, and 47.8% of the subjects were coinfected with two or three viruses. From viral sequences analysis, close correlations emerged between the viruses identified in the wolves and those circulating in domestic dogs, suggesting that the same viruses infect wolves and domestic dogs. Further studies are needed to investigate if pathogens are transmitted between the two species. Abstract In this study, internal organs (tongue, intestine, and spleen) of 23 free-ranging Italian wolves (Canis lupus italicus) found dead between 2017 and 2019 were tested for Carnivore protoparvovirus 1, Canine adenovirus (CAdV), and Canine circovirus (CanineCV) using real-time PCR assays. Genetic characterisation of the identified viruses was carried out by amplification, sequencing, and analysis of the complete viral genome or informative viral genes. All the wolves tested positive for at least one of the DNA viruses screened, and 11/23 were coinfected. Carnivore protoparvoviruses were the most frequently detected viruses (21/23), followed by CanineCV (11/23) and CAdV (4/23). From the analysis of the partial VP2 gene of 13 carnivore protoparvoviruses, 12 were canine parvovirus type 2b, closely related to the strains detected in dogs and wild carnivores from Italy, and one was a feline panleukopenia-like virus. Of the four CAdV identified, two were CAdV-1 and two were CAdV-2. The complete genome of seven CanineCVs was sequenced and related to the CanineCV identified in dogs, wolves, and foxes worldwide. Close correlations emerged between the viruses identified in wolves and those circulating in domestic dogs. Further studies are needed to investigate if these pathogens may be potentially cross-transmitted between the two species.
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Cohen JM, Sauer EL, Santiago O, Spencer S, Rohr JR. Divergent impacts of warming weather on wildlife disease risk across climates. Science 2021; 370:370/6519/eabb1702. [PMID: 33214248 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb1702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Disease outbreaks among wildlife have surged in recent decades alongside climate change, although it remains unclear how climate change alters disease dynamics across different geographic regions. We amassed a global, spatiotemporal dataset describing parasite prevalence across 7346 wildlife populations and 2021 host-parasite combinations, compiling local weather and climate records at each location. We found that hosts from cool and warm climates experienced increased disease risk at abnormally warm and cool temperatures, respectively, as predicted by the thermal mismatch hypothesis. This effect was greatest in ectothermic hosts and similar in terrestrial and freshwater systems. Projections based on climate change models indicate that ectothermic wildlife hosts from temperate and tropical zones may experience sharp increases and moderate reductions in disease risk, respectively, though the magnitude of these changes depends on parasite identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Cohen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA. .,Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Erin L Sauer
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Olivia Santiago
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Samuel Spencer
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jason R Rohr
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Zappulli V, Ferro S, Bonsembiante F, Brocca G, Calore A, Cavicchioli L, Centelleghe C, Corazzola G, De Vreese S, Gelain ME, Mazzariol S, Moccia V, Rensi N, Sammarco A, Torrigiani F, Verin R, Castagnaro M. Pathology of Coronavirus Infections: A Review of Lesions in Animals in the One-Health Perspective. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2377. [PMID: 33322366 PMCID: PMC7764021 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are worldwide distributed RNA-viruses affecting several species, including humans, and causing a broad spectrum of diseases. Historically, they have not been considered a severe threat to public health until two outbreaks of COVs-related atypical human pneumonia derived from animal hosts appeared in 2002 and in 2012. The concern related to CoVs infection dramatically rose after the COVID-19 global outbreak, for which a spill-over from wild animals is also most likely. In light of this CoV zoonotic risk, and their ability to adapt to new species and dramatically spread, it appears pivotal to understand the pathophysiology and mechanisms of tissue injury of known CoVs within the "One-Health" concept. This review specifically describes all CoVs diseases in animals, schematically representing the tissue damage and summarizing the major lesions in an attempt to compare and put them in relation, also with human infections. Some information on pathogenesis and genetic diversity is also included. Investigating the lesions and distribution of CoVs can be crucial to understand and monitor the evolution of these viruses as well as of other pathogens and to further deepen the pathogenesis and transmission of this disease to help public health preventive measures and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Silvia Ferro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Ginevra Brocca
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessandro Calore
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Laura Cavicchioli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Cinzia Centelleghe
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Giorgia Corazzola
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Steffen De Vreese
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
- Laboratory of Applied Bioacoustics, Technical University of Catalunya, BarcelonaTech, Vilanova i la Geltrù, 08800 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Elena Gelain
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Sandro Mazzariol
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Valentina Moccia
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Nicolò Rensi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessandro Sammarco
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
- Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Filippo Torrigiani
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Ranieri Verin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Massimo Castagnaro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (V.Z.); (F.B.); (G.B.); (A.C.); (L.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (S.D.V.); (M.E.G.); (S.M.); (V.M.); (N.R.); (A.S.); (F.T.); (R.V.); (M.C.)
