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Donati S, Marini F, Giusti F, Palmini G, Aurilia C, Falsetti I, Iantomasi T, Brandi ML. Calcifediol: Why, When, How Much? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050637. [PMID: 37242420 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is a constantly growing health problem worldwide. Adults affected with hypovitaminosis D could experience negative consequences on their musculoskeletal system and extra-skeletal health. In fact, an optimal vitamin D status is essential to ensure the correct bone, calcium, and phosphate homeostasis. To improve vitamin D status, it is important to not only increase the intake of food fortified with vitamin D, but also to administer vitamin D supplementation when required. Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is the most widely used supplement. In recent years, the administration of calcifediol (25(OH)D3), the direct precursor of the biologically active form of vitamin D3, as oral vitamin D supplementation has progressively grown. Here, we report the potential medical benefits of some peculiar biological actions of calcifediol, discussing the possible specific clinical scenarios in which the oral intake of calcifediol could be most effective to restore the correct serum levels of 25(OH)D3. In summary, the aim of this review is to provide insights into calcifediol-related rapid non-genomic responses and the possible use of this vitamin D metabolite as a supplement for the treatment of people with a higher risk of hypovitaminosis D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Donati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Marini
- Fondazione Italiana Ricerca Sulle Malattie dell'Osso (FIRMO Onlus), 50129 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Giusti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Gaia Palmini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Cinzia Aurilia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Falsetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Teresa Iantomasi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Fondazione Italiana Ricerca Sulle Malattie dell'Osso (FIRMO Onlus), 50129 Florence, Italy
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2
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Luo W, Xu D, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Yang Q, Lv Q, Qu Z. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Postgrad Med 2023; 135:93-101. [PMID: 36576147 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2022.2161250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is controversy about the association between vitamin D and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This article aims to explore the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitaminD (25 OHD) with the risk of CVD. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science database, OVID, and Cochrane Library databases (last updated in August 2022) were systematically searched. The relationship between 25OHD and the risk of CVD was assessed by using the 95% confidence intervals (CI) and hazard ratio (HR). The effect model was selected by the size of heterogeneity. RESULTS The meta-analysis included 40 cohort studies that contained 652352 samples. The pooled results showed that a decreased level of 25OHD was associated with an increased relative risk of total CVD events (HR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.26-1.43). Furthermore, the results also showed that a decreased circulating 25OHD level was associated with an increased mortality of CVD (HR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.30-1.57) and incidence of CVD (HR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.16-1.36), especially an increased risk of heart failure (HF) (HR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.2-1.6), myocardial infarction (MI) (HR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.13-1.44) and coronary heart disease (CHD) (HR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.1-1.49). CONCLUSIONS The current meta-analysis shows that reduced serum 25OHD concentrations is not only associated with increased total cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality, but also with increased risk of HF, MI, and CHD. LIMITATIONS The underlying mechanism still needs to be explored further, and well-designed RCTs are needed to confirm the role of vitamin D in the occurrence and development of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Yao Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Qiuju Lv
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Zhen Qu
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
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3
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Nishikawa M, Murose N, Mano H, Yasuda K, Isogai Y, Kittaka A, Takano M, Ikushiro S, Sakaki T. Robust osteogenic efficacy of 2α-heteroarylalkyl vitamin D analogue AH-1 in VDR (R270L) hereditary vitamin D-dependent rickets model rats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12517. [PMID: 35869242 PMCID: PMC9307643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Active vitamin D form 1α,25-dihydroxtvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) plays pivotal roles in calcium homeostasis and osteogenesis via its transcription regulation effect via binding to vitamin D receptor (VDR). Mutated VDR often causes hereditary vitamin D-dependent rickets (VDDR) type II, and patients with VDDR-II are hardly responsive to physiological doses of 1,25(OH)D3. Current therapeutic approaches, including high doses of oral calcium and supraphysiologic doses of 1,25(OH)2D3, have limited success and fail to improve the quality of life of affected patients. Thus, various vitamin D analogues have been developed as therapeutic options. In our previous study, we generated genetically modified rats with mutated Vdr(R270L), an ortholog of human VDR(R274L) isolated from the patients with VDDR-II. The significant reduced affinity toward 1,25(OH)2D3 of rat Vdr(R270L) enabled us to evaluate biological activities of exogenous VDR ligand without 1α-hydroxy group such as 25(OH)D3. In this study, 2α-[2-(tetrazol-2-yl)ethyl]-1α,25(OH)2D3 (AH-1) exerted much higher affinity for Vdr(R270L) in in vitro ligand binding assay than both 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3. A robust osteogenic activity of AH-1 was observed in Vdr(R270L) rats. Only a 40-fold lower dose of AH-1 than that of 25(OH)D3 was effective in ameliorating rickets symptoms in Vdr(R270L) rats. Therefore, AH-1 may be promising for the therapy of VDDR-II with VDR(R274L).
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4
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Metabolic Advantage of 25(OH)D3 versus 1,25(OH)2D3 Supplementation in Infantile Nephropathic Cystinosis-Associated Adipose Tissue Browning and Muscle Wasting. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203264. [PMID: 36291130 PMCID: PMC9600749 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Manifestations of infantile nephropathic cystinosis (INC) often include cachexia and deficiency of circulating vitamin D metabolites. We examined the impact of 25(OH)D3 versus 1,25(OH)2D3 repletion in Ctns null mice, a mouse model of INC. Six weeks of intraperitoneal administration of 25(OH)D3 (75 μg/kg/day) or 1,25(OH)2D3 (60 ng/kg/day) resulted in Ctns−/− mice corrected low circulating 25(OH)D3 or 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations. While 25(OH)D3 administration in Ctns−/− mice normalized several metabolic parameters characteristic of cachexia as well as muscle function in vivo, 1,25(OH)2D3 did not. Administration of 25(OH)D3 in Ctns−/− mice increased muscle fiber size and decreased fat infiltration of skeletal muscle, which was accompanied by a reduction of abnormal muscle signaling pathways. 1,25(OH)2D3 administration was not as effective. In conclusion, 25(OH)D3 supplementation exerts metabolic advantages over 1,25(OH)2D3 supplementation by amelioration of muscle atrophy and fat browning in Ctns−/− mice.
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5
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Mak RH, Querfeld U, Gonzalez A, Gunta S, Cheung WW. Differential Effects of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 versus 1α 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on Adipose Tissue Browning in CKD-Associated Cachexia. Cells 2021; 10:3382. [PMID: 34943890 PMCID: PMC8699879 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often have low serum concentrations of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3. We investigated the differential effects of 25(OH)D3 versus 1,25(OH)2D3 repletion in mice with surgically induced CKD. Intraperitoneal supplementation of 25(OH)D3 (75 μg/kg/day) or 1,25(OH)2D3 (60 ng/kg/day) for 6 weeks normalized serum 25(OH)D3 or 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations in CKD mice, respectively. Repletion of 25(OH)D3 normalized appetite, significantly improved weight gain, increased fat and lean mass content and in vivo muscle function, as well as attenuated elevated resting metabolic rate relative to repletion of 1,25(OH)2D3 in CKD mice. Repletion of 25(OH)D3 in CKD mice attenuated adipose tissue browning as well as ameliorated perturbations of energy homeostasis in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, whereas repletion of 1,25(OH)2D3 did not. Significant improvement of muscle fiber size and normalization of fat infiltration of gastrocnemius was apparent with repletion of 25(OH)D3 but not with 1,25(OH)2D3 in CKD mice. This was accompanied by attenuation of the aberrant gene expression of muscle mass regulatory signaling, molecular pathways related to muscle fibrosis as well as muscle expression profile associated with skeletal muscle wasting in CKD mice. Our findings provide evidence that repletion of 25(OH)D3 exerts metabolic advantages over repletion of 1,25(OH)2D3 by attenuating adipose tissue browning and muscle wasting in CKD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Mak
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (A.G.); (S.G.); (W.W.C.)
| | - Uwe Querfeld
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Alex Gonzalez
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (A.G.); (S.G.); (W.W.C.)
| | - Sujana Gunta
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (A.G.); (S.G.); (W.W.C.)
- Pediatric Services, Vista Community Clinic, Vista, CA 92084, USA
| | - Wai W. Cheung
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; (A.G.); (S.G.); (W.W.C.)
