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Sahin SI, Balci S, Guler G, Altundag K. Clinicopathological analysis of 38 male patients diagnosed with breast cancer. Breast Dis 2024; 43:1-8. [PMID: 38363600 PMCID: PMC10894578 DOI: 10.3233/bd-230050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male breast cancer (MBC) accounts for one percent of all breast cancers. Due to the lack of awareness and routine screening programs, most patients present with systemic disease at the time of diagnosis with low overall survival. OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the prognostic factors of male breast cancer and its correlation with established prognostic parameters and patient outcomes. METHODS Thirty-eight male breast cancer patients are identified from the MKA Breast Cancer Clinic database, and their corresponding clinical and pathological characteristics are obtained. Cut-off values of 1% and 10% are applied to further classify ER and PR results. RESULTS Older men are more likely to develop MBC than younger men and are more likely to have spread to axillary lymph nodes. Invasive ductal carcinoma is a more common histologic type in MBC. All the tested patients have ER and PR positivity. Distant metastasis developed in 17/38 (44.7%) patients. Bone metastasis is seen commonly in metastatic MBC. CONCLUSIONS According to our cohort, MBC is seen in older males, presents in later stages, and shows hormone receptor positivity and a tendency to bone involvement. MBC is a heterogenous but distinct biological entity requiring a specific clinical and pathological approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seniha Irem Sahin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Anatomic Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Serdar Balci
- Memorial Hospital Group, Pathology Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulnur Guler
- Bilen Pathology, Sakir Baki Sokak, Ankara, Turkey
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2
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Vasconcelos de Matos L, Volovat S, Debiasi M, Cardoso F. Unfolding the role of the PI3K/AKT/MTOR pathway in male breast cancer: A pragmatic appraisal. Breast 2023; 72:103576. [PMID: 37696110 PMCID: PMC10507227 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2023.103576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer in men is rare, but a relevant public health issue, yielding a 25% higher risk of mortality comparing to female counterparts. The representation of males in clinical trials has been scarce and treatment decisions are based mainly on extrapolations from data in females. In the setting of estrogen-dependent metastatic disease, the use of everolimus has been seldom reported, although the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway seems to be a critical oncogenic driver. This paper dissects hallmark biological features of ER+/HER2-advanced male breast cancer, setting a comprehensive basis to promote personalized care, focusing on the potential of targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona Volovat
- Department of Medical Oncology-Radiotherapy, Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași, Romania
| | - Marcio Debiasi
- Breast Unit, Champalimaud Clinical Centre / Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fatima Cardoso
- Breast Unit, Champalimaud Clinical Centre / Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
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3
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Al Saati A, Vande Perre P, Plenecassagnes J, Gilhodes J, Monselet N, Cabarrou B, Lignon N, Filleron T, Telly D, Perello-Lestrade E, Feillel V, Staub A, Martinez M, Chipoulet E, Collet G, Thomas F, Gladieff L, Toulas C. Multigene Panel Sequencing Identifies a Novel Germline Mutation Profile in Male Breast Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14348. [PMID: 37762649 PMCID: PMC10531866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though male breast cancer (MBC) risk encompasses both genetic and environmental aetiologies, the primary risk factor is a germline pathogenic variant (PV) or likely pathogenic variant (LPV) in BRCA2, BRCA1 and/or PALB2 genes. To identify new potential MBC-specific predisposition genes, we sequenced a panel of 585 carcinogenesis genes in an MBC cohort without BRCA1/BRCA2/PALB2 PV/LPV. We identified 14 genes carrying rare PVs/LPVs in the MBC population versus noncancer non-Finnish European men, predominantly coding for DNA repair and maintenance of genomic stability proteins. We identified for the first time PVs/LPVs in PRCC (pre-mRNA processing), HOXA9 (transcription regulation), RECQL4 and WRN (maintenance of genomic stability) as well as in genes involved in other cellular processes. To study the specificity of this MBC PV/LPV profile, we examined whether variants in the same genes could be detected in a female breast cancer (FBC) cohort without BRCA1/BRCA2/PALB2 PV/LPV. Only 5/109 women (4.6%) carried a PV/LPV versus 18/85 men (21.2%) on these genes. FBC did not carry any PV/LPV on 11 of these genes. Although 5.9% of the MBC cohort carried PVs/LPVs in PALLD and ERCC2, neither of these genes were altered in our FBC cohort. Our data suggest that in addition to BRCA1/BRCA2/PALB2, other genes involved in DNA repair/maintenance or genomic stability as well as cell adhesion may form a specific MBC PV/LPV signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Al Saati
- Oncogenetics Laboratory, Oncopole Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France; (A.A.S.); (D.T.); (E.P.-L.)
- DIAD, Inserm, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France;
- Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Vande Perre
- Oncogenetics Laboratory, Oncopole Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France; (A.A.S.); (D.T.); (E.P.-L.)
- DIAD, Inserm, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France;
| | - Julien Plenecassagnes
- Bioinformatics Department, Oncopole Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France;
| | - Julia Gilhodes
- Biostatistics Department, Oncopole Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France; (J.G.); (N.M.); (B.C.); (T.F.)
| | - Nils Monselet
- Biostatistics Department, Oncopole Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France; (J.G.); (N.M.); (B.C.); (T.F.)
| | - Bastien Cabarrou
- Biostatistics Department, Oncopole Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France; (J.G.); (N.M.); (B.C.); (T.F.)
| | - Norbert Lignon
- Oncogenetics Department, Oncopole Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France; (N.L.); (V.F.); (A.S.); (E.C.); (G.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Thomas Filleron
- Biostatistics Department, Oncopole Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France; (J.G.); (N.M.); (B.C.); (T.F.)
| | - Dominique Telly
- Oncogenetics Laboratory, Oncopole Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France; (A.A.S.); (D.T.); (E.P.-L.)
| | - Emilie Perello-Lestrade
- Oncogenetics Laboratory, Oncopole Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France; (A.A.S.); (D.T.); (E.P.-L.)
| | - Viviane Feillel
- Oncogenetics Department, Oncopole Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France; (N.L.); (V.F.); (A.S.); (E.C.); (G.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Anne Staub
- Oncogenetics Department, Oncopole Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France; (N.L.); (V.F.); (A.S.); (E.C.); (G.C.); (L.G.)
| | | | - Edith Chipoulet
- Oncogenetics Department, Oncopole Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France; (N.L.); (V.F.); (A.S.); (E.C.); (G.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Gaëlle Collet
- Oncogenetics Department, Oncopole Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France; (N.L.); (V.F.); (A.S.); (E.C.); (G.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Fabienne Thomas
- DIAD, Inserm, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France;
- Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Pharmacology Department, Oncopole Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Gladieff
- Oncogenetics Department, Oncopole Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France; (N.L.); (V.F.); (A.S.); (E.C.); (G.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Christine Toulas
- Oncogenetics Laboratory, Oncopole Claudius Regaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France; (A.A.S.); (D.T.); (E.P.-L.)
- DIAD, Inserm, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France;
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4
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Kour A, Sharma S, Sambyal V, Guleria K, Singh NR, Uppal MS, Manjari M, Sudan M. Copy number variations in male breast cancer. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:1415-1418. [PMID: 37787318 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_208_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Common copy number variations often contain cancer-related genes and are likely to play a role in carcinogenesis. Different mechanisms of tumorigenesis are suggested in female and male breast cancer because of different molecular profiles. The cytogenetic analysis of GTG-banded chromosomes was performed in six male patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma and six healthy male controls matched for age. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis was performed in male breast cancer (MBC) patients. Cytogenetic analysis found aberrations previously implicated in cancer. SNP array analysis in patients revealed a gain of Xp11.23, 8p23.2, Yq11.221, Yq11.3 (AZF region), 12p11.21, 18q12.1, and 17q21.3; a loss of Yq11.222 and 7q11.21; and a loss of heterozygosity of 4p16.3, 6p12.3, 6p22.2-p21.31, 7p14.2-14.1, 18q11.2-q12.1, 20p11.23-11.1, 20q11.21-11.23, 1q25.2-q25.3, 2q11.1-q11.2, 5q23.1-23.2, 11p15.4-15.3, and 22q13.1-13.31. Some of these variations, especially those of the Y-chromosome, have not been reported earlier. Chromosomal loci identified by SNP array harbor genes were reported to be associated with cancer progression and metastasis, indicating their involvement in MBC also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akeen Kour
- Department of Human Genetics, Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Sarika Sharma
- Department of Human Genetics, Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Vasudha Sambyal
- Department of Human Genetics, Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Kamlesh Guleria
- Department of Human Genetics, Human Cytogenetics Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Neeti R Singh
- Department of Surgery, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Manjit S Uppal
- Department of Surgery, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Mridu Manjari
- Department of Pathology, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Meena Sudan
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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5
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Chatterji S, Krzoska E, Thoroughgood CW, Saganty J, Liu P, Elsberger B, Abu-Eid R, Speirs V. Defining genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, epigenetic, and phenotypic biomarkers with prognostic capability in male breast cancer: a systematic review. Lancet Oncol 2023; 24:e74-e85. [PMID: 36725152 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(22)00633-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although similar phenotypically, there is evidence that male and female breast cancer differ in their molecular landscapes. In this systematic review, we consolidated all existing prognostic biomarker data in male breast cancer spanning genetics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and epigenetics, and phenotypic features of prognostic value from articles published over a 29-year period (March 16, 1992, to May 1, 2021). We identified knowledge gaps in the existing literature, discussed limitations of the included studies, and outlined potential approaches for translational biomarker discovery and validation in male breast cancer. We also recognised STC2, DDX3, and DACH1 as underexploited markers of male-specific prognostic value in breast cancer. Finally, beyond describing the cumulative knowledge on the extensively researched markers oestrogen receptor-α, progesterone receptor, HER2, androgen receptor, and BRCA2, we highlighted ATM, CCND1, FGFR2, GATA3, HIF1-α, MDM2, TP53, and c-Myc as well studied predictors of poor survival that also aligned with several hallmarks of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subarnarekha Chatterji