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8
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Haake C, Cook S, Pusterla N, Murphy B. Coronavirus Infections in Companion Animals: Virology, Epidemiology, Clinical and Pathologic Features. Viruses 2020; 12:E1023. [PMID: 32933150 PMCID: PMC7551689 DOI: 10.3390/v12091023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses capable of causing respiratory, enteric, or systemic diseases in a variety of mammalian hosts that vary in clinical severity from subclinical to fatal. The host range and tissue tropism are largely determined by the coronaviral spike protein, which initiates cellular infection by promoting fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. Companion animal coronaviruses responsible for causing enteric infection include feline enteric coronavirus, ferret enteric coronavirus, canine enteric coronavirus, equine coronavirus, and alpaca enteric coronavirus, while canine respiratory coronavirus and alpaca respiratory coronavirus result in respiratory infection. Ferret systemic coronavirus and feline infectious peritonitis virus, a mutated feline enteric coronavirus, can lead to lethal immuno-inflammatory systemic disease. Recent human viral pandemics, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and most recently, COVID-19, all thought to originate from bat coronaviruses, demonstrate the zoonotic potential of coronaviruses and their potential to have devastating impacts. A better understanding of the coronaviruses of companion animals, their capacity for cross-species transmission, and the sharing of genetic information may facilitate improved prevention and control strategies for future emerging zoonotic coronaviruses. This article reviews the clinical, epidemiologic, virologic, and pathologic characteristics of nine important coronaviruses of companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Haake
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sarah Cook
- Graduate Group Integrative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Brian Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
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9
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Rosa GM, Santos N, Grøndahl-Rosado R, Fonseca FP, Tavares L, Neto I, Cartaxeiro C, Duarte A. Unveiling patterns of viral pathogen infection in free-ranging carnivores of northern Portugal using a complementary methodological approach. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 69:101432. [PMID: 32062189 PMCID: PMC7112655 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen surveillance in free-ranging carnivores presents challenges due to their low densitie and secretive nature. We combined molecular and serological assays to investigate infections by viral pathogens (Canine parvovirus (CPV), Canine distemper virus (CDV) and Canine coronavirus (CCoV)) in Portuguese carnivores (Canis lupus, Vulpes vulpes, Lutra lutra, Martes foina, M. martes, Meles meles, and Genetta genetta) over a period of 16 years. Additionally we explored spatio-temporal patterns of virus occurrence in Canis lupus. Our study identified CPV DNA in all carnivore species with an overall prevalence of 91.9 %. CPV was detected in all sampled years and seasons in Canis lupus, supporting its enzootic nature. CDV RNA was mainly detected in the Canidae family, with viral nucleic acid recorded between 2005 and 2008 with a peak prevalence of 67 % among the wolf population, followed by a sharp decline, suggesting an epizootic behaviour of the virus. Antibodies show that mustelids and viverrids were often exposed to CDV. CCoV was first recorded by molecular methods in wolf samples in 2002, remaining in the wolf populations with marked fluctuations over time. The dual serological and molecular approach provided important epidemiological data on pathogens of wild carnivores in Portugal. These programmes should also include monitoring of other potential reservoir hosts such as domestic cats and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo M Rosa
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK; Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C), Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Nuno Santos
- CIBIO/InBIO - Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Grøndahl-Rosado
- Life Sciences Solutions - Thermo Fisher Scientific, P.O. Box 114, Smestad, 0309 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Francisco Petrucci Fonseca
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C), Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Luis Tavares
- CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Tecnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Neto
- CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Tecnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Clara Cartaxeiro
- CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Tecnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ana Duarte
- CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Tecnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Ciucci P, Mancinelli S, Boitani L, Gallo O, Grottoli L. Anthropogenic food subsidies hinder the ecological role of wolves: Insights for conservation of apex predators in human-modified landscapes. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Molnar B, Ciucci P, Mastrantonio G, Betschart B. Correlates of parasites and pseudoparasites in wolves ( Canis lupus) across continents: A comparison among Yellowstone (USA), Abruzzo (IT) and Mercantour (FR) national parks. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2019; 10:196-206. [PMID: 31667082 PMCID: PMC6812024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the impact of infectious diseases on large carnivores. We investigated factors structuring the helminth and protozoan infections of wolves (Canis lupus) by using coprological analyses. Faecal samples (n = 342) were analysed from 11 wolf packs belonging to three different geographical and ecological settings in Italy (Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise National Park, PNALM: 4 packs, 88 samples), in France (Mercantour National Park, PNM: 4 packs, 68 samples) and in the U.S.A. (Yellowstone National Park, YNP: 3 packs, 186 samples). Parasites were found in 29.4%-88.6% of the samples and parasite taxa ranged from four to ten in each study area. Taeniidae (Taenia/Echinococcus), Sarcocystis spp. and Toxascaris leonina were most common in faecal samples from YNP, whereas Capillaria spp., Taeniidae and Uncinaria stenocephala were predominant in PNALM. We used generalised linear mixed models to assess the relationship between parasite infection or the number of parasite taxa and selected ecological drivers across study areas. Significant effects illustrated the importance of the ecological factors such as occurrence of free-ranging dogs, diet composition and wolf density, as well as the ancestry of the wolf populations, in shaping parasite-wolf communities. Additional investigations are needed to elucidate the impact of parasitic infections on wolf populations, as well as the role of anthropogenic factors in facilitating parasitic diffusion to apex predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Molnar
