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Su L, Peng M, Chen X, Wu S, Liu L. Severe Zellweger spectrum disorder due to a novel missense variant in the PEX13 gene: A case report and the literature review. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2024; 12:e2315. [PMID: 37962062 PMCID: PMC10767603 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) are caused by variants in PEX genes that impair peroxisome function. Zellweger spectrum disorders (ZSDs) are the most severe and common subtype of PBDs, affecting multiple organ systems due to peroxisomal involvement in various metabolic functions. PEX13 gene variants are rare causes of ZSDs, with only 21 cases reported worldwide and none in China. METHODS We describe an infant with biochemically and molecularly confirmed ZSDs due to variants in the PEX13 gene, identified by whole exome sequencing and validated by Sanger sequencing. The patient's treatment and prognosis were followed up. We also reviewed the literature on previously reported cases with PEX13 variants. RESULTS The patient had severe hypotonia, seizures, hepatic dysfunction, failure to thrive, and dysmorphic features. Serum analysis revealed elevated levels of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA), phytanic acid, and pipecolic acid. We detected a novel homozygous missense variant c.493G>C (p. Ala165Pro) in the PEX13 gene (NM_002618.3), which caused severe clinical manifestations and was inherited from the consanguineous parents. The patient died at the age of 14 months. CONCLUSION We report the first case of ZSDs due to the PEX13 variant in China. Our findings broaden the mutational spectrum of the PEX13 gene and indicate that missense variants can lead to severe ZSDs phenotypes, which has implications for genotype-phenotype correlations and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Su
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical CenterGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Min‐Zhi Peng
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical CenterGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Dan Chen
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical CenterGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Shuang Wu
- School of PediatricsGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical CenterGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
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Kolbjer S, Martín Muñoz DA, Örtqvist AK, Pettersson M, Hammarsjö A, Anderlid BM, Dahlin M. Polymicrogyria: epidemiology, imaging, and clinical aspects in a population-based cohort. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad213. [PMID: 37614989 PMCID: PMC10443657 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymicrogyria is estimated to be one of the most common brain malformations, accounting for ∼16% of malformations of cortical development. However, the prevalence and incidence of polymicrogyria is unknown. Our aim was to estimate the prevalence, incidence rate, neuroimaging diversity, aetiology, and clinical phenotype of polymicrogyria in a population-based paediatric cohort. We performed a systematic search of MRI scans at neuroradiology department databases in Stockholm using the keyword polymicrogyria. The study population included all children living in the Stockholm region born from January 2004 to June 2021 with polymicrogyria. Information on the number of children living in the region during 2004-21 was collected from records from Statistics Sweden, whereas the number of births for each year during the study period was collected from the Swedish Medical Birth Register. All MRI scans were re-evaluated, and malformations were classified by a senior paediatric neuroradiologist. The prevalence and yearly incidence were estimated. Clinical data were collected from medical records. A total of 109 patients with polymicrogyria were included in the study. The overall polymicrogyria prevalence in Stockholm was 2.3 per 10 000 children, and the overall estimated yearly incidence between 2004 and 2020 was 1.9 per 10 000 person-years. The most common polymicrogyria distribution was in the frontal lobe (71%), followed by the parietal lobe (37%). Polymicrogyria in the peri-sylvian region was observed in 53%. Genetic testing was performed in 90 patients revealing pathogenic variants in 32%. Additionally, 12% had variants of uncertain significance. Five patients had a confirmed congenital infection, and in six individuals, the cause of polymicrogyria was assumed to be vascular. Epilepsy was diagnosed in 54%. Seizure onset during the first year of life was observed in 44%. The most common seizure types were focal seizures with impaired awareness, followed by epileptic spasms. Thirty-three of 59 patients with epilepsy (56%) were treated with more than two anti-seizure medications, indicating that pharmacoresistant epilepsy is common in polymicrogyria patients. Neurodevelopmental symptoms were observed in 94% of the individuals. This is the first population-based study on polymicrogyria prevalence and incidence. Confirmed genetic aetiology was present in one-third of individuals with polymicrogyria. Epilepsy was common in this patient group, and the majority had pharmacoresistant epilepsy. These findings increase our knowledge about polymicrogyria and will help in counselling patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sintia Kolbjer
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Daniel A Martín Muñoz
- Department of Neuroradiology and Paediatric Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Anne K Örtqvist
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Visby County Hospital, Visby 62155, Sweden
| | - Maria Pettersson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Anna Hammarsjö
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Britt-Marie Anderlid
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Maria Dahlin
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
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Wanders RJA, Baes M, Ribeiro D, Ferdinandusse S, Waterham HR. The physiological functions of human peroxisomes. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:957-1024. [PMID: 35951481 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00051.