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Lapping-Carr L, Mustanski B, Ryan DT, Costales C, Newcomb ME. Stress and Depression Are Associated with Sexual Function and Satisfaction in Young Men Who Have Sex with Men. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:2083-2096. [PMID: 37253920 PMCID: PMC10691266 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02615-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Prior research suggests that better mental health and higher relationship quality are associated with better sexual function and satisfaction. Such insights can inform intervention development for mental, relationship, and sexual health concerns. This study examined the interactions among these variables in a racially and ethnically diverse group of young men who have sex with men (YMSM) in serious relationships (N = 348). Data were drawn from wave 5 of a longitudinal cohort study. We examined cross-sectional associations between depression and stress (predictors) and sexual function, sexual satisfaction, and anal discomfort (outcomes) and to what extent these associations were moderated by relationship quality. Higher endorsement of depression and stress was associated with worse sexual functioning, lower sexual satisfaction, and more anal discomfort. We also found that fewer negative interactions, stronger commitment, and higher relationship satisfaction were associated with better sexual functioning and higher sexual satisfaction. Higher relationship satisfaction and commitment were found to attenuate the association between stress and sexual satisfaction. Contrary to expectations, higher relationship satisfaction also showed a trend toward exacerbating the association between depression and sexual functioning. These results suggest that, for YMSM, high relationship satisfaction and commitment may protect sexual satisfaction from being negatively impacted by high stress. However, YMSM in highly satisfying relationships may experience poor sexual functioning associated with depression as particularly distressing. This study addressed a major gap in the literature by focusing on mental, relationship, and sexual health in a diverse sample. Future research should examine a wider range of sexual functioning outcomes and include minority stress in study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiszle Lapping-Carr
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St Clair St., Suite 1000, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Brian Mustanski
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N St Clair St., Suite 1000, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel T Ryan
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cocoa Costales
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael E Newcomb
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Watson D, Levin-Aspenson HF, Waszczuk MA, Conway CC, Dalgleish T, Dretsch MN, Eaton NR, Forbes MK, Forbush KT, Hobbs KA, Michelini G, Nelson BD, Sellbom M, Slade T, South SC, Sunderland M, Waldman I, Witthöft M, Wright AGC, Kotov R, Krueger RF. Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): III. Emotional dysfunction superspectrum. World Psychiatry 2022; 21:26-54. [PMID: 35015357 PMCID: PMC8751579 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is a quantitative nosological system that addresses shortcomings of traditional mental disorder diagnoses, including arbitrary boundaries between psychopathology and normality, frequent disorder co-occurrence, substantial heterogeneity within disorders, and diagnostic unreliability over time and across clinicians. This paper reviews evidence on the validity and utility of the internalizing and somatoform spectra of HiTOP, which together provide support for an emotional dysfunction superspectrum. These spectra are composed of homogeneous symptom and maladaptive trait dimensions currently subsumed within multiple diagnostic classes, including depressive, anxiety, trauma-related, eating, bipolar, and somatic symptom disorders, as well as sexual dysfunction and aspects of personality disorders. Dimensions falling within the emotional dysfunction superspectrum are broadly linked to individual differences in negative affect/neuroticism. Extensive evidence establishes that dimensions falling within the superspectrum share genetic diatheses, environmental risk factors, cognitive and affective difficulties, neural substrates and biomarkers, childhood temperamental antecedents, and treatment response. The structure of these validators mirrors the quantitative structure of the superspectrum, with some correlates more specific to internalizing or somatoform conditions, and others common to both, thereby underlining the hierarchical structure of the domain. Compared to traditional diagnoses, the internalizing and somatoform spectra demonstrated substantially improved utility: greater reliability, larger explanatory and predictive power, and greater clinical applicability. Validated measures are currently available to implement the HiTOP system in practice, which can make diagnostic classification more useful, both in research and in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Watson
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | | | - Monika A Waszczuk
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Tim Dalgleish
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael N Dretsch
- US Army Medical Research Directorate - West, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas R Eaton
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Miriam K Forbes
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kelsie T Forbush
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Kelsey A Hobbs
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Giorgia Michelini
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brady D Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Martin Sellbom
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tim Slade
- Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan C South
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Matthew Sunderland
- Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Irwin Waldman
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Witthöft
- Department for Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Aidan G C Wright