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6
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Bernhardt SM, Borges VF, Schedin P. Vitamin D as a Potential Preventive Agent For Young Women's Breast Cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2021; 14:825-838. [PMID: 34244152 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-21-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies backed by research in animal models suggest that vitamin D may protect against the development of breast cancer, implicating vitamin D as a promising candidate for breast cancer prevention. However, despite clear preclinical evidence showing protective roles for vitamin D, broadly targeted clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation have yielded conflicting findings, highlighting the complexity of translating preclinical data to efficacy in humans. While vitamin D supplementation targeted to high-risk populations is a strategy anticipated to increase prevention efficacy, a complimentary approach is to target transient, developmental windows of elevated breast cancer risk. Postpartum mammary gland involution represents a developmental window of increased breast cancer promotion that may be poised for vitamin D supplementation. Targeting the window of involution with short-term vitamin D intervention may offer a simple, cost-effective approach for the prevention of breast cancers that develop postpartum. In this review, we highlight epidemiologic and preclinical studies linking vitamin D deficiency with breast cancer development. We discuss the underlying mechanisms through which vitamin D deficiency contributes to cancer development, with an emphasis on the anti-inflammatory activity of vitamin D. We also discuss current evidence for vitamin D as an immunotherapeutic agent and the potential for vitamin D as a preventative strategy for young woman's breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Bernhardt
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Virginia F Borges
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon. .,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
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7
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Maier GS, Weissenberger M, Rudert M, Roth KE, Horas K. The role of vitamin D and vitamin D deficiency in orthopaedics and traumatology-a narrative overview of the literature. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:942. [PMID: 34350257 PMCID: PMC8263860 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is considered to play an important role in musculoskeletal health. It’s classical function is the regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis, thus ensuring a balanced bone metabolism that is characterised by an equal amount of bone resorption and bone formation. In the past decades, a plethora of pre-clinical and clinical studies reporting on potential health-beneficial properties of vitamin D have emerged. Moreover, there is an abundance of reports highlighting vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in patients with almost innumerable diseases. Further, it is estimated that more than one billion people globally are affected by insufficient vitamin D levels. As such, research on vitamin D has been particularly popular over the past years. In orthopaedics and traumatology, most studies describe favourable effects of vitamin D in general. However, the relative importance of vitamin D is oftentimes debated. In this narrative review of the literature, we consider first, the properties of vitamin D and how vitamin D, vitamin D deficiency and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) impact on musculoskeletal health. Secondly, we provide an overview of studies reporting the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in traumatology and diverse orthopaedic diseases including bone oncology. Lastly, we emphasise recent findings and touch on future perspectives in vitamin D research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit S Maier
- Rehazentrum am Meer, Bad Zwischenahn, Germany.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pius-Hospital, Carl-von-Ossietzky-University, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Weissenberger
- Department of Orthopaedics, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, Julius-Maximilians-University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Rudert
- Department of Orthopaedics, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, Julius-Maximilians-University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus E Roth
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Joint Academy, Gelenkzentrum Rhein-Main, Hochheim, Germany
| | - Konstantin Horas
- Department of Orthopaedics, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, Julius-Maximilians-University, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Bernhard-Heine Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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8
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Horas K, van Herck U, Maier GS, Maus U, Harrasser N, Jakob F, Weissenberger M, Arnholdt J, Holzapfel BM, Rudert M. Does vitamin D deficiency predict tumour malignancy in patients with bone tumours? Data from a multi-center cohort analysis. J Bone Oncol 2020; 25:100329. [PMID: 33294316 PMCID: PMC7695905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2020.100329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is common in patients with bone tumours. Potential association between pre-diagnostic vitamin D status and tumour malignancy in patients with bone tumours. 25(OH)D status should routinely be assessed and monitored in patients with bone tumours.
Vitamin D deficiency is a global health concern that is estimated to afflict over one billion people globally. The major role of vitamin D is that of a regulator of calcium and phosphate metabolism, thus, being essential for proper bone mineralisation. Concomitantly, vitamin D is known to exert numerous extra-skeletal actions. For example, it has become evident that vitamin D has direct anti-proliferative, pro-differentiation and pro-apoptotic actions on cancer cells. Hence, vitamin D deficiency has been associated with increased cancer risk and worse prognosis in several malignancies. We have recently demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency promotes secondary cancer growth in bone. These findings were partly attributable to an increase in bone remodelling but also through direct effects of vitamin D on cancer cells. To date, very little is known about vitamin D status of patients with bone tumours in general. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess vitamin D status of patients with diverse bone tumours. Moreover, the aim was to elucidate whether or not there is an association between pre-diagnostic vitamin D status and tumour malignancy in patients with bone tumours. In a multi-center analysis, 25(OH)D, PTH and calcium levels of 225 patients that presented with various bone tumours between 2017 and 2018 were assessed. Collectively, 76% of all patients had insufficient vitamin D levels with a total mean 25(OH)D level of 21.43 ng/ml (53.58 nmol/L). In particular, 52% (117/225) of patients were identified as vitamin D deficient and further 24% of patients (55/225) were vitamin D insufficient. Notably, patients diagnosed with malignant bone tumours had significantly lower 25(OH)D levels than patients diagnosed with benign bone tumours [19.3 vs. 22.75 ng/ml (48.25 vs. 56.86 nmol/L); p = 0.04). In conclusion, we found a widespread and distressing rate of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in patients with bone tumours. However, especially for patients with bone tumours sufficient vitamin D levels seem to be of great importance. Thus, we believe that 25(OH)D status should routinely be monitored in these patients. Collectively, there should be an increased awareness for physicians to assess and if necessary correct vitamin D status of patients with bone tumours in general or of those at great risk of developing bone tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Horas
- Department of Orthopaedics, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, University of Wuerzburg, Germany.,Bernhard-Heine Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike van Herck
- Bernhard-Heine Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Gerrit S Maier
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pius-Hospital, Carl-von-Ossietzky-University, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Maus
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pius-Hospital, Carl-von-Ossietzky-University, Oldenburg, Germany.,Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Norbert Harrasser
- Department of Orthopaedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU, Munich, Germany.,Excellent Center of Medicine (ECOM), Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Jakob
- Bernhard-Heine Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Weissenberger
- Department of Orthopaedics, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Arnholdt
- Department of Orthopaedics, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Boris M Holzapfel
- Department of Orthopaedics, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Rudert
- Department of Orthopaedics, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
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Wilkin AM, Sullivan R, Trinh T, Edson M, Kozlowski B, Meckling KA. Differential effects of the 1,25D3-MARRS receptor (ERp57/PDIA3) on murine mammary gland development depend on the vitamin D3 dose. Steroids 2020; 158:108621. [PMID: 32119872 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) is the most potent biologically active form of vitamin D3. Its actions on the mammary gland include cell growth inhibition and anti-cancer effects. This study's purpose was to explore the role of the 1,25D3-membrane associated rapid response steroid (MARRS) receptor in the mammary gland using a tissue-specific knockout mouse model and a vitamin D3 dietary intervention. Three genotype groups were created using the Cre/loxp system to knock-down (+/-) and knockout (-/-) the MARRS receptor in epithelial cells of mammary glands (MG). Abdominal MGs were collected from 6-week old female mice (n = 94) on diets of 10,000 IU/kg (excess), 1,000 IU/kg (sufficient) or 0 IU/kg (deficient) of D3. There was a significant interaction between genotype and diet regarding number of terminal end buds (TEBs) (p = 0.001) and ductal coverage of the fat pad (p = 0.03). MARRS -/- mice on the sufficient diet had significantly fewer TEBs (p = 0.001) compared to MARRS +/+ on the same diet, but the opposite effect was seen in mice on the excess diet. There were no effects of genotype on TEBs when animals were vitamin D3 deficient. These results suggest that there is an effect of MARRS on mammary gland development that is dependent on 25(OH)D status, specifically, altering the number of highly proliferative TEBs. Increased numbers of TEBs have been correlated with increased breast cancer risk later in life. Therefore the results of this study warrant further examination of 25(OH)D status and recommendations in adolescent humans to reduce dietary effects on future breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Wilkin
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E. Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Robert Sullivan
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E. Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Thao Trinh
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E. Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Michael Edson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E. Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Benjamin Kozlowski
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E. Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Kelly A Meckling
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E. Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Kikuyama T, Susa T, Tamamori-Adachi M, Iizuka M, Akimoto M, Okinaga H, Fujigaki Y, Uchida S, Shibata S, Okazaki T. 25(OH)D 3 stimulates the expression of vitamin D target genes in renal tubular cells when Cyp27b1 is abrogated. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 199:105593. [PMID: 31945466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it was reported that 25(OH)D3 (25D3) has physiological bioactivity in certain tissues derived from Cyp27b1 knockout mice. To investigate the function of 25D3 in the kidney as an informational crossroad of various calciotropic substances, we employed the CRISPR-Cas9 system to knock out Cyp27b1 in the mouse renal distal tubular mDCT cell line. Unlike the previously reported mice in which Cyp27b1 was targeted systemically, Cyp27b1 knockout mDCT cells did not produce any measurable 1α,25(OH)2D3 (1,25D3) after 25D3 administration. As was seen with treatment of Cyp27b1 knockout mDCT cells with ≥10-8 M of 1,25D3, the administration of 10-7 M of 25D3 translocated the vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) into the nucleus and promoted the expression of the representative 1,25D3-responsive gene Cyp24a1. The exhaustive target gene profiles of 25D3 were similar to those of 1,25D3. Subsequently, we confirmed that 25D3 induced the expression of the calcium reabsorption-related gene calbindin-D9K, in a way similar to 1,25D3. We also found that 1,25D3 and 25D3 induced the expression of the megalin gene. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay identified two vitamin D response elements in the upstream region of the megalin gene that seemed to contribute to its expression. Together, we surmise that the ability of 25D3 to stimulate VDR target genes may provide a novel perspective for its role in certain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kikuyama
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Susa
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Masayoshi Iizuka
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Akimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Okinaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Fujigaki
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunya Uchida
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Shibata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tomoki Okazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Nishikawa M, Yasuda K, Takamatsu M, Abe K, Okamoto K, Horibe K, Mano H, Nakagawa K, Tsugawa N, Hirota Y, Horie T, Hinoi E, Okano T, Ikushiro S, Sakaki T. Generation of novel genetically modified rats to reveal the molecular mechanisms of vitamin D actions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5677. [PMID: 32231239 PMCID: PMC7105495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that vitamin D activities involve vitamin D receptor (VDR)-dependent and VDR-independent effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) and ligand-independent effects of the VDR. Here, we describe a novel in vivo system using genetically modified rats deficient in the Cyp27b1 or Vdr genes. Type II rickets model rats with a mutant Vdr (R270L), which recognizes 1,25(OH)2D3 with an affinity equivalent to that for 25(OH)D3, were also generated. Although Cyp27b1-knockout (KO), Vdr-KO, and Vdr (R270L) rats each showed rickets symptoms, including abnormal bone formation, they were significantly different from each other. Administration of 25(OH)D3 reversed rickets symptoms in Cyp27b1-KO and Vdr (R270L) rats. Interestingly, 1,25(OH)2D3 was synthesized in Cyp27b1-KO rats, probably by Cyp27a1. In contrast, the effects of 25(OH)D3 on Vdr (R270L) rats strongly suggested a direct action of 25(OH)D3 via VDR-genomic pathways. These results convincingly suggest the usefulness of our in vivo system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyu Nishikawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Kaori Yasuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Masashi Takamatsu
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Keisuke Abe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Kairi Okamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Kyohei Horibe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Kimie Nakagawa
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Naoko Tsugawa
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Osaka Shoin Women's University, 4-2-26 Hishiya-nishi, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hirota
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama, 337-8570, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Horie
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Eiichi Hinoi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.,United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Toshio Okano
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan.
