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Jiang Z, Chen Z, Chen X. Candidate gene-environment interactions in substance abuse: A systematic review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287446. [PMID: 37906564 PMCID: PMC10617739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The abuse of psychogenic drugs can lead to multiple health-related problems. Genetic and environmental vulnerabilities are factors in the emergence of substance use disorders. Empirical evidence regarding the gene-environment interaction in substance use is mixed. Summaries of the latest findings from a candidate gene approach will be useful for revealing the significance of particular gene contributions. Thus, we aim to identify different gene-environment interactions in patterns of substance use and investigate whether any effects trend notably across different genders and races. METHODS We reviewed published studies, until March 1, 2022, on substance use for candidate gene-environment interaction. Basic demographics of the included studies, target genes, environmental factors, main findings, patterns of gene-environment interaction, and other relevant information were collected and summarized. RESULTS Among a total of 44 studies, 38 demonstrated at least one significant interaction effect. About 61.5% of studies on the 5-HTTLPR gene, 100% on the MAOA gene, 42.9% on the DRD2 gene, 50% on the DRD4 gene, 50% on the DAT gene, 80% on the CRHR1 gene, 100% on the OPRM1 gene, 100% on the GABRA1 gene, and 50% on the CHRNA gene had a significant gene-environment interaction effect. The diathesis-stress model represents a dominant interaction pattern (89.5%) in the studies with a significant interaction effect; the remaining significant effect on substance use is found in the differential susceptibility model. The social push and swing model were not reported in the included studies. CONCLUSION The gene-environment interaction research on substance use behavior is methodologically multidimensional, which causes difficulty in conducting pooled analysis, or stated differently-making it hard to identify single sources of significant influence over maladaptive patterns of drug taking. In decreasing the heterogeneity and facilitating future pooled analysis, researchers must (1) replicate the existing studies with consistent study designs and measures, (2) conduct power calculations to report gene-environment correlations, (3) control for covariates, and (4) generate theory-based hypotheses with factorial based experiments when designing future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jiang
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Zidong Chen
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xi Chen
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Sociology and Social Policy, Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong
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2
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Ashton MK, Rueda AVL, Ho AM, Noor Aizin NABM, Sharma H, Dodd PR, Stadlin A, Camarini R. Sex differences in GABA A receptor subunit transcript expression are mediated by genotype in subjects with alcohol-related cirrhosis of the liver. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2022; 21:e12785. [PMID: 35301805 PMCID: PMC9744570 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Male and female human subjects show contrasting propensities to misuse drugs of addiction, including alcohol. These differences lead to different psychological and neurological consequences, such as the likelihood of developing dependence. The pattern and extent of brain damage in alcohol-use disorder cases also varies with comorbid disease. To explore mechanisms that might underlie these outcomes, we used autopsy tissue to determine mRNA transcript expression in relation to genotype for two GABAA receptor subunit genes. We used quantitative Real-Time PCR to measure GABRA6 and GABRA2 mRNA concentrations in dorsolateral prefrontal and primary motor cortices of alcohol-use disorder subjects and controls of both sexes with and without liver disease who had been genotyped for these GABAA receptor subunit genes. Cirrhotic alcohol-use disorder cases had significantly higher expression of GABRA6 and GABRA2 transcripts than either controls or non-cirrhotic alcohol-use disorder cases. Differences were observed between sexes, genotypes and brain regions. We show that sex differences in subjects with GABRA6 and GABRA2 variants may contribute to differences in susceptibility to alcohol-use disorder and alcohol-induced cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline K. Ashton
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - André V. L. Rueda
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Departamento de Farmacologia, ICBUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Ada M.‐C. Ho
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Noradibah Arina Binte M. Noor Aizin
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Vela Research Singapore Pte LtdThe KendallSingapore
| | - Hansa Sharma
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Peter R. Dodd
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | | | - Rosana Camarini
- Departamento de Farmacologia, ICBUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
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3
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Adiposity and cancer: a Mendelian randomization analysis in the UK biobank. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:2657-2665. [PMID: 34453097 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational and Mendelian randomization (MR) studies link obesity and cancer, but it remains unclear whether these depend upon related metabolic abnormalities. METHODS We used information from 321,472 participants in the UK biobank, including 30,561 cases of obesity-related cancer. We constructed three genetic instruments reflecting higher adiposity together with either "unfavourable" (82 SNPs), "favourable" (24 SNPs) or "neutral" metabolic profile (25 SNPs). We looked at associations with 14 types of cancer, previously suggested to be associated with obesity. RESULTS All genetic instruments had a strong association with BMI (p < 1 × 10-300 for all). The instrument reflecting unfavourable adiposity was also associated with higher CRP, HbA1c and adverse lipid profile, while instrument reflecting metabolically favourable adiposity was associated with lower HbA1c and a favourable lipid profile. In MR-inverse-variance weighted analysis unfavourable adiposity was associated with an increased risk of non-hormonal cancers (OR = 1.22, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.08, 1.38), but a lower risk of hormonal cancers (OR = 0.80, 95%CI: 0.72, 0.89). From individual cancers, MR analyses suggested causal increases in the risk of multiple myeloma (OR = 1.36, 95%CI: 1.09, 1.70) and endometrial cancer (OR = 1.77, 95%CI: 1.16, 2.68) by greater genetically instrumented unfavourable adiposity but lower risks of breast and prostate cancer (OR = 0.72, 95%CI: 0.61, 0.83 and OR = 0.81, 95%CI: 0.68, 0.97, respectively). Favourable or neutral adiposity were not associated with the odds of any individual cancer. CONCLUSIONS Higher adiposity associated with a higher risk of non-hormonal cancer but a lower risk of some hormone related cancers. Presence of metabolic abnormalities might aggravate the adverse effects of higher adiposity on cancer. Further studies are warranted to investigate whether interventions on adverse metabolic health may help to alleviate obesity-related cancer risk.
