Implementation of an Immediate HIV Treatment Initiation Program in a Public/Academic Medical Center in the U.S. South: The Miami Test and Treat Rapid Response Program

Improving access to HIV care among people who inject drugs through tele-harm reduction: a qualitative analysis of perceived discrimination and stigma

BACKGROUND

Tele-harm reduction (THR) is a telehealth-enhanced, peer-led, harm reduction intervention delivered within a trusted syringe services program (SSP) venue. The primary goal of THR is to facilitate linkage to care and rapid, enduring virologic suppression among people who inject drugs (PWID) with HIV. An SSP in Miami, Florida, developed THR to circumvent pervasive stigma within the traditional healthcare system.

METHODS

During intervention development, we conducted in-depth interviews with PWID with HIV (n = 25) to identify barriers and facilitators to care via THR. We employed a general inductive approach to transcripts guided by iterative readings of the raw data to derive the concepts, themes, and interpretations of the THR intervention.

RESULTS

Of the 25 PWID interviewed, 15 were in HIV care and adherent to medication; 4 were in HIV care but non-adherent; and 6 were not in care. Themes that emerged from the qualitative analysis included the trust and confidence PWID have with SSP clinicians as opposed to professionals within the traditional healthcare system. Several barriers to treatment were reported among PWID, including perceived and actual discrimination by friends and family, negative internalized behaviors, denial of HIV status, and fear of engaging in care. Facilitators to HIV care included empathy and respect by SSP staff, flexibility of telehealth location, and an overall destigmatizing approach.

CONCLUSION

PWID identified barriers and facilitators to receipt of HIV care through the THR intervention. Interviews helped inform THR intervention development, centered on PWID in the destigmatizing environment of an SSP.

Rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy in Turkey: a modeling study

Background

To effectively control the HIV epidemic and meet global targets, policymakers recommend the rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Our study aims to investigate the effect of rapid ART programs on individuals diagnosed with HIV, considering varying coverage and initiation days after diagnosis, and compare it to standard-of-care ART treatment in Turkey.

Methods

We used a dynamic compartmental model to simulate the dynamics of HIV infection in Turkey. Rapid treatment, defined as initiation of ART within 7 days of diagnosis, was contrasted with standard-of-care treatment, which starts within 30 days of diagnosis. This study considered three coverage levels (10%, 50%, and 90%) and two rapid periods (7 and 14 days after diagnosis), comparing them to standard-of-care treatment in evaluating the number of HIV infections between 2020 and 2030.

Results

Annual HIV incidence and prevalence for a 10-year period were obtained from model projections. In the absence of a rapid ART program, the model projected approximately 444,000 new HIV cases while the number of cases were reduced to 345,000 (22% reduction) with 90% of diagnosed cases included in the rapid ART program. Similarly, 10% and 50% rapid ART coverage has resulted in 3% and 13% reduction in HIV prevalence over a 10-year period.

Conclusion

Rapid ART demonstrates the potential to mitigate the increasing HIV incidence in Turkey by reducing the number of infections. The benefit of the rapid ART program could be substantial when the coverage of the program reaches above a certain percentage of diagnosed population.

Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Linkage to HIV Care Interventions in the United States, Canada, and Ukraine (2010-2021)

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions targeting linkage to HIV care in the US, Canada, and Europe. We searched six databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and CINAHL). Inclusion criteria were English language studies in adults in the US, Canada, or Europe, published January 1, 2010 to January 1, 2021. We synthesized interventions by type and linkage to care outcome. The outcome was cumulative incidence of 3-month linkage. We estimated cumulative incidence ratios of linkage with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We screened 945 studies; 13 met selection criteria (n = 1 from Canada, n = 1 from Ukraine, n = 11 from the US) and were included after full text review (total 37,549 individuals). The cumulative incidence of 3-month linkage in the intervention group was 0.82 (95% CI 0.68-0.94) and control group 0.71 (95% CI 0.50-0.90); cIR of linkage for intervention versus control was 1.30 (95% CI 1.13, 1.49). Interventions to improve linkage to care after HIV diagnosis warrant further attention.