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are subcellular organelles that play a central role in human physiology by catalyzing a range of unique metabolic functions. The importance of peroxisomes for human health is exemplified by the existence of a group of usually severe diseases caused by an impairment in one or more peroxisomal functions. Among others these include the Zellweger spectrum disorders, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, and Refsum disease. To fulfill their role in metabolism, peroxisomes require continued interaction with other subcellular organelles including lipid droplets, lysosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. In recent years it has become clear that the metabolic alliance between peroxisomes and other organelles requires the active participation of tethering proteins to bring the organelles physically closer together, thereby achieving efficient transfer of metabolites. This review intends to describe the current state of knowledge about the metabolic role of peroxisomes in humans, with particular emphasis on the metabolic partnership between peroxisomes and other organelles and the consequences of genetic defects in these processes. We also describe the biogenesis of peroxisomes and the consequences of the multiple genetic defects therein. In addition, we discuss the functional role of peroxisomes in different organs and tissues and include relevant information derived from model systems, notably peroxisomal mouse models. Finally, we pay particular attention to a hitherto underrated role of peroxisomes in viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,United for Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,United for Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,United for Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Enns GM, Ammous Z, Himes RW, Nogueira J, Palle S, Sullivan M, Ramirez C. Diagnostic challenges and disease management in patients with a mild Zellweger spectrum disorder phenotype. Mol Genet Metab 2021; 134:217-222. [PMID: 34625341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorders-Zellweger spectrum disorder (PBD-ZSD) is a rare, autosomal recessive peroxisome biogenesis disorder that presents with variable symptoms. In patients with PBD-ZSD, pathogenic variants in the PEX family of genes disrupt normal peroxisomal function, impairing α- and β-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids and synthesis of bile acids, resulting in increased levels of toxic bile acid intermediates and multisystem organ damage. The spectrum of severity in PBD-ZSD is variable, with some patients dying in the first year of life, while others live into adulthood. Symptoms of mild PBD-ZSD include various combinations of developmental delay, craniofacial dysmorphic features, visual impairment, sensorineural hearing loss, liver disease, and adrenal insufficiency. Disease progression in mild PBD-ZSD is generally slow, and may include extended periods of stability in some cases. The presence and extent to which symptoms occur in mild PBD-ZSD represents a diagnostic challenge that can cause delays in diagnosis with potential significant implications related to disease monitoring and treatment. There is some support for the pharmacologic therapies of Lorenzo's oil, docosohexanoic acid, and batyl alcohol in altering symptoms; however, systematic long-term studies are lacking. Cholic acid (CA) therapy has demonstrated treatment efficacy in patients with PBD-ZSD, including decreased toxic bile acid intermediates, transaminase levels, and liver inflammation, with improvement in growth parameters. However, these responses are most apparent in patients diagnosed and treated at a young age. Advanced liver disease may limit the efficacy of CA, underscoring the need to diagnose and treat these patients before significant liver damage and other related complications occur. Here we discuss the signs and symptoms of PBD-ZSD in patients with mild disease, standard diagnostic tools, factors affecting disease management, and available pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Janaina Nogueira
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sirish Palle
- Oklahoma University Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Meghan Sullivan
- MedVal Scientific Information Services, LLC, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Charina Ramirez
- University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
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5
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Miyatake S, Kato M, Kumamoto T, Hirose T, Koshimizu E, Matsui T, Takeuchi H, Doi H, Hamada K, Nakashima M, Sasaki K, Yamashita A, Takata A, Hamanaka K, Satoh M, Miyama T, Sonoda Y, Sasazuki M, Torisu H, Hara T, Sakai Y, Noguchi Y, Miura M, Nishimura Y, Nakamura K, Asai H, Hinokuma N, Miya F, Tsunoda T, Togawa M, Ikeda Y, Kimura N, Amemiya K, Horino A, Fukuoka M, Ikeda H, Merhav G, Ekhilevitch N, Miura M, Mizuguchi T, Miyake N, Suzuki A, Ohga S, Saitsu H, Takahashi H, Tanaka F, Ogata K, Ohtaka-Maruyama C, Matsumoto N. De novo ATP1A3 variants cause polymicrogyria. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/13/eabd2368. [PMID: 33762331 PMCID: PMC7990330 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd2368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymicrogyria is a common malformation of cortical development whose etiology remains elusive. We conducted whole-exome sequencing for 124 patients with polymicrogyria and identified de novo ATP1A3 variants in eight patients. Mutated ATP1A3 causes functional brain diseases, including alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC), rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism (RDP), and cerebellar ataxia, areflexia, pes cavus, optic nerve atrophy, and sensorineural deafness (CAPOS). However, our patients showed no clinical features of AHC, RDP, or CAPOS and had a completely different phenotype: a severe form of polymicrogyria with epilepsy and developmental delay. Detected variants had different locations in ATP1A3 and different functional properties compared with AHC-, RDP-, or CAPOS-associated variants. In the developing cerebral cortex of mice, radial neuronal migration was impaired in neurons overexpressing the ATP1A3 variant of the most severe patients, suggesting that this variant is involved in cortical malformation pathogenesis. We propose a previously unidentified category of polymicrogyria associated with ATP1A3 abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Miyatake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
- Clinical Genetics Department, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan
| | - Takuma Kumamoto
- Developmental Neuroscience Project, Department of Brain & Neurosciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Tomonori Hirose
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Eriko Koshimizu
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takaaki Matsui
- Gene Regulation Research, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Doi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hamada
- Department of Biochemistry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Nakashima
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Akio Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takata
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular Pathology of Psychiatric Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kohei Hamanaka
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Mai Satoh
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takabumi Miyama
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yuri Sonoda
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Momoko Sasazuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Torisu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Toshiro Hara
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka 813-0017, Japan
| | - Yasunari Sakai
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yushi Noguchi
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Mazumi Miura
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yoko Nishimura
- Division of Child Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Asai
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan
| | - Nodoka Hinokuma
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Miya
- Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
- Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masami Togawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Tottori Prefectural Central Hospital, Tottori 680-0901, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ikeda
- Department of Neonatology, Japanese Red Cross Otsu Hospital, Otsu, Shiga 520-8511, Japan
| | - Nobusuke Kimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Naniwa Ikuno Hospital, Osaka, Shiga 556-0014, Japan
| | - Kaoru Amemiya
- Department of Pediatrics, Saiwai Kodomo Clinic, Tachikawa 190-0002, Japan
| | - Asako Horino
- Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Shizuoka 420-8688, Japan
| | - Masataka Fukuoka
- Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Shizuoka 420-8688, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ikeda
- Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Shizuoka 420-8688, Japan
| | - Goni Merhav
- Radiology Department, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Nina Ekhilevitch
- The Genetics Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Masaki Miura
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2085, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mizuguchi
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Molecular Cellular Biology Laboratory, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Shouichi Ohga
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Tanaka
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ogata
- Department of Biochemistry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ohtaka-Maruyama
- Developmental Neuroscience Project, Department of Brain & Neurosciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan.
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Deb R, Joshi N, Nagotu S. Peroxisomes of the Brain: Distribution, Functions, and Associated Diseases. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:986-1006. [PMID: 33400183 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are versatile cell organelles that exhibit a repertoire of organism and cell-type dependent functions. The presence of oxidases and antioxidant enzymes is a characteristic feature of these organelles. The role of peroxisomes in various cell types in human health and disease is under investigation. Defects in the biogenesis of the organelle and its function lead to severe debilitating disorders. In this manuscript, we discuss the distribution and functions of peroxisomes in the nervous system and especially in the brain cells. The important peroxisomal functions in these cells and their role in the pathology of associated disorders such as neurodegeneration are highlighted in recent studies. Although the cause of the pathogenesis of these disorders is still not clearly understood, emerging evidence supports a crucial role of peroxisomes. In this review, we discuss research highlighting the role of peroxisomes in brain development and its function. We also provide an overview of the major findings in recent years that highlight the role of peroxisome dysfunction in various associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachayeeta Deb
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Neha Joshi
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Shirisha Nagotu
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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Schiller S, Rosewich H, Grünewald S, Gärtner J. Inborn errors of metabolism leading to neuronal migration defects. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:145-155. [PMID: 31747049 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development and organisation of the human brain start in the embryonic stage and is a highly complex orchestrated process. It depends on series of cellular mechanisms that are precisely regulated by multiple proteins, signalling pathways and non-protein-coding genes. A crucial process during cerebral cortex development is the migration of nascent neuronal cells to their appropriate positions and their associated differentiation into layer-specific neurons. Neuronal migration defects (NMD) comprise a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders including monogenetic disorders and residual syndromes due to damaging factors during prenatal development like infections, maternal diabetes mellitus or phenylketonuria, trauma, and drug use. Multifactorial causes are also possible. Classification into lissencephaly, polymicrogyria, schizencephaly, and neuronal heterotopia is based on the visible morphologic cortex anomalies. Characteristic clinical features of NMDs are severe psychomotor developmental delay, severe intellectual disability, intractable epilepsy, and dysmorphisms. Neurometabolic disorders only form a small subgroup within the large group of NMDs. The prototypes are peroxisomal biogenesis disorders, peroxisomal ß-oxidation defects and congenital disorders of O-glycosylation. The rapid evolution of biotechnology has resulted in an ongoing identification of metabolic and non-metabolic disease genes for NMDs. Nevertheless, we are far away from understanding the specific role of cortical genes and metabolites on spatial and temporal regulation of human cortex development and associated malformations. This limited understanding of the pathogenesis hinders the attempt for therapeutic approaches. In this article, we provide an overview of the most important cortical malformations and potential underlying neurometabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Schiller
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Rosewich
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Grünewald
- Metabolic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jutta Gärtner
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Mild Zellweger syndrome due to functionally confirmed novel PEX1 variants. J Appl Genet 2019; 61:87-91. [PMID: 31628608 PMCID: PMC6968987 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-019-00523-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Zellweger spectrum disorders (ZSD) constitute a group of rare autosomal recessive disorders characterized by a defect in peroxisome biogenesis due to mutations in one of 13 PEX genes. The broad clinical heterogeneity especially in late-onset presenting patients and a mild phenotype complicates and delays the diagnostic process. Here, we report a case of mild ZSD, due to novel PEX1 variants. The patient presented with an early hearing loss, bilateral cataracts, and leukodystrophy on magnetic resonance (MR) images. Normal results of serum very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) and phytanic acid were found. Molecular diagnostics were performed to uncover the etiology of the clinical phenotype. Using whole exome sequencing, there have been found two variants in the PEX1 gene-c.3450T>A (p.Cys1150*) and c.1769T>C (p.Leu590Pro). VLCFA measurement in skin fibroblasts and C26:0-lysoPC in dried blood spot therefore was performed. Both results were in line with the diagnosis of ZSD. To conclude, normal results of routine serum VLCFA and branched-chain fatty acid measurement do not exclude mild forms of ZSD. The investigation of C26:0-lysoPC should be included in the diagnostic work-up in patients with cataract, hearing loss, and leukodystrophy on MR images suspected to suffer from ZSD.