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4
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Fletcher JM, Lu Q. Health policy and genetic endowments: Understanding sources of response to Minimum Legal Drinking Age laws. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2021; 30:194-203. [PMID: 33140488 PMCID: PMC8173671 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper uses policy-induced variation in legal access to alcohol in the United States to explore interactions between genetic predispositions and health behaviors. It is well known that Minimum Legal Drinking Age (MLDA) laws have discrete impacts on binge drinking behaviors, but less is known about heterogeneity of the effects and the characteristics of individuals most and least affected. Using the Add Health data, this paper explores differential policy effects based on polygenic scores (PGS), which are genome-wide summary measures predicting health outcomes. Specifically, we leverage PGS for alcoholism and for a broader set of risk-taking behaviors to explore heterogeneities in response to the policy and consider mechanisms for the responses. Like previous literature using the Add Health and other datasets, we find main effects of MLDA in increasing recent binge drinking episodes by approximately 5 percentage points. We find MLDA effects are concentrated entirely in individuals with high PGS for alcohol use. We are also able to compare these results with measures of parental alcoholism as a global proxy for family history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Fletcher
- La Follette School of Public Affairs, Department of Sociology, Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Qiongshi Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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5
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Kim J, Park A. A systematic review: Candidate gene and environment interaction on alcohol use and misuse among adolescents and young adults. Am J Addict 2018; 27:345-363. [PMID: 29992684 PMCID: PMC6511325 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Youth drinking is a pervasive public health concern with serious negative developmental implications. Candidate gene and environment interaction studies (cGxE) show that environmental effects on drinking behaviors may differ by individuals' genotypes. Yet little is known about whether genetic and environmental effects on drinking behaviors are developmentally specific. METHODS This systematic review evaluated 42 cGxE studies of drinking in adolescence and young adulthood. RESULTS Although there are mixed findings, studies of cGxE effects involving DRD4, 5-HTTLPR, DRD2, and OPRM1 genotypes showed relatively consistent patterns. The effects of under-controlled environments (eg, low levels of parental monitoring) on early and middle adolescent drinking appeared to differ across DRD2 or OPRM1 genotypes. Effects of alcohol-facilitating environments (eg, heavy drinking peers) on late adolescent and young adult drinking appeared to differ across DRD4 or OPRM1 genotypes. Interactions between 5-HTTLPR genotype with stressful environments (eg, negative life events) were found throughout adolescence and young adulthood, although there were some inconsistencies regarding the risk-conferring allele. There was limited evidence for other cGxE effects due to the small number of studies. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE This review suggests that GxE findings may advance our knowledge regarding which developmentally specific conditions result in the expression of candidate genes that influence youth alcohol use and misuse. However, since a significant number of studies had small sample sizes and most studies had small effect sizes, findings need replication across independent studies with large samples. (Am J Addict 2018;XX:1-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueun Kim
- Department of Counseling Psychology, Handong Global University, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Aesoon Park
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
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6
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Fite PJ, Brown S, Hossain W, Manzardo A, Butler MG, Bortolato M. Tobacco and cannabis use in college students are predicted by sex-dimorphic interactions between MAOA genotype and child abuse. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 25:101-111. [PMID: 29952131 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postsecondary students in Western countries exhibit a high prevalence of cannabis and tobacco use disorders. The etiology of these problems is contributed by several psychosocial factors, including childhood adversity and trauma; however, the mechanisms whereby these environmental determinants predispose to the use of these substances remain elusive, due to our poor knowledge of genetic and biological moderators. Converging evidence points to the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene as a moderator of the effects of lifetime stress on the initiation of substance use. AIMS Building on these premises, in this study, we analyzed whether MAOA upstream variable number tandem repeat (uVNTR) alleles interact with child maltreatment history to predict for lifetime cannabis and tobacco consumption. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five hundred college students (age: 18-25 years) from a large Midwestern University were surveyed for their child maltreatment history (encompassing emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, as well as emotional and physical neglect) and lifetime consumption of cannabis and tobacco. Saliva samples were obtained to determine the MAOA uVNTR genotype of each participant. RESULTS In female students, lifetime tobacco and cannabis use was predicted by the interaction of physical and emotional abuse with high-activity MAOA allelic variants; conversely, in males, the interaction of low-activity MAOA alleles and physical abuse was associated with lifetime use of tobacco, but not cannabis. DISCUSSION These findings collectively suggest that the vulnerability to smoke tobacco and cannabis is predicted by sex-dimorphic interactions of MAOA gene with childhood abuse. CONCLUSION These biosocial underpinnings of tobacco and cannabis use may prove important in the development of novel personalized preventive strategies for substance use disorders in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J Fite
- Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Shaquanna Brown
- Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Waheeda Hossain
- Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Ann Manzardo
- Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Merlin G Butler
- Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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7
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Varoglu E, Seytanoglu A, Asilmaz E, Taneri B. Neurotransmitter receptor genotypes associated with mental and behavioral disorders. Per Med 2018; 14:327-338. [PMID: 29749833 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2016-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Investigation of association studies within the field of mental and behavioral disorders is of value given their complex molecular etiology including epistatic interactions of multiple genes with small effects. MATERIALS & METHODS Utilizing biomedical text mining, associations are uncovered for all mental and behavioral conditions listed in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Text Revision. Specifically, a computational pipeline is designed to retrieve neurotransmitter receptor variations from biomedical literature with a text mining approach, where unique polymorphisms are also mined. RESULTS Analyses of 1337 unique neurotransmitter receptors and 465 distinct conditions yield 1568 unique gene-disease associations. CONCLUSION This study takes an unconventional approach to association studies and generates a novel dataset of associations for disorders such as major depression and schizophrenia, which provides a global perspective for their genetic etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekrem Varoglu