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Emma Krzoska
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - John Saganty
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Peng Liu
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Rasha Abu-Eid
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; Institute of Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Valerie Speirs
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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6
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Valentini V, Silvestri V, Bucalo A, Conti G, Karimi M, Di Francesco L, Pomati G, Mezi S, Cerbelli B, Pignataro MG, Nicolussi A, Coppa A, D’Amati G, Giannini G, Ottini L. Molecular profiling of male breast cancer by multigene panel testing: Implications for precision oncology. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1092201. [PMID: 36686738 PMCID: PMC9854133 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1092201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Compared with breast cancer (BC) in women, BC in men is a rare disease with genetic and molecular peculiarities. Therapeutic approaches for male BC (MBC) are currently extrapolated from the clinical management of female BC, although the disease does not exactly overlap in males and females. Data on specific molecular biomarkers in MBC are lacking, cutting out male patients from more appropriate therapeutic strategies. Growing evidence indicates that Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) multigene panel testing can be used for the detection of predictive molecular biomarkers, including Tumor Mutational Burden (TMB) and Microsatellite Instability (MSI). Methods In this study, NGS multigene gene panel sequencing, targeting 1.94 Mb of the genome at 523 cancer-relevant genes (TruSight Oncology 500, Illumina), was used to identify and characterize somatic variants, Copy Number Variations (CNVs), TMB and MSI, in 15 Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) male breast cancer samples. Results and discussion A total of 40 pathogenic variants were detected in 24 genes. All MBC cases harbored at least one pathogenic variant. PIK3CA was the most frequently mutated gene, with six (40.0%) MBCs harboring targetable PIK3CA alterations. CNVs analysis showed copy number gains in 22 genes. No copy number losses were found. Specifically, 13 (86.7%) MBCs showed gene copy number gains. MYC was the most frequently amplified gene with eight (53.3%) MBCs showing a median fold-changes value of 1.9 (range 1.8-3.8). A median TMB value of 4.3 (range 0.8-12.3) mut/Mb was observed, with two (13%) MBCs showing high-TMB. The median percentage of MSI was 2.4% (range 0-17.6%), with two (13%) MBCs showing high-MSI. Overall, these results indicate that NGS multigene panel sequencing can provide a comprehensive molecular tumor profiling in MBC. The identification of targetable molecular alterations in more than 70% of MBCs suggests that the NGS approach may allow for the selection of MBC patients eligible for precision/targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Valentini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Agostino Bucalo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Conti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mina Karimi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Di Francesco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Pomati
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Mezi
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruna Cerbelli
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Gemma Pignataro
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Nicolussi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Coppa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia D’Amati
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Ottini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy,*Correspondence: Laura Ottini,
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Sabih QA, Young J, Takabe K. Management of Male Breast Cancer: The Journey so Far and Future Directions. World J Oncol 2022; 12:206-213. [PMID: 35059080 PMCID: PMC8734504 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Male breast cancer is now shown to be a unique entity and should be considered as a distinct disease. Given the relatively smaller number of cases, randomized controlled trials for treatment are extremely limited and majority of practices are derived from female breast cancer studies. This paper reviews available literature on surgical, radiation, and systemic therapies for male breast cancer, and discusses current practice recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quratulain Anna Sabih
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Jessica Young
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.,Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402 Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-004, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510 Japan.,Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Fang W, Huang Y, Han X, Peng J, Zheng M. Characteristics of metastasis and survival between male and female breast cancer with different molecular subtypes: A population-based observational study. Cancer Med 2021; 11:764-777. [PMID: 34898007 PMCID: PMC8817100 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Male breast cancer (BC) is a rare disease, having different clinicopathological features and survival outcomes from female patients. The aim of this research was to, combine with molecular subtypes, analyze the metastatic patterns, and prognosis between male and female patients, and to determine whether the gender was the independent prognostic factor for BC. Methods Data used in this study were acquired from the SEER database from 2010 to 2016. The clinicopathology features and metastatic patterns were compared by the Chi‐square test and Fisher's exact test. Kaplan–Meier method was performed to compare overall survival (OS) and factors correlated with OS were determined by Cox regression models. Competing risk models were used to ascertain factors related to breast cancer‐specific death (BCSD). Results Compared with female BC, the incidence of regional LN (HR 1.849, 95% CI 1.674–2.043, p < 0.001) and distant metastasis (HR 1.421, 95%CI: 1.157–1.744, p < 0.001) was higher in male BC. For regional LN metastasis, hormone receptor (HoR)−/HER2+ subtype occupied the majority in both male (55.56%) and female (36.86%) groups. For distant metastasis, HoR−/HER2− subtype (21.26%), and HoR−/HER2+ (7.67%) were in major in male and female group separately. Male patients shared similar combinations of metastases with female groups as for single‐site, bi‐site, and tri‐site metastasis. Gender was an independent prognostic factor for OS (p < 0.001) but not for BCSD(p = 0.620). In subgroup of patients with HoR+/HER2−(OS: p = 0.003; BCSD: p = 0.606), HoR+/HER2+(OS: p = 0.003; BCSD: p = 0.277), regional LN positive(OS: p = 0.005; BCSD: p = 0.379), or bone metastasis (OS: p = 0.030; BCSD: p = 0.862), the male cohort had poorer OS but similar BCSD with female cohort. Conclusions Compared with female patients, male BC had different metastasis patterns and prognostic outcomes, and the affection of breast subtypes on metastasis and survivorship was also different. More attention needs to be paid for specific molecular subtype and more personalized therapeutic strategies should be customized while treating male patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentong Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinghui Peng
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingjie Zheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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9
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Male breast cancer: an update. Virchows Arch 2021; 480:85-93. [PMID: 34458944 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Male breast cancer (MBC) is rare, accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancer but the incidence has increased worldwide. Risk factors include increased longevity, obesity, testicular diseases and tumours, and germline mutations of BRCA2. BRCA2 carriers have 80 times the risk of the general population. Men generally present with breast cancer at an older age compared with women. Histologically, MBC is often of grade 2, hormone receptor positive, HER2 negative, and no special type carcinoma although in situ and invasive papillary carcinomas are common. Reporting and staging are similar to female breast cancer. Metastatic lesions to the male breast do occur and should be differentiated from primary carcinomas. Until recently, MBC was thought to be similar to the usual ER positive post-menopausal female counterpart. However, advances in MBC research and trials have highlighted significant differences between the two. This review provides an up to date overview of the biology, genetics, and histology of MBC with comparison to female breast cancers and differential diagnosis from histological mimics.
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Campos FAB, Rouleau E, Torrezan GT, Carraro DM, Casali da Rocha JC, Mantovani HK, da Silva LR, Osório CABDT, Moraes Sanches S, Caputo SM, Santana dos Santos E. Genetic Landscape of Male Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3535. [PMID: 34298749 PMCID: PMC8305894 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Male breast cancer (MBC) is now considered molecularly different from female breast cancer (FBC). Evidence from studies indicates that common genetic and epigenetic features of FBC are not shared with those diagnosed in men. Genetic predisposition is likely to play a significant role in the tumorigenesis of this rare disease. Inherited germline variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 account for around 2% and 10% of MBC cases, respectively, and the lifetime risk of breast cancer for men harboring BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations is 1.2% and 6.8%. As for FBC, pathogenic mutations in other breast cancer genes have also been recently associated with an increased risk of MBC, such as PALB2 and CHEK2 mutations. However, while multigene germline panels have been extensively performed for BC female patients, the rarity of MBC has resulted in limited data to allow the understanding of the magnitude of risk and the contribution of recently identified moderate penetrance genes of FBC for MBC predisposition. This review gathers available data about the germline genetic landscape of men affected by breast cancer, estimated risk associated with these genetic variants, and current guidelines for clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Etienne Rouleau
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France;
| | - Giovana Tardin Torrezan
- Genomics and Molecular Biology Group, International Center of Research CIPE, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo 01509-010, Brazil; (G.T.T.); (D.M.C.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Oncogenomics (INCITO), Sao Paulo 01508-010, Brazil
| | - Dirce Maria Carraro
- Genomics and Molecular Biology Group, International Center of Research CIPE, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo 01509-010, Brazil; (G.T.T.); (D.M.C.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Oncogenomics (INCITO), Sao Paulo 01508-010, Brazil
| | | | - Higor Kassouf Mantovani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-881, Brazil; (H.K.M.); (L.R.d.S.)
| | - Leonardo Roberto da Silva
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-881, Brazil; (H.K.M.); (L.R.d.S.)
| | | | - Solange Moraes Sanches
- Deparment of Medical Oncology, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo 01509-010, Brazil; (S.M.S.); (E.S.d.S.)
| | - Sandrine M. Caputo
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France;
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elizabeth Santana dos Santos
- Deparment of Medical Oncology, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo 01509-010, Brazil; (S.M.S.); (E.S.d.S.)