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Abstract
Peroxisomes play vital roles in a broad spectrum of cellular metabolic pathways. Defects in genes encoding peroxisomal proteins can result in a wide array of disorders, depending upon the metabolic pathways affected. These disorders can be broadly classified into 2 main groups; peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) and single peroxisomal enzyme deficiencies. Peroxisomal enzyme deficiencies are result of dysfunction of a specific metabolic pathway, while PBDs are due to generalized peroxisomal dysfunction. Mutations in PEX1 gene are the most common cause of PBDs, accounting for two-thirds of cases. Peroxisomal fission defects is a recently recognized entity, included under the subgroup of PBDs. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review on the clinical and neuroimaging spectrum of peroxisomal disorders.
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Syndrome de Zellweger. Arch Pediatr 2017; 24:689-691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wagner MW, Poretti A, Benson JE, Huisman TAGM. Neuroimaging Findings in Pediatric Genetic Skeletal Disorders: A Review. J Neuroimaging 2016; 27:162-209. [PMID: 28000960 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic skeletal disorders (GSDs) are a heterogeneous group characterized by an intrinsic abnormality in growth and (re-)modeling of cartilage and bone. A large subgroup of GSDs has additional involvement of other structures/organs beside the skeleton, such as the central nervous system (CNS). CNS abnormalities have an important role in long-term prognosis of children with GSDs and should consequently not be missed. Sensitive and specific identification of CNS lesions while evaluating a child with a GSD requires a detailed knowledge of the possible associated CNS abnormalities. Here, we provide a pattern-recognition approach for neuroimaging findings in GSDs guided by the obvious skeletal manifestations of GSD. In particular, we summarize which CNS findings should be ruled out with each GSD. The diseases (n = 180) are classified based on the skeletal involvement (1. abnormal metaphysis or epiphysis, 2. abnormal size/number of bones, 3. abnormal shape of bones and joints, and 4. abnormal dynamic or structural changes). For each disease, skeletal involvement was defined in accordance with Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Morphological CNS involvement has been described based on extensive literature search. Selected examples will be shown based on prevalence of the diseases and significance of the CNS involvement. CNS involvement is common in GSDs. A wide spectrum of morphological abnormalities is associated with GSDs. Early diagnosis of CNS involvement is important in the management of children with GSDs. This pattern-recognition approach aims to assist and guide physicians in the diagnostic work-up of CNS involvement in children with GSDs and their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias W Wagner
- Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Poretti
- Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jane E Benson
- Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Thierry A G M Huisman
- Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Rosewich H, Dechent P, Krause C, Ohlenbusch A, Brockmann K, Gärtner J. Diagnostic and prognostic value of in vivo proton MR spectroscopy for Zellweger syndrome spectrum patients. J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:869-876. [PMID: 27488561 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-016-9965-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Defects in the biogenesis of peroxisomes cause a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of neurometabolic disorders, the Zellweger syndrome spectrum (ZSS). Diagnosis predominantly is based on characteristic clinical symptoms, a typical biochemical profile, as well as on identification of the molecular defect in any of the 12 known human PEX genes. The diagnostic workup can be hindered if the typical clinical symptoms are missing and predicting the clinical course of a given patient is almost unfeasible. As a safe and noninvasive method to analyze specific chemical compounds in localized brain regions, in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can provide an indication in this diagnostic process and may help predict the clinical course. However, to date, there are very few reports on this topic. In this study, we performed localized in vivo proton MRS without confounding contributions from T1- and T2-relaxation effects at 2 Tesla in a comparably large group of seven ZSS patients. Patients' absolute metabolite concentrations in cortical gray matter, white matter, and basal ganglia were assessed and compared with age-matched control values. Our results confirm and extend knowledge about in vivo MRS findings in ZSS patients. Besides affirmation of nonspecific reduction of N-acetylaspartate + N-acetylaspartylglutamate (tNAA) in combination with lipid accumulation as a diagnostic hint for this disease group, the amount of tNAA loss seems to reflect disease burden and may prove to be of prognostic value regarding the clinical course of an already diagnosed patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rosewich
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37085, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - P Dechent
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, MR-Research in Neurology and Psychiatry, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - C Krause
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37085, Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Ohlenbusch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37085, Göttingen, Germany
| | - K Brockmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37085, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Interdisciplinary Pediatric Center for Children with Developmental Disabilities and Severe Chronic Disorders, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - J Gärtner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37085, Göttingen, Germany