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Robert F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Pascoal PM, Carvalho J, Raposo CF, Almeida J, Beato AF. The Impact of COVID-19 on Sexual Health: A Preliminary Framework Based on a Qualitative Study With Clinical Sexologists. Sex Med 2021; 9:100299. [PMID: 33482611 PMCID: PMC7837091 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2020.100299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent months, some attempts were made to understand the impact of COVID-19 on sexual health. Despite recent research that suggests COVID-19 and lockdown measures may eventually impact sexual response and sexually related behaviors, we are missing clinical sexologists' perspectives on the impact of COVID-19 in sexual health. Such perspectives could inform a preliminary framework aimed at guiding future research and clinical approaches in the context of COVID-19. AIM To explore the perspectives of clinical sexologists about the impact of COVID-19 on their patients' sexual health, as well as the professional challenges they have faced during the current pandemic. Findings are expected to inform a preliminary framework aimed at understanding the impact of COVID-19 on sexual health. METHODS We conducted an online qualitative exploratory survey with 4 open-ended questions with 39 clinical sexologists aged between 32 and 73 years old. The survey was advertised among professional associations' newsletters. We performed a Thematic Analysis using an inductive, semantic, and (critical) realist approach, leading to a final thematic map. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The outcome is the thematic map and the corresponding table that aggregates the main themes, subthemes, and codes derived from participants' answers and that can serve as a preliminary framework to understand the impact of COVID-19 on sexual health. RESULTS The final thematic map, expected to serve as a preliminary framework on the impact of COVID-19 in sexual health, revealed 3 main themes: Clinical Focus, Remapping Relationships, and Reframing Technology Use. These themes aggregate important interrelated issues, such as worsening of sexual problems and dysfunctions, mental health, relationship management, the rise of conservatism, and the use of new technology that influences sexuality and sexual health-related services. CONCLUSION The current study allowed us to develop a preliminary framework to understand the impact of COVID-19 on sexual health. This framework highlights the role of mental health, as well as the contextual nature of sexual problems, and subsequently, their relational nature. Also, it demonstrates that the current pandemic has brought into light the debate of e-Health delivery within clinical sexology. Pascoal PM, Carvalho J, Raposo CF, et al. The Impact of COVID-19 on Sexual Health: A Preliminary Framework Based on a Qualitative Study With Clinical Sexologist. Sex Med 2021;9:100299.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M Pascoal
- CICPSI, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, Lisboa, Portugal; Sociedade Portuguesa de Sexologia Clínica, Lisboa, Portugal; Universidade Lusófona, HEI-Lab, Lisboa, Portugal; CPUP, Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Carvalho
- CPUP, Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina F Raposo
- CPUP, Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Almeida
- Sociedade Portuguesa de Sexologia Clínica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Beato
- Sociedade Portuguesa de Sexologia Clínica, Lisboa, Portugal; Universidade Lusófona, HEI-Lab, Lisboa, Portugal
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Hevesi K, Miklós E, Horváth Z, Sal D, Rowland DL. Typologies of Women With Orgasmic Difficulty and Their Relationship to Sexual Distress. J Sex Med 2020; 17:1144-1155. [PMID: 32198102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 50% of women who report orgasmic difficulty (OD) during partnered sex are distressed by their condition, yet why some women are distressed and others are not is unclear. AIM To determine whether sexual distress is related to women's perceived causes of their OD during partnered sex. METHODS We established homogenous subgroups of women based on their attributions for OD during partnered sex, and these groups were validated by comparing them on variables relevant to sexual response. We then predicted OD-related distress from subgroup memberships as well as from a number of sociodemographic, control, and empirically supported sexual response variables. RESULTS 3 distinct OD subgroups emerged: type 1-high psychological-high somatic reasons; type 2-partner-related reasons; and type 3-moderate psychological-low somatic reasons. These groups also differed on independent parameters related to sexual frequency and arousal. Subgroup membership, along with age, sexual relationship satisfaction, and frequency of partnered sex predicted sexual distress related to OD. CLINICAL IMPLICATION Particular perceptions regarding the causes for OD help predict women's sexual distress, and such factors might be considered in identifying sexual issues and managing them within the context of a sexual relationship. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS A large sample size drawn from a multinational population powered the study, while the cross-sectional nature of the sample could not rule out bidirectional associations between predictor covariates (including OD subgroup) and the outcome measure (sexual distress). CONCLUSION Type 1 membership (high levels of psychological and somatic attributions) predicted greater levels of OD-related distress than type 2 (partner-related attributions) or type 3 (moderate psychological and low somatic attributions) membership, with type 1 women having a greater likelihood of internalizing (accepting responsibility/blame for) OD attributions. Hevesi K, Miklós E, Horváth Z, et al. Typologies of Women With Orgasmic Difficulty and Their Relationship to Sexual Distress. J Sex Med 2020;17:1144-1155.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Hevesi
- Department of Pedagogy and Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Miklós
- Department of Pedagogy and Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Horváth
- Department of Pedagogy and Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Psychology, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, IN USA
| | - Dorottya Sal
- Department of Pedagogy and Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - David L Rowland
- Department of Psychology, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, IN USA.