- Centro de Oncologia, Hospital Sírio Libanês, Sao Paulo 01308-050, Brazil
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11
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Christensen LG, Lautrup MD, Lyng MB, Möller S, Jylling AMB. Subtyping of male breast cancer by PAM50 and immunohistochemistry: a pilot study of a consecutive Danish cohort. APMIS 2020; 128:523-530. [PMID: 32579768 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease that is still to be fully understood. In female breast cancer, molecular subtyping by gene expression has proven its significance. In this study, we characterize a consecutive cohort of MBC patients surgically treated from 1997 to 2017, identified at our institution (N = 37), and report the association between molecular subtypes found by a surrogate panel of immunohistochemical (IHC) markers, and the PAM50 signature, as well as risk of recurrence score and overall survival for the different subtypes. PAM50 subtypes were determined using the nCounter FLEX system instrument and software. The distribution of molecular subtypes according to the PAM50 signature was as follows: 56% luminal B, 39% luminal A, and 5% basal-like. None of the tumors were HER2-enriched. Using IHC surrogate markers, we found 80% luminal B-like, 15% luminal A-like, and 5% basal-like. None were HER2-positive (non-luminal). We found a strong statistical association between subtypes found by PAM50 signature and the IHC surrogate markers (p < 0.001). Furthermore, we found luminal A tumors to be smaller in size compared to luminal B tumors (p = 0.04). Patients with luminal A subtype tumors had the lowest ROR scores with a mean of 39, whereas patients with luminal B subtype tumors had a mean ROR score of 69. Significant worse overall survival for luminal B tumors compared to luminal A tumors was seen (p = 0.02). Male breast cancer seems to be a mainly luminal disease, with luminal B being the most frequent subtype. Further studies are needed to ensure correct therapeutic strategies for this select group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Bibi Lyng
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sören Möller
- Department of Clinical Research, Open Patient Data Explorative Network (OPEN), University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne Marie Bak Jylling
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Research Unit of Pathology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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12
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Corti C, Crimini E, Criscitiello C, Trapani D, Curigliano G. Adjuvant treatment of early male breast cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 2020; 32:594-602. [PMID: 32852309 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Male breast cancer (MaBC) is a rare disease, and some challenges exist in its management because current treatment recommendations are extrapolated from trials that mostly excluded men. This review will revise all available data that could improve the treatment of MaBC, with a special focus on adjuvant systemic treatments. RECENT FINDINGS To date, men with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, who are candidates for adjuvant endocrine therapy, should be offered tamoxifen (TAM) for five years. Additional five years are possible, according to tolerance and recurrence risk. If TAM is contraindicated, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist or antagonist and aromatase inhibitor should be proposed. Chemotherapy and targeted therapy in the other breast cancer subtypes should be used with the same indications offered to women with breast cancer. All men with breast cancer should be offered genetic counseling and germline genetic testing of cancer predisposition genes. SUMMARY For decades, men with breast cancer have been treated suboptimally and denied the participation in clinical trials. Recently, many clinical trials started enrolling both genders, as strongly endorsed by the Food and Drug Administration. Hopefully, this turnaround will help subdue the disparities in the quality of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Corti
- Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan.,Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Crimini
- Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan.,Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Criscitiello
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Trapani
- Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan.,Division of Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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13
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Moelans CB, de Ligt J, van der Groep P, Prins P, Besselink NJM, Hoogstraat M, Ter Hoeve ND, Lacle MM, Kornegoor R, van der Pol CC, de Leng WWJ, Barbé E, van der Vegt B, Martens J, Bult P, Smit VTHBM, Koudijs MJ, Nijman IJ, Voest EE, Selenica P, Weigelt B, Reis-Filho JS, van der Wall E, Cuppen E, van Diest PJ. The molecular genetic make-up of male breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:779-794. [PMID: 31340200 PMCID: PMC6938562 DOI: 10.1530/erc-19-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Male breast cancer (MBC) is extremely rare and accounts for less than 1% of all breast malignancies. Therefore, clinical management of MBC is currently guided by research on the disease in females. In this study, DNA obtained from 45 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) MBCs with and 90 MBCs (52 FFPE and 38 fresh-frozen) without matched normal tissues was subjected to massively parallel sequencing targeting all exons of 1943 cancer-related genes. The landscape of mutations and copy number alterations was compared to that of publicly available estrogen receptor (ER)-positive female breast cancers (smFBCs) and correlated to prognosis. From the 135 MBCs, 90% showed ductal histology, 96% were ER-positive, 66% were progesterone receptor (PR)-positive, and 2% HER2-positive, resulting in 50, 46 and 4% luminal A-like, luminal B-like and basal-like cases, respectively. Five patients had Klinefelter syndrome (4%) and 11% of patients harbored pathogenic BRCA2 germline mutations. The genomic landscape of MBC to some extent recapitulated that of smFBC, with recurrent PIK3CA (36%) and GATA3 (15%) somatic mutations, and with 40% of the most frequently amplified genes overlapping between both sexes. TP53 (3%) somatic mutations were significantly less frequent in MBC compared to smFBC, whereas somatic mutations in genes regulating chromatin function and homologous recombination deficiency-related signatures were more prevalent. MDM2 amplifications were frequent (13%), correlated with protein overexpression (P = 0.001) and predicted poor outcome (P = 0.007). In conclusion, despite similarities in the genomic landscape between MBC and smFBC, MBC is a molecularly unique and heterogeneous disease requiring its own clinical trials and treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy B Moelans
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joep de Ligt
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra van der Groep
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pjotr Prins
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolle J M Besselink
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Personalized Cancer Treatment, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlous Hoogstraat
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Natalie D Ter Hoeve
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miangela M Lacle
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kornegoor
- Department of Pathology, Gelre Ziekenhuizen, Appeldoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen C van der Pol
- Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy W J de Leng
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellis Barbé
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bert van der Vegt
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - John Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Bult
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marco J Koudijs
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Personalized Cancer Treatment, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Isaac J Nijman
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Personalized Cancer Treatment, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emile E Voest
- Center for Personalized Cancer Treatment, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pier Selenica
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Britta Weigelt
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elsken van der Wall
- Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Cuppen
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Cancer Genomics.nl, Center for Molecular Medicine, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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14
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease for which no randomised controlled trials (RCT) have been conducted to determine optimal surgical management. The available data have been reviewed to identify reasonable options and reveal areas in need of investigation. METHODS All published series on the surgical management of MBC have been reviewed to determine approaches to treatment of the primary, the breast and the axilla together with the psychological sequelae of surgery. FINDINGS Mastectomy is still the major surgical offer but a convincing case can be made for the use of neoadjuvant endocrine treatment in order to facilitate breast conserving surgery. Sentinel node biopsy has been successfully used for staging MBC although nomograms for prediction of nodal status are inadequately calibrated. There are psychological sequelae of mastectomy in males and as yet no evidence that the needs of those with MBC are being met. CONCLUSIONS Collaborative studies are required so that men can participate in meaningful RCTs to provide an evidence-based rational foundation for the surgery of MBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S Fentiman
- Research Oncology, Guy's Hospital, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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15
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Male breast cancer: a disease distinct from female breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 173:37-48. [PMID: 30267249 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4921-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Male breast cancer (BC) is rare, representing approximately 1% of cancers that occur in men and approximately 1% of all BCs worldwide. Because male BC is rare, not much is known about the disease, and treatment recommendations are typically extrapolated from data available from clinical trials enrolling female BC patients. METHODS We review the epidemiology, risk factors, prognosis, and the varied molecular and clinicopathologic features that characterize male BC. In addition, we summarize the available data for the use of systemic therapy in the treatment of male BC and explore the ongoing development of targeted therapeutic agents for the treatment of this subgroup of BCs. RESULTS There are important biological differences between male and female BC. Male BC is almost exclusively hormone receptor positive (+), including the androgen receptor (AR), and is associated with an increased prevalence of BRCA2 germline mutations, especially in men with increased risk for developing high-risk BC. Additional research is warranted to better characterize male BC. To accomplish this, a multi-national consortium approach, such as the International Male Breast Cancer Program, is needed in response to the scarcity of patients. This approach allows the pooling of information from a large number of men with BC and the creation of registries for future therapeutic-focused clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS Given the unique biology of BC in men, promising new therapeutic targets are currently under investigation, including the use of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors or AR-targeted agents either as monotherapy or in combination with other agents.
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16
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Grönberg M, Nilsson C, Markholm I, Hedenfalk I, Blomqvist C, Holmberg L, Tiensuu Janson E, Fjällskog ML. Ghrelin expression is associated with a favorable outcome in male breast cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13586. [PMID: 30206250 PMCID: PMC6134078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31783-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin and obestatin are two gastrointestinal peptides, derived from a common precursor. Expression of both peptides have been found in breast cancer tissue and ghrelin has been associated with breast cancer development. Ghrelin expression is associated with longer survival in women diagnosed with invasive and node negative breast cancer. The clinical implications of the peptide expression in male breast cancer are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role and potential clinical value of ghrelin and obestatin in male breast cancer. A tissue microarray of invasive male breast cancer specimens from 197 patients was immunostained with antibodies versus the two peptides. The expression of the peptides was correlated to previously known prognostic factors in breast cancer and to the outcome. No strong correlations were found between ghrelin or obestatin expression and other known prognostic factors. Only ghrelin expression was statistically significantly correlated to breast cancer-specific survival (HR 0.39, 95% CI 0.18–0.83) in univariate analyses and in multivariate models, adjusted for tumor size and node status (HR 0.38, 95% CI 0.17–0.87). HR for obestatin was 0.38 (95% CI 0.11–1.24). Ghrelin is a potential prognostic factor for breast cancer death in male breast cancer. Patients with tumors expressing ghrelin have a 2.5-fold lower risk for breast cancer death than those lacking ghrelin expression. Drugs targeting ghrelin are currently being investigated in clinical studies treating metabolic or nutritional disorders. Ghrelin should be further evaluated in forthcoming studies as a prognostic marker with the aim to be included in decision algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Grönberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Endocrine Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Cecilia Nilsson
- Center for Clinical Research, Västmanland County Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Ida Markholm
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, and CREATE Health Strategic Center for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Hedenfalk
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, and CREATE Health Strategic Center for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carl Blomqvist
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lars Holmberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Tiensuu Janson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Endocrine Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie-Louise Fjällskog
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Endocrine Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Coulson-Gilmer C, Humphries MP, Sundara Rajan S, Droop A, Jackson S, Condon A, Cserni G, Jordan LB, Jones LJ, Kanthan R, Di Benedetto A, Mottolese M, Provenzano E, Kulka J, Shaaban AM, Hanby AM, Speirs V. Stanniocalcin 2 expression is associated with a favourable outcome in male breast cancer. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2018; 4:241-249. [PMID: 29956502 PMCID: PMC6174618 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer can occur in either gender; however, it is rare in men, accounting for <1% of diagnosed cases. In a previous transcriptomic screen of male breast cancer (MBC) and female breast cancer (FBC) occurrences, we observed that Stanniocalcin 2 (STC2) was overexpressed in the former. The aim of this study was to confirm the expression of STC2 in MBC and to investigate whether this had an impact on patient prognosis. Following an earlier transcriptomic screen, STC2 gene expression was confirmed by RT‐qPCR in matched MBC and FBC samples as well as in tumour‐associated fibroblasts derived from each gender. Subsequently, STC2 protein expression was examined immunohistochemically in tissue microarrays containing 477 MBC cases. Cumulative survival probabilities were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method and multivariate survival analysis was performed using the Cox hazard model. Gender‐specific STC2 gene expression showed a 5.6‐fold upregulation of STC2 transcripts in MBC, also supported by data deposited in Oncomine™. STC2 protein expression was a positive prognostic factor for disease‐free survival (DFS; Log‐rank; total p = 0.035, HR = 0.49; tumour cells p = 0.017, HR = 0.44; stroma p = 0.030, HR = 0.48) but had no significant impact on overall survival (Log‐rank; total p = 0.23, HR = 0.71; tumour cells p = 0.069, HR = 0.59; stroma p = 0.650, HR = 0.87). Importantly, multivariate analysis adjusted for patient age at diagnosis, node staging, tumour size, ER, and PR status revealed that total STC2 expression as well as expression in tumour cells was an independent prognostic factor for DFS (Cox regression; p = 0.018, HR = 0.983; p = 0.015, HR = 0.984, respectively). In conclusion, STC2 expression is abundant in MBC where it is an independent prognostic factor for DFS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew P Humphries
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Alastair Droop
- MRC Medical Bioinformatics Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sharon Jackson
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Alexandra Condon
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gabor Cserni
- Department of Pathology, Bács-Kiskun County Teaching Hospital, Kecskemét, Hungary
| | | | | | - Rani Kanthan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Anna Di Benedetto
- Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elena Provenzano
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Janina Kulka
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Abeer M Shaaban
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew M Hanby
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Valerie Speirs
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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18
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Male breast cancer: correlation between immunohistochemical subtyping and PAM50 intrinsic subtypes, and the subsequent clinical outcomes. Mod Pathol 2018; 31:299-306. [PMID: 28984296 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2017.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Male breast cancer is a rare disease that is still poorly understood. It is mainly classified by immunohistochemistry as a luminal disease. In this study, we assess for the first time the correlation between molecular subtypes based on a validated six-marker immunohistochemical panel and PAM50 signature in male breast cancer, and the subsequent clinical outcome of these different subtypes. We collected 67 surgical specimens of invasive male breast cancer from four different Spanish pathology laboratories. Immunohistochemical staining for the six-marker panel was performed on tissue microarrays. PAM50 subtypes were determined in a research-use-only nCounter Analysis System. We explored the association of immunohistochemical and PAM50 subtypes. Overall survival and disease-free survival were analyzed in the different subtypes of each classification. The distribution of tumor molecular subtypes according PAM50 was: 60% luminal B, 30% luminal A and 10% human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) enriched. Only one Her2-enriched tumor was also positive by immunohistochemistry and was treated with trastuzumab. None of the tumors were basal-like. Using immunohistochemical surrogates, 51% of the tumors were luminal B, 44% luminal A, 4% triple-negative and 1% Her2-positive. The clinicopathological characteristics did not differ significantly between immunohistochemical and PAM50 subtypes. We found a significant worse overall survival in Her2-enriched compared with luminal tumors. Male breast cancer seems to be mainly a genomic luminal disease with a predominance of the luminal B subtype. In addition, we found a proportion of patients with Her2-negative by immunohistochemistry but Her2-enriched profile by PAM50 tumors with a worse outcome compared with luminal subtypes that may benefit from anti-Her2 therapies.
