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Sulzbach A, Mallmann D, Silva FR, Ferla NJ, da Silva GL, Johann L. In vitro evaluation of the response of Dermanyssus gallinae to products in aqueous suspension. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2022; 86:201-209. [PMID: 35142955 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-022-00697-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The hematophagous mite Dermanyssus gallinae poses a serious sanitary problem in the Brazilian laying poultry industry. Its control is typically performed with acaricides, either in powder or liquid form. However, the intensive use of these products has caused populations of this species to develop tolerance and even resistance. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the response of eggs and adults of D. gallinae to products in aqueous suspension according to commercial indication and as per the recommendations of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply. The study used four acaricide products (product 1: cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, and piperonyl butoxide; product 2: alkyl-benzyl-dimethyl ammonium chloride, glutaraldehyde, deltamethrin; product 3: dichlorvos; product 4: fluralaner) tested in vitro using the contact method. Distilled water was used in the control group. The effectiveness of each of the products differed significantly between eggs and adults. Products 2, 3, and 4 caused 100% of adult mortality up to day 5 after start of treatment, product 1 97.5%. The corrected mortality (non-viability) of eggs was 21.4% (product 1) 39.4% (product 2), 47.8% (product 3), and 14.4% (product 4). Although the products evaluated were effective against adults of D. gallinae, their effectiveness against eggs was lower under the same conditions. This finding might be directly related to frequent D. gallinae reinfestations in poultry houses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Sulzbach
- Laboratório de Acarologia, Tecnovates, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Av. Avelino Talini, 171, prédio 21, sala 106, Bairro Universitário, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, 95914-014, Brazil.
| | - Daniele Mallmann
- Laboratório de Acarologia, Tecnovates, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Av. Avelino Talini, 171, prédio 21, sala 106, Bairro Universitário, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, 95914-014, Brazil
| | | | - Noeli Juarez Ferla
- Laboratório de Acarologia, Tecnovates, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Av. Avelino Talini, 171, prédio 21, sala 106, Bairro Universitário, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, 95914-014, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Liberato da Silva
- Laboratório de Acarologia, Tecnovates, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Av. Avelino Talini, 171, prédio 21, sala 106, Bairro Universitário, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, 95914-014, Brazil
| | - Liana Johann
- Laboratório de Acarologia, Tecnovates, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Av. Avelino Talini, 171, prédio 21, sala 106, Bairro Universitário, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, 95914-014, Brazil
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Koç N, İnak E, Nalbantoğlu S, Alpkent YN, Dermauw W, Van Leeuwen T. Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of acaricide resistance in Dermanyssus gallinae populations from Turkey. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 180:104985. [PMID: 34955178 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, is the most important blood sucking ectoparasite of egg laying hens and causes economic losses in poultry farms worldwide. Although various management methods exist, the control of poultry red mites (PRMs) mainly relies on acaricides such as pyrethroids and organophosphates (OPs) in many regions of the world. However, repeated use of these synthetic chemicals has resulted in resistance development causing control failure of PRM. In this study, we investigated acaricide resistance mechanisms of Turkish PRM populations. First, we obtained the COI sequence from 30 PRM populations from different regions in Turkey and identified four different COI haplotypes. Toxicity assays showed that four field-collected PRM populations were highly resistant to the pyrethroid alpha-cypermethrin, with resistance ratios (RRs) varying between 100- and 400-fold, while two of these populations had a RR of more than 24-fold against the OP acaricide phoxim. Biochemical assays showed a relatively higher activity of glutathione-S-transferases and carboxyl-cholinesterases, two well-known classes of detoxification enzymes, in one of these resistant populations. In addition, we also screened for mutations in the gene encoding the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) and acetylcholinesterase 1 (ace-1), the target-site of pyrethroids and OPs, respectively. In all but two PRM populations, at least one vgsc mutation was detected. A total of four target-site mutations, previously associated with pyrethroid resistance, M918T, T929I, F1534L, F1538L were found in domain II and III of the VGSC. The T929I mutation was present in the vgsc of almost all PRM populations, while the other mutations were only found at low frequency. The G119S/A mutation in ace-1, previously associated with OP resistance, was found in PRM for the first time and present in fourteen populations. Last, both alive and dead PRMs were genotyped after pesticide exposure and supported the possible role of target-site mutations, T929I and G119S, in alpha-cypermethrin and phoxim resistance, respectively. To conclude, our study provides a current overview of resistance levels and resistance mutations in Turkish PRM populations and might aid in the design of an effective resistance management program of PRM in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiye Koç