Lessons learned from U.S. rapid antiretroviral therapy initiation programs

BACKGROUND

Rapid antiretroviral therapy initiation (R-ART) for treatment of HIV has been recommended since 2017, however it has not been adopted widely across the US.

PURPOSE

The study purpose was to understand facilitators and barriers to R-ART implementation in the U.S.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This was a qualitative design involving semi-structured interviews.

STUDY SAMPLE

The study sample was comprised of the medical leadership of nine US HIV clinics that were early implementers of R-ART.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

In-depth, semi-structured interviews were performed. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) was used to guide thematic analysis.

RESULTS

We identified three main content areas: strong scientific rationale for R-ART, buy-in from multiple key stakeholders, and the condensed timeline of R-ART. The CFIR construct of Evidence Strength and Quality was cited as an important factor in R-ART implementation. Buy-in from key stakeholders and immediate access to medications ensured the success of R-ART implementation. Patient acceptance of the condensed timeline for ART initiation was facilitated when presented in a patient-centered manner, including empathetic communication and addressing other patient needs concurrently. The condensed timeline of R-ART presented logistical challenges and opportunities for the development of intense patient-provider relationships.

CONCLUSIONS

Results from the analysis showed that R-ART implementation should address the following: 1) logistical planning to implement HIV treatment with a condensed timeline 2) patients' mixed reactions to a new HIV diagnosis and 3) the high cost of HIV medications.

Outcomes and Predictors of Rapid Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation for People With Newly Diagnosed HIV in an Integrated Health Care System

Background

Rapid antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the recommended treatment strategy for patients newly diagnosed with HIV, but the literature supporting this strategy has focused on short-term outcomes. We examined both long-term outcomes and predictors of rapid ART among patients newly diagnosed with HIV within an integrated health care system in Northern California.

Methods

This observational cohort study included adults newly diagnosed with HIV between January 2015 and December 2020 at Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Rapid ART was defined as ART initiation within 7 days of HIV diagnosis. We collected demographic and clinical data to determine short-term and long-term outcomes, including viral suppression, care retention, medication adherence, and cumulative viral burden. Logistic regression models were used to identify predictors of rapid ART initiation.

Results

We enrolled 1409 adults; 34.1% initiated rapid ART. The rapid ART group achieved viral suppression faster (48 vs 77 days; P < .001) and experienced lower cumulative viral burden (log10 viremia copy-years, 3.63 vs 3.82; P < .01) but had slightly reduced medication adherence (74.8% vs 75.2%; P < .01). There was no improvement in long-term viral suppression and care retention in the rapid group during follow-up. Patients were more likely to initiate rapid ART after 2017 and were less likely if they required an interpreter.

Conclusions

Patients who received rapid ART had an improved cumulative HIV burden but no long-term improvement in care retention and viral suppression. Our findings suggest that rapid ART should be offered but additional interventions may be needed for patients newly diagnosed with HIV.

Immediate initiation of antiretroviral treatment: knowledge, attitudes, and practices among clinic staff in New York City

BACKGROUND

Immediate initiation of antiretroviral treatment (iART) is a proven intervention that significantly decreases time to viral suppression and increases patient retention. iART involves starting medication as early as possible, often after a reactive rapid HIV test or re-engagement in care, although it does not have a universal definition. We aimed to understand iART from an implementation science perspective in a wide range of New York City (NYC) clinics providing HIV primary care, including staff knowledge, attitudes, and practices, as well as clinic barriers and facilitators to iART.

METHODS

We used a mixed-methods, convergent study design, with a quantitative survey and in-depth interview (IDI), to understand individual-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices, as well as clinic-level barriers and facilitators to iART. We recruited at least one medical and non-medical staff member from a diverse purposive sample of 30 NYC clinics. In quantitative analyses, we used separate binomial logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). In qualitative analyses, we used codebooks created by thematic analyses structured using a Framework Model to develop descriptive analytic memos.