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5
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Wong KTK, Forbes MK. Evidence that Relationship Quality, Social Support, and SSRI Use Do Not Account for the Shared Underlying Relationships among Symptoms of Depression, Anxiety, and Female Sexual Dysfunction. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2020; 57:365-374. [PMID: 31318304 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2019.1640177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has suggested that the shared characteristics and co-occurrence among depression, anxiety, and female sexual dysfunction may represent a shared underlying liability (i.e., the internalizing spectrum, which traditionally accounts for the overlap between depression and anxiety in psychopathology research). To date, however, whether common covariates shared by these symptom domains might instead account for the interrelationships has not been examined. Three such potential confounders include intimate relationship quality, social support, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) use. We therefore aimed to examine whether and to what extent controlling for these covariates affects the structure of an internalizing spectrum model that includes sexual problems. Participants (n = 525, mean [SD] age = 32 [11.1]) were women who participated in an online self-report survey and were in a current intimate relationship. Hierarchical exploratory structural equation models of the internalizing spectrum were compared before and after controlling for relationship quality, social support, and SSRI use and were markedly similar, indicating that the model was robust. This study provides further evidence that the internalizing spectrum can account for the relationships among depression, anxiety, and low sexual function in women, which has potential implications for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miriam K Forbes
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University
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Rowland DL, Dabbs CR, Medina MC. Sex Differences in Attributions to Positive and Negative Sexual Scenarios in Men and Women With and Without Sexual Problems: Reconsidering Stereotypes. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2019; 48:855-866. [PMID: 29980902 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1270-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
People with sexual problems are more likely to attribute negative sexual experiences to themselves, in contrast to sexually functional individuals who attribute negative sexual experiences to external factors such as the circumstance or partner. We investigated attribution patterns in 820 men and 753 women, some of whom reported an orgasmic problem, to assess differences between the sexes and those with and without an orgasmic difficulty. Specifically, using an Internet-based approach, we compared attribution responses to four sexual scenarios, one representing a positive sexual experience and three representing negative sexual experiences. Women were more likely to attribute positive outcomes to their partner than men. Women were also more likely to attribute negative outcomes to themselves than men, but they more readily blamed their partner and circumstances for negative outcomes than men as well. Those with orgasmic problems were less willing to take credit for positive outcomes and more willing to accept blame for negative outcomes. Interaction effects between sex and orgasmic problems further highlighted differences between men's and women's attribution patterns. These results are interpreted in the context of traditional notions that men's attributions tend to be more self-serving and women's attributions more self-derogatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Rowland
- Department of Psychology, Valparaiso University, 1001 Campus Drive, Valparaiso, IN, 46383, USA.