- Department of Computer Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus 99628, Turkey
| | - Adil Seytanoglu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus 99628, Turkey
| | | | - Bahar Taneri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus 99628, Turkey.,Institute for Public Health Genomics, Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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8
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Dick DM, Barr PB, Cho SB, Cooke ME, Kuo SIC, Lewis TJ, Neale Z, Salvatore JE, Savage J, Su J. Post-GWAS in Psychiatric Genetics: A Developmental Perspective on the "Other" Next Steps. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 17:e12447. [PMID: 29227573 PMCID: PMC5876087 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As psychiatric genetics enters an era where gene identification is finally yielding robust, replicable genetic associations and polygenic risk scores, it is important to consider next steps and delineate how that knowledge will be applied to ultimately ameliorate suffering associated with substance use and psychiatric disorders. Much of the post-genome-wide association study discussion has focused on the potential of genetic information to elucidate the underlying biology and use this information for the development of more effective pharmaceutical treatments. In this review we focus on additional areas of research that should follow gene identification. By taking genetic findings into longitudinal, developmental studies, we can map the pathways by which genetic risk manifests across development, elucidating the early behavioral manifestations of risk, and studying how various environments and interventions moderate that risk across developmental stages. The delineation of risk across development will advance our understanding of mechanism, sex differences and risk and resilience processes in different racial/ethnic groups. Here, we review how the extant twin study literature can be used to guide these efforts. Together, these new lines of research will enable us to develop more informed, tailored prevention and intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. Dick
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Program, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | | | - Peter B. Barr
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Program, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Seung Bin Cho
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Program, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Megan E. Cooke
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Program, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Sally I-Chun Kuo
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Program, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Tenesha J. Lewis
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Program, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Zoe Neale
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Program, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Jessica E. Salvatore
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Program, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Jeanne Savage
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Program, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Jinni Su
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Program, Virginia Commonwealth University
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9
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Barr PB, Salvatore JE, Maes HH, Korhonen T, Latvala A, Aliev F, Viken R, Rose RJ, Kaprio J, Dick DM. Social Relationships Moderate Genetic Influences on Heavy Drinking in Young Adulthood. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2017; 78:817-826. [PMID: 29087815 PMCID: PMC5668991 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2017.78.817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Social relationships, such as committed partnerships, limit risky behaviors like heavy drinking, in part, because of increased social control. The current analyses examine whether involvement in committed relationships or social support extend beyond a main effect to limit genetic liability in heavy drinking (gene-environment interaction) during young adulthood. METHOD Using data from the young adult wave of the Finnish Twin Study, FinnTwin12 (n = 3,269), we tested whether involvement in romantic partnerships or social support moderated genetic influences on heavy drinking using biometric twin modeling for gene-environment interaction. RESULTS Involvement in a romantic partnership was associated with a decline in genetic variance in both males and females, although the overall magnitude of genetic influence was greater in males. Sex differences emerged for social support: increased social support was associated with increased genetic influence for females and reduced genetic influence for males. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that social relationships are important moderators of genetic influences on young adult alcohol use. Mechanisms of social control that are important in limiting genetic liability during adolescence extend into young adulthood. In addition, although some relationships limit genetic liability equally, others, such as extensive social networks, may operate differently across sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B. Barr
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jessica E. Salvatore
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Hermine H. Maes
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Tellervo Korhonen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Latvala
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fazil Aliev
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Faculty of Business, Karabük University, Karabük, Turkey
| | - Richard Viken
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Richard J. Rose
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Danielle M. Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of African American Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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10
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Melón LC, Nolan ZT, Colar D, Moore EM, Boehm SL. Activation of extrasynaptic δ-GABA A receptors globally or within the posterior-VTA has estrous-dependent effects on consumption of alcohol and estrous-independent effects on locomotion. Horm Behav 2017; 95:65-75. [PMID: 28765080 PMCID: PMC5623082 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports support higher than expected rates of binge alcohol consumption among women and girls. Unfortunately, few studies have assessed the mechanisms underlying this pattern of intake in females. Studies in males suggest that alcohol concentrations relevant to the beginning stages of binge intoxication may selectively target tonic GABAergic inhibition mediated by GABAA receptor subtypes expressing the δ-subunit protein (δ-GABAARs). Indeed, administration of agonists that interact with these δ-GABAARs prior to alcohol access can abolish binge drinking behavior in male mice. These δ-GABAARs have also been shown to exhibit estrous-dependent plasticity in regions relevant to drug taking behavior, like the hippocampus and periaqueductal gray. The present experiments were designed to determine whether the estrous cycle would alter binge drinking, or our ability to modulate this pattern of alcohol use with THIP, an agonist with high selectivity and efficacy at δ-GABAARs. Using the Drinking-in-the-Dark (DID) binge-drinking model, regularly cycling female mice were given 2h of daily access to alcohol (20%v/v). Vaginal cytology or vaginal impedance was assessed after drinking sessions to track estrous status. There was no fluctuation in binge drinking associated with the estrous cycle. Both Intra-posterior-VTA administration of THIP and systemic administration of the drug was also associated with an estrous cycle dependent reduction in drinking behavior. Pre-treatment with finasteride to inhibit synthesis of 5α-reduced neurosteroids did not disrupt THIP's effects. Analysis of δ-subunit mRNA from posterior-VTA enriched tissue samples revealed that expression of this GABAA receptor subunit is elevated during diestrus in this region. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that δGABAARs in the VTA are an important target for binge drinking in females and confirm that the estrous cycle is an important moderator of the pharmacology of this GABAA receptor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laverne C Melón
- Addiction Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Indiana University/Purdue University-Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | - Delphine Colar
- Addiction Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Indiana University/Purdue University-Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Eileen M Moore
- Center for Behavioral Teratology, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
| | - Stephen L Boehm
- Addiction Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Indiana University/Purdue University-Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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11
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Kiive E, Laas K, Vaht M, Veidebaum T, Harro J. Stressful life events increase aggression and alcohol use in young carriers of the GABRA2 rs279826/rs279858 A-allele. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:816-827. [PMID: 28237505 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Research of GABRA2 gene in alcohol use and impulse control suggests its role in aggressive behaviour. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of GABRA2 genotype and stressful life events on aggressive behaviour, alcohol use frequency and occurrence of alcohol use disorder in a population representative sample of adolescents followed up from third grade to 25 years of age. The sample consisted of the younger cohort of the longitudinal Estonian Children Personality, Behaviour and Health Study. Aggressive behaviour was rated with the activity scale of af Klinteberg, Illinois Bully Scale and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. Stressful life events and alcohol use were self-reported. Life history of aggression and lifetime occurrence of psychiatric disorders were estimated in a structured interview. The sample was genotyped for GABRA2 rs279826 and rs279858 polymorphisms that are in strong linkage disequilibrium and yielded very similar findings: Higher number of stressful life events reported at age 15 was associated with increased fighting in A-allele carriers, but not in GG homozygotes. At age 25, A-allele carriers with more stressful life events scored higher on physical aggression than those with less stress, and this was also observed regarding life history of aggression. A-allele carriers exposed to higher stress had consumed alcoholic beverages more frequently at age 15, and by age 25, they had alcohol use disorder with higher prevalence. The results of the present study suggest that the GABRA2 genotype interacts with stress in young people with impact on the development of alcohol use and aggressive behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Kiive
- Division of Special Education, Department of Education, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Kariina Laas
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mariliis Vaht
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Jaanus Harro
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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12
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Salvatore JE, Cho SB, Dick DM. Genes, Environments, and Sex Differences in Alcohol Research. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2017; 78:494-501. [PMID: 28728631 PMCID: PMC5551654 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2017.78.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study of sex differences has been identified as one way to enhance scientific reproducibility, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have implemented a new policy to encourage the explicit examination of sex differences. Our goal here is to address sex differences in behavioral genetic research on alcohol outcomes. METHOD We review sex differences for alcohol outcomes and whether the source and magnitude of genetic influences on alcohol consumption and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are the same across sexes; describe common research designs for studying sex-specific gene-by-environment interaction (G × E) effects; and discuss the role of statistical power and theory when testing sex-specific genetic effects. RESULTS There are robust sex differences for many alcohol outcomes. The weight of evidence suggests that the source and magnitude of genetic influences on alcohol consumption and AUD are the same across sexes. Whether there are sex-specific G × E effects has received less attention to date. CONCLUSIONS The new NIH policy necessitates a systematic approach for studying sex-specific genetic effects in alcohol research. Researchers are encouraged to report power for tests of these effects and to use theory to develop testable hypotheses, especially for studies of G × E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. Salvatore
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Seung Bin Cho
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- College Behavioral and Emotional Health Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Danielle M. Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- College Behavioral and Emotional Health Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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13
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Li JJ, Cho SB, Salvatore JE, Edenberg HJ, Agrawal A, Chorlian DB, Porjesz B, Hesselbrock V, Dick DM. The Impact of Peer Substance Use and Polygenic Risk on Trajectories of Heavy Episodic Drinking Across Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:65-75. [PMID: 27991676 PMCID: PMC5205549 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heavy episodic drinking is developmentally normative among adolescents and young adults, but is linked to adverse consequences in later life, such as drug and alcohol dependence. Genetic and peer influences are robust predictors of heavy episodic drinking in youth, but little is known about the interplay between polygenic risk and peer influences as they impact developmental patterns of heavy episodic drinking. METHODS Data were from a multisite prospective study of alcohol use among adolescents and young adults with genome-wide association data (n = 412). Generalized linear mixed models were used to characterize the initial status and slopes of heavy episodic drinking between age 15 and 28. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) were derived from a separate genome-wide association study for alcohol dependence and examined for their interaction with substance use among the adolescents' closest friends in predicting the initial status and slopes of heavy episodic drinking. RESULTS Close friend substance use was a robust predictor of adolescent heavy episodic drinking, even after controlling for parental knowledge and peer substance use in the school. PRS were predictive of the initial status and early patterns of heavy episodic drinking in males, but not in females. No interaction was detected between PRS and close friend substance use for heavy episodic drinking trajectories in either males or females. CONCLUSIONS Although substance use among close friends and genetic influences play an important role in predicting heavy episodic drinking trajectories, particularly during the late adolescent to early adult years, we found no evidence of interaction between these influences after controlling for other social processes, such as parental knowledge and broader substance use among other peers outside of close friends. The use of longitudinal models and accounting for multiple social influences may be crucial for future studies focused on uncovering gene-environment interplay. Clinical implications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Li
