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Buoso C, Seifert M, Lang M, Griffith CM, Talavera Andújar B, Castelo Rueda MP, Fischer C, Doerrier C, Talasz H, Zanon A, Pramstaller PP, Schymanski EL, Pichler I, Weiss G. Dopamine‑iron homeostasis interaction rescues mitochondrial fitness in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 196:106506. [PMID: 38648865 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Imbalances of iron and dopamine metabolism along with mitochondrial dysfunction have been linked to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). We have previously suggested a direct link between iron homeostasis and dopamine metabolism, as dopamine can increase cellular uptake of iron into macrophages thereby promoting oxidative stress responses. In this study, we investigated the interplay between iron, dopamine, and mitochondrial activity in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived dopaminergic neurons differentiated from a healthy control and a PD patient with a mutation in the α-synuclein (SNCA) gene. In SH-SY5Y cells, dopamine treatment resulted in increased expression of the transmembrane iron transporters transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1), ferroportin (FPN), and mitoferrin2 (MFRN2) and intracellular iron accumulation, suggesting that dopamine may promote iron uptake. Furthermore, dopamine supplementation led to reduced mitochondrial fitness including decreased mitochondrial respiration, increased cytochrome c control efficiency, reduced mtDNA copy number and citrate synthase activity, increased oxidative stress and impaired aconitase activity. In dopaminergic neurons derived from a healthy control individual, dopamine showed comparable effects as observed in SH-SY5Y cells. The hiPSC-derived PD neurons harboring an endogenous SNCA mutation demonstrated altered mitochondrial iron homeostasis, reduced mitochondrial capacity along with increased oxidative stress and alterations of tricarboxylic acid cycle linked metabolic pathways compared with control neurons. Importantly, dopamine treatment of PD neurons promoted a rescue effect by increasing mitochondrial respiration, activating antioxidant stress response, and normalizing altered metabolite levels linked to mitochondrial function. These observations provide evidence that dopamine affects iron homeostasis, intracellular stress responses and mitochondrial function in healthy cells, while dopamine supplementation can restore the disturbed regulatory network in PD cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Buoso
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Seifert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Lang
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Corey M Griffith
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 4362 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Begoña Talavera Andújar
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 4362 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | | | - Christine Fischer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Heribert Talasz
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Protein Core Facility, Biocenter Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Emma L Schymanski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 4362 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Irene Pichler
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Guenter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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2
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Khoo SC, Zhang N, Luang-In V, Goh MS, Sonne C, Ma NL. Exploring environmental exposomes and the gut-brain nexus: Unveiling the impact of pesticide exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 250:118441. [PMID: 38350544 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
This review delves into the escalating concern of environmental pollutants and their profound impact on human health in the context of the modern surge in global diseases. The utilisation of chemicals in food production, which results in residues in food, has emerged as a major concern nowadays. By exploring the intricate relationship between environmental pollutants and gut microbiota, the study reveals a dynamic bidirectional interplay, as modifying microbiota profile influences metabolic pathways and subsequent brain functions. This review will first provide an overview of potential exposomes and their effect to gut health. This paper is then emphasis the connection of gut brain function by analysing microbiome markers with neurotoxicity responses. We then take pesticide as example of exposome to elucidate their influence to biomarkers biosynthesis pathways and subsequent brain functions. The interconnection between neuroendocrine and neuromodulators elements and the gut-brain axis emerges as a pivotal factor in regulating mental health and brain development. Thus, manipulation of gut microbiota function at the onset of stress may offer a potential avenue for the prevention and treatment for mental disorder and other neurodegenerative illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing Ching Khoo
- Biological Security and Sustainability (BioSES) Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Nan Zhang
- Synerk Biotech, BioBay, Suzhou, 215000, China; Neuroscience Program, Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Vijitra Luang-In
- Natural Antioxidant Innovation Research Unit, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Khamriang, Kantharawichai, Mahasarakham, 44150, Thailand
| | - Meng Shien Goh
- Biological Security and Sustainability (BioSES) Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Danish Centre for Environment and Energy (DCE), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Nyuk Ling Ma
- Biological Security and Sustainability (BioSES) Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Center for Global Health Research (CGHR), Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
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3
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Chagraoui A, Anouar Y, De Deurwaerdere P, Arias HR. To what extent may aminochrome increase the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in the context of Parkinson's disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2024; 168:106528. [PMID: 38246261 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2024.106528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that progresses over time and is characterized by preferential reduction of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Although the precise mechanisms leading to cell death in neurodegenerative disorders, such as PD, are not fully understood, it is widely accepted that increased oxidative stress may be a prevalent factor contributing to the deterioration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic fibers in such conditions. Aminochrome, generated from dopamine (DA) metabolism, plays an important role in multiple pathogenic mechanisms associated with PD. Its capacity to induce a gradual reduction in dopaminergic neurons is due to its endogenous neurotoxicity. The formation of aminochrome results in the production of various reactive oxygen species (ROS), including pro-inflammatory factors, superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals. This, in turn, causes loss of dopaminergic neurons, reducing DA uptake, and reduced numbers and shortened dendrites. Notably, o-quinones, which are more cytotoxic, arise from the oxidation of DA and possess a higher capacity to impede cellular defense mechanisms, thereby resulting in the death of neuronal cells. Aminochrome potentially contributes to the pathophysiology of PD by forming adducts with various proteins. All of the aforementioned effects suggest that aminochrome may play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of PD. Thus, aminochrome may serve as a more relevant preclinical model for PD, facilitating a better understanding of its pathophysiological processes and identification of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing or slowing disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdeslam Chagraoui
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, CHU de Rouen, France; UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication (NorDiC), Rouen Normandie University, 76000 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
| | - Youssef Anouar
- UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication (NorDiC), Rouen Normandie University, 76000 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdere
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Intégratives et Cognitives d'Aquitaine, UMR, 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hugo R Arias
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Tahlequah, OK, USA
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Huenchuguala S, Segura-Aguilar J. Single-neuron neurodegeneration as a degenerative model for Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:529-535. [PMID: 37721280 PMCID: PMC10581573 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.380878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The positive effect of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, although it is limited in time and has severe side effects, has encouraged the scientific community to look for new drugs that can stop the neurodegenerative process or even regenerate the neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons. Successful preclinical studies with coenzyme Q10, mitoquinone, isradipine, nilotinib, TCH346, neurturin, zonisamide, deferiprone, prasinezumab, and cinpanemab prompted clinical trials. However, these failed and after more than 50 years levodopa continues to be the key drug in the treatment of the disease, despite its severe side effects after 4-6 years of chronic treatment. The lack of translated successful results obtained in preclinical investigations based on the use of neurotoxins that do not exist in the human body as new drugs for Parkinson's disease treatment is a big problem. In our opinion, the cause of these failures lies in the experimental animal models involving neurotoxins that do not exist in the human body, such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and 6-hydroxydopamine, that induce a very fast, massive and expansive neurodegenerative process, which contrasts with the extremely slow one of neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons. The exceedingly slow progress of the neurodegenerative process of the nigrostriatal neurons in idiopathic Parkinson's patients is due to (i) a degenerative model in which the neurotoxic effect of an endogenous neurotoxin affects a single neuron, (ii) a neurotoxic event that is not expansive and (iii) the fact that the neurotoxin that triggers the neurodegenerative process is produced inside the neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons. The endogenous neurotoxin that fits this degenerative model involving one single neuron at a time is aminochrome, since it (i) is generated within neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons, (ii) does not cause an expansive neurotoxic effect and (iii) triggers all the mechanisms involved in the neurodegenerative process of the nigrostriatal neurons in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. In conclusion, based on the hypothesis that the neurodegenerative process of idiopathic Parkinson's disease corresponds to a single-neuron neurodegeneration model, we must search for molecules that increase the expression of the neuroprotective enzymes DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase M2-2. It has been observed that the activation of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 pathway is associated with the transcriptional activation of the DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Huenchuguala
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Los Carreras, Osorno, Chile
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas (ICBM), Faculty of medicine, University of Chile, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
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Korczowska-Łącka I, Słowikowski B, Piekut T, Hurła M, Banaszek N, Szymanowicz O, Jagodziński PP, Kozubski W, Permoda-Pachuta A, Dorszewska J. Disorders of Endogenous and Exogenous Antioxidants in Neurological Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1811. [PMID: 37891890 PMCID: PMC10604347 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In diseases of the central nervous system, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease (HD), and even epilepsy and migraine, oxidative stress load commonly surpasses endogenous antioxidative capacity. While oxidative processes have been robustly implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases, the significance of particular antioxidants, both endogenous and especially exogenous, in maintaining redox homeostasis requires further research. Among endogenous antioxidants, enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase are central to disabling free radicals, thereby preventing oxidative damage to cellular lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Whether supplementation with endogenously occurring antioxidant compounds such as melatonin and glutathione carries any benefit, however, remains equivocal. Similarly, while the health benefits of certain exogenous antioxidants, including ascorbic acid (vitamin C), carotenoids, polyphenols, sulforaphanes, and anthocyanins are commonly touted, their clinical efficacy and effectiveness in particular neurological disease contexts need to be more robustly defined. Here, we review the current literature on the cellular mechanisms mitigating oxidative stress and comment on the possible benefit of the most common exogenous antioxidants in diseases such as AD, PD, ALS, HD, stroke, epilepsy, and migraine. We selected common neurological diseases of a basically neurodegenerative nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Korczowska-Łącka
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland (M.H.)