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Berger J, Dorninger F, Forss-Petter S, Kunze M. Peroxisomes in brain development and function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:934-55. [PMID: 26686055 PMCID: PMC4880039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes contain numerous enzymatic activities that are important for mammalian physiology. Patients lacking either all peroxisomal functions or a single enzyme or transporter function typically develop severe neurological deficits, which originate from aberrant development of the brain, demyelination and loss of axonal integrity, neuroinflammation or other neurodegenerative processes. Whilst correlating peroxisomal properties with a compilation of pathologies observed in human patients and mouse models lacking all or individual peroxisomal functions, we discuss the importance of peroxisomal metabolites and tissue- and cell type-specific contributions to the observed brain pathologies. This enables us to deconstruct the local and systemic contribution of individual metabolic pathways to specific brain functions. We also review the recently discovered variability of pathological symptoms in cases with unexpectedly mild presentation of peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Finally, we explore the emerging evidence linking peroxisomes to more common neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, autism and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Peroxisomes edited by Ralf Erdmann.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Markus Kunze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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In Vivo NMR Studies of the Brain with Hereditary or Acquired Metabolic Disorders. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:2647-85. [PMID: 26610379 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders, whether hereditary or acquired, affect the brain, and abnormalities of the brain are related to cellular integrity; particularly in regard to neurons and astrocytes as well as interactions between them. Metabolic disturbances lead to alterations in cellular function as well as microscopic and macroscopic structural changes in the brain with diabetes, the most typical example of metabolic disorders, and a number of hereditary metabolic disorders. Alternatively, cellular dysfunction and degeneration of the brain lead to metabolic disturbances in hereditary neurological disorders with neurodegeneration. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques allow us to assess a range of pathophysiological changes of the brain in vivo. For example, magnetic resonance spectroscopy detects alterations in brain metabolism and energetics. Physiological magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detects accompanying changes in cerebral blood flow related to neurovascular coupling. Diffusion and T1/T2-weighted MRI detect microscopic and macroscopic changes of the brain structure. This review summarizes current NMR findings of functional, physiological and biochemical alterations within a number of hereditary and acquired metabolic disorders in both animal models and humans. The global view of the impact of these metabolic disorders on the brain may be useful in identifying the unique and/or general patterns of abnormalities in the living brain related to the pathophysiology of the diseases, and identifying future fields of inquiry.
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De Munter S, Verheijden S, Régal L, Baes M. Peroxisomal Disorders: A Review on Cerebellar Pathologies. Brain Pathol 2015; 25:663-78. [PMID: 26201894 PMCID: PMC8029412 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are organelles with diverse metabolic tasks including essential roles in lipid metabolism. They are of utmost importance for the normal functioning of the nervous system as most peroxisomal disorders are accompanied with neurological symptoms. Remarkably, the cerebellum exquisitely depends on intact peroxisomal function both during development and adulthood. In this review, we cover all aspects of cerebellar pathology that were reported in peroxisome biogenesis disorders and in diseases caused by dysfunction of the peroxisomal α-oxidation, β-oxidation or ether lipid synthesis pathways. We also discuss the phenotypes of mouse models in which cerebellar pathologies were recapitulated and search for connections with the metabolic abnormalities. It becomes increasingly clear that besides the most severe forms of peroxisome dysfunction that are associated with developmental cerebellar defects, milder impairments can give rise to ataxia later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie De Munter
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell MetabolismKU Leuven—University of LeuvenB‐3000LeuvenBelgium
| | - Simon Verheijden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineTARGIDKU Leuven—University of LeuvenB‐3000LeuvenBelgium
| | - Luc Régal
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic DisordersUZ Brussel—University Hospital Brussels1000BrusselsBelgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell MetabolismKU Leuven—University of LeuvenB‐3000LeuvenBelgium
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Patay Z, Blaser SI, Poretti A, Huisman TAGM. Neurometabolic diseases of childhood. Pediatr Radiol 2015; 45 Suppl 3:S473-84. [PMID: 26346153 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-015-3279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases affecting the pediatric brain are complex conditions, the underlying mechanisms leading to structural damage are diverse and the diagnostic imaging manifestations are often non-specific; hence early, sensitive and specific diagnosis can be challenging for the radiologist. However, misdiagnosis or a delayed diagnosis can result in a devastating, irreversible injury to the developing brain. Based upon the inborn error, neurometabolic diseases can be subdivided in various groups depending on the predominantly involved tissue (e.g., white matter in leukodystrophies or leukoencephalopathies), the involved metabolic processes (e.g., organic acidurias and aminoacidopathies) and primary age of the child at presentation (e.g., neurometabolic disorders of the newborn). This manuscript summarizes these topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Patay
- Section of Neuroradiology, Division of Radiology, Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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17