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12
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Sheng L, Turner AG, Barratt K, Kremer R, Morris HA, Callen DF, Anderson PH, Tarulli GA. Mammary-specific ablation of Cyp24a1 inhibits development, reduces proliferation and increases sensitivity to vitamin D. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 189:240-247. [PMID: 30654105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Active vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) has been shown to regulate numerous cell processes in mammary cells. Degradation of 1,25(OH)2D is initiated by the mitochondrial enzyme, 25-hydroxyvitamin D 24-hydroxylase (CYP24 A1), and provides local control of 1,25(OH)2D bioactivity. Several reports of the association between elevated CYP24 A1 activity and breast cancer incidence, suggest that CYP24 A1 may be a target for therapeutic intervention. Whether CYP24 A1 activity within the mammary epithelium regulates 1,25(OH)2D levels and mammary gland development is yet to shown. We have used a conditional knockout of the Cyp24a1 gene specifically in the mammary epithelium to demonstrate reduced terminal end bud number, ductal outgrowth and branching during puberty and alveologenesis at early pregnancy, by inhibiting proliferation but not apoptosis in both basal and luminal MECs. In vitro study showed increased sensitivity of luminal MECs to lower levels of 1,25(OH)2D with the ablation of Cyp24a1 activity. In summary, Cyp24a1 within MECs plays an important role in modulating postnatal and pregnancy-associated mammary gland development which provides support for inhibiting CYP24 A1 as a potential approach to activating the vitamin D pathway in breast cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Centre for Personalised Cancer Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew G Turner
- Centre for Personalised Cancer Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kate Barratt
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Richard Kremer
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Howard A Morris
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David F Callen
- Centre for Personalised Cancer Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Paul H Anderson
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Gerard A Tarulli
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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13
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Ratnadiwakara M, Rooke M, Ohms SJ, French HJ, Williams RBH, Li RW, Zhang D, Lucas RM, Blackburn AC. The SuprMam1 breast cancer susceptibility locus disrupts the vitamin D/ calcium/ parathyroid hormone pathway and alters bone structure in congenic mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 188:48-58. [PMID: 30529760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a complex disease, and approximately 30% of cases are considered to be hereditary or familial, with a large fraction of this being polygenic. However, it is difficult to demonstrate the functional importance of genes of small effect in population studies, and these genes are not always easily targeted for prevention. The SuprMam (suppressor of mammary tumour) breast cancer susceptibility alleles were previously identified as contributors to spontaneous mammary tumour development in Trp53+/- mice. In this study, we have generated and characterised congenic mice that contain the BALB/c SuprMam1 (susceptibility) locus on a C57BL/6 (resistant) background and discovered a subtle impairment in the vitamin D/ calcium/ parathyroid hormone (PTH) pathway. This was evident as altered gene expression in the mammary glands of key players in this pathway. Further functional analysis of the mice revealed elevated PTH levels, reduced Cyp27b1 expression in kidneys, and reduced trabecular bone volume/ tissue volume percentage. Plasma 25(OH)D and serum calcium were unchanged. This impairment was a result of genetic differences and occurred only in females, but the elevated PTH levels could be overcome with either calcium or vitamin D dietary supplementation. Either low levels of active vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) or chronically elevated PTH levels may contribute to increased breast cancer susceptibility. These indicators are not easily measured in human population studies, but either mechanism may be preventable with dietary calcium or vitamin D supplements. Therefore, SuprMam congenic mice could serve as a valuable model for studying the role of gene-hormone-environment interactions of the vitamin D/ calcium/ PTH pathway in cancer and other diseases and for testing preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madara Ratnadiwakara
- Cancer Metabolism and Genetics Group, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Melissa Rooke
- Cancer Metabolism and Genetics Group, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Stephen J Ohms
- ACRF Biomolecular Resource Facility, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Hugh J French
- Molecular Systems Biology Group, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Rohan B H Williams
- Molecular Systems Biology Group, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Rachel W Li
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, The Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Donghai Zhang
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, The Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Anneke C Blackburn
- Cancer Metabolism and Genetics Group, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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14
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Nishikawa M, Yasuda K, Takamatsu M, Abe K, Nakagawa K, Tsugawa N, Hirota Y, Tanaka K, Yamashita S, Ikushiro S, Suda T, Okano T, Sakaki T. Generation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 in Cyp27b1 knockout mice by treatment with 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 rescued their rachitic phenotypes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 185:71-79. [PMID: 30031146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] binds to vitamin D receptor and exhibits several biological functions directly in vitro. To evaluate the direct effect of 25(OH)D3 in vivo, we used Cyp27b1 knockout (KO) mice, which had no detectable plasma 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] when fed a diet containing normal Ca and vitamin D. Daily treatment with 25(OH)D3 at 250 μg kg-1 day-1 rescued rachitic phenotypes in the Cyp27b1 KO mice. Bone mineral density, female sexual cycles, and plasma levels of Ca, P, and PTH were all normalized following 25(OH)D3 administration. An elevated Cyp24a1 mRNA expression was observed in the kidneys, and plasma concentrations of Cyp24a1-dependent metabolites of 25(OH)D3 were increased. To our surprise, 1,25(OH)2D3 was detected at a normal level in the plasma of Cyp27b1 KO mice. The F1 to F4 generations of Cyp27b1 KO mice fed 25(OH)D3 showed normal growth, normal plasma levels of Ca, P, and parathyroid hormone, and normal bone mineral density. The curative effect of 25(OH)D3 was considered to depend on the de novo synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the Cyp27b1 KO mice. This suggests that another enzyme than Cyp27b1 is present for the 1,25(OH)2D3 synthesis. Interestingly, the liver mitochondrial fraction prepared from Cyp27b1 KO mice converted 25(OH)D3 to 1,25(OH)2D3. The most probable candidate is Cyp27a1. Our findings suggest that 25(OH)D3 may be useful for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis for patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyu Nishikawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Kaori Yasuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Masashi Takamatsu
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Keisuke Abe
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Kimie Nakagawa
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Naoko Tsugawa
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Osaka Shoin Women's University, 4-2-26 Hishiya-nishi, Higashi, Osaka 577-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hirota
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Kazuma Tanaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Yamashita
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Suda
- Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan
| | - Toshio Okano
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan.
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15
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Without 1α-hydroxylation, the gene expression profile of 25(OH)D 3 treatment overlaps deeply with that of 1,25(OH) 2D 3 in prostate cancer cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9024. [PMID: 29899561 PMCID: PMC5998076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27441-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the antiproliferative action of 1,25(OH)2D3 (1,25D3), an active metabolite of vitamin D3, in the management of prostate cancer has been argued rigorously. In this study, we found that at a physiological concentration, 25(OH)D3 (25D3), the precursor of 1,25D3 and an inactive form of vitamin D because of its much weaker binding activity to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) compared with 1,25D3, had a gene expression profile similar to that of 1,25D3 in prostate cancer LNCaP cells. By immunocytochemistry, western blotting, and CYP27B1 and/or VDR knockdown by small interfering RNAs, we found that 10−7 M 25D3, which is within its uppermost physiological concentration in the bloodstream, induced VDR nuclear import and robustly activated its target genes in the virtual absence of CYP27B1 expression. Comprehensive microarray analyses verified 25D3 bioactivity, and we found that 25D3 target gene profiles largely matched those of 1,25D3, while the presence a small subset of 25D3- or 1,25D3-specific target genes was not excluded. These results indicated that 25D3 shares bioactivity with 1,25D3 without conversion to the latter. Metallothionein 2A was identified as a 1,25D3-specific repressive target gene, which might be a prerequisite for 1,25D3, but not 25D3, to exert its anti-proliferative action in LNCaP cells.
