The Impact of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis on Sexual Communication and Sexual Behavior of Urban Gay and Bisexual Men

A Qualitative Evaluation of the Acceptability of Shigellosis Prevention Recommendations Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men

BACKGROUND

Shigellosis is diarrheal disease caused by highly infectious Shigella bacteria. Shigella can spread in multiple ways, including sexual contact. Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men are particularly at risk for shigellosis.

METHODS

To evaluate the acceptability of 3 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-developed behavioral recommendations for the prevention of sexually transmitted shigellosis, virtual in-depth interviews were conducted among 26 gay or bisexual men in March to May 2021.

RESULTS

Participants had a median age of 25 years; 65% were non-Hispanic White, 12% were Hispanic White, 12% Asian, 4% Hispanic Black, and 8% multiracial/other. Respondents indicated willingness to engage in certain prevention behaviors (e.g., washing hands, genitals, and anus before and after sex), but were less willing to engage in behaviors that were viewed as outside social norms or difficult to practice (e.g., dental dams for oral-anal contact; latex gloves for fingering or fisting). Respondents thought recommendations may be more feasible if knowledge of shigellosis was greater; however, some perceived that the severity of shigellosis is low and did not warrant the effort of engaging in prevention behaviors.

CONCLUSIONS

Educational efforts to increase awareness of shigellosis and other enteric diseases spread through sexual contact are needed and public health practitioners should consider the acceptability of how realistic it is for individuals to engage in certain prevention behaviors. Rather than recommending behaviors that do not have buy-in, it may be more efficacious to focus recommendations on adopting behaviors reported as acceptable to the target audience.

Examining the Effects of PrEP Use on Sexual Behaviors and Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Chinese Men who have Sex with Men: A Cross-Sectional Study

Men who have sex with men (MSM) is a high-risk population for HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is effective in HIV prevention. This study aims to examine the differences in sexual behaviors, STI prevalence and HIV/STI testing across subgroups of MSM with various PrEP use. Data were collected via a cross-sectional survey in an MSM community in Xi'an, Shaanxi, from 2022.01 to 2022.09. Participants were categorized as 'PrEP-naïve and unwilling to use', 'PrEP-naïve but willing to use', and 'current or former PrEP users'. Shannon index was used to assess sexual act diversity and multivariate logistic regression analyzed factors associated with PrEP use. Of the 1,131 MSM participants, 23.52% were PrEP-naïve and unwilling, 64.98% were PrEP-naïve but willing, and 11.49% were current or former PrEP users. The PrEP-naïve but willing group had the highest recent STI testing rates at 73.06% and showed greater sexual act diversity (Shannon index 1.61). This group also had the highest syphilis rates (7.49% vs. 6.47% and2.54%, p < 0.01). Younger age (18-30: OR = 0.39 (0.18-0.85); 31-40: OR = 0.43 (0.20-0.96)) and lower education (high school/vocational: OR = 0.15 (0.04-0.58); associate degree: OR = 0.21 (0.06-0.71)) were factors that negatively influenced PrEP use. Current or former PrEP users had the highest oropharyngeal gonorrhea (14.39% vs. 9.68% and 5.80%, p < 0.01) and overall gonorrhea rates (20.86% vs. 17.17% and 8.37%, p < 0.001). 'PrEP-naïve but willing' participants consistently demonstrated high-risk sexual behavior, increased STI testing, and more diverse sexual acts, whereas PrEP users had the highest STI prevalence.

Doxycycline as Postsexual Exposure Prophylaxis: Use, Acceptability, and Associated Sexual Health Behaviors Among a Multi-Site Sample of Clinical Trial Participants