| | - Christopher R Dabbs
- Department of Psychology, Valparaiso University, 1001 Campus Drive, Valparaiso, IN, 46383, USA
| | - Mia C Medina
- Department of Psychology, Valparaiso University, 1001 Campus Drive, Valparaiso, IN, 46383, USA
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7
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Rowland DL, Medina MC, Dabbs CR. Attribution Patterns in Women With and Without Orgasmic Difficulties. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2018; 55:692-703. [PMID: 29190152 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2017.1400514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
People with sexual problems are more likely to attribute negative sexual experiences to themselves, in contrast with sexually functional individuals who attribute negative sexual experiences to external factors such as the circumstance or situation. We investigated attribution patterns in women reporting difficult or absent orgasm-a group only minimally investigated in this regard-to determine whether they differed from women without orgasmic problems. Using an internet-based approach, we compared attribution responses of 376 women with orgasmic difficulty with 367 women without orgasmic difficulty to five sexual scenarios, two presenting positive sexual experiences and three presenting negative sexual experiences. Women with orgasmic difficulty were more likely to take blame for any negative sexual experience, including ones not related to orgasmic difficulty. They were also more likely to attribute responsibility to their partner's lack of skill, whereas orgasmic women attributed negative outcomes more to circumstance. Women with orgasmic difficulty were also less likely to assume credit or responsibility for positive sexual experiences. Differences between orgasmic and non-orgasmic groups persisted or were augmented when age and arousal difficulty were controlled. These results emphasize the stark contrast in the way women with and without orgasmic problems approach sexual situations and suggest several therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mia C Medina
- a Department of Psychology , Valparaiso University
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8
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Rowland DL, Cempel LM, Tempel AR. Women's Attributions Regarding Why They Have Difficulty Reaching Orgasm. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2018; 44:475-484. [PMID: 29298126 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2017.1408046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Difficulty reaching orgasm during partnered sex is relatively common among women. Yet the reasons, likely multivariate, are not fully understood. This study identified perceived causes for orgasmic difficulty in 452 women during partnered sex. The most commonly endorsed reasons were stress/anxiety, insufficient arousal, and lack of time during sex; body image, pain, inadequate lubrication, and medical/medication issues were endorsed less frequently. Distressed and nondistressed women differed on several attributions, including sexual interest, partner perceptions, stress, and adequate time during sex. These findings implicate greater internalization of attributions among distressed women compared with nondistressed women and suggest possible avenues for remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Rowland
- a Department of Psychology , Valparaiso University , Valparaiso , Indiana , USA
| | - Laura M Cempel
- a Department of Psychology , Valparaiso University , Valparaiso , Indiana , USA
| | - Aaron R Tempel
- a Department of Psychology , Valparaiso University , Valparaiso , Indiana , USA
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Carvalho J, Pereira R, Barreto D, Nobre PJ. The Effects of Positive Versus Negative Mood States on Attentional Processes During Exposure to Erotica. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:2495-2504. [PMID: 27734171 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0875-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between emotions and sexual functioning has been documented since early sex research. Among other effects, emotions are expected to impact sexual response by shaping individuals' attention to sexual cues; yet, this assumption has not been tested. This study aimed to investigate whether attentional processes to sexual cues are impacted by state emotions, and whether the processes impacted by emotions relate to subjective sexual arousal to a sex film clip. A total of 52 men and 73 women were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: (1) a negative mood induction condition (sadness as dominant emotion), (2) a positive mood induction condition (amusement as dominant emotion), and a (3) neutral/control condition. After mood induction, participants were exposed to a sex film clip while their focus of visual attention was measured using an eye tracker. Three areas of interest (AOI) were considered within the sex clip: background (non-sexual cues), body interaction, and genital interaction. Self-reported attention, thoughts during the sex clip, percent dwell time, and pupil size to AOI were considered as attentional markers. Findings revealed that the attentional processes were not impacted by the mood conditions. Instead, gender effects were found. While men increased their visual attention to the background area of the film clip, women increased attention to the genital area. Also, sexual arousal thoughts during exposure to the sex clip were consistently related to subjective sexual arousal regardless of the momentary emotional state. Findings add to the literature by showing that men and women process the sexual components of a stimulus differently and by challenging the assumption that emotions shape attention to sexual cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Carvalho
- School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal.
| | - Raquel Pereira
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Diana Barreto
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Pedro J Nobre
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal
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Beyond comorbidity: Toward a dimensional and hierarchical approach to understanding psychopathology across the life span. Dev Psychopathol 2017; 28:971-986. [PMID: 27739384 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We propose a novel developmentally informed framework to push research beyond a focus on comorbidity between discrete diagnostic categories and to move toward research based on the well-validated dimensional and hierarchical structure of psychopathology. For example, a large body of research speaks to the validity and utility of the internalizing and externalizing spectra as organizing constructs for research on common forms of psychopathology. The internalizing and externalizing spectra act as powerful explanatory variables that channel the psychopathological effects of genetic and environmental risk factors, predict adaptive functioning, and account for the likelihood of disorder-level manifestations of psychopathology. As such, our proposed theoretical framework uses the internalizing and externalizing spectra as central constructs to guide future psychopathology research across the life span. The framework is particularly flexible, because any of the facets or factors from the dimensional and hierarchical structure of psychopathology can form the focus of research. We describe the utility and strengths of this framework for developmental psychopathology in particular and explore avenues for future research.