RESULTS

Recruited staff completed 46 surveys and 17 IDIs. We found high levels of awareness of the viral suppression and retention in care benefits of iART. Survey respondents more commonly reported medication starts within three to four days of a reactive rapid HIV test rather than same-day initiation. Among survey respondents, compared to medical staff, non-medical staff were more likely to agree that medication should only be initiated after receiving confirmatory HIV test results (OR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.06-0.8). Additionally, survey respondents from clinics serving a majority people of color were less likely to report iART on the same day as a reactive rapid HIV test (OR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.02-1.0, p-value < 0.5). IDI results elucidated barriers to implementation, including perceived patient readiness, which potentially leads to added disparities in iART access.

CONCLUSION

iART has proven benefits and support for its implementation among HIV clinic staff. Our findings indicate that barriers to expanding iART access may be overcome if implementation resources are allocated strategically, which can further progress towards health equity.

Rapid start antiretroviral therapies for improved engagement in HIV care: implementation science evaluation protocol

BACKGROUND

In 2020, the Health Resources and Services Administration's HIV/AIDS Bureau funded an initiative to promote implementation of rapid antiretroviral therapy initiation in 14 HIV treatment settings across the U.S. The goal of this initiative is to accelerate uptake of this evidence-based strategy and provide an implementation blueprint for other HIV care settings to reduce the time from HIV diagnosis to entry into care, for re-engagement in care for those out of care, initiation of treatment, and viral suppression. As part of the effort, an evaluation and technical assistance provider (ETAP) was funded to study implementation of the model in the 14 implementation sites.

METHOD

The ETAP has used implementation science methods framed by the Dynamic Capabilities Model integrated with the Conceptual Model of Implementation Research to develop a Hybrid Type II, multi-site mixed-methods evaluation, described in this paper. The results of the evaluation will describe strategies associated with uptake, implementation outcomes, and HIV-related health outcomes for patients.

DISCUSSION

This approach will allow us to understand in detail the processes that sites to implement and integrate rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy as standard of care as a means of achieving equity in HIV care.

Project T-SHARP: study protocol for a multi-site randomized controlled trial of tele-harm reduction for people with HIV who inject drugs

BACKGROUND

The resurgence of HIV outbreaks and rising prevalence among people who inject drugs (PWID) remain exigent obstacles to Ending the HIV Epidemic in the USA. Adapting a low threshold, comprehensive treatment model for PWID with HIV can leverage syringe services programs (SSPs) to increase availability and accessibility of antiretrovirals (ART), medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), and hepatitis C cure. We developed Tele-Harm Reduction, a telehealth-enhanced, harm reduction intervention delivered within an SSP venue.

METHODS

The T-SHARP trial is an open-label, multi-site, randomized controlled superiority trial with two parallel treatment arms. Participants (n=240) recruited from SSPs in Miami, Ft. Lauderdale, and Tampa, Florida, who are PWID with uncontrolled HIV (i.e., HIV RNA>200) will be randomized to Tele-Harm Reduction or off-site linkage to HIV care. The primary objective is to compare the efficacy of Tele-Harm Reduction for initiation of ART at SSPs vs. off-site linkage to an HIV clinic with respect to viral suppression across follow-up (suppression at 3, 6, and 12 months post randomization). Participants with HIV RNA<200 copies/ml will be considered virally suppressed. The primary trial outcome is time-averaged HIV viral suppression (HIV RNA <200 copies/ml) over 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes include initiation of MOUD measured by urine drug screen and HCV cure, defined as achieving 12-week sustained virologic response (negative HCV RNA at 12 weeks post treatment completion). A cost-effectiveness analysis will be performed.

DISCUSSION

The T-SHARP Trial will be the first to our knowledge to test the efficacy of an innovative telehealth intervention with PWID with uncontrolled HIV delivered via an SSP to support HIV viral suppression. Tele-Harm Reduction is further facilitated by a peer to support adherence and bridge the digital divide. This innovative, flipped healthcare model sets aside the traditional healthcare system, reduces multi-level barriers to care, and meets PWID where they are. The T-SHARP trial is a pragmatic clinical trial that seeks to transform the way that PWID access HIV care and improve HIV clinical outcomes.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05208697. Trial registry name: Tele-Harm Reduction. Registration date: January 26, 2022.