| | - Bartosz Słowikowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (B.S.); (P.P.J.)
| | - Thomas Piekut
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland (M.H.)
| | - Mikołaj Hurła
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland (M.H.)
| | - Natalia Banaszek
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland (M.H.)
| | - Oliwia Szymanowicz
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland (M.H.)
| | - Paweł P. Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (B.S.); (P.P.J.)
| | - Wojciech Kozubski
- Chair and Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Permoda-Pachuta
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Dorszewska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland (M.H.)
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Mitra R, Premraj L, Khoo TK. Neuromelanin: Its role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease and potential as a therapeutic target. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023:105448. [PMID: 37236833 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is an increasingly prevalent condition that involves the marked loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. These neurons pigmented with neuromelanin along with other regions of the brain are almost exclusively victims of neurodegeneration in the disease. The link between neuromelanin and Parkinson's disease has been widely studied for decades. While many studies have outlined the pigment's neuroprotective function as a potent free radical scavenger, antioxidant, and ion-chelator, it has also been observed to play a role in cell death due to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, especially in the parkinsonian disease state. This is due to the damaging effects of neuromelanin precursors, neuromelanin-related ion dysregulation and intra- and extraneuronal neuromelanin accumulation. Current and emerging therapeutic endeavours guided by these pathological processes may include antioxidant therapy, proteostasis enhancement, ion chelation and neuromelanin-targeted immunotherapy to prevent the accumulation, formation and effects of neuromelanin and oxidative neuromelanin precursors. Some of these therapeutic strategies are already in nascent stages, while others have produced mixed results in clinical trials. This review aims to provide an update on how neuromelanin and neuromelanin-related substances may be linked to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and how future therapeutic strategies may be able to hamper or prevent neuromelanin-related pathological processes and ultimately modify disease progression in Parkinson's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritoban Mitra
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Lavienraj Premraj
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tien K Khoo
- School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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A Preclinical Model for Parkinson’s Disease Based on Transcriptional Gene Activation via KEAP1/NRF2 to Develop New Antioxidant Therapies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030673. [PMID: 36978921 PMCID: PMC10045214 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations of the effect of antioxidants on idiopathic Parkinson’s disease have been unsuccessful because the preclinical models used to propose these clinical studies do not accurately represent the neurodegenerative process of the disease. Treatment with certain exogenous neurotoxins induces massive and extremely rapid degeneration; for example, MPTP causes severe Parkinsonism in just three days, while the degenerative process of idiopathic Parkinson´s disease proceeds over many years. The endogenous neurotoxin aminochrome seems to be a good alternative target since it is formed in the nigrostriatal system neurons where the degenerative process occurs. Aminochrome induces all the mechanisms reported to be involved in the degenerative processes of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. The presence of neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons in the postmortem brain of healthy elderly people suggests that neuromelanin synthesis is a normal and harmless process despite the fact that it requires oxidation of dopamine to three ortho-quinones that are potentially toxic, especially aminochrome. The apparent contradiction that neuromelanin synthesis is harmless, despite its formation via neurotoxic ortho-quinones, can be explained by the protective roles of DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase GSTM2-2 as well as the neuroprotective role of astrocytes secreting exosomes loaded with GSTM2-2. Increasing the expression of DT-diaphorase and GSTM2-2 may be a therapeutic goal to prevent the degeneration of new neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons. Several phytochemicals that induce DT-diaphorase have been discovered and, therefore, an interesting question is whether these phytochemical KEAP1/NRF2 activators can inhibit or decrease aminochrome-induced neurotoxicity.
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Baicalein Attenuates Brain Iron Accumulation through Protecting Aconitase 1 from Oxidative Stress in Rotenone-Induced Parkinson's Disease in Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010012. [PMID: 36670874 PMCID: PMC9854573 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aconitase 1 (ACO1) links oxidative stress and iron accumulation in Parkinson's disease (PD). ACO1 loses its aconitase activity and turns into iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) upon oxidative stress. IRP1 plays an important role in the accumulation of intracellular iron. Baicalein is a flavonoid isolated from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis. The present results show that baicalein could bind to ACO1 and protect its isoform from the oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Furthermore, baicalein promoted aconitase activity and inhibited IRP1 activation in rotenone-induced PD models. Additionally, baicalein decreased the hydroxyl radicals generated by iron. In conclusion, baicalein attenuated iron accumulation and iron-induced oxidative stress in the brain of PD rats by protecting ACO1.
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Interactions of dopamine, iron, and alpha-synuclein linked to dopaminergic neuron vulnerability in Parkinson's disease and neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 175:105920. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Spohr L, Soares MSP, Bona NP, Pedra NS, Barschak AG, Alvariz RM, Vizzotto M, Lencina CL, Stefanello FM, Spanevello RM. Effect of blueberry extract on energetic metabolism, levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and Ca 2+-ATPase activity in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of rats submitted to ketamine-induced mania-like behavior. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:835-847. [PMID: 35043268 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a psychiatric disease characterized by mood episodes. Blueberry is rich in bioactive compounds and shows excellent therapeutic potential against chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of blueberry extract on behavior, energetic metabolism, Ca2+-ATPase activity, and levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats submitted to an animal model of mania induced by ketamine. Vehicle, lithium (45 mg/kg, twice a day), or blueberry extract (200 mg/kg), was orally administered to Wistar rats for 14 days. Ketamine (25 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered intraperitoneally, once a day, between the 8th and 14th day. On the 15th day, animals received ketamine or vehicle and were subjected to the open field test. Our results demonstrated that the administration of lithium and blueberry extract prevented ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion (P < 0.01). Blueberry extract attenuated the ketamine-induced reduction in the activity of complex I in the cerebral cortex (P < 0.05). Additionally, the administration of ketamine reduced the activities of complexes I and IV (P < 0.05) and citrate synthase in the hippocampus (P < 0.01). However, blueberry extract attenuated the inhibition in the activity of complex IV (P < 0.01). Furthermore, ketamine reduced the Ca2+-ATPase activity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus (P < 0.05); however, blueberry extract prevented the change in the cerebral cortex (P < 0.05). There were no significant alterations in the levels of BDNF (P > 0.05). In conclusion, this suggested that the blueberry extract can serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for studies searching for novel therapeutic alternatives for BD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Spohr
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Prédio 29, Campus Capão do Leão, s/n, Caixa Postal 354, Pelotas, RS, CEP 9601090, Brazil.
| | - Mayara Sandrielly Pereira Soares
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Prédio 29, Campus Capão do Leão, s/n, Caixa Postal 354, Pelotas, RS, CEP 9601090, Brazil
| | - Natália Pontes Bona
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Stark Pedra
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Prédio 29, Campus Capão do Leão, s/n, Caixa Postal 354, Pelotas, RS, CEP 9601090, Brazil
| | - Alethéa Gatto Barschak
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Martins Alvariz
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcia Vizzotto
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Clima Temperado, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Claiton Leoneti Lencina
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Francieli Moro Stefanello
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Roselia Maria Spanevello
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Prédio 29, Campus Capão do Leão, s/n, Caixa Postal 354, Pelotas, RS, CEP 9601090, Brazil.