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11
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Pezzoli P, Antfolk J, Santtila P. Phenotypic factor analysis of psychopathology reveals a new body-related transdiagnostic factor. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177674. [PMID: 28542328 PMCID: PMC5436748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Comorbidity challenges the notion of mental disorders as discrete categories. An increasing body of literature shows that symptoms cut across traditional diagnostic boundaries and interact in shaping the latent structure of psychopathology. Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, we reveal the latent sources of covariation among nine measures of psychopathological functioning in a population-based sample of 13024 Finnish twins and their siblings. By implementing unidimensional, multidimensional, second-order, and bifactor models, we illustrate the relationships between observed variables, specific, and general latent factors. We also provide the first investigation to date of measurement invariance of the bifactor model of psychopathology across gender and age groups. Our main result is the identification of a distinct "Body" factor, alongside the previously identified Internalizing and Externalizing factors. We also report relevant cross-disorder associations, especially between body-related psychopathology and trait anger, as well as substantial sex and age differences in observed and latent means. The findings expand the meta-structure of psychopathology, with implications for empirical and clinical practice, and demonstrate shared mechanisms underlying attitudes towards nutrition, self-image, sexuality and anger, with gender- and age-specific features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Pezzoli
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jan Antfolk
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku Brain and Mind Centre, Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Santtila
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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12
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Forbes MK, Baillie AJ, Eaton NR, Krueger RF. A Place for Sexual Dysfunctions in an Empirical Taxonomy of Psychopathology. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2017; 54:465-485. [PMID: 28121167 PMCID: PMC5433908 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1269306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Sexual dysfunctions commonly co-occur with various depressive and anxiety disorders. An emerging framework for understanding the classification of mental disorders suggests that such comorbidity is a manifestation of underlying dimensions of psychopathology (or "spectra"). In this review, we synthesize the evidence that sexual dysfunctions should be included in the empirical taxonomy of psychopathology as part of the internalizing spectrum, which accounts for comorbidity among the depressive and anxiety disorders. The review has four parts. Part 1 summarizes the empirical basis and utility of the empirical taxonomy of psychopathology. Part 2 reviews the prima facie evidence for the hypothesis that sexual dysfunctions are part of the internalizing spectrum (i.e., high rates of comorbidity; shared cognitive, affective, and temperament characteristics; common neural substrates and biomarkers; shared course and treatment response; and the lack of causal relationships between them). Part 3 critically analyzes and integrates the results of the eight studies that have addressed this hypothesis. Finally, Part 4 examines the implications of reconceptualizing sexual dysfunctions as part of the internalizing spectrum, and explores avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam K Forbes
- a Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology , University of Minnesota
| | - Andrew J Baillie
- b Centre for Emotional Health and Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use , Macquarie University
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Forbes MK, Baillie AJ, Schniering CA. Where Do Sexual Dysfunctions Fit into the Meta-Structure of Psychopathology? A Factor Mixture Analysis. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2016; 45:1883-1896. [PMID: 26590042 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-015-0613-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sexual dysfunctions have not been included in research on the broad structure of psychopathology to date, despite their high prevalence and impact on quality of life. Preliminary research has shown that they may fit well in an internalizing spectrum, alongside depressive and anxiety disorders. This study compared dimensional and categorical models of the relationships between depression, anxiety, and sexual problems with "hybrid" models (i.e., factor mixture analyses), which combine dimensional and categorical components simultaneously. Participants (n = 1000) were selectively recruited to include a range of symptom levels, and completed a series of self-report measures online. A hybrid model that combined dimensional and categorical components fit best for men and women. Taken together, the results are consistent with a nosology that explicitly recognizes the relationships between the diagnostic chapters of depressive and anxiety disorders and sexual dysfunctions, but still maintains discrete diagnoses, which is compatible with the structure of the DSM-5 and upcoming ICD-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam K Forbes
- Centre for Emotional Health and NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Andrew J Baillie
- Centre for Emotional Health and NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Carolyn A Schniering