Doxycycline postexposure prophylaxis (doxy-PEP) reduces sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW). In a clinical trial of doxy-PEP, we sought to assess acceptability, impact, and meaning of doxy-PEP use among MSM/TGW. We conducted semistructured, in-depth 1:1 interviews with MSM and TGW enrolled in the intervention arm of the Doxy-PEP study. We queried motivations for and meaning of use, attitudes, beliefs, adherence, effect on sexual behaviors, and partner, community, and structural factors related to use. We coded interview transcripts into content areas, followed by thematic analysis. We interviewed 44 participants (median age 38), 2% were TGW, 17% Black, 61% White, 30% Hispanic, and 45% persons with HIV. We identified three overarching themes. First, participants found doxy-PEP acceptable, and believed it was effective based on their history of STIs, easy to adhere to, and acceptable to sex partners. Second, doxy-PEP benefited their quality of life and mental health, offering "peace of mind" by reducing their anxiety about acquisition or unwitting transmission of STIs. Participants reported feeling more "in control" of preventing STIs, and positive about supporting their personal, partner, and community health. Third, impact on sexual behavior was variable, with most reporting no change or a brief initial change. Participants in a multi-site clinical trial of doxycycline for STI prevention perceived it to be efficacious, and that it provided quality-of-life benefits, including reduced anxiety and sense of control over sexual health. Doxy-PEP had limited impact on sexual behavior. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03980223.

Factors Associated with PrEP Stigma Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men (gbMSM): A Systematic Review

Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) are disproportionately affected by HIV. While pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is highly effective at preventing HIV acquisition, uptake of PrEP among gbMSM is low, which may in part be due to stigma associated with PrEP use. This systematic review aimed to explore experiences of PrEP stigma and to identify factors associated with this. Four databases were searched for papers including terms relating to (i) gbMSM, (ii) PrEP, and (iii) stigma, with narrative synthesis used to analyze results. After screening, 70 studies were included in the final analysis. Experiences of PrEP stigma were found to be characterized by a number of stereotypes and came from a range of sources. Five categories of factors were associated with stigma: (i) healthcare-related factors, (ii) cultural and contextual factors, (iii) sociodemographic factors, (iv) peer-discussion, and (v) psychosocial factors. These findings suggest that stigma can be a common experience for gbMSM. However, some are more at risk than others. Interventions aimed at reducing PrEP stigma may be useful in increasing uptake.

Changing Characteristics of HIV-Positive Gay and Bisexual Men's Relationships in the Era of Biomedical Prevention

OBJECTIVE

To assess changes in personal and relationship characteristics among HIV-positive Australian gay and bisexual men (GBM) as rates of antiretroviral therapy and knowledge and confidence regarding the effectiveness of viral suppression in preventing HIV transmission have increased.

DESIGN

Repeated behavioral surveillance of GBM recruited from venues, events, and online in 7 Australian states and territories.

METHODS

HIV-positive participants were included. Trends in demographics, HIV treatment, and relationship characteristics were assessed with binary and multivariable logistic regression.

RESULTS

A total of 3643 survey responses (2016-2020) were included. Over time, HIV-positive GBM became less likely to identify as gay or report an Anglo-Australian ethnicity. The average length of time since HIV diagnosis increased and the frequency of attending HIV-related clinical appointments decreased. There were no changes in the reported number of recent sex partners or proportion reporting regular male partners over time. Among HIV-positive GBM in relationships, the proportion reporting HIV-positive partners decreased and the proportion reporting HIV-negative partners increased. Levels of condomless sex with regular partners increased over time; however, this was concentrated among HIV-positive GBM in serodiscordant relationships.

CONCLUSION

Findings suggest that increased accessibility and trust in biomedical prevention strategies have contributed to broader relationship and sexual opportunities for HIV-positive GBM in Australia. Our findings suggest that future health promotion activities could highlight the social and relationship benefits of treatment as prevention to further increase trust in it as an HIV prevention strategy among GBM.

Assessing PrEP messaging and communication: A review of the qualitative literature

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a biomedical HIV prevention intervention approved by the FDA in 2012. Nevertheless, most sexual minority men (SMM) who could benefit from its use are not currently prescribed PrEP. The literature during the first decade of PrEP availability has suggested a diverse set of multi-level barriers and facilitators to PrEP uptake and adherence. Through a scoping review, 16 qualitative studies were surveyed to assess these barriers and facilitators, specifically regarding messaging and communication. Seven main themes were identified: information & misinformation, peer messaging, expansion of sexual experiences, relationships with providers, expectations & stigma, navigation support, and barriers to uptake & adherence. Data suggest that peer support, messaging around empowerment and agency, and PrEP's role in shifting sociosexual norms contributed to uptake and adherence. On the other hand, stigma, provider disconnection, and access issues hindered PrEP uptake and adherence. Findings could inform multi-level, strengths-based, and holistic approaches to designing effective interventions for PrEP engagement among SMM.