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11
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Neuroprotection against Aminochrome Neurotoxicity: Glutathione Transferase M2-2 and DT-Diaphorase. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020296. [PMID: 35204179 PMCID: PMC8868244 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione is an important antioxidant that plays a crucial role in the cellular protection against oxidative stress and detoxification of electrophilic mutagens, and carcinogens. Glutathione transferases are enzymes catalyzing glutathione-dependent reactions that lead to inactivation and conjugation of toxic compounds, processes followed by subsequent excretion of the detoxified products. Degeneration and loss of neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal neurons generally involves oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, alpha-synuclein aggregation to neurotoxic oligomers, mitochondrial dysfunction, protein degradation dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. However, it is still unclear what triggers these neurodegenerative processes. It has been reported that aminochrome may elicit all of these mechanisms and, interestingly, aminochrome is formed inside neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons during neuromelanin synthesis. Aminochrome is a neurotoxic ortho-quinone formed in neuromelanin synthesis. However, it seems paradoxical that the neurotoxin aminochrome is generated during neuromelanin synthesis, even though healthy seniors have these neurons intact when they die. The explanation of this paradox is the existence of protective tools against aminochrome neurotoxicity composed of the enzymes DT-diaphorase, expressed in these neurons, and glutathione transferase M2-2, expressed in astrocytes. Recently, it has been reported that dopaminergic neurons can be protected by glutathione transferase M2-2 from astrocytes, which secrete exosomes containing the protective enzyme.
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Lima IS, Pêgo AC, Barros JT, Prada AR, Gozzelino R. Cell Death-Osis of Dopaminergic Neurons and the Role of Iron in Parkinson's Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:453-473. [PMID: 33233941 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significance: There is still no cure for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Current treatments are based on the attempt to reduce dopaminergic neuronal loss, and multidisciplinary approaches have been used to provide only a temporary symptoms' relief. In addition to the difficulties of drugs developed against PD to access the brain, the specificity of those inhibitory compounds could be a concern. This because neurons might degenerate by activating distinct signaling pathways, which are often initiated by the same stimulus. Recent Advances: Apoptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis were shown to significantly contribute to PD progression and, so far, are the main death programs described as capable to alter brain homeostasis. Their activation is characterized by different biochemical and morphological features, some of which might even share the same molecular players. Critical Issues: If there is a pathological need to engage, in PD, multiple death programs, sequentially or simultaneously, is not clear yet. Possibly the activation of apoptosis, necroptosis, and/or ferroptosis correlates to different PD stages and symptom severities. This would imply that the efficacy of therapeutic approaches against neuronal death might depend on the death program they target and the relevance of this death pathway on a specific PD phase. Future Directions: In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms underlying the activation of apoptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis in PD. Understanding the interrelationship between different death pathways' activation in PD is of utmost importance for the development of therapeutic approaches against disease progression. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 453-473.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illyane Sofia Lima
- Inflammation and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC)/NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Pêgo
- Inflammation and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC)/NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Tomas Barros
- Inflammation and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC)/NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Prada
- Inflammation and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC)/NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Raffaella Gozzelino
- Inflammation and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas (CEDOC)/NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Universidade Técnica do Atlântico (UTA), São Vicente, Cabo Verde
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13
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Apoferritin improves motor deficits in MPTP-treated mice by regulating brain iron metabolism and ferroptosis. iScience 2021; 24:102431. [PMID: 33997705 PMCID: PMC8105649 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron deposition is one of the key factors in the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Iron-free-apoferritin has the ability to store iron by combining with a ferric hydroxide-phosphate compound to form ferritin. In this study, we investigated the role of apoferritin in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mice models and elucidated the possible underlying mechanisms. Results showed that apoferritin remarkably improved MPTP-induced motor deficits by rescuing dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra. Apoferritin inhibited MPTP-induced iron aggregation by down-regulating iron importer divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1). Meanwhile, we also showed that apoferritin prevented MPTP-induced ferroptosis effectively by inhibiting the up-regulation of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4) and the down-regulation of ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1). These results indicate that apoferritin exerts a neuroprotective effect against MPTP by inhibiting iron aggregation and modulating ferroptosis. This provides a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of PD.
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14
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Valdes R, Armijo A, Muñoz P, Hultenby K, Hagg A, Inzunza J, Nalvarte I, Varshney M, Mannervik B, Segura-Aguilar J. Cellular Trafficking of Glutathione Transferase M2-2 Between U373MG and SHSY-S7 Cells is Mediated by Exosomes. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:182-190. [PMID: 33555546 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme glutathione transferase M2-2, expressed in human astrocytes, increases its expression in the presence of aminochrome and catalyzes the conjugation of aminochrome, preventing its toxic effects. Secretion of the enzyme glutathione transferase M2-2 from U373MG cells, used as a cellular model for astrocytes, has been reported, and the enzyme is taken up by neuroblastoma SYSH-S7 cells and provide protection against aminochrome. The present study provides evidence that glutathione transferase M2-2 is released in exosomes from U373MG cells, thereby providing a means for intercellular transport of the enzyme. With particular relevance to Parkinson disease and other degenerative conditions, we propose a new mechanism by which astrocytes may protect dopaminergic neurons against the endogenous neurotoxin aminochrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Valdes
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology ICBM Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alicia Armijo
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology ICBM Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Nucleo de Química Y Bioquímica, Facultad de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Andres Hagg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jose Inzunza
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ivan Nalvarte
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mukesh Varshney
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology ICBM Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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15
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Liang T, Qian ZM, Mu MD, Yung WH, Ke Y. Brain Hepcidin Suppresses Major Pathologies in Experimental Parkinsonism. iScience 2020; 23:101284. [PMID: 32623334 PMCID: PMC7334576 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive research on Parkinson disease (PD) for decades, this common neurodegenerative disease remains incurable. We hypothesize that abnormal iron accumulation is a common thread underlying the emergence of the hallmarks of PD, namely mitochondrial dysfunction and α-synuclein accumulation. We investigated the powerful action of the main iron regulator hepcidin in the brain. In both the rotenone and 6-hydroxydopamine models of PD, overexpression of hepcidin by means of a virus-based strategy prevented dopamine neuronal loss and suppressed major pathologies of Parkinsonism as well as motor deficits. Hepcidin protected rotenone-induced mitochondrial deficits by reducing cellular and mitochondrial iron accumulation. In addition, hepcidin decreased α-synuclein accumulation and promoted clearance of α-synuclein through decreasing iron content that leads to activation of autophagy. Our results not only pinpoint a critical role of iron-overload in the pathogenesis of PD but also demonstrate that targeting brain iron levels through hepcidin is a promising therapeutic direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Liang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Ming-Dao Mu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Ho Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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16
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Derry PJ, Hegde ML, Jackson GR, Kayed R, Tour JM, Tsai AL, Kent TA. Revisiting the intersection of amyloid, pathologically modified tau and iron in Alzheimer's disease from a ferroptosis perspective. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 184:101716. [PMID: 31604111 PMCID: PMC7850812 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of Alzheimer's disease (AD) complicates the search for effective treatments. While the key roles of pathologically modified proteins has occupied a central role in hypotheses of the pathophysiology, less attention has been paid to the potential role for transition metals overload, subsequent oxidative stress, and tissue injury. The association of transition metals, the major focus heretofore iron and amyloid, the same can now be said for the likely pathogenic microtubular associated tau (MAPT). This review discusses the interplay between iron, pathologically modified tau and oxidative stress, and connects many related discoveries. Basic principles of the transition to pathological MAPT are discussed. Iron, its homeostatic mechanisms, the recently described phenomenon of ferroptosis and purported, although still controversial roles in AD are reviewed as well as considerations to overcome existing hurdles of iron-targeted therapeutic avenues that have been attempted in AD. We summarize the involvement of multiple pathological pathways at different disease stages of disease progression that supports the potential for a combinatorial treatment strategy targeting multiple factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Derry
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Muralidhar L Hegde
- Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, United States
| | - George R Jackson
- Department of Neurology Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (PADRECC), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rakez Kayed
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - James M Tour
- Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ah-Lim Tsai
- Department of Biochemistry and Hematology, McGovern School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Thomas A Kent
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States; Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.