Multilevel Determinants of Rapid Antiretroviral Treatment Implementation and Demand in Miami-Dade County

BACKGROUND

Rapidly linking newly diagnosed HIV patients to antiretroviral treatment (ART) is the best practice for achieving optimal treatment outcomes, including viral suppression. However, rapid ART implementation varies throughout the United States, highlighting the importance of identifying rapid ART implementation determinants in US HIV epicenters, such as Miami-Dade County (MDC).

METHODS

Clinic focus groups (N = 4 clinics) and patient interviews (N = 31 recently diagnosed patients) systematically and qualitatively assessed rapid ART implementation determinants in MDC. Independent coders analyzed focus groups and interviews using a directed content analysis approach guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research.

RESULTS

For clinic stakeholders, key rapid ART implementation determinants included the following: complexity and adaptability (innovation characteristics); networks between clinics and patient needs rooted in structural inequities (outer setting); leadership and available resources (inner setting); staff/provider flexibility (characteristics of individuals); and appointing patient navigators and champions (process). For patients, key determinants included complexity and relative advantage of rapid treatment (innovation characteristics); patient needs and clinic networks (outer setting); provider knowledge and skills (inner setting); provider warmth and affirmation (characteristics of individuals); and need for improved outreach (process).

CONCLUSIONS

Multilevel factors impact clinic implementation and patient demand for rapid ART in MDC. Informed by these factors, we identified potential implementation strategies to enhance rapid ART implementation throughout MDC. These implementation strategies can be tested in an implementation trial, enhancing the toolkit of strategies to ensure that evidence-based tools, particularly rapid ART, are readily available to the most impacted communities.

Comprehensive Process Mapping and Qualitative Interviews to Inform Implementation of Rapid Linkage to HIV Care Programs in a Mid-Sized Urban Setting in the Southern United States

BACKGROUND

Rapid antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation, in which people living with HIV start ART within days of diagnosis, is a key component of the US Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative.

SETTING

The Memphis Metropolitan Statistical Area ranked fourth in the United States for the highest HIV incidence per 100,000 population in 2018. Rapid ART programs are limited in the Memphis Metropolitan Statistical Area, and our objective was to identify local implementation barriers.

METHODS

We conducted participatory process mapping and in-depth interviews to detail steps between HIV testing at the municipal health department's Sexually Transmitted Infections Clinic and ART prescription from a nearby high-volume Ryan White-funded HIV Clinic.

RESULTS

Process mapping identified 4 modifiable, rate-limiting rapid ART barriers: (1) requiring laboratory-based confirmatory HIV results, (2) eligibility documentation requirements for Ryan White-funded services, (3) insufficient HIV Clinic medical provider availability, and (4) variability in ART initiation timing among HIV Clinic providers. Staff at both sites highlighted suboptimal communication and sense of shared management between facilities, limited resources to address important social determinants of health, and lack of Medicaid expansion in Tennessee as key barriers. In-depth interview themes negatively affecting rapid ART initiation included clinic burden; provider knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs; and client psychosocial needs.

CONCLUSIONS

Our preimplementation work identified modifiable and systemic barriers to systems flow and patient-level outcomes. This work will inform the design and implementation of a locally relevant rapid ART program in Memphis, a community disproportionately affected by the HIV epidemic.

Same-day antiretroviral therapy initiation for people living with HIV who have tuberculosis symptoms: a systematic review

OBJECTIVES

Tuberculosis symptoms are very common among people living with HIV (PLHIV) initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART), are not specific for tuberculosis disease and may result in delayed ART start. The risks and benefits of same-day ART initiation in PLHIV with tuberculosis symptoms are unknown.

METHODS

We systematically reviewed nine databases on 12 March 2020 to identify studies that investigated same-day ART initiation among PLHIV with tuberculosis symptoms and reported both their approach to TB screening and clinical outcomes. We extracted and summarized data about TB screening, numbers of people starting same-day ART and outcomes.

RESULTS

We included four studies. Two studies deferred ART for everyone with any tuberculosis symptoms (one or more of cough, fever, night sweats or weight loss) and substantial numbers of people had deferred ART start (28% and 39% did not start same-day ART). Two studies permitted some people with tuberculosis symptoms to start same-day ART, and fewer people deferred ART (2% and 16% did not start same-day). Two of the four studies were conducted sequentially; proven viral load suppression at 8 months was 31% when everyone with tuberculosis symptoms had ART deferred, and 44% when the algorithm was changed so that some people with tuberculosis symptoms could start same-day ART.