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Diskapi 06110, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre İnak
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Diskapi 06110, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serpil Nalbantoğlu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Diskapi 06110, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasin Nazım Alpkent
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Directorate of Plant Protection Central Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Yenimahalle 06172, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, 8920 Merelbeke, Belgium; Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Fumigant activity of essential oils from Cinnamomum and Citrus spp. and pure compounds against Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer) (Acari: Dermanyssidae) and toxicity toward the nontarget organism Beauveria bassiana (Vuill.). Vet Parasitol 2021; 290:109341. [PMID: 33472157 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dermanyssus gallinae(De Geer) (Acari: Dermanyssidae) is the main ectoparasite associated with laying poultry. This mite is commonly controlled by the application of synthetic chemical insecticides, wich lead to the selection of resistant populations and formation of residues in eggs. Thus, new molecules must be developed to control D. gallinae. This work evaluated the toxicity of essential oils (EOs) from Cinnamomum cassia, Cinnamomum camphora, Cinnamomum camphora var. linalooliferum, Citrus aurantium, Citrus aurantium var. bergamia, Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus reticulata var. tangerine against D. gallinae. Additionally, the chemical profiles of the most bioactive EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the major compounds were subjected to new tests using D. gallinae. The most toxic EOs against D. gallinae were evaluated for the nontarget entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Unioeste 88). The EOs from C. cassia (LC50 = 25.43 ± 1.0423 μg/cm3) and C. camphora var. linalooliferum (LC50 = 39.84 ± 1.9635 μg/cm3) were the most active in the fumigant bioassay and caused mortality rates of 96 and 61%, respectively. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the major constituents of EOs from C. cassia and C. camphora var. linalooliferum were trans-cinnamaldehyde and linalool, respectively. The pure compounds, trans-cinnamaldehyde (LC50 = 68.89 ± 3.1391 μg/cm3) and linalool (LC50 = 51.45 ± 1.1967 μg/cm3), were tested on D. gallinae and showed lower toxicity than the EOs. Thus, the compounds were not the only active substances produced by C. cassia and C. camphora var. linalooliferum; moreover synergism may have occurred between the substances. The EOs from C. cassia and C. camphora var. linalooliferum were also toxic to B. bassiana (Unioeste 88). Thus, EOs from C. cassia and C. camphora var. linalooliferum are promising candidates for use in D. gallinae control, but cannot be used in conjunction with the fungus B. bassiana.
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Decru E, Mul M, Nisbet AJ, Vargas Navarro AH, Chiron G, Walton J, Norton T, Roy L, Sleeckx N. Possibilities for IPM Strategies in European Laying Hen Farms for Improved Control of the Poultry Red Mite ( Dermanyssus gallinae): Details and State of Affairs. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:565866. [PMID: 33282928 PMCID: PMC7705068 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.565866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Poultry Red Mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, is a major threat to the poultry industry worldwide, causing serious problems to animal health and welfare, and huge economic losses. Controlling PRM infestations is very challenging. Conventionally, D. gallinae is treated with synthetic acaricides, but the particular lifestyle of the mite (most of the time spent off the host) makes the efficacy of acaracide sprays often unsatisfactory, as sprays reach only a small part of the population. Moreover, many acaricides have been unlicensed due to human consumer and safety regulations and mites have become resistant to them. A promising course of action is Integrated Pest Management (IPM), which is sustainable for animals, humans and the environment. It combines eight different steps, in which prevention of introduction and monitoring of the pest are key. Further, it focusses on non-chemical treatments, with chemicals only being used as a last resort. Whereas IPM is already widely applied in horticulture, its application is still in its infancy to control D. gallinae in layer houses. This review presents the currently-available possibilities for control of D. gallinae in layer houses for each of the eight IPM steps, including monitoring techniques, established and emerging non-chemical treatments, and the strategic use of chemicals. As such, it provides a needed baseline for future development of specific IPM strategies, which will allow efficient and sustainable control of D. gallinae in poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Decru