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Ciucci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University, Viale Dell’ Università, 32 I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Gianluca Mastrantonio
- Department of Mathematics (DISMA), G. L. Lagrange, Politecnico di Torino, Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, I- 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Bruno Betschart
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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12
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Di Francesco CE, Smoglica C, Paoletti B, Angelucci S, Innocenti M, Antonucci A, Di Domenico G, Marsilio F. Detection of selected pathogens in Apennine wolf ( Canis lupus italicus) by a non-invasive GPS-based telemetry sampling of two packs from Majella National Park, Italy. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2019; 65:84. [PMID: 32214950 PMCID: PMC7088344 DOI: 10.1007/s10344-019-1326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a multi-pathogens survey was conducted to verify the sanitary status of two Italian wolf packs of Majella National Park. Twenty fecal samples (10/pack) were collected using a sampling protocol, based on the combining data from radio-collared wolves with geographic information system (GIS) analysis, allowing to mark off the home range of packs and to recover group-specific and high-quality specimens. Virological screening against the most prevalent canine viruses (protoparvovirus, distemper virus, adenoviruses, and coronaviruses) was carried out by molecular methods, while parasites were detected by means of copromicroscopic and molecular analysis. Canine parvovirus type 2b (CPV-2b) is the most prevalent virus in both packs (7/20), followed by canine adenovirus type 2 (CAdV-2), while no sequences of canine distemper virus and coronaviruses were detected. The sequence analysis of the viruses demonstrated the domestic origin of the infection, highlighting the importance of vaccination of local dogs in order to reduce the risk of exposure of wildlife to these pathogens. Fourteen samples resulted positive for parasites. Capillaria aerophila (sin. Eucoleus aerophilus), Ancylostoma/Uncinaria, Trichuris vulpis eggs, Sarcocystis spp., Cystoisospora canis, and Angiostrongylus vasorum larvae were identified. Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (ovine genotype G1) and Giardia duodenalis(canid-specific Assemblage C) were also characterized, providing insights into the wolves' diet and their effects on environmental contamination. The sampling protocol applied in this study, based on a multidisciplinary approach, represents an innovative tool for the survey of Apennine wolf, able to integrate sanitary data with the ecological and demographic features of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina E Di Francesco
- 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano D'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Camilla Smoglica
- 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano D'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Barbara Paoletti
- 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano D'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Fulvio Marsilio
- 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano D'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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Identification of Pantropic Canine Coronavirus in a Wolf ( Canis lupus italicus) in Italy. J Wildl Dis 2018; 55:504-508. [PMID: 30376395 DOI: 10.7589/2018-07-182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a case in an Italian wolf ( Canis lupus italicus) of pantropic canine coronavirus infection, which has previously been detected only in dogs. The wolf was coinfected by canine parvovirus type 2b and canine adenovirus type 2, which highlighted the crucial role of epidemiologic surveys in European wild carnivores.
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Molnar B, Fattebert J, Palme R, Ciucci P, Betschart B, Smith DW, Diehl PA. Environmental and Intrinsic Correlates of Stress in Free-Ranging Wolves. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137378. [PMID: 26398784 PMCID: PMC4580640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When confronted with a stressor, animals react with several physiological and behavioral responses. Although sustained or repeated stress can result in severe deleterious physiological effects, the causes of stress in free-ranging animals are yet poorly documented. In our study, we aimed at identifying the main factors affecting stress levels in free-ranging wolves (Canis lupus). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used fecal cortisol metabolites (FCM) as an index of stress, after validating the method for its application in wolves. We analyzed a total of 450 fecal samples from eleven wolf packs belonging to three protected populations, in Italy (Abruzzo), France (Mercantour), and the United States (Yellowstone). We collected samples during two consecutive winters in each study area. We found no relationship between FCM concentrations and age, sex or social status of individuals. At the group level, our results suggest that breeding pair permanency and the loss of pack members through processes different from dispersal may importantly impact stress levels in wolves. We measured higher FCM levels in comparatively small packs living in sympatry with a population of free-ranging dogs. Lastly, our results indicate that FCM concentrations are associated with endoparasitic infections of individuals. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In social mammals sharing strong bonds among group members, the death of one or several members of the group most likely induces important stress in the remainder of the social unit. The potential impact of social and territorial stability on stress levels should be further investigated in free-ranging populations, especially in highly social and in territorial species. As persistent or repeated stressors may facilitate or induce pathologies and physiological alterations that can affect survival and fitness, we advocate considering the potential impact of anthropogenic causes of stress in management and conservation programs regarding wolves and other wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Molnar
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julien Fattebert
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences/Unit of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Experimental Endocrinology, Vetmeduni, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paolo Ciucci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, University “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italy
| | - Bruno Betschart
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Douglas W. Smith
- Yellowstone Center of Resources, National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Peter-Allan Diehl
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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