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17
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Artyukhova MA, Tyurina YY, Chu CT, Zharikova TM, Bayır H, Kagan VE, Timashev PS. Interrogating Parkinson's disease associated redox targets: Potential application of CRISPR editing. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 144:279-292. [PMID: 31201850 PMCID: PMC6832799 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is one of the pathogenic hallmarks of Parkinson's disease, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain enigmatic. While aberrant redox metabolism strongly associated with iron dysregulation and accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria is considered as one of the major contributors to neurodegeneration and death of dopaminergic cells, the specific anomalies in the molecular machinery and pathways leading to the PD development and progression have not been identified. The high efficiency and relative simplicity of a new genome editing tool, CRISPR/Cas9, make its applications attractive for deciphering molecular changes driving PD-related impairments of redox metabolism and lipid peroxidation in relation to mishandling of iron, aggregation and oligomerization of alpha-synuclein and mitochondrial injury as well as in mechanisms of mitophagy and programs of regulated cell death (apoptosis and ferroptosis). These insights into the mechanisms of PD pathology may be used for the identification of new targets for therapeutic interventions and innovative approaches to genome editing, including CRISPR/Cas9.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Artyukhova
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russian Federation
| | - Y Y Tyurina
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental Health, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - C T Chu
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - T M Zharikova
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russian Federation; Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russian Federation
| | - H Bayır
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental Health, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - V E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental Health, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics and Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Russian Federation; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, USA.
| | - P S Timashev
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russian Federation; Department of Polymers and Composites, N.N.Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Federation; Institute of Photonic Technologies, Research Center "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
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18
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Iron Redox Chemistry and Implications in the Parkinson's Disease Brain. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4609702. [PMID: 31687080 PMCID: PMC6803728 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4609702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is linked with cellular inclusions in the substantia nigra pars compacta region of the brain that are enriched in the misfolded presynaptic protein α-synuclein (αS) and death of the dopaminergic neurons. Brain iron homeostasis governs both neurotransmission and neurodegeneration; hence, the role of iron in PD progression and neuronal health is apparent. Elevated iron deposits become prevalent in the cerebral region upon aging and even more so in the PD brain. Structural as well as oxidative modifications can result from coordination of αS with redox active iron, which could have functional and/or pathological implications. In this review, we will discuss iron-mediated αS aggregation, alterations in iron metabolism, and the role of the iron-dopamine couple. Moreover, iron interactions with N-terminally acetylated αS, the physiologically relevant form of the human protein, will be addressed to shed light on the current understanding of protein dynamics and the physiological environment in the disease state. Oxidative pathways and biochemical alterations resulting from aberrant iron-induced chemistry are the principal focus of this review in order to highlight the plethora of research that has uncovered this emerging dichotomy of iron playing both functional and disruptive roles in PD pathology.
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19
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Segura-Aguilar J. The importance of choosing a preclinical model that reflects what happens in Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2019; 126:203-209. [PMID: 30922924 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the major problems in the translation of successful preclinical results to clinical studies and new therapies in Parkinson's disease is the use of preclinical models based on exogenous neurotoxins that do not replicate what happens in the disease. The loss of dopaminergic neurons containing neuromelanin in Parkinson´s disease takes years, contrasting the very rapid degeneration induced by exogenous neurotoxins. We discuss the role of endogenous neurotoxins generated during dopamine oxidation and its possible use as new preclinical models for Parkinson´s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8350453, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
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20
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Segura-Aguilar J. On the Role of Aminochrome in Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:271. [PMID: 30983959 PMCID: PMC6449441 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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21
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Zhang S, Wang R, Wang G. Impact of Dopamine Oxidation on Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:945-953. [PMID: 30592597 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. The characteristic feature of PD is the progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). DAergic neurons in the SN accumulate black and insoluble membrane structures known as neuromelanin during aging. The oxidation of dopamine (DA) to form neuromelanin generates many o-quinones, including DA o-quinones, aminochrome, and 5,6-indolequinone. The focus of this review is to discuss the role of DA oxidation in association with PD. The oxidation of DA produces oxidative products, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired protein degradation, α-synuclein aggregation into neurotoxic oligomers, and oxidative stress, in vitro. Recent studies have demonstrated that the DA content is critical for both DJ-1 knockout and A53T α-synuclein transgenic mice to develop PD pathological features, providing evidence for DA action in PD pathogenesis in vivo. The effects of L-DOPA, as the most effective anti-PD drug, are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Disorders & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Disorders & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Disorders & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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22
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Dopamine: Functions, Signaling, and Association with Neurological Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 39:31-59. [PMID: 30446950 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dopaminergic system plays important roles in neuromodulation, such as motor control, motivation, reward, cognitive function, maternal, and reproductive behaviors. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, synthesized in both central nervous system and the periphery, that exerts its actions upon binding to G protein-coupled receptors. Dopamine receptors are widely expressed in the body and function in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. Dopaminergic signaling pathways are crucial to the maintenance of physiological processes and an unbalanced activity may lead to dysfunctions that are related to neurodegenerative diseases. Unveiling the neurobiology and the molecular mechanisms that underlie these illnesses may contribute to the development of new therapies that could promote a better quality of life for patients worldwide. In this review, we summarize the aspects of dopamine as a catecholaminergic neurotransmitter and discuss dopamine signaling pathways elicited through dopamine receptor activation in normal brain function. Furthermore, we describe the potential involvement of these signaling pathways in evoking the onset and progression of some diseases in the nervous system, such as Parkinson's, Schizophrenia, Huntington's, Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder, and Addiction. A brief description of new dopaminergic drugs recently approved and under development treatments for these ailments is also provided.
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23
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Huenchuguala S, Sjödin B, Mannervik B, Segura-Aguilar J. Novel Alpha-Synuclein Oligomers Formed with the Aminochrome-Glutathione Conjugate Are Not Neurotoxic. Neurotox Res 2018; 35:432-440. [PMID: 30343424 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9969-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Aminochrome induces neurotoxic alpha-synuclein oligomer formation relevant to the etiology of Parkinson's disease. Oxidative stress produces aminochrome from dopamine, but conjugation with glutathione catalyzed by glutathione transferase M2-2 significantly decreases aminochrome-induced toxicity and alpha-synuclein oligomer formation. Notably, in the presence of the aminochrome-glutathione conjugate, previously unknown species of alpha-synuclein oligomers are formed. These aminochrome-glutathione oligomers of alpha-synuclein differ from formerly characterized oligomers and (i) have high molecular weight, and are stable and SDS-resistant, as determined by the Western blot method, (ii) show positive NBT-quinone-protein staining, which indicates the formation of alpha-synuclein adducts containing aminochrome. Furthermore, aminochrome-glutathione alpha-synuclein oligomers (iii) have distinctive shape and size, as determined by transmission electron microscopy, and (iv) are not toxic in U373MG cells. In conclusion, glutathione conjugated with aminochrome induces a new type of alpha-synuclein oligomers of a different size and shape, which have no demonstrable toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Huenchuguala
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia, 1027, Santiago-7, Chile.,Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Los Carreras, 753, Osorno, Chile
| | - Birgitta Sjödin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia, 1027, Santiago-7, Chile.