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16
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Sheng L, Callen DF, Turner AG. Vitamin D 3 signaling and breast cancer: Insights from transgenic mouse models. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 178:348-353. [PMID: 29438722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The biologically active form of vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D) regulates epithelial cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis, lending weight to clinical evidence linking vitamin D3 insufficiency to breast cancer incidence and mortality. Local dysregulation of vitamin D3 metabolism has been identified in patients with breast cancer, implying that disruption of 1,25(OH)2D signaling may contribute to breast cancer development in an autocrine or paracrine manner. Mouse mammary glands express the critical enzymes responsible for 1,25(OH)2D synthesis (Cyp2r1 and Cyp27b1), degradation (Cyp24a1), as well as the vitamin D3 receptor (Vdr), and genetically modified mouse models have revealed a great deal about the role of vitamin D3 in cancer initiation and progression. Ablation of Vdr or Cyp27b1 in murine models of mammary cancer reduces the anti-tumor effects of vitamin D3, while elevation of Cyp24a1 levels increases degradation of 1,25(OH)2D, leading to diminished anti-tumor effects. This review discusses the recent transgenic mouse models of vitamin D3 metabolism and the Vdr signaling network, and how these contribute to mammary gland development, and cancer tumorigenesis and progression. Collectively, these mouse models have helped clarify mechanisms of action of vitamin D3 signaling and suggest that activation or restoration of the vitamin D3 regulated pathway is a potential approach for human breast cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - David F Callen
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew G Turner
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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17
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Brook N, Brook E, Dharmarajan A, Dass CR, Chan A. Breast cancer bone metastases: pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 96:63-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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18
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Beaudin S, Welsh J. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Regulation of Glutamine Synthetase and Glutamine Metabolism in Human Mammary Epithelial Cells. Endocrinology 2017; 158:4174-4188. [PMID: 29029014 PMCID: PMC5711383 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Genomic profiling has identified a subset of metabolic genes that are altered by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D) in breast cells, including GLUL, the gene that encodes glutamine synthetase (GS). In this study, we explored the relevance of vitamin D modulation of GLUL and other metabolic genes in the context of glutamine utilization and dependence. We show that exposure of breast epithelial cells to glutamine deprivation or a GS inhibitor reduced growth and these effects were exacerbated by cotreatment with 1,25D. 1,25D downregulation of GLUL was sufficient to reduce abundance and activity of GS. Flow cytometry demonstrated that glutamine deprivation induced S phase arrest, likely due to reduced availability of glutamine for DNA synthesis. In contrast, 1,25D induced G0/G1 arrest, indicating that its effects are not solely due to reduced glutamine synthesis. Indeed, 1,25D also reduced expression of GLS1 and GLS2 genes, which code for glutaminases that shunt glutamine into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Consistent with reduced entry of glutamine into the TCA cycle, 1,25D inhibited glutamine oxidation and the metabolic response to exogenous glutamine as analyzed by Seahorse Bioscience extracellular flux assays. Effects of 1,25D on GLUL/GS expression and glutamine oxidation were retained in human mammary epithelial (HME) cells that express SV-40 (HME-LT cells) but not in those that express SV-40 and oncogenic H-Ras (HME-PR cells). Furthermore, HME-PR cells exhibited glutamine independence and expressed constitutively high levels of GLUL/GS, which were unaffected by 1,25D. Collectively, these data suggest that 1,25D alters glutamine availability, dependence, and metabolism in nontransformed and preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells in association with cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Beaudin
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York 12144
| | - JoEllen Welsh
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York 12144
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York 12144
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19
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Welsh J. Function of the vitamin D endocrine system in mammary gland and breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 453:88-95. [PMID: 28579119 PMCID: PMC5538720 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor for 1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25D), the active form of vitamin D, has anti-tumor actions in many tissues. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed in normal mammary gland and in many human breast cancers suggesting it may represent an important tumor suppressor gene in this tissue. When activated by 1,25D, VDR modulates multiple cellular pathways including those related to energy metabolism, terminal differentiation and inflammation. There is compelling pre-clinical evidence that alterations in vitamin D status affect breast cancer development and progression, while clinical and epidemiological data are suggestive but not entirely consistent. The demonstration that breast cells express CYP27B1 (which converts the precursor vitamin D metabolite 25D to the active metabolite 1,25D) and CYP24A1 (which degrades both 25D and 1,25D) provides insight into the difficulties inherent in using dietary vitamin D, sun exposure and/or serum biomarkers of vitamin D status to predict disease outcomes. Emerging evidence suggests that the normally tight balance between CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 becomes deregulated during cancer development, leading to abrogation of the tumor suppressive effects triggered by VDR. Research aimed at understanding the mechanisms that govern uptake, storage, metabolism and actions of vitamin D steroids in normal and neoplastic breast tissue remain an urgent priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoEllen Welsh
- University at Albany Cancer Research Center, 1 Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States.
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20
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25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 induces osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42816. [PMID: 28211493 PMCID: PMC5314335 DOI: 10.1038/srep42816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] has recently been found to be an active hormone. Its biological actions are demonstrated in various cell types. 25(OH)D3 deficiency results in failure in bone formation and skeletal deformation. Here, we investigated the effect of 25(OH)D3 on osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). We also studied the effect of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25-(OH)2D3], a metabolite of 25(OH)D3. One of the vitamin D responsive genes, 25(OH)D3-24-hydroxylase (cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1) mRNA expression is up-regulated by 25(OH)D3 at 250-500 nM and by 1α,25-(OH)2D3 at 1-10 nM. 25(OH)D3 and 1α,25-(OH)2D3 at a time-dependent manner alter cell morphology towards osteoblast-associated characteristics. The osteogenic markers, alkaline phosphatase, secreted phosphoprotein 1 (osteopontin), and bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein (osteocalcin) are increased by 25(OH)D3 and 1α,25-(OH)2D3 in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, mineralisation is significantly increased by 25(OH)D3 but not by 1α,25-(OH)2D3. Moreover, we found that hMSCs express very low level of 25(OH)D3-1α-hydroxylase (cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1), and there is no detectable 1α,25-(OH)2D3 product. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that 25(OH)D3 at 250-500 nM can induce osteogenic differentiation and that 25(OH)D3 has great potential for cell-based bone tissue engineering.
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21
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Tian G, Liang X, Chen D, Mao X, Yu J, Zheng P, He J, Huang Z, Yu B. Vitamin D3 supplementation alleviates rotavirus infection in pigs and IPEC-J2 cells via regulating the autophagy signaling pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 163:157-63. [PMID: 27174720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D had an anti-infection effect and benefited to the intestinal health. Autophagy signaling pathway was regulated by vitamin D3 to inhibit the infection of human immunodeficiency virus type-1. Rotavirus (RV) was a major cause of the severe diarrheal disease in young children and young animals. Although evidence suggested that vitamin D3 attenuates the negative effects of RV infection via the retinoic acid-inducible gene I signaling pathway, little is known of its antiviral effect whether through the regulation of autophagy. The present study was performed to investigate whether vitamin D3 alleviates RV infection in pig and porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) models via regulating the autophagy signaling pathway. RV administration increased the Beclin 1 mRNA abundance in porcine jejunum and ileum. 5000 IU/kg dietary vitamin D3 supplementation greatly up-regulated LC3-II/LC3-I ratios and PR-39 mRNA expression under the condition of RV challenged. The viability of IPEC-J2 was significantly inhibited by RV infection. Incubation with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 significantly decreased the concentrations of RV antigen and non-structural protein 4 (NSP4), and up-regulated the mRNA expression of Beclin 1 and PR-39 in the RV-infected IPEC-J2 cells. And then, based on the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 treatment and RV infection, LC3-II mRNA expression in cells was inhibited by an autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). Bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1, a class of inhibitors of membrane ATPases, inhibits maturation of autophagic vacuoles) treatment numerically enhanced the LC3-II mRNA abundance, but had no effect on NSP4 concentration. Furthermore, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 decreased the p62 mRNA expression and increased porcine cathelicidins (PMAP23, PG1-5 and PR-39) mRNA expression in the RV-infected cells. Taken together, these results indicated that vitamin D3 attenuates RV infection through regulating autophagic maturation and porcine cathelicidin genes expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Tian
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Xiaofang Liang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China.
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22
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Munetsuna E, Kittaka A, Chen TC, Sakaki T. Metabolism and Action of 25-Hydroxy-19-nor-Vitamin D3 in Human Prostate Cells. VITAMIN D HORMONE 2016; 100:357-77. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Mauf S, Penna-Martinez M, Jentzsch T, Ackermann H, Henrich D, Radeke HH, Brück P, Badenhoop K, Ramos-Lopez E. Immunomodulatory effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on monocytic cell differentiation and influence of vitamin D3 polymorphisms in type 1 diabetes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 147:17-23. [PMID: 25448747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preventive measures and a causal therapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D) remain elusive. An imbalance between different dendritic cells (DC) with increased immunogenic DC and decreased tolerogenic DC (tDC) may lead to T1D. Furthermore, 25(OH)D3 is associated with less adverse effects than 1,25(OH)2D3. PURPOSE The present study was performed to clarify the remaining issues about the cellular effects of 25(OH)D3 in patients with T1D and the role of genetic polymorphisms of the vitamin D3 (VD3) metabolism on a functional cellular level. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve patients with T1D were case-matched to twelve healthy controls (HC). Monocytes (MC) were either not supplemented or supplemented with 25(OH)D3 in vitro and phenotyped with fluorescence-activated cell sorting. In vitro synthesis and plasma levels of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 were analyzed as well as twelve gene polymorphisms of the VD3 metabolism. RESULTS 25(OH)D3 significantly inhibited differentiation of MC into DC and led to an increase of intermediate cells (IC), which show a similar phenotype as tDC. The patient with a recent onset of T1D showed a higher increase in MC and IC compared to patients with long-standing T1D. There were significant differences for the increase of IC with supplementation of 25(OH)D3 between different genotypes within the polymorphisms of VDR-BsmI-rs1544410, VDR-TaqI-rs731236 and CYP24A1-rs927650. CONCLUSION This study suggests that 25(OH)D3 shows immunomodulatory effects on a cellular level in patients with T1D and HC by inhibiting the differentiation of MC into DC and promoting the formation of IC, which are similar to tDC, thereby shifting immunity to self-tolerance. The potency of 25(OH)D3 did not differ between patients with T1D and HC. Increased plasma levels of 25(OH)D3 may inhibit a proinflammatory cell milieu. Despite of the limited patient number, this study generates the hypothesis that the immunmodulatory effects may be influenced by genotypes of the VDR and CYP24A1 illustrating their functional role in T1D susceptibility, which is worth further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Mauf
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Goethe-University Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marissa Penna-Martinez
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Goethe-University Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thorsten Jentzsch
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hanns Ackermann
- Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modeling, Center of Health Sciences, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dirk Henrich
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Heinfried H Radeke
- Center for Drug Research, Development and Safety, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Patrick Brück
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Badenhoop
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Goethe-University Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Ramos-Lopez