CONCLUSIONS

Although tuberculosis symptoms are very common in people starting ART, there is insufficient evidence about whether presence of tuberculosis symptoms should lead to ART start being deferred or not. Research to inform clear guidelines would help to maximise the benefits of same-day ART.

A Qualitative Study of the Experience of Immediate Antiretroviral Therapy Among Urban Persons With Newly Diagnosed Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Background

Guidelines recommend immediate antiretroviral therapy (ART) at or shortly after human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis, yet little is known about how people living with HIV (PLWH) experience this treatment strategy, including racial/ethnic minorities, cisgender/transgender women, and those with housing instability.

Methods

To assess the acceptability of immediate ART offer among urban PLWH, understand how this approach affects the lived experience of HIV diagnosis, and explore reasons for declining immediate ART, we conducted a cross-sectional qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with individuals who had been offered immediate ART after HIV diagnosis at a safety-net HIV clinic in San Francisco and a federally qualified health center in Chicago. Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results

Among 40 participants with age range 19-52 years, 27% of whom were cisgender/transgender women or gender-queer, 85% racial/ethnic minority, and 45% homeless/unstably housed, we identified 3 major themes: (1) Individuals experienced immediate ART encounters as supportive; (2) individuals viewed immediate ART as sensible; and (3) immediate ART offered emotional relief by offsetting fears of death and providing agency over one's health. Reasons for declining immediate ART ranged from simply needing a few more days to complex interactions of logistical and psychosocial barriers.

Conclusions

Immediate ART was highly acceptable to urban persons with newly diagnosed HIV infection. Immediate ART was viewed as a natural next step after HIV diagnosis and provided a sense of control over one's health, mitigating anxiety over a decline in physical health. As such, immediate ART somewhat eased but in no way obviated the psychosocial challenges of HIV diagnosis.

Acceptability, feasibility, and pilot results of the tele-harm reduction intervention for rapid initiation of antiretrovirals among people who inject drugs

BACKGROUND

People who inject drugs (PWID) have been a marginalized and a stigmatized population since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic and have not experienced the same life-changing benefits of antiretroviral therapy as others. Tele-Harm Reduction (THR) is a telehealth-enhanced, harm reduction intervention, delivered within a trusted SSP venue. It aims to facilitate initiation of care and achieve rapid HIV viral suppression among PWID living with HIV.

METHODS

In this mixed-methods study, we employed the Practical, Robust, Implementation and Sustainability Model (PRISM) implementation science framework to identify multilevel barriers and facilitators to implementing the THR intervention. Focus groups (n = 2, 16 participants), stakeholder interviews (n = 7) and in-depth interviews were conducted with PWID living with HIV (n = 25). In addition, to assess feasibility and acceptability, we pilot tested the THR intervention and reported viral suppression at 6 months.

RESULTS

Focus groups and stakeholder interviews revealed system and organizational level barriers to implementation including requirements for identification and in person visits, waiting times, stigma, case management inexperience, multiple electronic health records, and billing. A potential facilitator was using telehealth for case management and initial provider visit. In the in depth interviews conducted with PWID living with HIV, participants expressed that the SSP creates a convenient, comfortable, confidential environment for delivering multiple, non-stigmatizing PWID-specific services. 35 PWID living with HIV were enrolled in the pilot study, 35 initiated antiretroviral therapy, and 25 (78.1%) were virally suppressed at six months.

CONCLUSION

Rooted in harm reduction, the THR intervention shows promise in being an acceptable and feasible intervention that may facilitate engagement in HIV care and viral suppression among PWID.

Decreased Time to Viral Suppression After Implementation of Targeted Testing and Immediate Initiation of Treatment of Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Amsterdam

BACKGROUND

Men who have sex with men (MSM) with acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (AHI) are a key source of new infections. To curb transmission, we implemented a strategy for rapid AHI diagnosis and immediate initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in Amsterdam MSM. We assessed its effectiveness in diagnosing AHI and decreasing the time to viral suppression.