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24
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DT-Diaphorase Prevents Aminochrome-Induced Lysosome Dysfunction in SH-SY5Y Cells. Neurotox Res 2018; 35:255-259. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9953-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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de Araújo FM, Ferreira RS, Souza CS, Dos Santos CC, Rodrigues TLRS, E Silva JHC, Gasparotto J, Gelain DP, El-Bachá RS, D Costa MDF, Fonseca JCM, Segura-Aguilar J, Costa SL, Silva VDA. Aminochrome decreases NGF, GDNF and induces neuroinflammation in organotypic midbrain slice cultures. Neurotoxicology 2018; 66:98-106. [PMID: 29588162 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence shows that aminochrome induces glial activation related to neuroinflammation. This dopamine derived molecule induces formation and stabilization of alpha-synuclein oligomers, mitochondria dysfunction, oxidative stress, dysfunction of proteasomal and lysosomal systems, endoplasmic reticulum stress and disruption of the microtubule network, but until now there has been no evidence of effects on production of cytokines and neurotrophic factors, that are mechanisms involved in neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease (PD). This study examines the potential role of aminochrome on the regulation of NGF, GDNF, TNF-α and IL-1β production and microglial activation in organotypic midbrain slice cultures from P8 - P9 Wistar rats. We demonstrated aminochrome (25 μM, for 24 h) induced reduction of GFAP expression, reduction of NGF and GDNF mRNA levels, morphological changes in Iba1+ cells, and increase of both TNF-α, IL-1β mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, aminochrome (25 μM, for 48 h) induced morphological changes in the edge of slices and reduction of TH expression. These results demonstrate neuroinflammation, as well as negative regulation of neurotrophic factors (GDNF and NGF), may be involved in aminochrome-induced neurodegeneration, and they contribute to a better understanding of PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fillipe M de Araújo
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Rafael S Ferreira
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Cleide S Souza
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Cleonice Creusa Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Tácio L R S Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Juliana Helena C E Silva
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Juciano Gasparotto
- Centro de estudos em Estresse oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquimica, PPG Bioquimica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Centro de estudos em Estresse oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquimica, PPG Bioquimica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ramon S El-Bachá
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima D Costa
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - José Claudio M Fonseca
- Centro de estudos em Estresse oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquimica, PPG Bioquimica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Silvia L Costa
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Victor Diogenes A Silva
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Segura-Aguilar J, Huenchuguala S. Aminochrome Induces Irreversible Mitochondrial Dysfunction by Inducing Autophagy Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:106. [PMID: 29593482 PMCID: PMC5859232 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandro Huenchuguala
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
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27
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Segura-Aguilar J. Neurotoxins as Preclinical Models for Parkinson's Disease. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:870-877. [PMID: 29313219 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9856-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Translational medicine is one of the major concerns in this century. While significant advances have been made with scientific knowledge, the translation of their promising results has not led to any new therapies. In Parkinson's disease, a long list of clinical studies, based on preclinical models with exogenous neurotoxins, has failed. Therefore, the aim of this opinion paper is to open discussion about preclinical models for Parkinson's disease based on neurotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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28
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García-Beltrán O, Mena NP, Aguirre P, Barriga-González G, Galdámez A, Nagles E, Adasme T, Hidalgo C, Núñez MT. Development of an iron-selective antioxidant probe with protective effects on neuronal function. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189043. [PMID: 29228015 PMCID: PMC5724820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron accumulation, oxidative stress and calcium signaling dysregulation are common pathognomonic signs of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson´s and Alzheimer’s diseases, Friedreich ataxia and Huntington’s disease. Given their therapeutic potential, the identification of multifunctional compounds that suppress these damaging features is highly desirable. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of N-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl)-2-(7-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-4-yl)acetamide, named CT51, which exhibited potent free radical neutralizing activity both in vitro and in cells. CT51 bound Fe2+ with high selectivity and Fe3+ with somewhat lower affinity. Cyclic voltammetric analysis revealed irreversible binding of Fe3+ to CT51, an important finding since stopping Fe2+/Fe3+ cycling in cells should prevent hydroxyl radical production resulting from the Fenton-Haber-Weiss cycle. When added to human neuroblastoma cells, CT51 freely permeated the cell membrane and distributed to both mitochondria and cytoplasm. Intracellularly, CT51 bound iron reversibly and protected against lipid peroxidation. Treatment of primary hippocampal neurons with CT51 reduced the sustained calcium release induced by an agonist of ryanodine receptor-calcium channels. These protective properties of CT51 on cellular function highlight its possible therapeutic use in diseases with significant oxidative, iron and calcium dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpo García-Beltrán
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia P. Mena
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pabla Aguirre
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Germán Barriga-González
- Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Química, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio Galdámez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Edgar Nagles
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad de Ibagué, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Tatiana Adasme
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Integrative Center for Applied Biology and Chemistry (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Hidalgo
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neuroscience, CEMC and ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (CH); (MTN)
| | - Marco T. Núñez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (CH); (MTN)
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Vasquez A. Biological plausibility of the gut-brain axis in autism. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1408:5-6. [PMID: 29090837 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Organic abnormalities with neuroinflammatory and psychiatric consequences involving abnormal kynurenine and purine metabolism, neurotransmitter and cytokine imbalances, and altered levels of nutrients and metabolites are noted in autism, and many of these abnormalities-specifically including increased intestinal permeability, microbial metabolites, and heightened serum levels of endotoxin-originate from the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Vasquez
- Biotics Research Corporation, Research and Development, Rosenberg, Texas
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30
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Huenchuguala S, Muñoz P, Segura-Aguilar J. The Importance of Mitophagy in Maintaining Mitochondrial Function in U373MG Cells. Bafilomycin A1 Restores Aminochrome-Induced Mitochondrial Damage. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:2247-2253. [PMID: 28763613 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminochrome, an orthoquinone formed during the dopamine oxidation of neuromelanin, is neurotoxic because it induces mitochondria dysfunction, protein degradation dysfunction (both autophagy and proteasomal systems), α-synuclein aggregation to neurotoxic oligomers, neuroinflammation, and oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In this study, we investigated the relationship between aminochrome-induced autophagy/lysosome dysfunction and mitochondrial dysfunction in U373MGsiGST6 cells. Aminochrome (75 μM) induces mitochondrial dysfunction as determined by (i) a significant decrease in ATP levels (70%; P < 0.001) and (ii) a significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (P < 0.001). Interestingly, the pretreatment of U373MGsiGST6 cells with 100 nM bafilomycin-A1, an inhibitor of lysosomal vacuolar-type H+-ATPase, restores ATP levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitophagy, and decreases cell death. These results reveal (i) the importance of macroautophagy/the lysosomal degradation system for the normal functioning of mitochondria and for cell survival, and (ii) aminochrome-induced lysosomal dysfunction depends on the aminochrome-dependent inactivation of the vacuolar-type H+-ATPase, which pumps protons into the lysosomes. This study also supports the proposed protective role of glutathione transferase mu2-2 (GSTM2) in astrocytes against aminochrome toxicity, mediated by mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Huenchuguala
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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de la Fuente C, Burke DG, Eaton S, Heales SJ. Inhibition of neuronal mitochondrial complex I or lysosomal glucocerebrosidase is associated with increased dopamine and serotonin turnover. Neurochem Int 2017; 109:94-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Urrutia PJ, Aguirre P, Tapia V, Carrasco CM, Mena NP, Núñez MT. Cell death induced by mitochondrial complex I inhibition is mediated by Iron Regulatory Protein 1. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2202-2209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Zucca FA, Segura-Aguilar J, Ferrari E, Muñoz P, Paris I, Sulzer D, Sarna T, Casella L, Zecca L. Interactions of iron, dopamine and neuromelanin pathways in brain aging and Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 155:96-119. [PMID: 26455458 PMCID: PMC4826627 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There are several interrelated mechanisms involving iron, dopamine, and neuromelanin in neurons. Neuromelanin accumulates during aging and is the catecholamine-derived pigment of the dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra and norepinephrine neurons of the locus coeruleus, the two neuronal populations most targeted in Parkinson's disease. Many cellular redox reactions rely on iron, however an altered distribution of reactive iron is cytotoxic. In fact, increased levels of iron in the brain of Parkinson's disease patients are present. Dopamine accumulation can induce neuronal death; however, excess dopamine can be removed by converting it into a stable compound like neuromelanin, and this process rescues the cell. Interestingly, the main iron compound in dopamine and norepinephrine neurons is the neuromelanin-iron complex, since neuromelanin is an effective metal chelator. Neuromelanin serves to trap iron and provide neuronal protection from oxidative stress. This equilibrium between iron, dopamine, and neuromelanin is crucial for cell homeostasis and in some cellular circumstances can be disrupted. Indeed, when neuromelanin-containing organelles accumulate high load of toxins and iron during aging a neurodegenerative process can be triggered. In addition, neuromelanin released by degenerating neurons activates microglia and the latter cause neurons death with further release of neuromelanin, then starting a self-propelling mechanism of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Considering the above issues, age-related accumulation of neuromelanin in dopamine neurons shows an interesting link between aging and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emanuele Ferrari
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Irmgard Paris
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Santo Tomás University, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Luigi Casella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy.