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Goethe-University Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Brożyna AA, Jóźwicki W, Jochymski C, Slominski AT. Decreased expression of CYP27B1 correlates with the increased aggressiveness of ovarian carcinomas. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:599-606. [PMID: 25501638 PMCID: PMC4306272 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP27B1 hydroxylates 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in position C1α into biologically active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, calcitriol. CYP27B1 is expressed in normal tissues and tumors. Since calcitriol indicates anticancer activities and CYP27B1 expression can be deregulated during malignant progression, we analyzed its expression in ovarian cancers in relation to pathomorphological features of tumors and overall survival (OS). Expression of CYP27B1 was evaluated in 61 ovarian tumors, 18 metastases and 10 normal ovaries. Normal ovarian epithelium showed the highest levels CYP27B1 with a significant decrease in its expression in ovarian cancers. Both poorly differentiated primary tumors and metastases showed the lowest level of CYP27B1 expression, while non-metastasizing tumors showed a higher CYP27B1 level than tumors that developed metastases. The expression of CYP27B1 was positively correlated with a lower proliferation rate, lower dynamism of tumor growth and tumor infiltrating lymphocyte response. Furthermore, CYP27B1 expression was negatively correlated with tumor cell modeling of their microenvironment. CYP27B1 expression was also associated with longer OS time. In summary, our results suggest that local expression of CYP27B1 in ovarian tumor cells can modify their behavior and promote a less aggressive phenotype by affecting local concentrations of active of vitamin D levels within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Brożyna
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre, Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85‑796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Jóźwicki
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre, Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85‑796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Cezary Jochymski
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre, Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85‑796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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25
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Rossdeutscher L, Li J, Luco AL, Fadhil I, Ochietti B, Camirand A, Huang DC, Reinhardt TA, Muller W, Kremer R. Chemoprevention activity of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the MMTV-PyMT mouse model of breast cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 8:120-8. [PMID: 25468832 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Development of oncologic conditions is often accompanied by inadequate vitamin D status. The chemoprevention ability of this molecule is of high interest for breast cancer, the most common malignancy in women worldwide. Because current effective vitamin D analogues, including the naturally occurring active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D), frequently cause hypercalcemia at pharmacologic doses, the development of safer molecules for clinical chemopreventive use is essential. This study examines whether exogenously supplied prohormone 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D) can delay tumor progression in vivo without hypercalcemic effects. A low vitamin D diet (25 IU/kg) in the non-immunodeficient MMTV-PyMT mouse model of metastatic breast cancer revealed a significant acceleration of mammary neoplasia compared with normal diet (1,000 IU/kg). Systemic perfusion of MMTV-PyMT mice with 25(OH)D or 1,25(OH)2D delayed tumor appearance and significantly decreased lung metastasis, and both metabolites reduced Ki-67, cyclin D1, and ErbB2 levels in tumors. Perfusion with 25(OH)D caused a 50% raise in tumor 1,25(OH)2D levels, indicating good tumor penetration and effective activation. Importantly, in contrast with 1,25(OH)2D, perfusion with 25(OH)D did not cause hypercalcemia. In vitro treatment of cultured MMTV-PyMT mammary tumor cells with 25(OH)D inhibited proliferation, confirming local activation of the prohormone in this system. This study provides an in vivo demonstration in a non-immunodeficient model of spontaneous breast cancer that exogenous 25(OH)D delays neoplasia, tumor growth, and metastasis, and that its chemoprevention efficacy is not accompanied by hypercalcemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Rossdeutscher
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jiarong Li
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aimée-Lee Luco
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ibtihal Fadhil
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoit Ochietti
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne Camirand
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dao Chao Huang
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Timothy A Reinhardt
- United States Dept of Agriculture (ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa
| | - William Muller
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard Kremer
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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26
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Bakdash G, van Capel TMM, Mason LMK, Kapsenberg ML, de Jong EC. Vitamin D3 metabolite calcidiol primes human dendritic cells to promote the development of immunomodulatory IL-10-producing T cells. Vaccine 2014; 32:6294-302. [PMID: 25236584 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is recognized as a potent immunosuppressive drug. The suppressive effects of vitamin D are attributed to its physiologically active metabolite 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 (calcitriol), which was shown, to prime dendritic cells (DCs) to promote the development of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Despite the potential benefit in treating autoimmune diseases, clinical application of calcitriol is hindered by deleterious side effects manifested by hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria. Conversely, the physiological precursors of calcitriol, vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and its first metabolite 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (calcidiol) are widely applied in the clinic due to their low calcimic burden. However, the mechanisms by which cholecalciferol and calcidiol may modulate adaptive immunity remain elusive. This prompted us to unravel the immunosuppressive capacity of these precursors by assessing their influence on DC functions and the subsequent polarization of naïve CD4(+) T cells. In this study we show that, whereas cholecalciferol has insignificant effects on DC maturation and cytokine production, it only weakly primed DCs to induce suppressive T cells. However, like calcitriol, calcidiol not only exerted an inhibitory effect on DC maturation and cytokine production, and primed DCs to promote the development of suppressive IL-10-producing Treg cells. Strikingly, in contrast to the population of IL-10-producing Treg cells induced by calcitriol-primed DCs, the IL-10-producing Treg cells induced by calcidiol-primed DCs exhibited sustained IFN-γ production in face of their suppressive capacity. Experiments with the steroid synthesis inhibitor ketoconazole indicated that the immunomodulatory features of the precursors are dependent on their conversion into calcitriol. Collectively, calcidiol is a potent immune modulator, which may be more adequate than calcitriol for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, since it is less hypercalcimic. This may be of particular interest for the treatment of allergic disease, where concurrent suppression and sustained IFN-γ production by Treg cells effectively counterbalance the Th2-dominated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaith Bakdash
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Toni M M van Capel
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren M K Mason
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martien L Kapsenberg
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther C de Jong
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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27
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Narvaez CJ, Matthews D, LaPorta E, Simmons KM, Beaudin S, Welsh J. The impact of vitamin D in breast cancer: genomics, pathways, metabolism. Front Physiol 2014; 5:213. [PMID: 24982636 PMCID: PMC4055997 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors exert profound effects on mammary gland physiology and have complex roles in the etiology of breast cancer. In addition to receptors for classic steroid hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) interacts with its ligand 1α,25(OH)2D3 to modulate the normal mammary epithelial cell genome and subsequent phenotype. Observational studies suggest that vitamin D deficiency is common in breast cancer patients and that low vitamin D status enhances the risk for disease development or progression. Genomic profiling has characterized many 1α,25(OH)2D3 responsive targets in normal mammary cells and in breast cancers, providing insight into the molecular actions of 1α,25(OH)2D3 and the VDR in regulation of cell cycle, apoptosis, and differentiation. New areas of emphasis include regulation of tumor metabolism and innate immune responses. However, the role of VDR in individual cell types (i.e., epithelial, adipose, fibroblast, endothelial, immune) of normal and tumor tissues remains to be clarified. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which VDR integrates signaling between diverse cell types and controls soluble signals and paracrine pathways in the tissue/tumor microenvironment remain to be defined. Model systems of carcinogenesis have provided evidence that both VDR expression and 1α,25(OH)2D3 actions change with transformation but clinical data regarding vitamin D responsiveness of established tumors is limited and inconclusive. Because breast cancer is heterogeneous, analysis of VDR actions in specific molecular subtypes of the disease may help to clarify the conflicting data. The expanded use of genomic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches on a diverse array of in vitro and in vivo model systems is clearly warranted to comprehensively understand the network of vitamin D regulated pathways in the context of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen J Narvaez
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Donald Matthews
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany Rensselaer, NY, USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Erika LaPorta
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany Rensselaer, NY, USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Katrina M Simmons
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany Rensselaer, NY, USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Beaudin
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany Rensselaer, NY, USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - JoEllen Welsh
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany Rensselaer, NY, USA ; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany Rensselaer, NY, USA
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28
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Liu X, Nelson A, Wang X, Farid M, Gunji Y, Ikari J, Iwasawa S, Basma H, Feghali-Bostwick C, Rennard SI. Vitamin D modulates prostaglandin E2 synthesis and degradation in human lung fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:40-50. [PMID: 23941558 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0211oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D insufficiency has been increasingly recognized in the general population worldwide and has been associated with several lung diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and respiratory tract infections. Fibroblasts play a critical role in tissue repair and remodeling, which is a key feature of COPD and asthma. Fibroblasts modulate tissue repair by producing and modifying extracellular matrix components and by releasing mediators that act as autocrine or paracrine modulators of tissue remodeling. The current study was designed to investigate if vitamin D alters fibroblast release of key autocrine/paracrine repair factors. First, we demonstrated that human fetal lung (HFL)-1 cells express the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and that vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] induce VDR nuclear translocation and increase VDR-DNA binding activity. We next demonstrated that vitamin D, 25(OH)D, and 1,25(OH)2D significantly reduced prostaglandin (PG)E2 production by human lung fibroblasts (HFL-1) but had no effect on transforming growth factor β1, vascular endothelial growth factor, or fibronectin production. Vitamin D, 25(OH)D, and 1,25(OH)2D significantly inhibited IL-1β-induced microsomal PGE synthase (mPGES)-1 expression; in contrast, all three forms of vitamin D stimulated 15-hydroxy PG dehydrogenase, an enzyme that degrades PGE2. Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 and the other two PGE2 synthases (mPGES-2 and cytosolic PGE synthase) were not altered by vitamin D, 25(OH)D, or 1,25(OH)2D. Finally, the effect of PGE2 inhibition by 25(OH)D was observed in adult lung fibroblasts. These findings suggest that vitamin D can regulate PGE2 synthesis and degradation and by this mechanism can modulate fibroblast-mediated tissue repair function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangde Liu
- 1 Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; and
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29
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Munetsuna E, Kawanami R, Nishikawa M, Ikeda S, Nakabayashi S, Yasuda K, Ohta M, Kamakura M, Ikushiro S, Sakaki T. Anti-proliferative activity of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in human prostate cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:960-70. [PMID: 24291609 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1α-Hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is believed to be essential for its biological effects. In this study, we evaluated the biological activity of 25(OH)D3 itself comparing with the effect of cell-derived 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3). First, we measured the cell-derived 1α,25(OH)2D3 level in immortalized human prostate cell (PZ-HPV-7) using [(3)H]-25(OH)D3. The effects of the cell-derived 1α,25(OH)2D3 on vitamin D3 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) mRNA level and the cell growth inhibition were significantly lower than the effects of 25(OH)D3 itself added to cell culture. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) gene knockdown had no significant effects on the 25(OH)D3-dependent effects, whereas vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene knockdown resulted in a significant decrease in the 25(OH)D3-dependent effects. These results strongly suggest that 25(OH)D3 can directly bind to VDR and exerts its biological functions. DNA microarray and real-time RT-PCR analyses suggest that semaphorin 3B, cystatin E/M, and cystatin D may be involved in the antiproliferative effect of 25(OH)D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Munetsuna
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Fujita Health University for Medical Science, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Rie Kawanami
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Miyu Nishikawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Ikeda
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Sachie Nakabayashi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Kaori Yasuda
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Miho Ohta
- Development Nourishment Department, Soai University, 4-4-1 Nankonaka, Suminoe, Osaka 559-0033, Japan
| | - Masaki Kamakura
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan.