Attitudes Towards Treatment as Prevention Among PrEP-Experienced Gay and Bisexual Men in Australia

The introduction of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has the potential to impact the attitudes gay and bisexual men (GBM) who consequently choose to take PrEP have towards treatment as prevention (TasP), and the extent to which they are willing to have condomless anal intercourse (CLAI) with an HIV-positive sexual partner who has an undetectable viral load (UVL). Using a cross-sectional sample from an observational cohort study conducted from August 2018 to March 2020, we examined the extent to which PrEP-experienced GBM are willing to have CLAI with a partner who has a UVL. Simple and multiple logistic regression models were used to identify associated variables. Of the 1386 participants included in the analyses, 79.0% believed in the effectiveness of TasP, and 55.3% were willing to have CLAI with a partner who has a UVL. Wiling participants were less worried about getting HIV when taking PrEP and more likely to believe in TasP. Further research is needed to better understand the gap between belief in TasP and willingness to have CLAI with a partner who has a UVL among PrEP-experienced GBM.

Talking to My Partners About PrEP: Factors Associated with PrEP-Related Communication in a Longitudinal US Study of Sexual Minority Men Living with HIV

Treatment as prevention and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) have reduced HIV transmission among sexual minority men (SMM). However, little is known about PrEP-related communication in serodiscordant partnerships. In 2015-2016, 965 US SMM living with HIV (Mage = 39; 63% White, 19% Black, 18% Latinx) enrolled in a year-long longitudinal study with surveys every 3 months (2,850 surveys). Multilevel models explored factors associated with PrEP-related communication with HIV-negative partners. Most participants (77%) reported PrEP-related communication. Participants were more likely to discuss PrEP during periods with more sexual partners, AOR = 2.89, p < .001, and group sex, AOR = 1.99, p = .001. Those with more partners on average, β = 0.48, p < .001, and those engaging in other drug use more frequently, β = 0.11, p = .002, were more likely to discuss PrEP. PrEP-related communication was more common for men who disclosed their HIV status, β = 0.22, p < .001, and who had undetectable viral loads, β = 0.25, p = .007. Communication was also more common for those with higher incomes, β = 0.12, p = .02, and from larger cities, β = 0.07, p = .048, and less common for Black participants, β =  - 0.29, p = .003, and older participants, β =  - 0.18, p < .001. PrEP-related communication increased over the course of the study, AOR = 1.16, p= .02. PrEP can confer additional HIV prevention benefits within serodiscordant partnerships, and future research should continue to explore the role PrEP plays in these partnerships.

HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) among men who have sex with men: peer communication, engagement and social networks

Abstract HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) has renewed optimism in controlling the HIV epidemic, despite its continued growth among men who have sex with men (MSM). The popularity of dating-sexual dating apps and digital media platforms in exchanging information and experiences about PrEP on peer social networks is recognized. However, studies on contexts, motivations, and scope in HIV prevention are scarce. The article aims to understand the dynamics of virtual and face-to-face peer networks among MSM for the decision to use PrEP, its disclosure, and publicity. Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with 48 PrEP users from five Brazilian cities. Most interviewees share information and experiences about PrEP in peer social networks. However, its publication reveals tensions arising from the permanence of stigmas associated with homosexuality and HIV. The protagonism in exposing the use of PrEP expresses commitment to attracting new users. The relevance of peer social networks in sharing experiences and information about PrEP has the potential to diversify the target audience and expand and democratize PrEP coverage in the country.

HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) among men who have sex with men: peer communication, engagement and social networks

HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) has renewed optimism in controlling the HIV epidemic, despite its continued growth among men who have sex with men (MSM). The popularity of dating-sexual dating apps and digital media platforms in exchanging information and experiences about PrEP on peer social networks is recognized. However, studies on contexts, motivations, and scope in HIV prevention are scarce. The article aims to understand the dynamics of virtual and face-to-face peer networks among MSM for the decision to use PrEP, its disclosure, and publicity. Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with 48 PrEP users from five Brazilian cities. Most interviewees share information and experiences about PrEP in peer social networks. However, its publication reveals tensions arising from the permanence of stigmas associated with homosexuality and HIV. The protagonism in exposing the use of PrEP expresses commitment to attracting new users. The relevance of peer social networks in sharing experiences and information about PrEP has the potential to diversify the target audience and expand and democratize PrEP coverage in the country.

Partner Support and Communication for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Use Among Male Couples

Between one to two-thirds of HIV infections among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men are from primary partners, and there has been increased research attention focused on strategies to increase PrEP adoption among male couples. While there is evidence that partner support is a strong correlate of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adoption, there has been a lack of attention on PrEP communication dynamics among male couples. In this paper, we build upon this literature through analysis of dyadic data from a large cross-sectional survey of 543 concordant sero-negative and serodiscordant male couples to examine individual and relationship factors associated with reports of partner communication around PrEP, comfort in discussing PrEP, and perceived partner-level support for PrEP use. PrEP use was relatively low (16.2%), and although 87.5% of men reported their partners would support their PrEP use, only 26.3% had talked to their partner recently about PrEP. PrEP communication and perceived support for PrEP were significantly negatively associated with PrEP stigma and stigma based on sexuality (i.e., internalized homophobia and enacted external stigma based on sexuality), while men with sexual agreements were more comfortable talking about PrEP with their partner. There is a need to adapt current interventions, or develop new dyadic interventions, that provide opportunities for male couples to talk and learn about PrEP together, as a potential pathway to engage them toward PrEP use.

Sexually transmitted infections among participants in an HIV PrEP adherence trial

BACKGROUND

HIV PrEP effectiveness is highly dependent on adherence. High STI incidence has been reported among PrEP users. We assessed the relationship between STI incidence (CT, NG, and syphilis) and PrEP adherence.

METHODS

We performed a subanalysis of a controlled, open-label, two-arm, randomized clinical demonstration project of a text-message based adherence intervention. Participants had 48 weeks of follow-up and had STI testing every 12 or 24 weeks. PrEP adherence was measured at week 48 using intracellular tenofovir-diphosphate drug concentrations. We calculated incidence rate ratios for STIs among those adherent as compared with those not adherent to PrEP.

RESULTS

Of the 381 assessed for CT, NG and syphilis at one or more follow-up visits, there were 16 cases of syphilis or 5.0 per 100 person years (95% CI: 2.6, 7.5); 63 cases of NG or 26.3 per 100 person years (95% CI: 19.8, 32.8); and 81 cases of CT or 36.3 per 100 person years (95% CI: 28.4, 44.2). We found no association between adequate PrEP adherence and STI incidence (aIRR: 0.97 95% CI: 0.67, 1.40).

CONCLUSIONS

We found that the incidence of STIs was not significantly different between those adherent to PrEP and those non-adherent. Further research is needed to assess how PrEP use may impact STIs over time.

Condom use likelihood within the context of PrEP and TasP among men who have sex with men in Florida: a short report

Despite the development of targeted interventions for men who have sex with men, this population continues to comprise the majority of new HIV diagnoses. Though condoms are highly efficacious, some sexually active MSM use sero-sorting as a method of HIV prevention. This study aimed to characterize: (1) differences between partner sero-status and condom use likelihood, and (2) demographic, behavioral, and knowledge-related factors influencing condom use likelihood with varying sero-status partners. Using convenience sampling, 150 sexual and gender minority men completed a survey on PrEP and sexual behaviors. The majority of participants identified as racial/ethnic minorities (51.7%), having 4 years of college or more (52.0%), and being HIV-negative (not on PrEP) (68.8%). Our sample reported the lowest average condom use likelihood with a partner on PrEP (2.93 ± 1.39) and the highest average likelihood with an HIV-positive partner (unknown VL) (4.57 ± 0.98). Age, race/ethnicity, education, HIV-status, and HIV and PrEP knowledge were significantly associated with differences in condom use likelihood. Our findings elucidate the complexity of sero-sorting scenarios and decision-making processes in the context of biomedical HIV prevention. These results may provide insight for future condom use and sero-sorting interventions in the context of biomedical HIV prevention.