- Department of Psychology and Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Seung Bin Cho
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Jessica E. Salvatore
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA
| | - Howard J. Edenberg
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - David B. Chorlian
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Bernice Porjesz
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Victor Hesselbrock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Danielle M. Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA
- Department of African-American Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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14
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Salvatore JE, Meyers JL, Yan J, Aliev F, Lansford JE, Pettit GS, Bates JE, Dodge KA, Rose RJ, Pulkkinen L, Kaprio J, Dick DM. Intergenerational continuity in parents' and adolescents' externalizing problems: The role of life events and their interaction with GABRA2. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 124:709-28. [PMID: 26075969 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We examine whether parental externalizing behavior has an indirect effect on adolescent externalizing behavior via elevations in life events, and whether this indirect effect is further qualified by an interaction between life events and adolescents' GABRA2 genotype (rs279871). We use data from 2 samples: the Child Development Project (CDP; n = 324) and FinnTwin12 (n = 802). In CDP, repeated measures of life events, mother-reported adolescent externalizing, and teacher-reported adolescent externalizing were used. In FinnTwin12, life events and externalizing were assessed at age 14. Parental externalizing was indexed by measures of antisocial behavior and alcohol problems or alcohol dependence symptoms in both samples. In CDP, parental externalizing was associated with more life events, and the association between life events and subsequent adolescent externalizing varied as a function of GABRA2 genotype (p ≤ .05). The association between life events and subsequent adolescent externalizing was stronger for adolescents with 0 copies of the G minor allele compared to those with 1 or 2 copies of the minor allele. Parallel moderation trends were observed in FinnTwin12 (p ≤ .11). The discussion focuses on how the strength of intergenerational pathways for externalizing psychopathology may differ as a function of adolescent-level individual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jia Yan
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Fazil Aliev
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | | | - Gregory S Pettit
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Auburn University
| | - John E Bates
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University
| | | | - Richard J Rose
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University
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15
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Wedow R, Briley DA, Short SE, Boardman JD. Gender and genetic contributions to weight identity among adolescents and young adults in the U.S. Soc Sci Med 2016; 165:99-107. [PMID: 27500942 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the possibility that genetic variation contributes to self-perceived weight status among adolescents and young adults in the U.S. Using samples of identical and fraternal twins across four waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) study, we calculate heritability estimates for objective body mass index (BMI) that are in line with previous estimates. We also show that perceived weight status is heritable (h(2) ∼ 0.47) and most importantly that this trait continues to be heritable above and beyond objective BMI (h(2) ∼ 0.25). We then demonstrate significant sex differences in the heritability of weight identity across the four waves of the study, where h(2)women = 0.39, 0.35, 0.40, and 0.50 for each wave, respectively, and h(2)men = 0.10, 0.10, 0.23, and 0.03. These results call for a deeper consideration of both identity and gender in genetics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbee Wedow
- Department of Sociology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Health and Society Program and Population Program, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Daniel A Briley
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Susan E Short
- Department of Sociology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Population Studies & Training Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jason D Boardman
- Department of Sociology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Health and Society Program and Population Program, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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16
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Beyond risk: Prospective effects of GABA Receptor Subunit Alpha-2 (GABRA2) × Positive Peer Involvement on adolescent behavior. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 29:711-724. [PMID: 27581089 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Research on Gene × Environment interactions typically focuses on maladaptive contexts and outcomes. However, the same genetic factors may also impact susceptibility to positive social contexts, leading to adaptive behavior. This paper examines whether the GABA receptor subunit alpha-2 (GABRA2) single nucleotide polymorphism rs279858 moderates the influence of positive peer affiliation on externalizing behavior and various forms of competence. Regions of significance were calculated to determine whether the form of the interaction supported differential susceptibility (increased sensitivity to both low and high positive peer affiliation) or vantage sensitivity (increased sensitivity to high positive peer affiliation). It was hypothesized that those carrying the homozygous minor allele (GG) would be more susceptible to peer effects. A sample (n = 300) of primarily male (69.7%) and White (93.0%) adolescents from the Michigan Longitudinal Study was assessed from ages 12 to 17. There was evidence for prospective Gene × Environment interactions in three of the four models. At low levels of positive peer involvement, those with the GG genotype were rated as having fewer adaptive outcomes, while at high levels they were rated as having greater adaptive outcomes. This supports differential susceptibility. Conceptualizing GABRA2 variants as purely risk factors may be inaccurate. Genetic differences in susceptibility to adaptive environmental exposures warrants further investigation.