- Experimental Poultry Centre, Geel, Belgium
| | - Monique Mul
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Division Animal Health and Welfare, Wageningen, Netherlands.,MoniqueMul IPM, Wervershoof, Netherlands
| | - Alasdair J Nisbet
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department Moredun Research Institute, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Tomas Norton
- Group of M3-BIORES, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering (A2H), Department of BioSystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lise Roy
- CEFE, CNRS, University of Montpellier, University of Paul Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Acaricidal drug resistance in poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) and approaches to its management. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933914000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Van Leeuwen T, Dermauw W. The Molecular Evolution of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Resistance in Chelicerate Mites. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 61:475-98. [PMID: 26982444 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chelicerate mites diverged from other arthropod lineages more than 400 million years ago and subsequently developed specific and remarkable xenobiotic adaptations. The study of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, for which a high-quality Sanger-sequenced genome was first available, revealed expansions and radiations in all major detoxification gene families, including P450 monooxygenases, carboxyl/cholinesterases, glutathione-S-transferases, and ATP-binding cassette transporters. Novel gene families that are not well studied in other arthropods, such as major facilitator family transporters and lipocalins, also reflect the evolution of xenobiotic adaptation. The acquisition of genes by horizontal gene transfer provided new routes to handle toxins, for example, the β-cyanoalanine synthase enzyme that metabolizes cyanide. The availability of genomic resources for other mite species has allowed researchers to study the lineage specificity of these gene family expansions and the distinct evolution of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism in mites. Genome-based tools have been crucial in supporting the idiosyncrasies of mite detoxification and will further support the expanding field of mite-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; ,
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; ,
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Bartley K, Wright HW, Bull RS, Huntley JF, Nisbet AJ. Characterisation of Dermanyssus gallinae glutathione S-transferases and their potential as acaricide detoxification proteins. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:350. [PMID: 26112960 PMCID: PMC4491418 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0960-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) facilitate detoxification of drugs by catalysing the conjugation of the reduced glutathione (GSH) to electrophilic xenobiotic substrates and therefore have a function in multi-drug resistance. As a result, knowledge of GSTs can inform both drug resistance in, and novel interventions for, the control of endo- and ectoparasite species. Acaricide resistance and the need for novel control methods are both pressing needs for Dermanyssus gallinae, a highly economically important haematophagous ectoparasite of poultry. METHODS A transcriptomic database representing D. gallinae was examined and 11 contig sequences were identified with GST BlastX identities. The transcripts represented by 3 contigs, designated Deg-GST-1, -2 and -3, were fully sequenced and further characterized by phylogenetic analysis. Recombinant versions of Deg-GST-1, -2 and -3 (rDeg-GST) were enzymically active and acaricide-binding properties of the rDeg-GSTs were established by evaluating the ability of selected acaricides to inhibit the enzymatic activity of rDeg-GSTs. RESULTS 6 of the identified GSTs belonged to the mu class, followed by 3 kappa, 1 omega and 1 delta class molecules. Deg-GST-1 and -3 clearly partitioned with orthologous mu class GSTs and Deg-GST-2 partitioned with delta class GSTs. Phoxim, permethrin and abamectin significantly inhibited rDeg-GST-1 activity by 56, 35 and 17% respectively. Phoxim also inhibited rDeg-2-GST (14.8%) and rDeg-GST-3 (20.6%) activities. CONCLUSIONS Deg-GSTs may have important roles in the detoxification of pesticides and, with the increased occurrence of acaricide resistance in this species worldwide, Deg-GSTs are attractive targets for novel interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, International Research Centre, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Harry W Wright
- Moredun Research Institute, International Research Centre, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Robert S Bull
- Moredun Research Institute, International Research Centre, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - John F Huntley
- Moredun Research Institute, International Research Centre, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Alasdair J Nisbet
- Moredun Research Institute, International Research Centre, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK.