PrEP uptake as a social movement among gay and bisexual men

Despite PrEP's effectiveness as an HIV prevention intervention, uptake among gay and bisexual men remains low. Historical involvement in AIDS activism may reveal important ways of mobilising gay and bisexual men to increase PrEP uptake. Data come from a qualitative study to understand New York City gay and bisexual men's experiences with PrEP. Informed by a constructivist grounded theory approach, we assessed ways in which gay and bisexual men's relational experiences concerning PrEP were congruent with features of past AIDS activism. Participants' mean age was 32.5 years, half were men of colour, and over half had been taking PrEP for less than one year. Analysis revealed three primary themes related to AIDS activism strategies: (1) framing, which referenced how participants referred to PrEP as an empowering, liberatory and community-building intervention (2) reactions, which encompassed positive to negative expressions about PrEP and sex; and (3) innovation, which conveyed ways that participants engaged in processes of transferring lay knowledge about PrEP through leadership roles across social and digital encounters. Findings suggest that the ways in which gay and bisexual men communicate about PrEP with peers are consistent with features of AIDS activism. Deploying lay knowledge using framing strategies through peer-based intervention could expand PrEP uptake. However, elements of PrEP stigma must be addressed to engage with the wide-ranging HIV prevention needs of gay and bisexual men.

Beyond HIV prevention: Additional individual and community-level benefits of PrEP among Latino gay and bisexual men

BACKGROUND

HIV infections disproportionately impact Latino gay and bisexual men (GBM) in the United States. Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) is a proven prevention strategy that can help reduce new HIV infections in this population. Unfortunately, PrEP adoption and persistence among Latino GBM remain low. The added benefits of using PrEP experienced by Latino GBM can provide important insights to inform the development of PrEP messaging to motivate this population to explore and consider PrEP as an appropriate and acceptable HIV prevention tool.

METHODS

We conducted in-depth interviews with Latino GBM PrEP users to explore positive feelings and emotions, and additional benefits gained from using PrEP. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 29 Latino GBM completed the study interview. The average age of participants was 30 years, and the mean length of time using PrEP was 17.1 months. Five themes were constructed from the data representing the additional benefits gained by Latino GBM PrEP users, and included: (1) reduced fear, anxiety, and stress about HIV, HIV testing, and sex; (2) feeling empowered and in control of their HIV risk; (3) greater awareness of sexual risk behaviors and sexual health; (4) greater sexual exploration and pleasure, and comfort having condomless sex; and (5) a greater connection to community and a feeling of contributing to the elimination of HIV.

CONCLUSIONS

The added benefits identified in this study represent a range of social, emotional, and psychological benefits that Latino GBM experience while using PrEP. They speak to the complementary benefits that PrEP can bring to Latino GBM who decide to use the medication, that go beyond HIV prevention. These findings can inform the development of future PrEP messaging to help improve motivation for PrEP uptake and persistent use among Latino GBM.

Acceptability and Feasibility of a Telehealth Intervention for STI Testing Among Male Couples

Partnered gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) are less likely to engage in HIV and STI testing. We enrolled 51 male couples from a larger study of home HIV testing to test the feasibility of a dyadic home STI testing intervention delivered via telehealth, consisting of two telehealth sessions delivered via video-chat. In the first session, an interventionist demonstrated the specimen collection kits. In the second session, an interventionist delivered the STI results. Participants reported very high levels of acceptability of the intervention: 92% reported the telehealth calls quality as very good, 99% reported the sample collection instructions were clear, and 96% of respondents returned specimens for collection. 9% of participants tested positive for chlamydia or gonorrhea, and all were linked to care. The intervention has the potential to surmount economic, physical and stigma-related barriers to attending clinics for STI testing, but these results need to be further tested in more diverse samples of male couples.