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17
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Perry BL. Gendering Genetics: Biological Contingencies in the Protective Effects of Social Integration for Men and Women. AJS; AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY 2016; 121:1655-1696. [PMID: 27416652 DOI: 10.1086/685486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Evidence that social and biological processes are intertwined in producing health and human behavior is rapidly accumulating. Using a feminist approach, this research explores how gender moderates the interaction between biological processes and men's and women's behavioral and emotional responses to similar social environments. Using data from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism, the influence of gender, social integration, and genetic risk on nicotine and alcohol dependence is examined. Three-way interaction models reveal gender-specific moderation of interactions between genetic risk score and social integration. Namely, being currently married and reporting positive social psychological integration are predictive of reduced risk of nicotine dependence among men with genetic susceptibility to strong nicotine cravings in the presence of social cues like stress. In contrast, the protective effects of marital status and social integration are substantially attenuated and absent, respectively, among women with high-risk genotypes. This pattern reflects the dualism (i.e., simultaneous costs and benefits) inherent in social integration for women, which may disproportionately affect those with a genetic sensitivity to stress. These findings contest the notion of genotype as static biological hardwiring that is independent from social and cultural systems of gender difference.
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18
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Wang FL, Chassin L, Geiser C, Lemery-Chalfant K. Mechanisms in the relation between GABRA2 and adolescent externalizing problems. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 25:67-80. [PMID: 25804982 PMCID: PMC4583314 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0703-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Conduct problems, alcohol problems and hyperactive-inattentive symptoms co-occur at a high rate and are heritable in adolescence. The γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor, α2 gene (GABRA2) is associated with a broad spectrum of externalizing problems and disinhibitory-related traits. The current study tested whether two important forms of disinhibition in adolescence, impulsivity and sensation seeking, mediated the effects of GABRA2 on hyperactive-inattentive symptoms, conduct problems, and alcohol problems. Participants were assessed at two waves (11-17 and 12-18 years old; N = 292). Analyses used the GABRA2 SNP, rs279858, which tags the two complementary (yin-yang) GABRA2 haplotypes. Multiple informants reported on adolescents' impulsivity and sensation seeking and adolescents self-reported their hyperactive-inattentive symptoms, conduct problems and lifetime alcohol problems. Impulsivity mediated the effect of GABRA2 on alcohol problems, hyperactive-inattentive symptoms, and conduct problems, whereas sensation seeking mediated the effect of GABRA2 on alcohol problems (AA/AG genotypes conferred risk). GABRA2 directly predicted adolescent alcohol problems, but the GG genotype conferred risk. Results suggest that there may be multiple pathways of risk from GABRA2 to adolescent externalizing problems, and suggest important avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances L Wang
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 950 S. McAllister Ave, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA.
| | - Laurie Chassin
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 950 S. McAllister Ave, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
| | - Christian Geiser
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, 2810 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-2810, USA
| | - Kathryn Lemery-Chalfant
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 950 S. McAllister Ave, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
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19
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Pampel FC, Boardman JD, Daw J, Stallings MC, Smolen A, Haberstick BC, Widaman KF, Neppl TK, Conger RD. Life events, genetic susceptibility, and smoking among adolescents. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2015; 54:221-32. [PMID: 26463545 PMCID: PMC4607932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although stressful life events during adolescence are associated with the adoption of unhealthy behaviors such as smoking, both social circumstances and physical traits can moderate the relationship. This study builds on the stress paradigm and gene-environment approach to social behavior by examining how a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR moderates the effect of life events on adolescent smoking. Tests of interaction hypotheses use data from the Family Transitions Project, a longitudinal study of 7th graders followed for 5years. A sibling-pair design with separate models for the gender composition of pairs (brothers, sisters, or brother/sister) controls for unmeasured family background. The results show that negative life events are significantly and positively associated with smoking. Among brother pairs but not other pairs, the results provide evidence of gene-environment interaction by showing that life events more strongly influence smoking behavior for those with more copies of the 5-HTTLPR S allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred C Pampel
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, United States.