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19
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The biology of male breast cancer. Breast 2018; 38:132-135. [PMID: 29316513 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Important differences have begun to emerge concerning the molecular profile of female and male breast cancer which may prove to be of therapeutic value. This review examined all the available data on the genomics of MBC. Most male cancers are ER+ve but without a corresponding increase in PR positivity and only a weaker association with estrogen-controlled markers such as PS2, HSP27 and Cathepsin-D. HER2 +ve cancers are rare in males and the role of androgen receptor is controversial. Although the Luminal A phenotype was the most frequent in both MBC and FBC, no Luminal B or HER2 phenotypes were found in males and the basal phenotype was very rare. Using hierarchical clustering in FBC, ERα clustered with PR, whereas in MBC, ERα associated with ERβ and AR. Based on limited data it appears that Oncotype DX is effective in determining recurrence risk in selected MBC. In future, tailored therapies based on genomics will probably yield the most promising approach for both MBC and FBC.
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20
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Abdeljaoued S, Bettaieb L, Nasri M, Adouni O, Goucha A, Bouzaiene H, Boussen H, Rahal K, Gamoudi A. Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) expression predicts disease free survival and may mediate resistance to chemotherapy and hormonotherapy in male breast cancer. Breast Dis 2018; 37:109-114. [PMID: 29504520 DOI: 10.3233/bd-170315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare and neglected disease. Prognostic and predictive factors in MBC are extrapoled from trials conducted on its female counterpart. OBJECTIVE Since the relationship between the transcription factor Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) expression and the clinical response to chemotherapy and hormonotherapy in MBC remains unknown, we sought to investigate the predictive value of FOXM1 in MBC. METHODS FOXM1 expression was assessed in 130 MBC cases. Clinical significance was analyzed by Kaplan Meier curves, log-rank test and multivariate Cox regression analyses. RESULTS Patients with high FOXM1 expression had a significantly lower response rate to chemotherapy (P = 0.045) and hormonotherapy (P = 0.029) than those with low FOXM1 expression. Multivariate analyses indicated that FOXM1 was an independent prognostic factor for disease free survival in MBC patients (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS FOXM1 may have a reliable predictive significance in male breast cancer and thus may become an important target for male breast cancer therapy in the near future.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms, Male/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms, Male/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms, Male/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms, Male/surgery
- Disease-Free Survival
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Forkhead Box Protein M1/genetics
- Forkhead Box Protein M1/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Association Studies
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- Tamoxifen/therapeutic use
- Tunisia
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Affiliation(s)
- Syrine Abdeljaoued
- Department of Immuno-Histo-Cytology, Salah Azaïz Cancer Institute, Bab Saadoun, 1006 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lhem Bettaieb
- Department of Immuno-Histo-Cytology, Salah Azaïz Cancer Institute, Bab Saadoun, 1006 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Meher Nasri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Salah Azaïz Cancer Institute, Bab Saadoun, 1006 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Adouni
- Department of Immuno-Histo-Cytology, Salah Azaïz Cancer Institute, Bab Saadoun, 1006 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aida Goucha
- Department of Immuno-Histo-Cytology, Salah Azaïz Cancer Institute, Bab Saadoun, 1006 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hatem Bouzaiene
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Salah Azaïz Cancer Institute, Bab Saadoun, 1006 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hamouda Boussen
- Department of Oncology, Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Rahal
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Salah Azaïz Cancer Institute, Bab Saadoun, 1006 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amor Gamoudi
- Department of Immuno-Histo-Cytology, Salah Azaïz Cancer Institute, Bab Saadoun, 1006 Tunis, Tunisia
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21
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Di Benedetto A, Mottolese M, Sperati F, Ercolani C, Di Lauro L, Pizzuti L, Vici P, Terrenato I, Sperduti I, Shaaban AM, Sundara-Rajan S, Barba M, Speirs V, De Maria R, Maugeri-Saccà M. The Hippo transducers TAZ/YAP and their target CTGF in male breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:43188-43198. [PMID: 27248471 PMCID: PMC5190017 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease and its biology is poorly understood. Deregulated Hippo pathway promotes oncogenic functions in female breast cancer. We herein investigated the expression of the Hippo transducers TAZ/YAP and their target CTGF in MBC. Tissue microarrays containing samples from 255 MBC patients were immunostained for TAZ, YAP and CTGF. One hundred and twenty-nine patients were considered eligible. The Pearson's Chi-squared test of independence was used to test the association between categorical variables. The correlation between TAZ, YAP and CTGF was assessed with the Pearson's correlation coefficient. The Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test were used for estimating and comparing survival curves. Cox proportional regression models were built to identify variables impacting overall survival. Statistical tests were two-sided. Tumors were considered to harbor active TAZ/YAP-driven gene transcription when they co-expressed TAZ, or YAP, and CTGF. Patients whose tumors had the TAZ/CTGF and YAP/CTGF phenotypes experienced shorter overall survival compared with their negative counterparts (log rank p = 0.036 for both). TAZ/CTGF and YAP/CTGF tumors were associated with decreased survival in patients with invasive ductal carcinomas, G3 tumors, hormone receptor-positive tumors, and tumors with elevated Ki-67. Multivariate analyses confirmed that the TAZ/CTGF and YAP/CTGF phenotypes are independent predictors of survival (HR 2.03, 95% CI: 1.06-3.90, p = 0.033; and HR 2.00, 95% CI: 1.04-3.84, p = 0.037 respectively). Comparable results were obtained when excluding uncommon histotypes (TAZ/CTGF: HR 2.34, 95% CI: 1.16-4.73, p = 0.018. YAP/CTGF. HR 2.36, 95% CI: 1.17-4.77, p = 0.017). Overall, the TAZ/YAP-driven oncogenic program may be active in MBC, conferring poorer survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Di Benedetto
- Department of Pathology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Mottolese
- Department of Pathology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Sperati
- Biostatistics-Scientific Direction, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Ercolani
- Department of Pathology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Di Lauro
- Division of Medical Oncology B, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Pizzuti
- Division of Medical Oncology B, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Vici
- Division of Medical Oncology B, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Terrenato
- Biostatistics-Scientific Direction, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Sperduti
- Biostatistics-Scientific Direction, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Abeer M Shaaban
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Maddalena Barba
- Division of Medical Oncology B, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.,Scientific Direction, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerie Speirs
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Scientific Direction, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Maugeri-Saccà
- Division of Medical Oncology B, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.,Scientific Direction, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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22
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Vermeulen MA, Slaets L, Cardoso F, Giordano SH, Tryfonidis K, van Diest PJ, Dijkstra NH, Schröder CP, van Asperen CJ, Linderholm B, Benstead K, Foekens R, Martens JW, Bartlett JM, van Deurzen CH. Pathological characterisation of male breast cancer: Results of the EORTC 10085/TBCRC/BIG/NABCG International Male Breast Cancer Program. Eur J Cancer 2017; 82:219-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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23
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Di Benedetto A, Ercolani C, Mottolese M, Sperati F, Pizzuti L, Vici P, Terrenato I, Shaaban AM, Humphries MP, Di Lauro L, Barba M, Vitale I, Ciliberto G, Speirs V, De Maria R, Maugeri-Saccà M. Analysis of the ATR-Chk1 and ATM-Chk2 pathways in male breast cancer revealed the prognostic significance of ATR expression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8078. [PMID: 28808232 PMCID: PMC5556084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATR-Chk1 and ATM-Chk2 pathways are central in DNA damage repair (DDR) and their over-activation may confer aggressive molecular features, being an adaptive response to endogenous DNA damage and oncogene-induced replication stress. Herein we investigated the ATR-Chk1 and ATM-Chk2 signalings in male breast cancer (MBC). The expression of DDR kinases (pATR, pATM, pChk1, pChk2, and pWee1) and DNA damage markers (pRPA32 and γ-H2AX) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 289 MBC samples to assess their association. Survival analyses were carried out in 112 patients. Survival curves were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by log-rank test. Cox proportional regression models were generated to identify variables impacting survival outcomes. The expression of pATR conferred poorer survival outcomes (log rank p = 0.013, p = 0.007 and p = 0.010 for overall, 15- and 10-year survival, respectively). Multivariate Cox models of 10-year survival and overall indicated that pATR expression, alone or combined with pChk2, was an independent predictor of adverse outcomes (10-year survival: pATR: HR 2.74, 95% CI: 1.23-6.10; pATR/pChk2: HR 2.92, 95% CI: 1.35-6.33; overall survival: pATR: HR 2.58, 95% CI: 1.20-5.53; pATR/pChk2: HR 2.89, 95% CI: 1.37-6.12). Overall, the ATR/ATM-initiated molecular cascade seems to be active in a fraction of MBC patients and may represent a negative prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Di Benedetto
- Department of Pathology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Ercolani
- Department of Pathology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Mottolese
- Department of Pathology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Sperati
- Biostatistics-Scientific Directorate, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Pizzuti
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Vici
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Terrenato
- Biostatistics-Scientific Directorate, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Abeer M Shaaban
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham and University of Birmingham, Department of Histopathology, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2GW, UK
| | - Matthew P Humphries
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Luigi Di Lauro
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Maddalena Barba
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.,Scientific Directorate, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilio Vitale
- Scientific Directorate, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Gennaro Ciliberto
- Scientific Directorate, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerie Speirs
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 10, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Maugeri-Saccà
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy. .,Scientific Directorate, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
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24
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Humphries MP, Sundara Rajan S, Droop A, Suleman CAB, Carbone C, Nilsson C, Honarpisheh H, Cserni G, Dent J, Fulford L, Jordan LB, Jones JL, Kanthan R, Litwiniuk M, Di Benedetto A, Mottolese M, Provenzano E, Shousha S, Stephens M, Walker RA, Kulka J, Ellis IO, Jeffery M, Thygesen HH, Cappelletti V, Daidone MG, Hedenfalk IA, Fjällskog ML, Melisi D, Stead LF, Shaaban AM, Speirs V. A Case-Matched Gender Comparison Transcriptomic Screen Identifies eIF4E and eIF5 as Potential Prognostic Markers in Male Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:2575-2583. [PMID: 27986751 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Breast cancer affects both genders, but is understudied in men. Although still rare, male breast cancer (MBC) is being diagnosed more frequently. Treatments are wholly informed by clinical studies conducted in women, based on assumptions that underlying biology is similar.Experimental Design: A transcriptomic investigation of male and female breast cancer was performed, confirming transcriptomic data in silico Biomarkers were immunohistochemically assessed in 697 MBCs (n = 477, training; n = 220, validation set) and quantified in pre- and posttreatment samples from an MBC patient receiving everolimus and PI3K/mTOR inhibitor.Results: Gender-specific gene expression patterns were identified. eIF transcripts were upregulated in MBC. eIF4E and eIF5 were negatively prognostic for overall survival alone (log-rank P = 0.013; HR = 1.77, 1.12-2.8 and P = 0.035; HR = 1.68, 1.03-2.74, respectively), or when coexpressed (P = 0.01; HR = 2.66, 1.26-5.63), confirmed in the validation set. This remained upon multivariate Cox regression analysis [eIF4E P = 0.016; HR = 2.38 (1.18-4.8), eIF5 P = 0.022; HR = 2.55 (1.14-5.7); coexpression P = 0.001; HR = 7.04 (2.22-22.26)]. Marked reduction in eIF4E and eIF5 expression was seen post BEZ235/everolimus, with extended survival.Conclusions: Translational initiation pathway inhibition could be of clinical utility in MBC patients overexpressing eIF4E and eIF5. With mTOR inhibitors that target this pathway now in the clinic, these biomarkers may represent new targets for therapeutic intervention, although further independent validation is required. Clin Cancer Res; 23(10); 2575-83. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Humphries