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30
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Tuohimaa P, Wang JH, Khan S, Kuuslahti M, Qian K, Manninen T, Auvinen P, Vihinen M, Lou YR. Gene expression profiles in human and mouse primary cells provide new insights into the differential actions of vitamin D3 metabolites. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75338. [PMID: 24116037 PMCID: PMC3792969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3) had earlier been regarded as the only active hormone. The newly identified actions of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) and 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24R,25(OH)2D3) broadened the vitamin D3 endocrine system, however, the current data are fragmented and a systematic understanding is lacking. Here we performed the first systematic study of global gene expression to clarify their similarities and differences. Three metabolites at physiologically comparable levels were utilized to treat human and mouse fibroblasts prior to DNA microarray analyses. Human primary prostate stromal P29SN cells (hP29SN), which convert 25(OH)D3 into 1α,25(OH)2D3 by 1α-hydroxylase (encoded by the gene CYP27B1), displayed regulation of 164, 171, and 175 genes by treatment with 1α,25(OH)2D3, 25(OH)D3, and 24R,25(OH)2D3, respectively. Mouse primary Cyp27b1 knockout fibroblasts (mCyp27b1−/−), which lack 1α-hydroxylation, displayed regulation of 619, 469, and 66 genes using the same respective treatments. The number of shared genes regulated by two metabolites is much lower in hP29SN than in mCyp27b1−/−. By using DAVID Functional Annotation Bioinformatics Microarray Analysis tools and Ingenuity Pathways Analysis, we identified the agonistic regulation of calcium homeostasis and bone remodeling between 1α,25(OH)2D3 and 25(OH)D3 and unique non-classical actions of each metabolite in physiological and pathological processes, including cell cycle, keratinocyte differentiation, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis signaling, gene transcription, immunomodulation, epigenetics, cell differentiation, and membrane protein expression. In conclusion, there are three distinct vitamin D3 hormones with clearly different biological activities. This study presents a new conceptual insight into the vitamin D3 endocrine system, which may guide the strategic use of vitamin D3 in disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pentti Tuohimaa
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jing-Huan Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Tampere Graduate School in Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Drug Discovery Graduate School, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sofia Khan
- Institute of Biomedical Technology and BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianne Kuuslahti
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kui Qian
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Manninen
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mauno Vihinen
- Institute of Biomedical Technology and BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Institute of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Yan-Ru Lou
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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31
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Krishnan AV, Swami S, Feldman D. Equivalent anticancer activities of dietary vitamin D and calcitriol in an animal model of breast cancer: importance of mammary CYP27B1 for treatment and prevention. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 136:289-95. [PMID: 22939886 PMCID: PMC3554854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Calcitriol [1,25(OH)2D3], the hormonally active form of vitamin D exerts anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory effects and other anticancer actions in breast cancer (BCa) cell cultures and animal models of BCa. Our research is focused on investigating the potential beneficial effects of dietary vitamin D3 compared to calcitriol and the underlying mechanisms in BCa treatment and chemoprevention. We recently found that dietary vitamin D3 exhibits significant tumor inhibitory effects in xenograft models of BCa that are equivalent to those elicited by the administration of the active hormone calcitriol. At the easily achievable dose tested in our studies, dietary vitamin D3 exhibited substantial tumor inhibitory activity and, unlike calcitriol, did not cause hypercalcemia demonstrating its relative safety. We found elevations in circulating calcitriol as well as increased CYP27B1 expression in the tumor and the intestine in tumor-bearing mice ingesting a vitamin D3-supplemented diet. We hypothesize that the elevation in circulating 25(OH)D induced by dietary vitamin D3 supplements stimulates local synthesis of calcitriol in the mammary tumor microenvironment and the ensuing paracrine/autocrine actions play a major role in the anticancer activity of dietary vitamin D3. Our findings suggest that the endocrine activity of calcitriol derived from tumor and other extra-renal sources such as the intestine, probably also plays a role in mediating the anticancer effects of dietary vitamin D3. Thus it appears that multiple sites of 1α-hydroxylation contribute to the anticancer effects of dietary vitamin D3. Our data strongly suggest that dietary vitamin D will be useful in the chemoprevention and treatment of BCa since it is a safe, economical and easily available nutritional agent that is equivalent to calcitriol in exerting anticancer effects, at least in mouse models. Furthermore, adequate vitamin D nutrition and avoidance of vitamin D deficiency appear to be important in reducing BCa risk. These findings warrant clinical trials in BCa patients and in women at high risk for BCa to evaluate the benefits of dietary vitamin D3 supplementation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Vitamin D Workshop'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Feldman
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to: David Feldman, MD, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room S025, Stanford CA 94305-5103, Fax: 650 725 7085,
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Transcriptional effects of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D(3) physiological and supra-physiological concentrations in breast cancer organotypic culture. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:119. [PMID: 23497279 PMCID: PMC3637238 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D transcriptional effects were linked to tumor growth control, however, the hormone targets were determined in cell cultures exposed to supra physiological concentrations of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) (50-100nM). Our aim was to evaluate the transcriptional effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in a more physiological model of breast cancer, consisting of fresh tumor slices exposed to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) at concentrations that can be attained in vivo. METHODS Tumor samples from post-menopausal breast cancer patients were sliced and cultured for 24 hours with or without 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) 0.5nM or 100nM. Gene expression was analyzed by microarray (SAM paired analysis, FDR≤0.1) or RT-qPCR (p≤0.05, Friedman/Wilcoxon test). Expression of candidate genes was then evaluated in mammary epithelial/breast cancer lineages and cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), exposed or not to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) 0.5nM, using RT-qPCR, western blot or immunocytochemistry. RESULTS 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) 0.5nM or 100nM effects were evaluated in five tumor samples by microarray and seven and 136 genes, respectively, were up-regulated. There was an enrichment of genes containing transcription factor binding sites for the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in samples exposed to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) near physiological concentration. Genes up-modulated by both 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) concentrations were CYP24A1, DPP4, CA2, EFTUD1, TKTL1, KCNK3. Expression of candidate genes was subsequently evaluated in another 16 samples by RT-qPCR and up-regulation of CYP24A1, DPP4 and CA2 by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) was confirmed. To evaluate whether the transcripitonal targets of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) 0.5nM were restricted to the epithelial or stromal compartments, gene expression was examined in HB4A, C5.4, SKBR3, MDA-MB231, MCF-7 lineages and CAFs, using RT-qPCR. In epithelial cells, there was a clear induction of CYP24A1, CA2, CD14 and IL1RL1. In fibroblasts, in addition to CYP24A1 induction, there was a trend towards up-regulation of CA2, IL1RL1, and DPP4. A higher protein expression of CD14 in epithelial cells and CA2 and DPP4 in CAFs exposed to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) 0.5nM was detected. CONCLUSIONS In breast cancer specimens a short period of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) exposure at near physiological concentration modestly activates the hormone transcriptional pathway. Induction of CYP24A1, CA2, DPP4, IL1RL1 expression appears to reflect 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) effects in epithelial as well as stromal cells, however, induction of CD14 expression is likely restricted to the epithelial compartment.