PrEP Disclosure Experiences of Gay and Bisexual Men in Guatemala

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can reduce HIV transmission among gay and bisexual men (GBM). However, stigma can inhibit disclosure of PrEP use, which may limit uptake. This study's purpose was to explore PrEP disclosure experiences and how disclosure is associated with PrEP adherence among GBM at a sexual health clinic in Guatemala City. We conducted in-depth interviews with PrEP users (n = 18) and used an iterative content analysis approach. All participants had or planned to disclose their PrEP use to at least one person, most commonly friends and sex partners, though many were selective about who they told. Main reasons for disclosure were to educate others, gain social support, and clarify their HIV status. Concerns about stigma and emotional discomfort deterred disclosure. Disclosure facilitated PrEP access and adherence by enhancing emotional and instrumental support. Interventions providing opportunities for GBM to practice disclosure, including addressing others' misconceptions, could promote PrEP uptake and adherence.

Exchanging a "Gnawing Thought for "Taking a Pill Once a Day": Examining Sexual Minority Men's Experiences With PrEP and Mental Health in a Universal PrEP Access Context

This study explores how universal access to and taking no-cost preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), which effectively prevents HIV acquisition, may impact the mental health-related experiences of sexual minority men, including HIV-related anxiety. We employed community-based and participatory methods to conduct and analyze 27 interviews with sexual minority men in British Columbia, Canada. Before starting PrEP, participants' experiences with sex were highly associated with HIV-related anxiety. Participants stated they did not explicitly initiate PrEP to reduce HIV-related anxiety, yet many described significant reductions of HIV-related anxiety after starting PrEP. Participants described feeling that the sex they were having was safer following their initiation of PrEP, which resulted in increased ability to access heightened experiences of pleasure, desire, and intimacy. PrEP's capacity to impact HIV stigma and health broadly should continue to be explored, particularly given the mental health inequities faced by those who may acquire HIV.

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men in Ottawa: A Real World View With Benefits Beyond HIV Risk Reduction

The number of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has grown since its approval in Canada. While there are sound clinical data on PrEP efficacy, there is less research describing outcomes in routine clinical practice. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 113 men attending our PrEP clinic. Participants completed a one-time survey and chart reviews were conducted. We found that men in our clinic were educated and affluent. While PrEP did not lead to more reported sexual partners, condom use declined, as did sexual anxiety. These results reinforce that PrEP benefits extend beyond HIV prevention.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Preexposure Prophylaxis Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions of Sexual Health Risk in an Age of Sexually Transmitted Infection Antimicrobial Resistance

BACKGROUND

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has helped reduce new HIV infections. However, bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have increased among PrEP users. We examined PrEP knowledge, access, and risk perceptions in an age of antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

METHODS

An online anonymous survey was distributed to all cisgender men/transpersons who have sex with men attending a sexual health clinic in Bristol, United Kingdom (October 2018 to November 2019). Interviews with a sample identified at increased risk of HIV were analyzed thematically and integrated with survey data.

RESULTS

Five hundred and seventy-eight (95%) of 617 cisgender men/transpersons who have sex with men survey respondents were HIV-negative/unknown, of these, 202 (34.9%) had ever used PrEP. Interviewees (n = 24) reported widespread awareness of and enthusiasm for PrEP. Among nonusers, 39% (146/376) were unaware how to access PrEP, and 27% (103/376) could not access PrEP through the national "impact" trial of whom 79% (81/103) were eligible. The PrEP was described as "life-changing," but expense was the main barrier to use. Sixty-two percent (358/578) of HIV-negative/unknown respondents on PrEP were more likely to have condomless anal intercourse with someone they thought was HIV-negative. Interviewees used PrEP with other risk-reduction strategies. Sexually transmitted infections were seen as "curable" and AMR rarely influenced risk perception or sexual decision making.