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alastair Droop
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- MRC Medical Bioinformatics Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carmine Carbone
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Cecilia Nilsson
- Center for Clinical Research, Västmanland County Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
- Department Medical Sciences. University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Gabor Cserni
- Department of Pathology, Bács-Kiskun County Teaching Hospital, Kecskemét, Hungary
| | - Jo Dent
- Calderdale Hospital, Halifax, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lee B Jordan
- University of Dundee/NHS Tayside, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rani Kanthan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Maria Litwiniuk
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Di Benedetto
- Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Mottolese
- Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Provenzano
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sami Shousha
- Department of Histopathology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Stephens
- University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Stoke-on Trent, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary A Walker
- Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine. University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Janina Kulka
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ian O Ellis
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Jeffery
- Department of Histopathology, The Pathology Centre, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Helene H Thygesen
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Vera Cappelletti
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria G Daidone
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Ingrid A Hedenfalk
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Clinical Sciences and CREATE Health Strategic Center for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Davide Melisi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lucy F Stead
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Abeer M Shaaban
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Speirs
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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25
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Controversies in clinicopathological characteristics and treatment strategies of male breast cancer: A review of the literature. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 113:283-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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26
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Di Benedetto A, Mottolese M, Sperati F, Ercolani C, Di Lauro L, Pizzuti L, Vici P, Terrenato I, Shaaban AM, Humphries MP, Sundara-Rajan S, Barba M, Speirs V, De Maria R, Maugeri-Saccà M. Association between AXL, Hippo Transducers, and Survival Outcomes in Male Breast Cancer. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2246-2252. [PMID: 27987320 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Male breast cancer (MBC) is an uncommon malignancy. We have previously reported that the expression of the Hippo transducers TAZ/YAP and their target CTGF was associated with inferior survival in MBC patients. Preclinical evidence demonstrated that Axl is a transcriptional target of TAZ/YAP. Thus, we herein assessed AXL expression to further investigate the significance of active TAZ/YAP-driven transcription in MBC. For this study, 255 MBC samples represented in tissue microarrays were screened for AXL expression, and 116 patients were included. The association between categorical variables was verified by the Pearson's Chi-squared test of independence (2-tailed) or the Fisher Exact test. The relationship between continuous variables was tested with the Pearson's correlation coefficient. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for estimating survival curves, which were compared by log-rank test. Factors potentially impacting 10-year and overall survival were verified in Cox proportional regression models. AXL was positively associated with the TAZ/CTGF and YAP/CTGF phenotypes (P = 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively). Patients with TAZ/CTGF/AXL- or YAP/CTGF/AXL-expressing tumors had inferior survival compared with non-triple-positive patients (log rank P = 0.042 and P = 0.048, respectively). The variables TAZ/CTGF/AXL and YAP/CTGF/AXL were adverse factors for 10-year survival in the multivariate Cox models (HR 2.31, 95%CI:1.02-5.22, P = 0.045, and HR 2.27, 95%CI:1.00-5.13, P = 0.050). Nearly comparable results were obtained from multivariate analyses of overall survival. The expression pattern of AXL corroborates the idea of the detrimental role of TAZ/YAP activation in MBC. Overall, Hippo-linked biomarkers deserve increased attention in this rare disease. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2246-2252, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Di Benedetto
- Departmentof Pathology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Mottolese
- Departmentof Pathology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Sperati
- Biostatistics-Scientific Direction, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Ercolani
- Departmentof Pathology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Di Lauro
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Pizzuti
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Vici
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Terrenato
- Biostatistics-Scientific Direction, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Abeer M Shaaban
- Department of Histopathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Matthew P Humphries
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sreekumar Sundara-Rajan
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Maddalena Barba
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.,Scientific Direction, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerie Speirs
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Lazio, Italy
| | - Marcello Maugeri-Saccà
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.,Scientific Direction, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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27
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Severson TM, Zwart W. A review of estrogen receptor/androgen receptor genomics in male breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:R27-R34. [PMID: 28062545 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Male breast cancer is a rare disease, of which little is known. In contrast to female breast cancer, the very vast majority of all cases are positive for estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), implicating the function of this steroid hormone receptor in tumor development and progression. Consequently, adjuvant treatment of male breast cancer revolves around inhibition of ERα. In addition, the androgen receptor (AR) gradually receives more attention as a relevant novel target in breast cancer treatment. Importantly, the rationale of treatment decision making is strongly based on parallels with female breast cancer. Yet, prognostic indicators are not necessarily the same in breast cancer between both genders, complicating translatability of knowledge developed in female breast cancer toward male patients. Even though ERα and AR are expressed both in female and male disease, are the genomic functions of both steroid hormone receptors conserved between genders? Recent studies have reported on mutational and epigenetic similarities and differences between male and female breast cancer, further suggesting that some features are strongly conserved between the two diseases, whereas others are not. This review critically discusses the recent developments in the study of male breast cancer in relation to ERα and AR action and highlights the potential future studies to further elucidate the genomic regulation of this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesa M Severson
- Division of Molecular Pathologythe Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesisthe Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Zwart
- Division of Molecular Pathologythe Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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28
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Deb S, Lakhani SR, Ottini L, Fox SB. The cancer genetics and pathology of male breast cancer. Histopathology 2016; 68:110-8. [PMID: 26768033 DOI: 10.1111/his.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Male breast cancer (MBC) is an uncommon and poorly understood disease. Recent molecular studies have shown important differences from female breast cancer which are likely to influence treatment strategies from the current female-based management towards a more tailored approach. Significantly more MBCs than female breast cancers arise with an underlying germline cancer predisposition, and display a vastly different penetrance compared with females. Furthermore, the genophenotypical association of basal-like cancer with BRCA1 present in female breast cancer is not observed in male breast cancer. Differences in somatic changes between male and female breast cancer have also been reported, with particular enrichment of PIK3CA mutations and a paucity of TP53 mutations. In general, chromosomal-based changes, in particular regions of gains, are seen more frequently in male than female breast cancer and methylation is seen less frequently. Clinically, several molecular subtypes with prognostic relevance have been described, including chromosomal complex high and methylation high groups, and subgroups with profiling signatures pertaining to epithelial mesenchymal transition and hormonal therapy insensitivity. As with female breast cancer, attention to male specific multicentre trials based on the individual characteristics are needed, together with establishment of reliable preclinical models to understand more clearly the pathogenesis of male breast cancer and improve the general poor outcome of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Deb
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Department of Pathology and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Sunil R Lakhani
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Laura Ottini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Department of Pathology and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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29
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Di Benedetto A, Mottolese M, Sperati F, Ercolani C, Di Lauro L, Pizzuti L, Vici P, Terrenato I, Shaaban AM, Sundara-Rajan S, Humphries MP, Barba M, Speirs V, De Maria R, Maugeri-Saccà M. HMG-CoAR expression in male breast cancer: relationship with hormone receptors, Hippo transducers and survival outcomes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35121. [PMID: 27713571 PMCID: PMC5054365 DOI: 10.1038/srep35121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare hormone-driven disease often associated with obesity. HMG-CoAR is the central enzyme of the mevalonate pathway, a molecular route deputed to produce cholesterol and steroid-based hormones. HMG-CoAR regulates the oncogenic Hippo transducers TAZ/YAP whose expression was previously associated with shorter survival in MBC. 225 MBC samples were immunostained for HMG-CoAR and 124 were considered eligible for exploring its relationship with hormone receptors (ER, PgR, AR), Hippo transducers and survival outcomes. HMG-CoAR was positively associated with the expression of hormone receptors (ER, PgR, AR) and Hippo transducers. Overall survival was longer in patients with HMG-CoAR-positive tumors compared with their negative counterparts (p = 0.031). Five- and 10-year survival outcomes were better in patients whose tumors expressed HMG-CoAR (p = 0.044 and p = 0.043). Uni- and multivariate analyses for 10-year survival suggested that HMG-CoAR expression is a protective factor (HR 0.50, 95% CI: 0.25–0.99, p = 0.048 and HR 0.53, 95% CI: 0.26–1.07, p = 0.078). Results were confirmed in a sensitivity analysis by excluding uncommon histotypes (multivariate Cox: HR 0.45, 95% CI: 0.21–0.97, p = 0.043). A positive relationship emerged between HMG-CoAR, hormone receptors and TAZ/YAP, suggesting a connection between the mevalonate pathway, the hormonal milieu and Hippo in MBC. Moreover, HMG-CoAR expression may be a favorable prognostic indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Di Benedetto
- Department of Pathology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Mottolese
- Department of Pathology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Sperati
- Biostatistics-Scientific Direction, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Ercolani
- Department of Pathology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Di Lauro
- Division of Medical Oncology B, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Pizzuti
- Division of Medical Oncology B, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Vici
- Division of Medical Oncology B, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Terrenato
- Biostatistics-Scientific Direction, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Abeer M Shaaban
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham and University of Birmingham, Department of Histopathology, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2GW, UK
| | - Sreekumar Sundara-Rajan
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Matthew P Humphries
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Maddalena Barba
- Division of Medical Oncology B, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.,Scientific Direction, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerie Speirs