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McNair CM. Ectoparasites of medical and veterinary importance: drug resistance and the need for alternative control methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:351-63. [PMID: 25644683 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite multiple attempts at eradication, many ectoparasites of humans and domestic livestock remain a persistent problem in the modern world. For many years, a range of pesticide drugs including organophosphates, organochlorides and synthetic pyrethroids provided effective control of these parasites; but intensive use of these drugs has led to the evolution of resistance in many target species. This paper aims to review the effectiveness of current control methods and discuss potential alternatives for the long term sustainable control of ectoparasites. KEY FINDINGS Important medical ectoparasites such as scabies mites, head lice and bed bugs present a significant public health problem, and so adequate control methods are essential. Ectoparasites of domestic livestock and farmed fish (for example sheep scab mites, poultry mites and sea lice) are also of concern given the increasing strain on the world's food supply. These parasites have become resistant to several classes of pesticide, making control very difficult. Recently, an increasing amount of research has focussed on alternative control methods such as insect growth regulators, biological control using essential oils or fungi, as well as vaccine development against some ectoparasites of medical and veterinary importance. SUMMARY Drug resistance is prevalent in all of the ectoparasites discussed in this review. A wide variety of alternative control methods have been identified, however further research is necessary in order for these to be used to successfully control ectoparasitic diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol M McNair
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Sparagano OAE, George DR, Harrington DWJ, Giangaspero A. Significance and control of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 59:447-466. [PMID: 24397522 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, poses a significant threat to poultry production and hen health in many parts of the world. With D. gallinae increasingly suspected of being a disease vector, and reports indicating that attacks on alternative hosts, including humans, are becoming more common, the economic importance of this pest has increased greatly. As poultry production moves away from conventional cage systems in many parts of the world, D. gallinae is likely to become more abundant and difficult to control. Control remains dominated by the use of synthetic acaricides, although resistance and treatment failure are widely reported. Alternative control measures are emerging from research devoted to D. gallinae and its management. These alternative control measures are beginning to penetrate the market, although many remain at the precommercial stage. This review compiles the expanding body of research on D. gallinae and assesses options for its current and future control. We conclude that significant advances in D. gallinae control are most likely to come through an integrated approach adopting recent research into existing and novel control strategies; this is being combined with improved monitoring and modeling to better inform treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A E Sparagano
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom;
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Lesna I, Sabelis MW, van Niekerk TGCM, Komdeur J. Laboratory tests for controlling poultry red mites (Dermanyssus gallinae) with predatory mites in small 'laying hen' cages. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2012; 58:371-83. [PMID: 22773110 PMCID: PMC3487000 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-012-9596-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To assess their potential to control poultry red mites (Dermanyssus gallinae), we tested selected predaceous mites (Androlaelaps casalis and Stratiolaelaps scimitus) that occur naturally in wild bird nests or sometimes spontaneously invade poultry houses. This was done under laboratory conditions in cages, each with 2-3 laying hens, initially 300 poultry red mites and later the release of 1,000 predators. These small-scale tests were designed to prevent mite escape from the cages and they were carried out in three replicates at each of three temperature regimes: 26, 30 (constant day and night) and 33-25 °C (day-night cycle). After 6 weeks total population sizes of poultry red mites and predatory mites were assessed. For the temperature regimes of 26 and 33/25 °C S. scimitus reduced the poultry red mite population relative to the control experiments by a factor 3 and 30, respectively, and A. casalis by a factor of 18 and 55, respectively. At 30 °C the predators had less effect on red mites, with a reduction of 1.3-fold for S. scimitus and 5.6-fold for A. casalis. This possibly reflected hen manure condition or an effect of other invertebrates in the hen feed. Poultry red mite control was not negatively affected by temperatures as high as 33 °C and was always better in trials with A. casalis than in those with S. scimitus. In none of the experiments predators managed to eradicate the population of poultry red mites. This may be due to a prey refuge effect since most predatory mites were found in and around the manure tray at the bottom of the cage, whereas most poultry red mites were found higher up in the cage (i.e. on the walls, the cover, the perch, the nest box and the food box). The efficacy of applying predatory mites in the poultry industry may be promoted by reducing this refuge effect, boosting predatory mite populations using alternative prey and prolonged predator release devices. Biocontrol success, however, will strongly depend on how the poultry is housed in practice (free range, cage or aviary systems) and on which chemicals are applied to disinfect poultry houses and to control other pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Lesna
- Section Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Animal Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice W. Sabelis
- Section Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan Komdeur
- Animal Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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