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34
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Schildknecht S, Di Monte DA, Pape R, Tieu K, Leist M. Tipping Points and Endogenous Determinants of Nigrostriatal Degeneration by MPTP. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:541-555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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35
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Segura-Aguilar J. On the role of endogenous neurotoxins and neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:897-901. [PMID: 28761417 PMCID: PMC5514859 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.208560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For 50 years ago was introduced L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) in Parkinson's disease treatment and during this significant advances has been done but what trigger the degeneration of the nigrostriatal system remain unknown. There is a general agreement in the scientific community that mitochondrial dysfunction, protein degradation dysfunction, alpha-synuclein aggregation to neurotoxic oligomers, neuroinflammation, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress are involved in the loss of dopaminergic neurons containing neuromelanin in Parkinson's disease. The question is what triggers these mechanisms. The age of normal onset in idiopathic Parkinson's disease suggests that environmental factors such as metals, pollutants or genetic mutations cannot be involved because these factors are related to early onset of Parkinsonism. Therefore, we have to search for endogenous neurotoxins and neuroprotection in order to understand what trigger the loss of dopaminergic neurons. One important feature of Parkinson's disease is the rate of the degenerative process before the motor symptoms are evident and during the disease progression. The extremely slow rate of Parkinson's disease suggests that the neurotoxins and the neuroprotection have to be related to dopamine metabolism. Possible candidates for endogenous neurotoxins are alpha-synuclein neurotoxic oligomers, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and ortho-quinones formed during dopamine oxidation to neuromelanin. Vesicular monoamine transporter-2, DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase M2-2 seems to be the most important neuroprotective mechanism to prevent neurotoxic mechanism during dopamine oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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36
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Herrera A, Muñoz P, Steinbusch HWM, Segura-Aguilar J. Are Dopamine Oxidation Metabolites Involved in the Loss of Dopaminergic Neurons in the Nigrostriatal System in Parkinson's Disease? ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:702-711. [PMID: 28233992 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1967, L-dopa was introduced as part of the pharmacological therapy of Parkinson's disease (PD) and, in spite of extensive research, no additional effective drugs have been discovered to treat PD. This brings forward the question: why have no new drugs been developed? We consider that one of the problems preventing the discovery of new drugs is that we still have no information on the pathophysiology of the neurodegeneration of the neuromelanin-containing nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Currently, it is widely accepted that the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, i.e., in the substantia nigra pars compacta, involves mitochondrial dysfunction, the formation of neurotoxic oligomers of alpha-synuclein, the dysfunction of protein degradation systems, neuroinflammation, and oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. However, the initial trigger of these mechanisms in the nigrostriatal system is still unknown. It has been reported that aminochrome induces the majority of these mechanisms involved in the neurodegeneration process. Aminochrome is formed within the cytoplasm of neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons during the oxidation of dopamine to neuromelanin. The oxidation of dopamine to neuromelanin is a normal and harmless process, because healthy individuals have intact neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons. Interestingly, aminochrome-induced neurotoxicity is prevented by two enzymes: DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase M2-2, which explains why melanin-containing dopaminergic neurons are intact in healthy human brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Herrera
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of
Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Harry W. M. Steinbusch
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of
Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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37
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Teodorak BP, Scaini G, Carvalho-Silva M, Gomes LM, Teixeira LJ, Rebelo J, De Prá SDT, Zeni N, Schuck PF, Ferreira GC, Streck EL. Antioxidants reverse the changes in energy metabolism of rat brain after chronic administration of L.-tyrosine. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:557-564. [PMID: 27924409 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9936-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinemia type II is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by deficiency of hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase and is associated with neurologic and development difficulties in numerous patients. Considering that the mechanisms underlying the neurological dysfunction in hypertyrosinemic patients are poorly known and that high concentrations of tyrosine provoke mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, in the present study we investigated the in vivo influence of antioxidants (N-acetylcysteine, NAC; and deferoxamine, DFX) administration on the inhibitory effects on parameters of energy metabolism in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum of rats, provoked by chronic administration of L.-tyrosine. Our results showed that chronic administration of L.-tyrosine results in a marked decrease in the activity of citrate synthase in all the analyzed structures and succinate dehydrogenase activities in hippocampus and striatum, and that antioxidants administration can prevent this inhibition in hippocampus and striatum. Moreover, chronic administration of L.-tyrosine inhibited the activity of complex I, II-III and IV in the striatum, which can be prevented by antioxidant treatment. However, the co-administration of NAC plus DFX could not prevent the inhibition of creatine kinase activity in the striatum. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that the administration of antioxidants NAC and DFX attenuates the L.-tyrosine effects on enzymes of the Krebs cycle and the mitochondrial respiratory chain, suggesting that impairment of energy metabolism can be involved with oxidative stress. These results also indicate a possible neuroprotective role for NAC and DFX as a potential adjuvant therapy to the patients with Tyrosinemia type II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brena P Teodorak
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Milena Carvalho-Silva
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Lara M Gomes
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Letícia J Teixeira
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Joyce Rebelo
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Samira D T De Prá
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Neila Zeni
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Patrícia F Schuck
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gustavo C Ferreira
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emilio L Streck
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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38
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On the Role of DT-Diaphorase Inhibition in Aminochrome-Induced Neurotoxicity In Vivo. Neurotox Res 2017; 32:134-140. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9719-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Aguirre P, García-Beltrán O, Tapia V, Muñoz Y, Cassels BK, Núñez MT. Neuroprotective Effect of a New 7,8-Dihydroxycoumarin-Based Fe 2+/Cu 2+ Chelator in Cell and Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:178-185. [PMID: 27806193 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbed iron homeostasis, often coupled to mitochondrial dysfunction, plays an important role in the progression of common neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent studies have underlined the relevance of iron chelation therapy for the treatment of these diseases. Here we describe the synthesis, chemical, and biological characterization of the multifunctional chelator 7,8-dihydroxy-4-((methylamino)methyl)-2H-chromen-2-one (DHC12). Metal selectivity of DHC12 was Cu2+ ∼ Fe2+ > Zn2+ > Fe3+. No binding capacity was detected for Hg2+, Co2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, or Cd2+. DHC12 accessed cells colocalizing with Mitotracker Orange, an indication of mitochondrial targeting. In addition, DHC12 chelated mitochondrial and cytoplasmic labile iron. Upon mitochondrial complex I inhibition, DHC12 protected plasma membrane and mitochondria against lipid peroxidation, as detected by the reduced formation of 4-hydroxynonenal adducts and oxidation of C11-BODIPY581/591. DHC12 also blocked the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, detected by tetramethylrhodamine distribution. DHC12 inhibited MAO-A and MAO-B activity. Oral administration of DHC12 to mice (0.25 mg/kg body weight) protected substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) neurons against MPTP-induced death. Taken together, our results support the concept that DHC12 is a mitochondrial-targeted neuroprotective iron-copper chelator and MAO-B inhibitor with potent antioxidant and mitochondria protective activities. Oral administration of low doses of DHC12 is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of diseases with a mitochondrial iron accumulation component, such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pabla Aguirre
- Biology
Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800024, Chile
| | - Olimpo García-Beltrán
- Facultad
de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad de Ibagué, Ibagué 730001, Colombia
| | - Victoria Tapia
- Biology
Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800024, Chile
| | - Yorka Muñoz
- Biology
Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800024, Chile
| | - Bruce K. Cassels
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800024, Chile