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Wang XM, Yik WY, Zhang P, Lu W, Huang N, Kim BR, Shibata D, Zitting M, Chow RH, Moser AB, Steinberg SJ, Hacia JG. Induced pluripotent stem cell models of Zellweger spectrum disorder show impaired peroxisome assembly and cell type-specific lipid abnormalities. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:158. [PMID: 26319495 PMCID: PMC4553005 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Zellweger spectrum disorder (PBD-ZSD) is a disease continuum caused by mutations in a subset of PEX genes required for normal peroxisome assembly and function. They highlight the importance of peroxisomes in the development and functions of the central nervous system, liver, and other organs. To date, the underlying bases for the cell-type specificity of disease are not fully elucidated. Methods Primary skin fibroblasts from seven PBD-ZSD patients with biallelic PEX1, PEX10, PEX12, or PEX26 mutations and three healthy donors were transduced with retroviral vectors expressing Yamanaka reprogramming factors. Candidate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were subject to global gene expression, DNA methylation, copy number variation, genotyping, in vitro differentiation and teratoma formation assays. Confirmed iPSCs were differentiated into neural progenitor cells (NPCs), neurons, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), and hepatocyte-like cell cultures with peroxisome assembly evaluated by microscopy. Saturated very long chain fatty acid (sVLCFA) and plasmalogen levels were determined in primary fibroblasts and their derivatives. Results iPSCs were derived from seven PBD-ZSD patient-derived fibroblasts with mild to severe peroxisome assembly defects. Although patient and control skin fibroblasts had similar gene expression profiles, genes related to mitochondrial functions and organelle cross-talk were differentially expressed among corresponding iPSCs. Mitochondrial DNA levels were consistent among patient and control fibroblasts, but varied among all iPSCs. Relative to matching controls, sVLCFA levels were elevated in patient-derived fibroblasts, reduced in patient-derived iPSCs, and not significantly different in patient-derived NPCs. All cell types derived from donors with biallelic null mutations in a PEX gene showed plasmalogen deficiencies. Reporter gene assays compatible with high content screening (HCS) indicated patient-derived OPC and hepatocyte-like cell cultures had impaired peroxisome assembly. Conclusions Normal peroxisome activity levels are not required for cellular reprogramming of skin fibroblasts. Patient iPSC gene expression profiles were consistent with hypotheses highlighting the role of altered mitochondrial activities and organelle cross-talk in PBD-ZSD pathogenesis. sVLCFA abnormalities dramatically differed among patient cell types, similar to observations made in iPSC models of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. We propose that iPSCs could assist investigations into the cell type-specificity of peroxisomal activities, toxicology studies, and in HCS for targeted therapies for peroxisome-related disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0149-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Wing Yan Yik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Peilin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Wange Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Ning Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Bo Ram Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Darryl Shibata
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Madison Zitting
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Robert H Chow
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Ann B Moser
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Steven J Steinberg
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Joseph G Hacia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Pristanic acid provokes lipid, protein, and DNA oxidative damage and reduces the antioxidant defenses in cerebellum of young rats. THE CEREBELLUM 2015; 13:751-9. [PMID: 25172216 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-014-0593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Zellweger syndrome (ZS) and some peroxisomal diseases are severe inherited disorders mainly characterized by neurological symptoms and cerebellum abnormalities, whose pathogenesis is poorly understood. Biochemically, these diseases are mainly characterized by accumulation of pristanic acid (Prist) and other fatty acids in the brain and other tissues. In this work, we evaluated the in vitro influence of Prist on redox homeostasis by measuring lipid, protein, and DNA damage, as well as the antioxidant defenses and the activities of aconitase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in cerebellum of 30-day-old rats. The effect of Prist on DNA damage was also evaluated in blood of these animals. Some parameters were also evaluated in cerebellum from neonatal rats and in cerebellum neuronal cultures. Prist significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and carbonyl formation and reduced sulfhydryl content and glutathione (GSH) concentrations in cerebellum of young rats. It also caused DNA strand damage in cerebellum and induced a high micronuclei frequency in blood. On the other hand, this fatty acid significantly reduced α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and aconitase activities in rat cerebellum. We also verified that Prist-induced increase of MDA levels was totally prevented by melatonin and attenuated by α-tocopherol but not by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, indicating the involvement of reactive oxygen species in this effect. Cerebellum from neonate rats also showed marked alterations of redox homeostasis, including an increase of MDA levels and a decrease of sulfhydryl content and GSH concentrations elicited by Prist. Finally, Prist provoked an increase of dichlorofluorescein (DCFH) oxidation in cerebellum-cultivated neurons. Our present data indicate that Prist compromises redox homeostasis in rat cerebellum and blood and inhibits critical enzymes of the citric acid cycle that are susceptible to free radical attack. The present findings may contribute to clarify the pathogenesis of the cerebellar alterations observed in patients affected by ZS and some peroxisomal disorders in which Prist is accumulated.