CONCLUSIONS

The PrEP awareness was high, but purchase cost limited access. PrEP may increase condomless anal intercourse, but interviewees used PrEP as one of many risk-reduction tools. Reduced fear of HIV transmission and testing was highly valued. Sexually transmitted infection AMR was not seen as an immediate threat and did not influence risk perception or sexual decision making.

How Has HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Changed Sex? A Review of Research in a New Era of Bio-behavioral HIV Prevention

In 2012, the U.S. FDA approved the first drug for use as HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP), which is nearly 99% effective when taken as prescribed. Although the manifest function of PrEP is to prevent HIV infection in the event of exposure, the drug has also had a significant impact on various facets of sexuality. In this review, we focus on research that emerged in the near decade since PrEP's approval, with a specific focus on the ways in which different elements of sex and sexuality have been impacted by gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM), cisgender women, and transgender individuals. We highlight evidence showing how PrEP has enhanced sexual self-esteem, improved sexual pleasure, reduced sexual anxiety, and has increased sexual agency for those taking it. For many, PrEP also serves as a gateway to improve routine health and increase sexual health-care utilization. Additionally, we review the question of whether PrEP is associated with increased sexual risk taking (i.e. risk compensation), and note that, although some data are mixed, PrEP is not intended as an intervention to reduce condomless anal sex or STIs: it aims to prevent HIV. Finally, our review highlights that, although the volume of research on PrEP among GBMSM is robust, it is underdeveloped for cisgender women and transgender populations and insufficient for inclusion in such a review for cisgender heterosexual men was. PrEP research with these populations is an important direction for future research. Finally, from 2012 to 2019, a single PrEP formulation and delivery method was FDA approved (oral emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate). As additional drug formulations (ie.g., emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide) and delivery methods (e.g., microbiocides, vaginal ring, injectable) come to market, it will be important to examine how these, too, impact the spectrum of sexuality.

PrEP Awareness, Use, Intention to Use, and Information Source Among Geosocial Networking Application Users in Mexico in 2018-2019

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has limited availability across Latin America, though access is increasing. We explored PrEP uptake in Mexico via an online survey completed by Spanish-speaking, Hornet geosocial networking application (GSN app) users without HIV (n = 2020). Most (81.3%) had heard of PrEP, 3.5% were current users, and 34.2% intended to take PrEP within six months. Current PrEP use was associated with PrEP eligibility (aOR 26.07 [95%CI 13.05-52.09], p < 0.001), recent STI testing (aOR 3.79 [95%CI 1.10-13.11], p = 0.035), and recent chemsex (aOR 3.02 [95%CI 1.02-8.93], p = 0.046). Recent STI testing was associated with hearing about PrEP from a doctor (aOR 3.26 [95%CI 1.98-5.36], p < 0.001), and those who lived in large cities were less likely to have learned about PrEP via Hornet (aOR 0.52 [95%CI 0.32-0.85], p = 0.009). Interventions to increase PrEP uptake in Mexico should build upon existing health networks and utilize GSN apps for PrEP information dissemination, particularly in less populated areas.

What does PrEP mean for 'safe sex' norms? A qualitative study

While HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is highly effective, it has arguably disrupted norms of ‘safe sex’ that for many years were synonymous with condom use. This qualitative study explored the culture of PrEP adoption and evolving concepts of ‘safe sex’ in Sydney, Australia, during a period of rapidly escalating access from 2015–2018, drawing on interviews with sexually active gay men (n = 31) and interviews and focus groups with key stakeholders (n = 10). Data were analysed thematically. Our results explored the decreasing centrality of condoms in risk reduction and new patterns of sexual negotiation. With regards to stigma, we found that there was arguably more stigma related to not taking PrEP than to taking PrEP in this sample. We also found that participants remained highly engaged with promoting the wellbeing of their communities through activities as seemingly disparate as regular STI testing, promotion of PrEP in their social circles, and contribution to research. This study has important implications for health promotion. It demonstrates how constructing PrEP as a rigid new standard to which gay men ‘should’ adhere can alienate some men and potentially create community divisions. Instead, we recommend promoting choice from a range of HIV prevention options that have both high efficacy and high acceptability.