METHODS

We included 63 278 HIV testing visits in 2008-2017, during which 1013 MSM were diagnosed. Standard of care (SOC) included HIV diagnosis confirmation in < 1 week and cART initiation in < 1 month. The AHI strategy comprised same-visit diagnosis confirmation and immediate cART. Time from diagnosis to viral suppression was assessed for 3 cART initiation periods: (1) 2008-2011: cART initiation if CD4 < 500 cells/μL (SOC); (2) January 2012-July 2015: cART initiation if CD4 < 500 cells/μL, or if AHI or early HIV infection (SOC); and (3a) August 2015-June 2017: universal cART initiation (SOC) or (3b) August 2015-June 2017 (the AHI strategy).

RESULTS

Before implementation of the AHI strategy, the proportion of AHI among HIV diagnoses was 0.6% (5/876); after implementation this was 11.0% (15/137). Median time (in days) to viral suppression during periods 1, 2, 3a, and 3b was 584 (interquartile range [IQR], 267-1065), 230 (IQR, 132-480), 95 (IQR, 63-136), and 55 (IQR, 31-72), respectively (P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

Implementing the AHI strategy was successful in diagnosing AHI and significantly decreasing the time between HIV diagnosis and viral suppression.

Care Facilitation Advances Movement Along the Hepatitis C Care Continuum for Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis C, and Substance Use: A Randomized Clinical Trial (CTN-0064)

Background

Direct-acting antivirals can cure hepatitis C virus (HCV). Persons with HCV/HIV and living with substance use are disadvantaged in benefiting from advances in HCV treatment.

Methods

In this randomized controlled trial, participants with HCV/HIV were randomized between February 2016 and January 2017 to either care facilitation or control. Twelve-month follow-up assessments were completed in January 2018.

Care facilitation group participants received motivation and strengths-based case management addressing retrieval of HCV viral load results, engagement in HCV/HIV care, and medication adherence. Control group participants received referral to HCV evaluation and an offer of assistance in making care appointments. Primary outcome was number of steps achieved along a series of 8 clinical steps (eg, receiving HCV results, initiating treatment, sustained virologic response [SVR]) of the HCV/HIV care continuum over 12 months postrandomization.

Results

Three hundred eighty-one individuals were screened and 113 randomized. Median age was 51 years; 58.4% of participants were male and 72.6% were Black/African American. Median HIV-1 viral load was 27 209 copies/mL, with 69% having a detectable viral load. Mean number of steps completed was statistically significantly higher in the intervention group vs controls (2.44 vs 1.68 steps; χ ² [1] = 7.36, P = .0067). Men in the intervention group completed a statistically significantly higher number of steps than controls. Eleven participants achieved SVR with no difference by treatment group.

Conclusions

The care facilitation intervention increased progress along the HCV/HIV care continuum, as observed for men and not women. Study findings also highlight continued challenges to achieve individual-patient SVR and population-level HCV elimination.

Clinical Trials Registration

NCT02641158.

Sobieszczyk M, Olender S, Gordon P, Zucker J, Tross S, Castor D, H. Remien R. Immediate Antiretroviral Therapy: The Need for a Health Equity Approach

Immediate antiretroviral therapy (iART), defined as same-day initiation of ART or as soon as possible after diagnosis, has recently been recommended by global and national clinical care guidelines for patients newly diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Based on San Francisco’s Rapid ART Program Initiative for HIV Diagnoses (RAPID) model, most iART programs in the US condense ART initiation, insurance acquisition, housing assessment, and mental health and substance use evaluation into an initial visit. However, the RAPID model does not explicitly address structural racism and homophobia, HIV-related stigma, medical mistrust, and other important factors at the time of diagnosis experienced more poignantly by African American, Latinx, men who have sex with men (MSM), and transgender patient populations. These factors negatively impact initial and subsequent HIV care engagement and exacerbate significant health disparities along the HIV care continuum. While iART has improved time to viral suppression and linkage to care rates, its association with retention in care and viral suppression, particularly in vulnerable populations, remains controversial. Considering that in the US the HIV epidemic is sharply defined by healthcare disparities, we argue that incorporating an explicit health equity approach into the RAPID model is vital to ensure those who disproportionately bear the burden of HIV are not left behind.