| | - Marco T. Núñez
- Biology
Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800024, Chile
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40
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Herrera A, Muñoz P, Paris I, Díaz-Veliz G, Mora S, Inzunza J, Hultenby K, Cardenas C, Jaña F, Raisman-Vozari R, Gysling K, Abarca J, Steinbusch HWM, Segura-Aguilar J. Aminochrome induces dopaminergic neuronal dysfunction: a new animal model for Parkinson's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3583-97. [PMID: 27001668 PMCID: PMC11108377 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
L-Dopa continues to be the gold drug in Parkinson's disease (PD) treatment from 1967. The failure to translate successful results from preclinical to clinical studies can be explained by the use of preclinical models which do not reflect what happens in the disease since these induce a rapid and extensive degeneration; for example, MPTP induces a severe Parkinsonism in only 3 days in humans contrasting with the slow degeneration and progression of PD. This study presents a new anatomy and develops preclinical model based on aminochrome which induces a slow and progressive dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons. The unilateral injection of aminochrome into rat striatum resulted in (1) contralateral rotation when the animals are stimulated with apomorphine; (2) absence of significant loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neuronal elements both in substantia nigra and striatum; (3) cell shrinkage; (4) significant reduction of dopamine release; (5) significant increase in GABA release; (6) significant decrease in the number of monoaminergic presynaptic vesicles; (7) significant increase of dopamine concentration inside of monoaminergic vesicles; (8) significant increase of damaged mitochondria; (9) significant decrease of ATP level in the striatum (10) significant decrease in basal and maximal mitochondrial respiration. These results suggest that aminochrome induces dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons where the contralateral behavior can be explained by aminochrome-induced ATP decrease required both for anterograde transport of synaptic vesicles and dopamine release. Aminochrome could be implemented as a new model neurotoxin to study Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Herrera
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Irmgard Paris
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santo Tomas, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Gabriela Díaz-Veliz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Mora
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jose Inzunza
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Division of Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cesar Cardenas
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, , Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabián Jaña
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, , Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Katia Gysling
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Abarca
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
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41
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Muñoz P, Segura-Aguilar J. Commentary: A Humanized Clinically Calibrated Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Model for Hypokinetic Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:179. [PMID: 27378526 PMCID: PMC4913531 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Muñoz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
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Li X, Allen RP, Earley CJ, Liu H, Cruz TE, Edden RAE, Barker PB, van Zijl PCM. Brain iron deficiency in idiopathic restless legs syndrome measured by quantitative magnetic susceptibility at 7 tesla. Sleep Med 2016; 22:75-82. [PMID: 27544840 PMCID: PMC4992945 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Altered brain iron homeostasis with regional iron deficiency has been previously reported in several studies of restless legs syndrome (RLS) patients. Inconsistencies still exist, however, in the reported iron changes in different brain regions and different RLS phenotypes. The purpose of this study was to assess differences in brain iron concentrations between RLS patients and healthy controls and their relation to severity of disease and periodic limb movement during sleep (PLMS). METHODS Assessment of brain iron was done using quantitative magnetic susceptibility measurement, which has been shown to correlate well with the tissue iron content in brain's gray matter. Thirty-nine RLS patients and 29 age-matched healthy controls were scanned at 7 T. Magnetic susceptibilities in substantia nigra (SN), thalamus, striatum, and several iron-rich gray matter regions were quantified and compared with related clinical measures. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, RLS patients showed significantly decreased magnetic susceptibility in the thalamus and dentate nucleus. No significant difference was found in the SN between RLS patients and healthy controls, but a significant correlation was observed between magnetic susceptibility in SN and the PLMS measure. CONCLUSIONS Using quantitative magnetic susceptibility as an in vivo indicator of brain iron content, the present study supports the general hypothesis of brain iron deficiency in RLS and indicates its possible link to PLMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Richard P Allen
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher J Earley
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hongjun Liu
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiana E Cruz
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard A E Edden
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter B Barker
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter C M van Zijl
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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43
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Cancelier K, Gomes LM, Carvalho-Silva M, Teixeira LJ, Rebelo J, Mota IT, Arent CO, Mariot E, Kist LW, Bogo MR, Quevedo J, Scaini G, Streck EL. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Mood Stabilizers Alter Behavioural and Energy Metabolism Parameters in Animals Subjected to an Animal Model of Mania Induced by Fenproporex. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3935-3947. [PMID: 27246566 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9933-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that changes in energy metabolism are involved in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD). It was suggested that omega-3 (ω3) fatty acids have beneficial properties in the central nervous system and that this fatty acid plays an important role in energy metabolism. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the effect of ω3 fatty acids alone and in combination with lithium (Li) or valproate (VPA) on behaviour and parameters of energy metabolism in an animal model of mania induced by fenproporex. Our results showed that co-administration of ω3 fatty acids and Li was able to prevent and reverse the increase in locomotor and exploratory activity induced by fenproporex. The combination of ω3 fatty acids with VPA was only able to prevent the fenproporex-induced hyperactivity. For the energy metabolism parameters, our results showed that the administration of Fen for the reversal or prevention protocol inhibited the activities of succinate dehydrogenase, complex II and complex IV in the hippocampus. However, hippocampal creatine kinase (CK) activity was decreased only for the reversal protocol. The ω3 fatty acids, alone and in combination with VPA or Li, prevented and reversed the decrease in complex II, IV and succinate dehydrogenase activity, whereas the decrease in CK activity was only reversed after the co-administration of ω3 fatty acids and VPA. In conclusion, our results showed that the ω3 fatty acids combined with VPA or Li were able to prevent and reverse manic-like hyperactivity and the inhibition of energy metabolism in the hippocampus, suggesting that ω3 fatty acids may play an important role in the modulation of behavioural parameters and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kizzy Cancelier
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Lara M Gomes
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Milena Carvalho-Silva
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Letícia J Teixeira
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Joyce Rebelo
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Isabella T Mota
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Camila O Arent
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Edemilson Mariot
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Luiza W Kist
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maurício R Bogo
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, Ste. 5102, Houston, TX, USA.,Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil. .,Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, Ste. 5102, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Emilio L Streck
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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Huenchuguala S, Muñoz P, Graumann R, Paris I, Segura-Aguilar J. DT-diaphorase protects astrocytes from aminochrome-induced toxicity. Neurotoxicology 2016; 55:10-12. [PMID: 27168424 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are exposed to aminochrome via the oxidation of dopamine that is taken up from the synaptic cleft after its release from dopaminergic neurons. Glutathione transferase M2-2 (GSTM2) has been shown to protect astrocytes from aminochrome-induced toxicity, but astrocytes also express DT-diaphorase, which has been shown to prevent aminochrome-induced neurotoxicity in dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, the question is whether DT-diaphorase also protects astrocytes from aminochrome-induced toxicity. DT-diaphorase is constitutively expressed in U373MG cells, and its inhibition by dicoumarol induced a significant increase of aminochrome-induced cell death. However, the inhibition of DT-diaphorase in U373MGsiGST6 cells, which have 74% of GSTM2 gene expression silenced, resulted in a more than 2-fold increase in cell death, suggesting that DT-diaphorase plays an important role in preventing aminochrome-induced toxicity in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Huenchuguala
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Rebecca Graumann
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Irmgard Paris
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile.