| | - Jason D Boardman
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Jonathan Daw
- Department of Sociology, Pennsylvania State University, United States
| | - Michael C Stallings
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Andrew Smolen
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Brett C Haberstick
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Keith F Widaman
- Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, United States
| | - Tricia K Neppl
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, United States
| | - Rand D Conger
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California Davis, United States
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20
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21
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Abstract
We examine the hypothesis that the heritability of smoking has varied over the course of recent history as a function of associated changes in the composition of the smoking and non-smoking populations. Classical twin-based heritability analysis has suggested that genetic basis of smoking has increased as the information about the harms of tobacco has become more prevalent-particularly after the issuance of the 1964 Surgeon General's Report. In the present paper we deploy alternative methods to test this claim. We use data from the Health and Retirement Study to estimate cohort differences in the genetic influence on smoking using both genomic-relatedness-matrix restricted maximum likelihood and a modified DeFries-Fulker approach. We perform a similar exercise deploying a polygenic score for smoking using results generated by the Tobacco and Genetics consortium. The results support earlier claims that the genetic influence in smoking behavior has increased over time. Emphasizing historical periods and birth cohorts as environmental factors has benefits over existing GxE research. Our results provide additional support for the idea that anti-smoking policies of the 1980s may not be as effective because of the increasingly important role of genotype as a determinant of smoking status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalton Conley
- Department of Sociology & Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason Fletcher
- La Follette School of Public Affairs, Department of Sociology, & Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jason D Boardman
- Department of Sociology & Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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22
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Abstract
Alcohol use and alcohol use disorders are substantially heritable. Variants in genes coding for alcohol metabolic enzymes have long been known to influence consumption. More recent studies in family-based samples have implicated GABRA2, nicotinic receptor genes such as CHRNB3, and a number of other specific single genes as associated with alcohol use disorders. The growing use of genetic analyses, in particular studies using polygenic risk scores; neurobiologic pathways; and methods for quantifying gene × gene and gene × environment interactions have also contributed to an evolving understanding of the genetic architecture of alcohol use disorders. Additionally, the study of behavioral traits associated with alcohol dependence such as impulsivity and sensation seeking, and the influences of demographic factors (i.e., sex and ethnicity) have significantly enhanced the genetics of alcoholism literature. This article provides a brief overview of the current topically relevant findings in the field to date and includes areas of research still requiring attention.
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23
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Hardee JE, Weiland BJ, Nichols TE, Welsh RC, Soules ME, Steinberg DB, Zubieta JK, Zucker RA, Heitzeg MM. Development of impulse control circuitry in children of alcoholics. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:708-16. [PMID: 24742620 PMCID: PMC4163541 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Difficulty with impulse control is heightened in children with a family history of alcohol use disorders and is a risk factor for later substance problems. Cross-sectional functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have shown altered impulse control processing in adolescents with a positive family history, yet developmental trajectories have yet to be examined. METHODS Longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging was conducted in children of alcoholic families (family history positive [FH+]; n = 43) and children of control families (family history negative [FH-]; n = 30) starting at ages 7-12 years. Participants performed a go/no-go task during functional magnetic resonance imaging at intervals of 1-2 years, with two to four scans performed per subject. We implemented a repeated-measures linear model fit across all subjects to conduct a whole-brain search for developmental differences between groups. RESULTS Performance improved with age in both groups, and there were no performance differences between groups. Significant between-group differences in linear age-related activation changes were found in the right caudate, middle cingulate, and middle frontal gyrus. Post hoc analyses revealed significant activation decreases with age in the caudate and middle frontal gyrus for FH- subjects and a significant increase with age in middle cingulate activation for FH+ subjects. Group differences were evident at age 7-12 years, even in alcohol- and drug-naïve participants, with FH+ subjects showing significantly blunted activation at baseline compared with FH- subjects. CONCLUSIONS Differences in response inhibition circuitry are visible in FH+ individuals during childhood; these differences continue into adolescence, displaying trajectories that are inconsistent with development of normal response inhibition. These patterns precede problem drinking and may be a contributing factor for subsequent substance use problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian E. Hardee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
,Addiction Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Barbara J. Weiland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
,Addiction Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
| | - Thomas E. Nichols
- Department of Statistics & Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Conventry, UK
| | - Robert C. Welsh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mary E. Soules
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
,Addiction Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Davia B. Steinberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
,Addiction Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jon-Kar Zubieta
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
,Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert A. Zucker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
,Addiction Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mary M. Heitzeg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
,Addiction Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
,Corresponding author at: Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
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24