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Forbes MK, Baillie AJ, Schniering CA. A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis of the Relationships between Depression, Anxiety, and Sexual Problems over Time. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2016; 53:942-954. [PMID: 26488460 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2015.1063576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sexual dysfunctions are related to depressive and anxiety disorders, but the nature of these relationships remains unclear. This study examined the relationship among symptoms of these disorders over time by comparing (a) a model that included causal relationships, (b) a model that accounted for change over time with a shared underlying factor (or latent liability) among all the disorders, and (c) a model that conceptualized sexual dysfunctions as unrelated to depressive and anxiety disorders over time. Participants (n = 1,012) completed online self-report measures of sexual dysfunctions and depressive and anxiety disorders across six time points at either weekly or monthly intervals. Models 1 and 2 provided equal best fit for men and women based on data collected four weeks apart, but there were no evident causal relationships in Model 1. Subsequent analyses using data collected one week and six months apart found Model 2 provided robust fit for women, but these data were not examined for men due to inadequate sample sizes. The results are consistent with a shared latent liability of internalizing psychopathology driving the change in these disorders over time, which provides a clear direction for an empirically driven nosology and for future research into transdiagnostic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam K Forbes
- a Centre for Emotional Health and NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, Department of Psychology , Macquarie University
| | - Andrew J Baillie
- a Centre for Emotional Health and NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, Department of Psychology , Macquarie University
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15
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Rowland DL, Mikolajczyk LC, Pinkston DM, Reed HM, Lo DM. Attribution Patterns in Men Who Ejaculate Before They Desire: An Internet Survey. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2016; 42:462-473. [PMID: 26168349 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2015.1069432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Men with erectile problems tend to attribute negative sexual experiences to themselves, in contrast with sexually functional individuals who tend to attribute negative experiences to external factors such as the circumstance or relationship. In this study, we investigated attribution patterns in men with premature ejaculation (PE) symptoms-a group not yet investigated in this regard-to determine whether they follow patterns similar to men with erectile problems. Using an Internet-based approach, we compared attribution responses of 289 men with PE symptoms with 433 sexually functional men on a series of five sexual scenarios (two presenting a positive experience and three presenting a negative experience). Men with PE symptoms were more likely to take blame for any negative sexual experience, including ones unrelated to ejaculating quickly, whereas functional men were more likely to attribute blame to the partner, circumstance, or relationship. Men with PE symptoms also took less credit for positive sexual experiences than functional counterparts, attributing them to the partner or circumstance. These results point out similarities across men with a variety of sexual problems, but also raise questions regarding differences between men with erectile problems and men with problems of ejaculating before desired. Several therapeutic strategies are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Rowland
- a Department of Psychology , Valparaiso University , Valparaiso , Indiana , USA
| | - Laura C Mikolajczyk
- a Department of Psychology , Valparaiso University , Valparaiso , Indiana , USA
| | - Devin M Pinkston
- a Department of Psychology , Valparaiso University , Valparaiso , Indiana , USA
| | - Holly M Reed
- a Department of Psychology , Valparaiso University , Valparaiso , Indiana , USA
| | - Darren M Lo
- a Department of Psychology , Valparaiso University , Valparaiso , Indiana , USA
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16
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Forbes MK, Baillie AJ, Schniering CA. Should Sexual Problems Be Included in the Internalizing Spectrum? A Comparison of Dimensional and Categorical Models. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2016; 42:70-90. [PMID: 25535819 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2014.996928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Preliminary research has suggested that sexual problems should be included in the internalizing spectrum alongside depressive and anxiety disorders. This study aimed to empirically examine and compare an extended internalizing spectrum model with a categorical framework model implied by the current nosological structure. Responses to an online survey from a community sample (n = 518) were analyzed to compare the fit of six alternative models of the relationship between sexual problems and depressive and anxiety disorders, separately for men and women. The best model for women (n = 336) was a dimensional spectrum model that included sexual arousal, orgasm, and pain difficulties in the internalizing spectrum. The results for men (n = 182) were less clear-cut: there were apparent categorical relationships for a small group (n = 8), and the spectrum model showed a good fit for 96% of the sample. These findings are consistent with a nosology that maintains discrete disorders and diagnostic chapters while recognizing the relationships between them, as in the new structure of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. As such, this study offers further evidence that there are dimensional relationships between sexual problems and depressive and anxiety disorders, which should be explicitly recognized in diagnostic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam K Forbes
- a Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
- b NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use , Sydney , Australia
| | - Andrew J Baillie
- b NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use , Sydney , Australia
- c Department of Psychology , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Carolyn A Schniering