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Crew KD. Vitamin d: are we ready to supplement for breast cancer prevention and treatment? ISRN ONCOLOGY 2013; 2013:483687. [PMID: 23533810 PMCID: PMC3600307 DOI: 10.1155/2013/483687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is a potentially modifiable risk factor that may be targeted for breast cancer prevention and treatment. Preclinical studies support various antitumor effects of vitamin D in breast cancer. Numerous observational studies have reported an inverse association between vitamin D status, including circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels, and breast cancer risk. The relationship between vitamin D and mammographic density, a strong predictor of breast cancer risk, remains unclear. Studies analyzing the link between genetic polymorphisms in vitamin D pathway genes and breast cancer incidence and prognosis have yielded inconsistent results. Vitamin D deficiency among breast cancer patients has been associated with poorer clinical outcomes and increased mortality. Despite a number of clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation, the efficacy, optimal dosage of vitamin D, and target blood level of 25(OH)D for breast cancer prevention have yet to be determined. Even with substantial literature on vitamin D and breast cancer, future studies need to focus on gaining a better understanding of the biologic effects of vitamin D in breast tissue. Despite compelling data from experimental and observational studies, there is still insufficient data from clinical trials to make recommendations for vitamin D supplementation for breast cancer prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D. Crew
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Bohl LP, Liaudat AC, Picotto G, Marchionatti AM, Narvaez CJ, Welsh J, Rodriguez VA, Tolosa de Talamoni NG. Buthionine Sulfoximine and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Induce Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells via Induction of Reactive Oxygen Species. Cancer Invest 2012; 30:560-70. [DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2012.700985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Welsh J. Cellular and molecular effects of vitamin D on carcinogenesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 523:107-14. [PMID: 22085499 PMCID: PMC3295909 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic data suggest that the incidence and severity of many types of cancer inversely correlates with indices of vitamin D status. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is highly expressed in epithelial cells at risk for carcinogenesis including those resident in skin, breast, prostate and colon, providing a direct molecular link by which vitamin D status impacts on carcinogenesis. Consistent with this concept, activation of VDR by its ligand 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D) triggers comprehensive genomic changes in epithelial cells that contribute to maintenance of the differentiated phenotype, resistance to cellular stresses and protection of the genome. Many epithelial cells also express the vitamin D metabolizing enzyme CYP27B1 which enables autocrine generation of 1,25D from the circulating vitamin D metabolite 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D), critically linking overall vitamin D status with cellular anti-tumor actions. Furthermore, pre-clinical studies in animal models has demonstrated that dietary supplementation with vitamin D or chronic treatment with VDR agonists decreases tumor development in skin, colon, prostate and breast. Conversely, deletion of the VDR gene in mice alters the balance between proliferation and apoptosis, increases oxidative DNA damage, and enhances susceptibility to carcinogenesis in these tissues. Because VDR expression is retained in many human tumors, vitamin D status may be an important modulator of cancer progression in persons living with cancer. Collectively, these observations have reinforced the need to further define the molecular actions of the VDR and the human requirement for vitamin D in relation to cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoEllen Welsh
- Cancer Research Center, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
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36
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Swami S, Krishnan AV, Wang JY, Jensen K, Horst R, Albertelli MA, Feldman D. Dietary vitamin D₃ and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (calcitriol) exhibit equivalent anticancer activity in mouse xenograft models of breast and prostate cancer. Endocrinology 2012; 153:2576-87. [PMID: 22454149 PMCID: PMC3359605 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3) or calcitriol], the hormonally active vitamin D metabolite, exhibits anticancer actions in models of breast cancer and prostate cancer. Because CYP27B1 (1α-hydroxylase), the enzyme catalyzing 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) formation in the kidney, is also expressed in extrarenal tissues, we hypothesize that dietary vitamin D(3) will be converted to 25(OH)D(3) in the body and then to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) locally in the cancer microenvironment in which it will exert autocrine/paracrine anticancer actions. Immunocompromised mice bearing MCF-7 breast cancer xenografts showed significant tumor shrinkage (>50%) after ingestion of a vitamin D(3)-supplemented diet (5000 IU/kg) compared with a control diet (1000 IU/kg). Dietary vitamin D(3) inhibition of tumor growth was equivalent to administered calcitriol (0.025, 0.05, or 0.1 μg/mouse, three times a week). Both treatments equivalently inhibited PC-3 prostate cancer xenograft growth but to a lesser extent than the MCF-7 tumors. Calcitriol at 0.05 μg and 0.1 μg caused modest but statistically significant increases in serum calcium levels indicating that the dietary vitamin D(3) comparison was to a maximally safe calcitriol dose. Dietary vitamin D(3) did not increase serum calcium, demonstrating its safety at the concentration tested. The vitamin D(3) diet raised circulating 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D levels and did not alter CYP27B1 mRNA in the kidney but increased it in the tumors, suggesting that extrarenal sources including the tumors contributed to the elevated circulating 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Both calcitriol and dietary vitamin D(3) were equipotent in suppressing estrogen synthesis and signaling and other proinflammatory and growth signaling pathways. These preclinical data demonstrate the potential utility of dietary vitamin D(3) supplementation in cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srilatha Swami
- Department of Medicine-Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5103, USA
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37
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Trukova KP, Grutsch J, Lammersfeld C, Liepa G. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency among breast cancer survivors. Nutr Clin Pract 2012; 27:122-8. [PMID: 22227726 DOI: 10.1177/0884533611431461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research has linked inadequate vitamin D levels with risk of breast cancer, but there are less data regarding the actual concentrations of vitamin D in women who have survived breast cancer. The objective of this study was to determine if vitamin D insufficiency is a prevalent problem for female breast cancer survivors who have completed treatment for breast cancer. METHODS Ninety-nine breast cancer survivors and a control population of 54 women with no history of breast cancer participated in this study. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations were measured throughout 2007. Dietary and supplemental intake of vitamin D was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. Zip code of residence was used to evaluate potential for skin production of vitamin D. RESULTS Vitamin D insufficiency (<32 ng/mL) was observed in 76 of 99 (77%) of breast cancer survivors and 51 of 54 (94%) of controls. Women taking vitamin D supplements >1000 IU/d were less likely to exhibit vitamin D insufficiency, but supplementation did not guarantee sufficiency. CONCLUSION Vitamin D insufficiency appears to be prevalent among both controls and breast cancer survivors. Vitamin D status should be routinely evaluated for all women as part of regular preventive care if supplemental vitamin D intake is <1000 IU daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Trukova
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Midwestern Regional Medical Center, 2520 Elisha Ave, Zion, IL 60099, USA.
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Welsh J. Vitamin D metabolism in mammary gland and breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 347:55-60. [PMID: 21669251 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
1α,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25D) mediates growth inhibition and terminal differentiation in mammary epithelial cells via interaction with the vitamin D receptor (VDR). This review focuses on the concept that cells in the mammary gland express the vitamin D metabolizing enzyme CYP27B1 which converts the circulating vitamin D metabolite 25D to the active metabolite 1,25D. In support of this concept, CYP27B1 is developmentally regulated in mouse mammary gland, with highest levels found during pregnancy and lactation. In addition, human mammary cells cultured from normal breast tissue express VDR, CYP27B1 and the megalin-cubilin complex that facilitates internalization of 25D complexed with the vitamin D binding protein. When incubated with physiological concentrations of 25D, human mammary cells synthesize 1,25D in sufficient quantities to mediate growth inhibition. However, emerging evidence suggests that deregulation of VDR and CYP27B1 occurs during cancer development and contributes to abrogation of the tumor suppressive effects triggered by 25D.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoEllen Welsh
- University at Albany Cancer Research Center, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
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Swami S, Krishnan AV, Feldman D. Vitamin D metabolism and action in the prostate: implications for health and disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 347:61-9. [PMID: 21664249 PMCID: PMC3189327 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. Epidemiological, molecular, and cellular studies have implicated vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for the development and/or progression of PCa. Studies using cell culture systems and animal models suggest that vitamin D acts to reduce the growth of PCa through regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation. However, although preclinical studies provide a strong indication for anti-cancer activity, proof of therapeutic benefits in men is still lacking. The anti-proliferative and pro-differentiating properties of vitamin D have been attributed to calcitriol [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)], the hormonally active form of vitamin D, acting through the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Metabolism of vitamin D in target tissues is mediated by two key enzymes: 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), which catalyzes the synthesis of calcitriol from 25(OH)D and 24-hydroxylase (CYP24), which catalyzes the initial step in the conversion of calcitriol to less active metabolites. Many factors affect the balance of calcitriol synthesis and catabolism and several maneuvers, like combination therapy of calcitriol with other drugs, have been explored to treat PCa and reduce its risk. The current paper is an overview addressing some of the key factors that influence the biological actions of vitamin D and its metabolites in the treatment and/or prevention of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srilatha Swami
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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40
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Fabian CJ. Vitamin D and Reduction of Breast Cancer Risk. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12609-011-0052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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MNU-induced mammary gland carcinogenesis: chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of vitamin D and Seocalcitol on selected regulatory vitamin D receptor pathways. Toxicol Lett 2011; 207:60-72. [PMID: 21843606 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of administration of vitamin D₃ and Seocalcitol on MNU-induced carcinogenesis of mammary gland in Sprague-Dawley rats have been investigated. Administration of both substances in a weekly dose of 7 μg/kg caused prolonged latency of mammary gland tumors. The latency of tumors was markedly prolonged for 30-40 days by Seocalcitol. Using PET analysis, reduction in [¹⁸F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) uptake or tumor volume in tumors chemopreventively treated with vitamin D₃ were detected in MNU-induced tumors, vitamin D₃ reduced expression of 25-hydroxylase (25OHase) (p<0.01) and 24-hydroxylase (24OHase) (p<0.01) and Seocalcitol 24OHase. Positive regulation of 25OHase mRNA level after the treatment with vitamin D₃ was observed in liver, while in kidney, vitamin D₃ and Seocalcitol induced expression of 24OHase was significant. Our observations indicate a cross talk between respective pathways of VDR, RARs/RXRs, TRs and ERs in carcinogenesis process.