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 10, 00168, Rome
| | - Marcello Maugeri-Saccà
- Division of Medical Oncology B, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.,Scientific Direction, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
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Cokmert S, Bahadir F, Guler T, Tanriverdi O. Male breast cancer exhibiting features of basal-like subtype female breast cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jons.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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31
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Millican-Slater RA, Sayers CD, Hanby AM, Hughes TA. Expression of phosphorylated eIF4E-binding protein 1, but not of eIF4E itself, predicts survival in male breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:339-45. [PMID: 27280636 PMCID: PMC4973151 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Male breast cancer is rare and treatment is based on data from females. High expression/activity of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) denotes a poor prognosis in female breast cancer, and the eIF4E pathway has been targeted therapeutically. Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E activity in female breast cancer is deregulated by eIF4E overexpression and by phosphorylation of its binding protein, 4E-BP1, which relieves inhibitory association between eIF4E and 4E-BP1. The relevance of the eIF4E pathway in male breast cancer is unknown. Methods: We have assessed expression levels of eIF4E, 4E-BP1, 4E-BP2 and phosphorylated 4E-BP1 (p4E-BP1) using immunohistochemistry in a large cohort of male breast cancers (n=337) and have examined correlations with prognostic factors and survival. Results: Neither eIF4E expression nor estimated eIF4E activity were associated with prognosis. However, a highly significant correlation was found between p4E-BP1 expression and disease-free survival (DFS), linking any detectable p4E-BP1 with poor survival (univariate log rank P=0.001; multivariate HR 8.8, P=0.0001). Conclusions: Our data provide no support for direct therapeutic targeting of eIF4E in male breast cancer, unlike in females. However, as p4E-BP1 gives powerful prognostic insights that are unrelated to eIF4E function, p4E-BP1 may identify male breast cancers potentially suitable for therapies directed at the upstream kinase, mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Millican-Slater
- Department of Cellular Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Craig D Sayers
- Histopathology Department, Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Dewsbury WF13 4HS, UK
| | - Andrew M Hanby
- Department of Cellular Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.,School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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Piscuoglio S, Ng CKY, Murray MP, Guerini-Rocco E, Martelotto LG, Geyer FC, Bidard FC, Berman S, Fusco N, Sakr RA, Eberle CA, De Mattos-Arruda L, Macedo GS, Akram M, Baslan T, Hicks JB, King TA, Brogi E, Norton L, Weigelt B, Hudis CA, Reis-Filho JS. The Genomic Landscape of Male Breast Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4045-56. [PMID: 26960396 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Male breast cancer is rare, and its genomic landscape has yet to be fully characterized. Lacking studies in men, treatment of males with breast cancer is extrapolated from results in females with breast cancer. We sought to define whether male breast cancers harbor somatic genetic alterations in genes frequently altered in female breast cancers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN All male breast cancers were estrogen receptor-positive, and all but two were HER2-negative. Fifty-nine male breast cancers were subtyped by immunohistochemistry, and tumor-normal pairs were microdissected and subjected to massively parallel sequencing targeting all exons of 241 genes frequently mutated in female breast cancers or DNA-repair related. The repertoires of somatic mutations and copy number alterations of male breast cancers were compared with that of subtype-matched female breast cancers. RESULTS Twenty-nine percent and 71% of male breast cancers were immunohistochemically classified as luminal A-like or luminal B-like, respectively. Male breast cancers displayed a heterogeneous repertoire of somatic genetic alterations that to some extent recapitulated that of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive/HER2-negative female breast cancers, including recurrent mutations affecting PIK3CA (20%) and GATA3 (15%). ER-positive/HER2-negative male breast cancers, however, less frequently harbored 16q losses, and PIK3CA and TP53 mutations than ER-positive/HER2-negative female breast cancers. In addition, male breast cancers were found to be significantly enriched for mutations affecting DNA repair-related genes. CONCLUSIONS Male breast cancers less frequently harbor somatic genetic alterations typical of ER-positive/HER2-negative female breast cancers, such as PIK3CA and TP53 mutations and losses of 16q, suggesting that at least a subset of male breast cancers are driven by a distinct repertoire of somatic changes. Given the genomic differences, caution may be needed in the application of biologic and therapeutic findings from studies of female breast cancers to male breast cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 22(16); 4045-56. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Piscuoglio
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Charlotte K Y Ng
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Melissa P Murray
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Elena Guerini-Rocco
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Department of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano G Martelotto
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Felipe C Geyer
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Department of Pathology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francois-Clement Bidard
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Samuel Berman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nicola Fusco
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita A Sakr
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Carey A Eberle
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Gabriel S Macedo
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Muzaffar Akram
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Timour Baslan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York. Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - James B Hicks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Tari A King
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Edi Brogi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Larry Norton
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Britta Weigelt
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Clifford A Hudis
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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Male breast cancer is not congruent with the female disease. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 101:119-24. [PMID: 26989051 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become customary to extrapolate from the results of treatment trials for female breastcancer and apply them to males with the disease. In the absence of results from national and international randomised trials for male breast cancer (MBC) this appears superficially to be an appropriate response. Closer examination of available data reveals that aspects of the aetiology and treatment of MBC do not fit the simplistic model that men usually have endocrine sensitive tumours which behave like those in postmenopausal women. Most females and males with breast cancer have none of the recognised risk factors, indicating the gaps in our knowledge of the epidemiology of this disease. Several studies have compared epidemiological risk factors for MBC and female breast cancer (FBC) but many have been blighted by small numbers. In comparison with FBC there is a larger proportion of BRCA2 tumours, (occurring in 10% of MBC), and underrepresentation of BRCA1 tumours (found in only 1%), suggesting significant differences in the genetic aetiology of MBC and FBC. Genome-wide association studies in FBC reported single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 12 novel independent loci were consistently associated with disease but for MBC 2 SNPs had a significantly increased risk. Molecular profiles of matched cancers in males and females showed a gender-associated modulation of major processes including energy metabolism, regulation of translation, matrix remodelling and immune recruitment. Immunohistochemistry for kinase inhibitor proteins (KIPs) p27Kip1 and p21Waf1 indicate a significant difference in the immunostaining of tumours from male patients compared with females. MBC is almost always estrogen receptor positive (ER+ve) and so systemic treatment is usually endocrine. With evidence in FBC that aromatase inhibitors are more effective than tamoxifen in the postmenopausal it was seemingly logical that the same would be true for MBC. Results however suggest less efficacy with AIs and an increase in risk of mortality compared to tamoxifen. The overall survival in male breast cancer was significantly better after adjuvant treatment with tamoxifen compared to an aromatase inhibitor. These important biological differences point the way to the development of new therapies for MBC based on differences rather than similarities with FBC.
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da Silva TL. Male breast cancer: Medical and psychological management in comparison to female breast cancer. A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrc.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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35
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Biesma HD, Schouten PC, Lacle MM, Sanders J, Brugman W, Kerkhoven R, Mandjes I, van der Groep P, van Diest PJ, Linn SC. Copy number profiling by array comparative genomic hybridization identifies frequently occurring BRCA2-like male breast cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2015; 54:734-44. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hedde D. Biesma
- Department of Molecular Pathology; Netherlands Cancer Institute; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Philip C. Schouten
- Department of Molecular Pathology; Netherlands Cancer Institute; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Miangela M. Lacle
- Department of Pathology; University Medical Center Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - Joyce Sanders
- Department of Pathology; Netherlands Cancer Institute; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Wim Brugman
- Genomics Core Facility, Netherlands Cancer Institute; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ron Kerkhoven
- Genomics Core Facility, Netherlands Cancer Institute; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Mandjes
- Data Center, Netherlands Cancer Institute; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul J. van Diest
- Department of Pathology; University Medical Center Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - Sabine C. Linn
- Department of Molecular Pathology; Netherlands Cancer Institute; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology; University Medical Center Utrecht; The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology; Netherlands Cancer Institute; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Di Lauro L, Barba M, Pizzuti L, Vici P, Sergi D, Di Benedetto A, Mottolese M, Speirs V, Santini D, De Maria R, Maugeri-Saccà M. Androgen receptor and antiandrogen therapy in male breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2015; 368:20-25. [PMID: 26276719 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancers arising in the male breast are uncommon. Male breast cancer is a hormone-driven disease that often expresses the estrogen receptor, and antiestrogen therapy represents the mainstay of treatment. Paradoxically, the advent of a wave of antiestrogens eclipsed the therapeutic potential of alternative therapeutic options. At the beginning of the hormonal therapy era the administration of antiandrogens to metastatic male breast cancer patients was proposed. Ever since the use of these compounds has largely been neglected. A therapeutic role for antiandrogens has been envisioned again in recent years. First, molecular characterization efforts pointed to the androgen receptor as a potential therapeutic target. Second, the development of aromatase inhibitors unexpectedly raised the need for neutralizing androgens in order to tackle endocrine feedback mechanisms responsible for acquired resistance. We herein provide an overview of molecular studies where the androgen receptor was investigated at the genomic, transcriptomic or phenotypic level. We then discuss androgens in the context of the endocrine networks nourishing male breast cancer. Finally, clinical evidence on antiandrogens is summarized along with strategies should be implemented to improve the medical management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Di Lauro
- Division of Medical Oncology B, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Maddalena Barba
- Division of Medical Oncology B, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy; Scientific Direction, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Pizzuti
- Division of Medical Oncology B, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Vici
- Division of Medical Oncology B, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Sergi
- Division of Medical Oncology B, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Di Benedetto
- Department of Pathology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Mottolese
- Department of Pathology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Valerie Speirs
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, University of Leeds, LS9 7TF Leeds, UK
| | - Daniele Santini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Scientific Direction, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Maugeri-Saccà
- Division of Medical Oncology B, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy; Scientific Direction, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy.