- a Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
- b NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use , Sydney , Australia
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17
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Rowland DL, Kostelyk KA, Tempel AR. Attribution patterns in men with sexual problems: analysis and implications for treatment. SEXUAL AND RELATIONSHIP THERAPY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/14681994.2015.1126669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Kotov R, Perlman G, Gámez W, Watson D. The structure and short-term stability of the emotional disorders: a dimensional approach. Psychol Med 2015; 45:1687-1698. [PMID: 25499142 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714002815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factor-analytic studies have found that depressive, bipolar, post-traumatic, obsessive-compulsive, and anxiety disorders - jointly referred to as the emotional disorders - form an internalizing spectrum that includes distress and fear subfactors. However, placement of some disorders is uncertain. Also, prior research analysed dichotomous interview-based diagnoses or dimensional self-report measures. We investigated this structure using a third-generation measure - the Interview for Mood and Anxiety Symptoms (IMAS) - that combines strengths of a clinical interview with dimensional assessment. METHOD The interview was administered to 385 students and 288 psychiatric out-patients. Participants were reinterviewed 2 months later. RESULTS Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses identified three factors: distress (depression, generalized anxiety, post-traumatic stress, irritability, and panic syndrome); fear (social anxiety, agoraphobia, specific phobia, and obsessive-compulsive); and bipolar (mania and obsessive-compulsive). The structure was consistent over time and across samples, except that panic and agoraphobia had higher factor loadings in patients. Longitudinal analyses revealed high temporal stability of the factors (test-retest r = 0.72 to 0.87), but also substantial disorder-specific stability. CONCLUSIONS This investigation - which bridges diagnostic and self-report studies - found three subfactors of internalizing psychopathology. It provided support for a new subfactor, clarified the placement of obsessive-compulsive and bipolar disorders, and demonstrated that this model generalizes across populations. The accumulating research suggests the need to recognize formally the close links among the emotional disorders, as well as empirical clusters within this spectrum. The IMAS demonstrated strong psychometric properties and can be useful for various research and clinical applications by providing dimensional, interview-based assessment of the emotional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry,Stony Brook University,Stony Brook,New York,USA
| | - G Perlman
- Department of Psychiatry,Stony Brook University,Stony Brook,New York,USA
| | - W Gámez
- Department of Psychology,University of Iowa,Iowa City,IA,USA
| | - D Watson
- Department of Psychology,University of Notre Dame,Notre Dame,IN,USA
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Carragher N, Krueger RF, Eaton NR, Slade T. Disorders without borders: current and future directions in the meta-structure of mental disorders. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2015; 50:339-50. [PMID: 25557024 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-014-1004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Classification is the cornerstone of clinical diagnostic practice and research. However, the extant psychiatric classification systems are not well supported by research evidence. In particular, extensive comorbidity among putatively distinct disorders flags an urgent need for fundamental changes in how we conceptualize psychopathology. Over the past decade, research has coalesced on an empirically based model that suggests many common mental disorders are structured according to two correlated latent dimensions: internalizing and externalizing. METHODS We review and discuss the development of a dimensional-spectrum model which organizes mental disorders in an empirically based manner. We also touch upon changes in the DSM-5 and put forward recommendations for future research endeavors. RESULTS Our review highlights substantial empirical support for the empirically based internalizing-externalizing model of psychopathology, which provides a parsimonious means of addressing comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS As future research goals, we suggest that the field would benefit from: expanding the meta-structure of psychopathology to include additional disorders, development of empirically based thresholds, inclusion of a developmental perspective, and intertwining genomic and neuroscience dimensions with the empirical structure of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Carragher
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia,
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20
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Eaton NR, Rodriguez-Seijas C, Carragher N, Krueger RF. Transdiagnostic factors of psychopathology and substance use disorders: a review. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2015; 50:171-82. [PMID: 25563838 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-014-1001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Research on the structure of mental disorders and comorbidity indicates that many forms of psychopathology and substance use disorders are manifestations of relatively few transdiagnostic latent factors. These factors have important consequences for mental disorder research and applied practice. METHODS We provide an overview of the transdiagnostic factor literature, with particular focus on recent advances. RESULTS Internalizing and externalizing transdiagnostic factors have been well characterized in terms of their structures, links with disorders, stability, and statistical properties (e.g., invariance and distributions). Research on additional transdiagnostic factors, such as thought disorder, is quickly advancing latent structural models, as are integrations of transdiagnostic constructs with personality traits. Genetically informed analyses continue to clarify the origins of transdiagnostic factor levels, and links between these factors and important environmental exposures provide promising new avenues of inquiry. CONCLUSIONS Transdiagnostic factors account for the development and continuity of disorders and comorbidity over time, function as the primary links between disorders and important outcomes such as suicide, mediate associations between environmental exposures and disorders, provide an empirically supported classification system, and serve as foci for efficient, broadband intervention approaches. Overall, transdiagnostic factor research indicates the paramount importance of understanding these constructs and, thereby, broadening our understanding of mental disorder in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Eaton
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA,
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The specific affective experiences related to changes in various aspects of female sexual function have received little attention as most prior studies have focused instead on the role of clinical mood and anxiety disorders and their influence on sexual dysfunction. AIM We sought to understand the transaction between daily affect and female sexual function in effort to provide a more nuanced understanding of the interplay between affective and sexual experiences. METHODS The present study used a 2-week daily diary approach to examine same-day and temporal relations between positive and negative affect states and sexual function in young women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We examined the unique relations between positive (i.e., joviality, serenity, self-assurance) and negative (i.e., fear, sadness, hostility) affects and female sexual response (i.e., desire, subjective arousal, vaginal lubrication, orgasmic function, and sexual pain) while controlling for higher order sexual distress, depression, and anxiety, as well as age effects and daily menstruation. RESULTS Analyses revealed different aspects of both positive and negative affects to be independently related to sexual response indices. Specifically, results indicated that joviality was related to same-day sexual desire and predicted increased desire the following day. This latter relation was partially mediated by sexual activity. Further, greater sexual desire predicted next-day calmness, which was partially mediated by sexual activity. Notably, fear was related to same-day subjective arousal, lubrication, orgasmic function, and vaginal pain, whereas poorer orgasmic function predicted greater next-day sadness. CONCLUSIONS These findings describe the manner in which changes in affect correspond to variations in female sexual function, thus highlighting the inextricability of mental and sexual health. Further, these findings may offer insight into the progression of normative levels of affect and sexual function as they develop into comorbid depression, anxiety, and sexual dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Kalmbach
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep and Chronophysiology Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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Forbes MK, Baillie AJ, Schniering CA. Critical flaws in the Female Sexual Function Index and the international index of Erectile Function. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2014; 51:485-91. [PMID: 24826876 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2013.876607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI; Rosen et al., 2000 ) and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF; Rosen et al., 1997 ) are two of the most widely used measures of sexual dysfunction. However, they have potential measurement and psychometric flaws that have not been addressed in the literature. This article examines the measurement capabilities of these measures based on data collected from an online study in 2010. A convenience sample of 518 sexually active adults (65% female) drawn from the general community were included in the analyses. Both measures displayed critical theoretical and measurement problems for the assessment of sexual problems beyond sexual arousal, and for the sexual desire domains in particular. Based on these results, we encourage clinicians and researchers to think critically about whether the FSFI and IIEF are appropriate measures for their practice and research. In particular, these measures are inappropriate for use among individuals who are not currently sexually active, and research with a focus other than sexual arousal should consider supplementary measures of sexual function. The psychometric properties of these measures should be reassessed in clinical samples, but the theoretical issues with the measures raised in this article are relevant across clinical and research contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam K Forbes
- a Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology , Macquarie University
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Rosen RC, Revicki DA, Sand M. Commentary on "Critical flaws in the FSFI and IIEF". JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2014; 51:492-7. [PMID: 24826877 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2014.894491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This invited commentary responds to recent criticisms of two validated and widely used sexual function questionnaires, the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) (Forbes, Baillie, & Schniering, 2014 ). We take issue with the conceptual arguments presented, selective review of published literature on both instruments, and conclusions drawn from methodologically flawed findings from an Internet-based study in a nonrepresentative group of Australian men and women. Alternative perspectives on the IIEF and FSFI are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond C Rosen
- a New England Research Institutes, Inc. , Watertown , Massachusetts
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