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42
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Zheng Y, Zhou H, Ooi LL, Snir AD, Dunstan CR, Seibel MJ. Vitamin D deficiency promotes prostate cancer growth in bone. Prostate 2011; 71:1012-21. [PMID: 21541977 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D is considered as an important determinant of bone turnover as well as cancer growth. Using a murine model of bone metastasis, we investigated the effect of vitamin D deficiency on prostate cancer cell growth in bone. METHODS Three-week-old male nude mice were fed either normal chow (control) or a diet deficient in vitamin D. The latter diet resulted in severe hypovitaminosis D within 6 weeks. At this point of time, 5 × 10(4) cells of the prostate cancer cell line, PC-3, were injected either into the bone marrow (tibia) or subcutaneously into soft tissues. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) was co-administered in subgroups of mice to suppress bone remodeling. Osteolytic lesions were monitored by serial X-ray, while soft tissue tumor growth was measured by caliper. All tissues were analyzed by micro-CT and histology at endpoint. RESULTS Bone turnover was significantly accelerated in vitamin D deficient compared to vitamin D sufficient mice from week 6 onwards. Intra-tibially implanted PC-3 cells resulted in mixed osteolytic and osteosclerotic lesion. At endpoint, osteolytic and osteosclerotic lesion areas, total tumor area, and tumor mitotic activity were all significantly increased in vitamin D deficient mice compared to controls. Regardless of diet, OPG reduced bone turnover, total tumor, and osteosclerotic area as well as tumor mitotic activity, while promoting cell apoptosis. In contrast, vitamin D deficiency did not alter tumor growth in soft tissues. CONCLUSION Vitamin D deficiency stimulates prostate cancer growth in bone through modulating the bone microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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43
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Krishnan AV, Feldman D. Mechanisms of the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory actions of vitamin D. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 51:311-36. [PMID: 20936945 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010510-100611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Calcitriol, the hormonally active form of vitamin D, is being evaluated in clinical trials as an anti-cancer agent. Calcitriol exerts multiple anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and pro-differentiating actions on various malignant cells and retards tumor growth in animal models of cancer. Calcitriol also exhibits several anti-inflammatory effects including suppression of prostaglandin (PG) action, inhibition of p38 stress kinase signaling, and the subsequent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibition of NF-κB signaling. Calcitriol also decreases the expression of aromatase, the enzyme that catalyzes estrogen synthesis in breast cancer, both by a direct transcriptional repression and indirectly by reducing PGs, which are major stimulators of aromatase transcription. Other important effects include the suppression of tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. These calcitriol actions provide a basis for its potential use in cancer therapy and chemoprevention. We summarize the status of trials involving calcitriol and its analogs, used alone or in combination with known anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna V Krishnan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA
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44
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Peng X, Vaishnav A, Murillo G, Alimirah F, Torres KEO, Mehta RG. Protection against cellular stress by 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in breast epithelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:1324-33. [PMID: 20564226 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
25-Hydroxyvitamin D(3) (25(OH)D(3)) is a prohormone and a major vitamin D metabolite. The discovery of (25(OH)D(3)) 1 alpha-hydroxylase in many vitamin D target organs has yielded an increased interest in defining the role(s) of 25(OH)D(3) in these tissues. The etiology of cancer appears to be complex and multi-factorial. Cellular stress (e.g., DNA damage, hypoxia, oncogene activation) has been identified as one of the key factors responsible for initiating the carcinogenesis process. In this study, we investigated whether 25(OH)D(3) protects breast epithelial cells from cellular stress using an established breast epithelial cell line MCF12F. To better elucidate the role of 25(OH)D(3) in the stress response, we used multiple in vitro stress models including serum starvation, hypoxia, oxidative stress, and apoptosis induction. Under all these stress conditions, 25(OH)D(3) (250 nmol/L) treatment significantly protected cells against cell death. Low-serum stress induced p53 expression accompanied with downregulation of PCNA, the presence of 25(OH)D(3) consistently inhibited the alteration of p53 and PCNA, suggesting that these molecules were involved in the stress process and may be potential target genes of 25(OH)D(3). miRNA microarray analysis demonstrated that stress induced by serum starvation caused significant alteration in the expression of multiple miRNAs including miR182, but the presence of 25(OH)D(3) effectively reversed this alteration. These data suggest that there is a significant protective role for 25(OH)D(3) against cellular stress in the breast epithelial cells and these effects may be mediated by altered miRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Peng
- IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA.
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45
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Mehta RR, Hawthorne M, Peng X, Shilkaitis A, Mehta RG, Beattie CW, Das Gupta TK. A 28-Amino-Acid Peptide Fragment of the Cupredoxin Azurin Prevents Carcinogen-Induced Mouse Mammary Lesions. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 3:1351-60. [DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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Hayashi K, Yasuda K, Sugimoto H, Ikushiro S, Kamakura M, Kittaka A, Horst RL, Chen TC, Ohta M, Shiro Y, Sakaki T. Three-step hydroxylation of vitamin D3 by a genetically engineered CYP105A1: enzymes and catalysis. FEBS J 2010; 277:3999-4009. [PMID: 20731719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies revealed that the double variant of cytochrome P450 (CYP)105A1, R73V/R84A, has a high ability to convert vitamin D(3) to its biologically active form, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1α,25(OH)(2)D(3)], suggesting the possibility for R73V/R84A to produce 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3). Because Actinomycetes, including Streptomyces, exhibit properties that have potential advantages in the synthesis of secondary metabolites of industrial and medical importance, we examined the expression of R73V/R84A in Streptomyces lividans TK23 cells under the control of the tipA promoter. As expected, the metabolites 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) [25(OH)D(3)] and 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) were detected in the cell culture of the recombinant S. lividans. A large amount of 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3), the second-step metabolite of vitamin D(3), was observed, although a considerable amount of vitamin D(3) still remained in the culture. In addition, novel polar metabolites 1α,25(R),26(OH)(3)D(3) and 1α,25(S),26(OH)(3)D(3), both of which are known to have high antiproliferative activity and low calcemic activity, were observed at a ratio of 5:1. The crystal structure of the double variant with 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) and a docking model of 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) in its active site strongly suggest a hydrogen-bond network including the 1α-hydroxyl group, and several water molecules play an important role in the substrate-binding for 26-hydroxylation. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that R73V/R84A can catalyze hydroxylations at C25, C1 and C26 (C27) positions of vitamin D(3) to produce biologically useful compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Hayashi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
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Khan QJ, Kimler BF, Fabian CJ. The relationship between vitamin D and breast cancer incidence and natural history. Curr Oncol Rep 2010; 12:136-42. [PMID: 20425599 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-010-0081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine action of vitamin D and its role in calcium homeostasis and bone health are well known. The discovery that breast epithelial cells possess the same enzyme system as the kidney, permitting local manufacture of active vitamin D (1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D, or 1,25[(OH)(2)D]) from circulating precursors 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], has suggested an autocrine role for vitamin D, as well. Preclinical and ecologic studies support a role of vitamin D in prevention of breast cancer. Correlative study results of vitamin D intake or measurement of 25(OH)D, the long-lived precursor, are mixed but suggest a protective effect in premenopausal women. The large Women's Health Initiative failed to show any reduction in breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal women with a modest amount of vitamin D supplementation. Lack of effect, however, may have been related to trial design. A recent report also suggests that vitamin D may reduce breast cancer recurrence and mortality. Finally, vitamin D is being investigated as a means to reduce aromatase inhibitor-induced joint symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qamar J Khan
- University of Kansas Medical Center, 2330 Shawnee Mission Parkway, Suite 1104, Westwood, KS, 66205, USA.
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Ooi LL, Zhou H, Kalak R, Zheng Y, Conigrave AD, Seibel MJ, Dunstan CR. Vitamin D deficiency promotes human breast cancer growth in a murine model of bone metastasis. Cancer Res 2010; 70:1835-44. [PMID: 20160035 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D exerts antiproliferative, prodifferentiation, and proapoptotic effects on nonclassic target tissues such as breast. Blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], the most sensitive indicator of vitamin D status, are inversely correlated with breast cancer risk; however, a causal relationship between vitamin D deficiency and breast cancer growth in bone has not been assessed. We examined the effect of vitamin D deficiency on the intraskeletal growth of the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231-TxSA in a murine model of malignant bone lesions. Subsets of mice were treated concurrently with osteoprotegerin (OPG) to abrogate bone resorption. Outcomes were assessed by repeated radiographic and end-point micro-computed tomography and histologic analyses. Mice weaned onto a vitamin D-free diet developed vitamin D deficiency within 4 weeks [mean +/- SE serum 25(OH)D: 11.5 +/- 0.5 nmol/L], which was sustained throughout the study and was associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism and accelerated bone turnover. Osteolytic lesions appeared earlier and were significantly larger in vitamin D-deficient than in vitamin D-sufficient mice after 2 weeks (radiographic osteolysis: +121.5%; histologic tumor area: +314%; P < 0.05). Although OPG treatment reduced the size of radiographic osteolyses and tumor area in both groups, tumors remained larger in OPG-treated vitamin D-deficient compared with OPG-treated vitamin D-sufficient mice (0.53 +/- 0.05 mm(2) versus 0.19 +/- 0.05 mm2; P < 0.05). We conclude that vitamin D deficiency promotes the growth of human breast cancer cells in the bones of nude mice. These effects are partly mediated through secondary changes in the bone microenvironment, along with direct effects of vitamin D on tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Laine Ooi
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Vitamin D, nervous system and aging. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34 Suppl 1:S278-86. [PMID: 19660871 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 07/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This is a mini-review of vitamin D(3), its active metabolites and their functioning in the central nervous system (CNS), especially in relation to nervous system pathologies and aging. The vitamin D(3) endocrine system consists of 3 active calcipherol hormones: calcidiol (25OHD(3)), 1alpha-calcitriol (1alpha,25(OH)2D(3)) and 24-calcitriol (24,25(OH)2D(3)). The impact of the calcipherol hormone system on aging, health and disease is discussed. Low serum calcidiol concentrations are associated with an increased risk of several chronic diseases including osteoporosis, cancer, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, hypertension, atherosclerosis and muscle weakness all of which can be considered aging-related diseases. The relationship of many of these diseases and aging-related changes in physiology show a U-shaped response curve to serum calcidiol concentrations. Clinical data suggest that vitamin D(3) insufficiency is associated with an increased risk of several CNS diseases, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, seasonal affective disorder and schizophrenia. In line with this, recent animal and human studies suggest that vitamin D insufficiency is associated with abnormal development and functioning of the CNS. Overall, imbalances in the calcipherol system appear to cause abnormal function, including premature aging, of the CNS.
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