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45
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Muñoz P, Paris I, Segura-Aguilar J. Commentary: Evaluation of Models of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:161. [PMID: 27147953 PMCID: PMC4835501 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Muñoz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Irmgard Paris
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of ChileSantiago, Chile; Departamento de Ciencia Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo TomasViña del Mar, Chile
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
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46
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Impact of Plant-Derived Flavonoids on Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:41-52. [PMID: 26951456 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders have a common characteristic that is the involvement of different cell types, typically the reactivity of astrocytes and microglia, characterizing gliosis, which in turn contributes to the neuronal dysfunction and or death. Flavonoids are secondary metabolites of plant origin widely investigated at present and represent one of the most important and diversified among natural products phenolic groups. Several biological activities are attributed to this class of polyphenols, such as antitumor activity, antioxidant, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory, among others, which give significant pharmacological importance. Our group have observed that flavonoids derived from Brazilian plants Dimorphandra mollis Bent., Croton betulaster Müll. Arg., e Poincianella pyramidalis Tul., botanical synonymous Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul. also elicit a broad spectrum of responses in astrocytes and neurons in culture as activation of astrocytes and microglia, astrocyte associated protection of neuronal progenitor cells, neuronal differentiation and neuritogenesis. It was observed the flavonoids also induced neuronal differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells and human pluripotent stem cells. Moreover, with the objective of seeking preclinical pharmacological evidence of these molecules, in order to assess its future use in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, we have evaluated the effects of flavonoids in preclinical in vitro models of neuroinflammation associated with Parkinson's disease and glutamate toxicity associated with ischemia. In particular, our efforts have been directed to identify mechanisms involved in the changes in viability, morphology, and glial cell function induced by flavonoids in cultures of glial cells and neuronal cells alone or in interactions and clarify the relation with their neuroprotective and morphogetic effects.
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Goldstein DS, Jinsmaa Y, Sullivan P, Holmes C, Kopin IJ, Sharabi Y. Comparison of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Decreasing Production of the Autotoxic Dopamine Metabolite 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde in PC12 Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 356:483-92. [PMID: 26574516 PMCID: PMC4746494 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.230201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the catecholaldehyde hypothesis, the toxic dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) contributes to the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. Monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) catalyzes the conversion of intraneuronal dopamine to DOPAL and may serve as a therapeutic target. The "cheese effect"-paroxysmal hypertension evoked by tyramine-containing foodstuffs-limits clinical use of irreversible MAO-A inhibitors. Combined MAO-A/B inhibition decreases DOPAL production in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, but whether reversible MAO-A inhibitors or MAO-B inhibitors decrease endogenous DOPAL production is unknown. We compared the potencies of MAO inhibitors in attenuating DOPAL production and examined possible secondary effects on dopamine storage, constitutive release, synthesis, and auto-oxidation. Catechol concentrations were measured in cells and medium after incubation with the irreversible MAO-A inhibitor clorgyline, three reversible MAO-A inhibitors, or the MAO-B inhibitors selegiline or rasagiline for 180 minutes. Reversible MAO-A inhibitors were generally ineffective, whereas clorgyline (1 nM), rasagiline (500 nM), and selegiline (500 nM) decreased DOPAL levels in the cells and medium. All three drugs also increased dopamine and norepinephrine, decreased 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, and increased cysteinyl-dopamine concentrations in the medium, suggesting increased vesicular uptake and constitutive release, decreased dopamine synthesis, and increased dopamine spontaneous oxidation. In conclusion, clorgyline, rasagiline, and selegiline decrease production of endogenous DOPAL. At relatively high concentrations, the latter drugs probably lose their selectivity for MAO-B. Possibly offsetting increased formation of potentially toxic oxidation products and decreased formation of DOPAL might account for the failure of large clinical trials of MAO-B inhibitors to demonstrate slowing of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Goldstein
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, Clinical Neuroscience Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.S.G., Y.J., P.S., C.H., I.J.K.); and Hypertension Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Tel-Aviv University, Tel-HaShomer, Israel (Y.S.)
| | - Yunden Jinsmaa
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, Clinical Neuroscience Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.S.G., Y.J., P.S., C.H., I.J.K.); and Hypertension Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Tel-Aviv University, Tel-HaShomer, Israel (Y.S.)
| | - Patti Sullivan
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, Clinical Neuroscience Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.S.G., Y.J., P.S., C.H., I.J.K.); and Hypertension Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Tel-Aviv University, Tel-HaShomer, Israel (Y.S.)
| | - Courtney Holmes
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, Clinical Neuroscience Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.S.G., Y.J., P.S., C.H., I.J.K.); and Hypertension Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Tel-Aviv University, Tel-HaShomer, Israel (Y.S.)
| | - Irwin J Kopin
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, Clinical Neuroscience Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.S.G., Y.J., P.S., C.H., I.J.K.); and Hypertension Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Tel-Aviv University, Tel-HaShomer, Israel (Y.S.)
| | - Yehonatan Sharabi
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, Clinical Neuroscience Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.S.G., Y.J., P.S., C.H., I.J.K.); and Hypertension Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Tel-Aviv University, Tel-HaShomer, Israel (Y.S.)
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48
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Touchette JC, Breckenridge JM, Wilken GH, Macarthur H. Direct intranigral injection of dopaminochrome causes degeneration of dopamine neurons. Neurosci Lett 2015; 612:178-184. [PMID: 26704434 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration of nigrastriatal dopaminergic neurons leading to clinical motor dysfunctions. Many animal models of PD have been developed using exogenous neurotoxins and pesticides. Evidence strongly indicates that the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) are highly susceptible to neurodegeneration due to a number of factors including oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Oxidation of DA to a potential endogenous neurotoxin, dopaminochrome (DAC), may be a potential contributor to the vulnerability of the nigrostriatal tract to oxidative insult. In this study, we show that DAC causes slow and progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in contrast to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)), which induces rapid lesions of the region. The DAC model may be more reflective of early stresses that initiate the progressive neurodegenerative process of PD, and may prove a useful model for future neurodegenerative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillienne C Touchette
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Julie M Breckenridge
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Gerald H Wilken
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Heather Macarthur
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63104, United States.
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49
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Briceño A, Muñoz P, Brito P, Huenchuguala S, Segura-Aguilar J, Paris IB. Aminochrome Toxicity is Mediated by Inhibition of Microtubules Polymerization Through the Formation of Adducts with Tubulin. Neurotox Res 2015; 29:381-93. [PMID: 26345577 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the role of adducts formation between aminochrome and tubulin and its interference in microtubules assembly and stability in aminochrome-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. We also investigated whether changes in the microtubules structures are an early event that could affect tubulin expression. We demonstrated in vitro that aminochrome tubulin adducts inhibit tubulin polymerization and that aminochrome induces microtubules disassembly. Moreover, when the SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with aminochrome, we observed an increase in soluble tubulin, indicating depolymerization of microtubules. Aminochrome generates disruption of the microtubules network, leading to changes in the morphology of the cells inducing cell death, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Interestingly, these changes preceded cell death and were partly inhibited by paclitaxel, a microtubule-stabilizing agent. Furthermore, we observed that aminochrome increased early tubulin expression before significant cell death occurred. Consequently, all these antecedents suggest that aminochrome toxicity is mediated by early disruption of microtubules network, where the adduct formation between aminochrome and tubulin could be responsible for the inhibition in the assembly microtubules and the loss of microtubules stability. Possibly, the early changes in tubulin expression could correspond to compensatory mechanisms against the toxic effects of aminochrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Briceño
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Brito
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Limonares 190, 2561780, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Sandro Huenchuguala
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453, Santiago, Chile
| | - Irmgard B Paris
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453, Santiago, Chile. .,Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Limonares 190, 2561780, Viña del Mar, Chile.
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Mena NP, Urrutia PJ, Lourido F, Carrasco CM, Núñez MT. Mitochondrial iron homeostasis and its dysfunctions in neurodegenerative disorders. Mitochondrion 2015; 21:92-105. [PMID: 25667951 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of the iron-containing prosthetic groups-heme and iron-sulfur clusters-occurs in mitochondria. The mitochondrion is also an important producer of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are derived from electrons leaking from the electron transport chain. The coexistence of both ROS and iron in the secluded space of the mitochondrion makes this organelle particularly prone to oxidative damage. Here, we review the elements that configure mitochondrial iron homeostasis and discuss the principles of iron-mediated ROS generation in mitochondria. We also review the evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction and iron accumulation in Alzheimer's disease, Huntington Disease, Friedreich's ataxia, and in particular Parkinson's disease. We postulate that a positive feedback loop of mitochondrial dysfunction, iron accumulation, and ROS production accounts for the process of cell death in various neurodegenerative diseases in which these features are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia P Mena
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela J Urrutia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernanda Lourido
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos M Carrasco
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco T Núñez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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