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Liu SY, Walter S, Marden J, Rehkopf DH, Kubzansky LD, Nguyen T, Glymour MM. Genetic vulnerability to diabetes and obesity: does education offset the risk? Soc Sci Med 2014; 127:150-8. [PMID: 25245452 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity has recently increased dramatically. These common diseases are likely to arise from the interaction of multiple genetic, socio-demographic and environmental risk factors. While previous research has found genetic risk and education to be strong predictors of these diseases, few studies to date have examined their joint effects. This study investigates whether education modifies the association between genetic background and risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. Using data from non-Hispanic Whites in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS, n = 8398), we tested whether education modifies genetic risk for obesity and T2D, offsetting genetic effects; whether this effect is larger for individuals who have high risk for other (unobserved) reasons, i.e., at higher quantiles of HbA1c and BMI; and whether effects differ by gender. We measured T2D risk using Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level, and obesity risk using body-mass index (BMI). We constructed separate genetic risk scores (GRS) for obesity and diabetes respectively based on the most current available information on the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) confirmed as genome-wide significant predictors for BMI (29 SNPs) and diabetes risk (39 SNPs). Linear regression models with years of schooling indicate that the effect of genetic risk on HbA1c is smaller among people with more years of schooling and larger among those with less than a high school (HS) degree compared to HS degree-holders. Quantile regression models show that the GRS × education effect systematically increased along the HbA1c outcome distribution; for example the GRS × years of education interaction coefficient was -0.01 (95% CI = -0.03, 0.00) at the 10th percentile compared to -0.03 (95% CI = -0.07, 0.00) at the 90th percentile. These results suggest that education may be an important socioeconomic source of heterogeneity in responses to genetic vulnerability to T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Liu
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, 9 Bow Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - S Walter
- UCSF School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, 185 Berry Street, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - J Marden
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 677 Huntington Avenue, Kresge, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - D H Rehkopf
- Stanford University, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of General Medical Disciplines, 251 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L D Kubzansky
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 677 Huntington Avenue, Kresge, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - T Nguyen
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 677 Huntington Avenue, Kresge, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - M M Glymour
- UCSF School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, 185 Berry Street, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA; Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 677 Huntington Avenue, Kresge, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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25
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Kapoor M, Wang JC, Wetherill L, Le N, Bertelsen S, Hinrichs AL, Budde J, Agrawal A, Almasy L, Bucholz K, Dick DM, Harari O, Xiaoling X, Hesselbrock V, Kramer J, Nurnberger JI, Rice J, Schuckit M, Tischfield J, Porjesz B, Edenberg HJ, Bierut L, Foroud T, Goate A. Genome-wide survival analysis of age at onset of alcohol dependence in extended high-risk COGA families. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 142:56-62. [PMID: 24962325 PMCID: PMC4127128 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The age at onset of alcohol dependence (AD) is a critical moderator of genetic associations for alcohol dependence. The present study evaluated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can influence the age at onset of AD in large high-risk families from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). METHODS Genomewide SNP genotyping was performed in 1788 regular drinkers from 118 large European American families densely affected with alcoholism. We used a genome-wide Cox proportional hazards regression model to test for association between age at onset of AD and SNPs. RESULTS This family-based analysis identified an intergenic SNP, rs2168784 on chromosome 3 that showed strong evidence of association (P=5×10(-9)) with age at onset of AD among regular drinkers. Carriers of the minor allele of rs2168784 had 1.5 times the hazard of AD onset as compared with those homozygous for the major allele. By the age of 20 years, nearly 30% of subjects homozygous for the minor allele were alcohol dependent while only 19% of those homozygous for the major allele were. We also identified intronic SNPs in the ADP-ribosylation factor like 15 (ARL15) gene on chromosome 5 (P=1.11×10(-8)) and the UTP20 small subunit (UTP20) gene on chromosome 12 (P=4.32×10(-8)) that were associated with age at onset of AD. CONCLUSIONS This extended family based genome-wide cox-proportional hazards analysis identified several loci that might be associated with age at onset of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manav Kapoor
- Washington University School of Medicine, United States
| | | | | | - Nhung Le
- Washington University School of Medicine, United States
| | | | | | - John Budde
- Washington University School of Medicine, United States
| | | | - Laura Almasy
- Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, United States
| | | | | | - Oscar Harari
- Washington University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Xuei Xiaoling
- Indiana University School of Medicine, United States
| | | | - John Kramer
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, United States
| | | | - John Rice
- Washington University School of Medicine, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Laura Bierut
- Washington University School of Medicine, United States
| | | | - Alison Goate
- Washington University School of Medicine, United States.
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Mistry R, Babu GR, Mahapatra T, McCarthy WJ. Cognitive mediators and disparities in the relation between teen depressiveness and smoking. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 140:56-62. [PMID: 24768409 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressiveness and tobacco use in adolescents are linked, however, there is limited evidence about the cognitive mediators involved and how the role of mediators may differ by gender and racial/ethnic subgroups. METHODS We used a racially/ethnically diverse population-based cross-sectional sample of middle and high school students (n=24,350). Logistic regression models measured the associations of depressiveness with tobacco smoking status, and whether smoking-related knowledge and attitudes (KA) and smoking refusal self-efficacy (SE) attenuated the associations indicating preliminary evidence of mediation. RESULTS Depressiveness was associated with intention to smoke (OR=2.41; 95% CI=2.22, 2.61), experimental smoking (OR=1.93; 95% CI=1.72, 2.17) and established smoking (OR=1.85; 95% CI=1.57, 2.18). The percent attenuation of these associations due to the inclusion of smoking-related KA and smoking refusal SE was 58% for intention to smoke (p<0.001), 68% for experimental smoking (p<0.001) and 86% for established smoking (p<0.001). The association of depressiveness with established smoking did not remain statistically significant (OR=1.16; CI=0.97, 1.40) after including smoking-related KA and smoking refusal SE. Attenuation was more pronounced in males and white students. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that smoking-related KA and smoking refusal SE attenuated the relation between depressiveness and smoking, indicating that they may serve as mediators of the link between depressiveness and smoking. Tobacco use prevention programs targeting teens with the aim of increasing anti-smoking KA and smoking refusal SE may benefit from addressing depressiveness, particularly by using gender and racially/ethnically tailored strategies. The cross-sectional nature of the data precludes causal inferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Mistry
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Control Research, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, United States.
| | - Giridhara R Babu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Indian Institute of Public Health-Hyderabad (Bangalore Wing), Public Health Foundation of India, India
| | - Tanmay Mahapatra
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - William J McCarthy
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Control Research, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
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