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Blondiaux E, Sileo C, Nahama-Allouche C, Moutard ML, Gelot A, Jouannic JM, Ducou le Pointe H, Garel C. Periventricular nodular heterotopia on prenatal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2013; 42:149-155. [PMID: 23151899 DOI: 10.1002/uog.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the prenatal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings suggestive of periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH). METHODS This retrospective case series included fetuses referred to our institution for brain MRI between 2007 and 2012, which were diagnosed with PNH and confirmed by postnatal MRI or autopsy. The type of PNH, associated ventriculomegaly and associated malformations are reported. RESULTS We included 11 fetuses (nine female, two male) with a mean gestational age at diagnosis of 31 (range, 23-34) weeks. PNH lesions were small and diffuse (n = 7), large and multiple (n = 1) or single (n = 3). A targeted ultrasound examination performed before fetal MRI missed the diagnosis in four cases (one diffuse and three single); a further ultrasound examination performed after MRI diagnosed PNH in two of these four cases. Ventriculomegaly was present in six cases (four unilateral and two bilateral). PNH appeared in all cases as nodules of intermediate echogenicity protruding into the ventricular lumen. In all cases of diffuse PNH, the frontal horns and bodies of the lateral ventricles appeared square in shape on coronal view, with irregular borders on axial view. Associated cerebral malformations were observed in seven cases and included corpus callosal agenesis (n = 4, with additional malformations in two) and retrocerebellar cyst (n = 3). Extracerebral malformations were also present in two cases. Maternal MRI was performed in five of the six cases of isolated small and diffuse PNH in female fetuses, and demonstrated PNH in two of these. CONCLUSION PNH is underdiagnosed at prenatal ultrasound, even on targeted scans. Irregular ventricular borders on axial view and irregular square-shaped lateral ventricles on coronal view are suggestive of PNH at prenatal ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Blondiaux
- Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Trousseau, Hôpitaux Universitaires de l'Est Parisien (APHP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, France.
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Poll-The BT, Gärtner J. Clinical diagnosis, biochemical findings and MRI spectrum of peroxisomal disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1421-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Zerebrale Bildgebung bei angeborenen Stoffwechselfehlern. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-012-2686-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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da Silva TF, Sousa VF, Malheiro AR, Brites P. The importance of ether-phospholipids: a view from the perspective of mouse models. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1501-8. [PMID: 22659211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ether-phospholipids represent an important group of phospholipids characterized by an alkyl or an alkenyl bond at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone. Plasmalogens are the most abundant form of alkenyl-glycerophospholipids, and their synthesis requires functional peroxisomes. Defects in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens are the biochemical hallmark of the human peroxisomal disorder Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata (RCDP), which is characterized by defects in eye, bone and nervous tissue. The generation and characterization of mouse models with defects in plasmalogen levels have significantly advanced our understanding of the role and importance of plasmalogens as well as pathogenetic mechanisms underlying RCDP. A review of the current mouse models and the description of the combined knowledge gathered from the histopathological and biochemical studies is presented and discussed. Further characterization of the role and functions of plasmalogens will contribute to the elucidation of disease pathogenesis in peroxisomal and non-peroxisomal disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Metabolic Functions and Biogenesis of Peroxisomes in Health and Disease.