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Humphries MP, Jordan VC, Speirs V. Obesity and male breast cancer: provocative parallels? BMC Med 2015; 13:134. [PMID: 26044503 PMCID: PMC4457166 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
While rare compared to female breast cancer the incidence of male breast cancer (MBC) has increased in the last few decades. Without comprehensive epidemiological studies, the explanation for the increased incidence of MBC can only be speculated. Nevertheless, one of the most worrying global public health issues is the exponential rise in the number of overweight and obese people, especially in the developed world. Although obesity is not considered an established risk factor for MBC, studies have shown increased incidence among obese individuals. With this observation in mind, this article highlights the correlation between the increased incidence of MBC and the current trends in obesity as a growing problem in the 21(st) century, including how this may impact treatment. With MBC becoming more prominent we put forward the notion that, not only is obesity a risk factor for MBC, but that increasing obesity trends are a contributing factor to its increased incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Humphries
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - V Craig Jordan
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology and Molecular and Cellular Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Valerie Speirs
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
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Johansson I, Lauss M, Holm K, Staaf J, Nilsson C, Fjällskog ML, Ringnér M, Hedenfalk I. Genome methylation patterns in male breast cancer - Identification of an epitype with hypermethylation of polycomb target genes. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:1565-79. [PMID: 25990542 PMCID: PMC5528783 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease that shares both similarities and differences with female breast cancer (FBC). The aim of this study was to assess genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in MBC and compare them with the previously identified transcriptional subgroups of MBC, luminal M1 and M2, as well as the intrinsic subtypes of FBC. Illumina's 450K Infinium arrays were applied to 47 MBC and 188 FBC tumors. Unsupervised clustering of the most variable CpGs among MBC tumors revealed two stable epitypes, designated ME1 and ME2. The methylation patterns differed significantly between the groups and were closely associated with the transcriptional subgroups luminal M1 and M2. Tumors in the ME1 group were more proliferative and aggressive than ME2 tumors, and showed a tendency toward inferior survival. ME1 tumors also displayed hypermethylation of PRC2 target genes and high expression of EZH2, one of the core components of PRC2. Upon combined analysis of MBC and FBC tumors, ME1 MBCs clustered among luminal B FBC tumors and ME2 MBCs clustered within the predominantly luminal A FBC cluster. The majority of the MBC tumors remained grouped together within the clusters rather than being interspersed among the FBC tumors. Differences in the genomic location of methylated CpGs, as well as in the regulation of central canonical pathways may explain the separation between MBC and FBC tumors in the respective clusters. These findings further suggest that MBC is not readily defined using conventional criteria applied to FBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Johansson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Clinical Sciences, and CREATE Health Strategic Center for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Lauss
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Clinical Sciences, and CREATE Health Strategic Center for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karolina Holm
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Clinical Sciences, and CREATE Health Strategic Center for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Staaf
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Clinical Sciences, and CREATE Health Strategic Center for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Markus Ringnér
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Clinical Sciences, and CREATE Health Strategic Center for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Hedenfalk
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Clinical Sciences, and CREATE Health Strategic Center for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Mutational profiling of familial male breast cancers reveals similarities with luminal A female breast cancer with rare TP53 mutations. Br J Cancer 2015; 111:2351-60. [PMID: 25490678 PMCID: PMC4264438 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Male breast cancer (MBC) is still poorly understood with a large proportion arising in families with a history of breast cancer. Genomic studies have focused on germline determinants of MBC risk, with minimal knowledge of somatic changes in these cancers. Methods: Using a TruSeq amplicon cancer panel, this study evaluated 48 familial MBCs (3 BRCA1 germline mutant, 17 BRCA2 germline mutant and 28 BRCAX) for hotspot somatic mutations and copy number changes in 48 common cancer genes. Results: Twelve missense mutations included nine PIK3CA mutations (seven in BRCAX patients), two TP53 mutations (both in BRCA2 patients) and one PTEN mutation. Common gains were seen in GNAS (34.1%) and losses were seen in GNAQ (36.4%), ABL1 (47.7%) and ATM (34.1%). Gains of HRAS (37.5% vs 3%, P=0.006), STK11 (25.0% vs 0%, P=0.01) and SMARCB1 (18.8% vs 0%, P=0.04) and the loss of RB1 (43.8% vs 13%, P=0.03) were specific to BRCA2 tumours. Conclusions: This study is the first to perform high-throughput somatic sequencing on familial MBCs. Overall, PIK3CA mutations are most commonly seen, with fewer TP53 and PTEN mutations, similar to the profile seen in luminal A female breast cancers. Differences in mutation profiles and patterns of gene gains/losses are seen between BRCA2 (associated with TP53/PTEN mutations, loss of RB1 and gain of HRAS, STK11 and SMARCB1) and BRCAX (associated with PIK3CA mutations) tumours, suggesting that BRCA2 and BRCAX MBCs may be distinct and arise from different tumour pathways. This has implications on potential therapies, depending on the BRCA status of MBC patients.
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Flow cytometric DNA hypertetraploidy tends to be more frequent in male than in female breast cancers. Virchows Arch 2014; 466:185-9. [PMID: 25471639 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to explore possible differences in DNA flow cytometric characteristics, particularly differences in distribution of DNA indices of aneuploid clones, between male and female breast cancers. We retrospectively analyzed 31 male breast cancers. Clinicopathological and DNA flow cytometric characteristics of male breast cancers (patient age, tumor size, histological type, histological grade, axillary lymph node status, hormone receptor expression, ploidy, and S-phase fraction) were compared with that of the control group of matched female breast cancers. Hormone receptors and HER-2/neu were investigated immunohistochemically with additional chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) analysis of HER-2/neu 2+ cases. Ploidy and S-phase fraction were determined by DNA flow cytometry. Comparison with clinicopathological features was made using χ (2) and t test. Aneuploidy was found in 78% of the cases, with the predomination of hypotetraploid clones (39%), followed by tetraploid (23%) and hypertetraploid clones (16%). We found higher frequency of hypertetraploidy in male breast cancers (16 and 6%, respectively) than in the control group of matched female breast cancers. Clinicopathological features of hypertetraploid male breast cancers did not differ from that of non-hypertetraploid cancers. Higher frequency of hypertetraploidy among male breast cancers might indicate different cytogenetical evolutionary pathway between male and female breast cancer.
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Aromatase inhibitors for metastatic male breast cancer: molecular, endocrine, and clinical considerations. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 147:227-35. [PMID: 25117617 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-3087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Male breast cancer is a rare condition. Aromatase inhibitors are widely used for treating metastatic male breast cancer patients. In this setting, their use is not substantiated by prospective clinical trials, but is rather driven by similarities supposedly existing with breast cancer in postmenopausal women. This oversimplified approach was questioned by studies addressing the molecular and endocrine roots of the disease. In this manuscript, we discuss relevant aspects of the current use of aromatase inhibitors in metastatic male breast cancer in light of the most updated evidence on the molecular landscape of the disease and the specific changes in the hormonal background occurring with aging. We further point to strategies for blocking multiple hormonal pathway nodes with the goal of improving their therapeutic potential. We searched PubMed from its inception until March 2014 for relevant literature on the use of aromatase inhibitors in metastatic male breast cancer. Selected terms were combined and used both as medical headings and text words. The reference list of the suitable manuscripts was inspected for further publications. Aromatase inhibitors represent the mainstay of treatment in the metastatic setting. Yet, efforts aimed at sharpening the therapeutic potential of aromatase inhibitors still pose a challenge due to the paucity of data. The choice of dual hormonal (or sequential) therapy combining aromatase inhibitors with a GnRH analogue may represent a valid alterative, particularly if informed by cancer- and patient-related features including molecular, endocrine, and clinic characteristics.