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Poretti A, Blaser SI, Lequin MH, Fatemi A, Meoded A, Northington FJ, Boltshauser E, Huisman TAGM. Neonatal neuroimaging findings in inborn errors of metabolism. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012; 37:294-312. [PMID: 22566357 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.23693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Individually, metabolic disorders are rare, but overall they account for a significant number of neonatal disorders affecting the central nervous system. The neonatal clinical manifestations of inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) are characterized by nonspecific systemic symptoms that may mimic more common acute neonatal disorders like sepsis, severe heart insufficiency, or neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Certain IEMs presenting in the neonatal period may also be complicated by sepsis and cardiomyopathy. Early diagnosis is mandatory to prevent death and permanent long-term neurological impairments. Although neuroimaging findings are rarely specific, they play a key role in suggesting the correct diagnosis, limiting the differential diagnosis, and may consequently allow early initiation of targeted metabolic and genetic laboratory investigations and treatment. Neuroimaging may be especially helpful to distinguish metabolic disorders from other more common causes of neonatal encephalopathy, as a newborn may present with an IEM prior to the availability of the newborn screening results. It is therefore important that neonatologists, pediatric neurologists, and pediatric neuroradiologists are familiar with the neuroimaging findings of metabolic disorders presenting in the neonatal time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Poretti
- Division of Pediatric Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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Mignarri A, Vinciguerra C, Giorgio A, Ferdinandusse S, Waterham H, Wanders R, Bertini E, Dotti MT, Federico A. Zellweger Spectrum Disorder with Mild Phenotype Caused by PEX2 Gene Mutations. JIMD Rep 2012; 6:43-6. [PMID: 23430938 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2011_102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zellweger spectrum disorders (ZSDs) are known to be severe disorders with onset in the newborn period or later in childhood, frequently resulting in death during childhood or adolescence. Here, we report a case of ZSD due to mutations in the PEX2 gene, with very mild phenotype. A 51-year-old Italian man was referred to us because of a clinical picture characterized by ataxia, areflexia, nystagmus, and strabismus, with childhood onset and slowly progressive course. The patient showed no cognitive impairment. Neurological examination revealed gait ataxia, dysarthria, dysmetria, areflexia, and bilateral pes cavus. Nerve conduction studies indicated a severe axonal sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Brain MRI showed marked cerebellar atrophy and absence of white matter involvement. MR spectroscopy uncovered a decreased N-acetyl aspartate peak. Biochemical analyses suggested a mild peroxisomal defect. Sequence analysis of the PEX2 gene identified two heterozygous mutations. The clinical phenotype of our patient differs from previously reported ZSD patients with PEX2 gene mutations and suggests that genetic screening of PEX2 is warranted in children and adults with otherwise unexplained autosomal recessive ataxia. MRI findings diverged from the "classic" spectrum observed in ZSDs. The moderate impairment in peroxisome biogenesis seems to affect predominantly neuronal cells in cerebellum, leading to cerebellar atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mignarri
- Department of Neurological, Neurosurgical and Behavioural Sciences, Medical School, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 2, Siena, 53100, Italy
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Grønborg S, Krätzner R, Spiegler J, Ferdinandusse S, Wanders RJA, Waterham HR, Gärtner J. Typical cMRI pattern as diagnostic clue for D-bifunctional protein deficiency without apparent biochemical abnormalities in plasma. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 152A:2845-9. [PMID: 20949532 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
D-bifunctional protein deficiency (DBPD) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by a defect in peroxisomal β-oxidation. The majority of patients suffer from a severe neurological disease with neonatal hypotonia and seizures and die within the first 2 years of life. Few patients show milder clinical phenotypes with prolonged survival. The diagnosis relies on the clinical presentation, measurement of peroxisomal markers, including very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) in plasma, followed by enzymatic studies in fibroblasts and genetic testing. Diagnosis can be difficult to establish in milder cases, especially if VLCFA concentration in plasma is not or only mildly elevated. We report on siblings in which initial measurement of plasma VLCFA did not indicate a peroxisomal disease. Nevertheless, cMRI showed a pattern typical for an inborn peroxisomal disease with cerebral and cerebellar leukencephalopathy, perisylvic polymicrogyria, and frontoparietal pachygyria. Repeated measurements of peroxisomal metabolites in plasma prompted by the cMRI findings showed values in the upper normal or mildly elevated range and led to further diagnostic steps. The diagnosis of a type III DBPD with a missense mutation (T15A) in the HSD17B4 gene, coding for D-bifunctional protein (DBP), could be established. We conclude that a typical "peroxisomal pattern" in cMRI including cerebral and cerebellar leukencephalopathy, perisylvic polymicrogyria and pachygyria is a valuable clue to the diagnosis of DBPD, especially in cases with no or only very mild abnormalities in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Grønborg
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany.
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Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles with multiple metabolic functions, but their precise role in the maintenance of tissues is not well understood. All diseases caused by partial or complete peroxisome dysfunction are characterized by a variety of neurological abnormalities, underscoring the importance of peroxisomes in nervous tissue. The interrelationship between metabolic abnormalities, histological changes, and clinical signs in these peroxisomal diseases has not yet been clarified. During the past decade, a more systematic study of the consequences of peroxisome dysfunction was possible through the generation of knockout mice with generalized or conditional inactivation of peroxisomal proteins. It appears that peroxisomes are necessary for the preservation of axonal integrity and for the formation and maintenance of myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Thoms S, Grønborg S, Gärtner J. Organelle interplay in peroxisomal disorders. Trends Mol Med 2009; 15:293-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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