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Johansson I, Killander F, Linderholm B, Hedenfalk I. Molecular profiling of male breast cancer - lost in translation? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:526-35. [PMID: 24842109 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer form in women and it has been extensively studied on the molecular level. Male breast cancer (MBC), on the other hand, is rare and has not been thoroughly investigated in terms of transcriptional profiles or genomic aberrations. Most of our understanding of MBC has therefore been extrapolated from knowledge of female breast cancer. Although differences in addition to similarities with female breast cancer have been reported, the same prognostic and predictive markers are used to determine optimal management strategies for both men and women diagnosed with breast cancer. This review is focused on prognosis for MBC patients, prognostic and predictive factors and molecular subgrouping; comparisons are made with female breast cancer. Information was collected from relevant literature on both male and female breast cancer from the MEDLINE database between 1992 and 2014. MBC is a heterogeneous disease, and on the molecular level many differences compared to female breast cancer have recently been revealed. Two distinct subgroups of MBC, luminal M1 and luminal M2, have been identified which differ from the well-established intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer in women. These novel subgroups of breast cancer therefore appear unique to MBC. Furthermore, several studies report inferior survival for men diagnosed with breast cancer compared to women. New promising prognostic biomarkers for MBC (e.g. NAT1) deserving further attention are reviewed. Further prospective studies aimed at validating the novel subgroups and recently proposed biomarkers for MBC are warranted to provide the basis for optimal patient management in this era of personalized medicine. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Rare Cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Johansson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Cancer Center, Lund, Sweden; CREATE Health Strategic Center for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrika Killander
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Cancer Center, Lund, Sweden; Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Barbro Linderholm
- Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska Academy and University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Hedenfalk
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Cancer Center, Lund, Sweden; CREATE Health Strategic Center for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Contemporary Systemic Therapy for Male Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2014; 14:31-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Johansson I, Ringnér M, Hedenfalk I. The landscape of candidate driver genes differs between male and female breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78299. [PMID: 24194916 PMCID: PMC3806766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapidly growing collection of diverse genome-scale data from multiple tumor types sheds light on various aspects of the underlying tumor biology. With the objective to identify genes of importance for breast tumorigenesis in men and to enable comparisons with genes important for breast cancer development in women, we applied the computational framework COpy Number and EXpression In Cancer (CONEXIC) to detect candidate driver genes among all altered passenger genes. Unique to this approach is that each driver gene is associated with several gene modules that are believed to be altered by the driver. Thirty candidate drivers were found in the male breast cancers and 67 in the female breast cancers. We identified many known drivers of breast cancer and other types of cancer, in the female dataset (e.g. GATA3, CCNE1, GRB7, CDK4). In contrast, only three known cancer genes were found among male breast cancers; MAP2K4, LHP, and ZNF217. Many of the candidate drivers identified are known to be involved in processes associated with tumorigenesis, including proliferation, invasion and differentiation. One of the modules identified in male breast cancer was regulated by THY1, a gene involved in invasion and related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, men with THY1 positive breast cancers had significantly inferior survival. THY1 may thus be a promising novel prognostic marker for male breast cancer. Another module identified among male breast cancers, regulated by SPAG5, was closely associated with proliferation. Our data indicate that male and female breast cancers display highly different landscapes of candidate driver genes, as only a few genes were found in common between the two. Consequently, the pathobiology of male breast cancer may differ from that of female breast cancer and can be associated with differences in prognosis; men diagnosed with breast cancer may consequently require different management and treatment strategies than women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Johansson
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund and CREATE Health Strategic Center for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Markus Ringnér
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund and CREATE Health Strategic Center for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Hedenfalk
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund and CREATE Health Strategic Center for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Yu XF, Feng WL, Miao LL, Chen B, Yang HJ. The prognostic significance of molecular subtype for male breast cancer: A 10-year retrospective study. Breast 2013; 22:824-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Ly D, Forman D, Ferlay J, Brinton LA, Cook MB. An international comparison of male and female breast cancer incidence rates. Int J Cancer 2013; 132:1918-26. [PMID: 22987302 PMCID: PMC3553266 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Global international trends in female breast cancer incidence have been described previously but no comparable analysis of male breast cancer incidence rates has been conducted. We obtained male and female case and population data using Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5). We calculated age-adjusted, sex-specific incidence rates and female-to-male incidence rate ratios (FMIRRs) and compared trends of such for the period 1988-2002. This analysis included 8,681 male breast cancer cases and 1.14 million female breast cancer cases. The highest male incidence rate was observed in Israel at 1.24 per 100,000 man-years, and the highest female incidence rate was observed in the United States at 90.7 per 100,000 woman-years. The lowest incidence rates for males (0.16) and females (18.0) were observed in Thailand. In general, male breast cancer incidence trends were variable; a minority of countries displayed evidence for an increase. In contrast, female incidence rates have been increasing in a majority of countries. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) for male and female breast cancer incidence rates by country during 1988-2002 was 0.69. Male breast cancer rates were generally less than 1 per 100,000 man-years, in contrast to the much higher rates of female breast cancer, providing for an overall FMIRR of 122. The differences in both incidence rates and time trends between males and females may reflect sex differences in underlying risk factors, pathogenesis, and/or overdiagnosis. Conversely, the high correlation between male and female breast cancer incidences may indicate that both sexes share some common risk factors for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ly
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20852-7234, USA
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Ruddy KJ, Winer EP. Male breast cancer: risk factors, biology, diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship. Ann Oncol 2013; 24:1434-43. [PMID: 23425944 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The causes, optimal treatments, and medical/psychosocial sequelae of breast cancer in men are poorly understood. DESIGN A systematic review of the English language literature was conducted to identify studies relevant to male breast cancer between 1987 and 2012 and including at least 20 patients. Searches were carried out on PubMed using the title terms 'male breast cancer' or 'male breast carcinoma'. RESULTS Relevant published data regarding risk factors, biological characteristics, presentation and prognosis, appropriate evaluation and treatment, and survivorship issues in male breast cancer patients are presented. BRCA2 mutations, age, conditions that alter the estrogen/androgen ratio, and radiation are proven risk factors. Disease biology is distinct in men, but diagnostic approaches and treatments for men are generally extrapolated from those in women due to inadequate research in men. Survivorship issues in men may include sexual and hormonal side-effects of endocrine therapies as well as unique psychosocial impacts of the disease. CONCLUSION Further research is needed to address gaps in knowledge pertaining to care of male breast cancer patients and survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Ruddy
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Abstract
Assessment of proliferation is important in female breast cancer and individual treatment decisions are based upon its results, especially in the luminal subgroups. Gene expression analyses fail to group male breast cancer into the intrinsic subgroups previously established in female breast cancer. Even though proliferation has been shown to divide male breast cancer into molecular subgroups with different prognoses, the clinical importance of proliferation markers has not yet been elucidated. Previous studies in male breast cancer have demonstrated contradictory results regarding the prognostic impact of histological grade and Ki-67, parameters strongly associated with proliferation. The aim of the present project was to study proliferation in male breast cancer by assessing other proliferation-related markers viz. cyclins A, B, D1 and mitotic count. A total of 197 male breast cancer cases with accessible paraffin-embedded material and outcome data were investigated. Immunohistochemical stainings were performed on tissue microarrays. Kaplan-Meier estimates and the Cox proportional regression models were used for survival analyses with breast cancer death as the event. The subset of patients with high expression of cyclin A (hazard ratio (HR) 3.7; P=0.001) and B (HR 2.7; P=0.02) demonstrated a poorer survival. Furthermore, high mitotic count was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer death (HR 2.5; P=0.01). In contrast, cyclin D1 overexpression was predictive of better breast cancer survival (HR 0.3; P=0.001). In conclusion, high levels of cyclin A and B expression and an elevated mitotic count result in a two to threefold higher risk for breast cancer death, whereas cyclin D1 overexpression halves the risk. The clinical utility of these proliferation markers needs further elucidation.
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Nilsson C, Johansson I, Ahlin C, Thorstenson S, Amini RM, Holmqvist M, Bergkvist L, Hedenfalk I, Fjällskog ML. Molecular subtyping of male breast cancer using alternative definitions and its prognostic impact. Acta Oncol 2013; 52:102-9. [PMID: 22928693 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2012.711952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male breast cancer (MBC) is an uncommon disease and there is limited information on the prognostic impact of routinely used clinicopathological parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a retrospective setting, we reviewed 197 MBC patients with accessible paraffin-embedded tumor tissue and clinicopathological data. Immunohistochemical (IHC) stainings were performed on tissue microarrays and histological grading on conventional slides. Cox proportional regression models were applied for uni- and multivariate analyses using breast cancer death as the event. RESULTS Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor positivity were demonstrated in 93% and 77% of patients, respectively. Nottingham histologic grade (NHG) III was seen in 41% and HER2 positivity in 11%. Classification into molecular subtypes using IHC markers according to three alternative definitions revealed luminal A and luminal B in 81% vs. 11%; 48% vs. 44% and 41% vs. 42% of cases. Two cases of basal-like were identified, but no cases of HER2-like. Factors associated with an increased risk of breast cancer death were node positivity (HR 4.5; 95% CI 1.8-11.1), tumor size > 20 mm (HR 3.3; 95% CI 1.4-7.9) and ER negativity (HR 10.9; 95% CI 3.2-37.9). No difference in breast cancer death between the luminal subgroups was demonstrated, regardless of definition. CONCLUSION MBC tumors were more often of high grade, whereas HER2 overexpression was as frequent as in FBC. Lymph nodes, tumor size and ER status were independent predictors of breast cancer death. The prognostic impact of molecular subtyping in MBC seems to differ from that previously established in FBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Nilsson
- Center for Clinical Research, Västmanland County Hospital, Västerås, Sweden.
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Deb S, Do H, Byrne D, Jene N, Dobrovic A, Fox SB. PIK3CA mutations are frequently observed in BRCAX but not BRCA2-associated male breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R69. [PMID: 23971979 PMCID: PMC3978692 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although a substantial proportion of male breast cancers (MBCs) are hereditary, the molecular pathways that are activated are unknown. We therefore examined the frequency and clinicopathological associations of the PIK3CA/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and their regulatory genes in familial MBC. METHODS High resolution melting analysis and confirmatory sequencing was used to determine the presence of somatic mutations in PIK3CA (exon 9 and 20), AKT1 (exon 4), KRAS (exon 2) and BRAF (exon 15) genes in 57 familial MBCs. Further analysis of the PIK3CA/mTOR pathway was performed using immunohistochemistry for the pAKT1, pS6 and p4EBP1 biomarkers. RESULTS PIK3CA somatic mutations were identified in 10.5% (6 of 57) of cases; there were no AKT1, KRAS or BRAF somatic mutations. PIK3CA mutations were significantly more frequent in cancers from BRCAX patients (17.2%, 5/29) than BRCA2 (0%, 0/25) carriers (P = 0.030). Two BRCAX patients had an E547K mutation which has only been reported in one female breast cancer previously. PIK3CA mutation was significantly correlated with positive pS6 (83.3% vs. 32.0%, P = 0.024) and negative p4EBP1 (100% vs. 38.0%, P = 0.006) expression, but not pAKT expression. Expression of nuclear p4EBP1 correlated with BRCA2 mutation carrier status (68.0% vs. 38.7%, P = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS Somatic PIK3CA mutation is present in familial male breast cancer but absent in BRCA2 carriers. The presence of two of the extremely rare E547K PIK3CA mutations in our cohort may have specific relevance in MBCs. Further study of PIK3CA in MBCs, and in particular BRCAX patients, may contribute to further establishing the relevance of specific PIK3CA mutations in MBC aetiology and in the identification of particular patient groups most likely to benefit from therapeutic targeting with the novel PIK3CA inhibitors that are currently in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Deb
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
- Department of Pathology and the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Hongdo Do
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - David Byrne
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Nicholas Jene
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - kConFab Investigators
- Kathleen Cuningham Foundation Consortium for research into Familial Breast Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Alexander Dobrovic
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
- Department of Pathology and the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
- Department of Pathology and the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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