1
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Krishnamoorthy GP, Glover AR, Untch BR, Sigcha-Coello N, Xu B, Vukel D, Liu Y, Tiedje V, Berman K, Tamarapu PP, Acuña-Ruiz A, Saqcena M, de Stanchina E, Boucai L, Ghossein RA, Knauf JA, Abdel-Wahab O, Bradley RK, Fagin JA. RBM10 loss induces aberrant splicing of cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix mRNAs and promotes metastatic fitness. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.09.602730. [PMID: 39026820 PMCID: PMC11257529 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.09.602730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
RBM10 modulates transcriptome-wide cassette exon splicing. Loss-of-function RBM10 mutations are enriched in thyroid cancers with distant metastases. Analysis of transcriptomes and genes mis-spliced by RBM10 loss showed pro-migratory and RHO/RAC signaling signatures. RBM10 loss increases cell velocity. Cytoskeletal and ECM transcripts subject to exon-inclusion events included vinculin (VCL), tenascin C (TNC) and CD44. Knockdown of the VCL exon inclusion transcript in RBM10-null cells reduced cell velocity, whereas knockdown of TNC and CD44 exon-inclusion isoforms reduced invasiveness. RAC1-GTP levels were increased in RBM10-null cells. Mouse Hras G12V /Rbm1O KO thyrocytes develop metastases that are reversed by RBM10 or by combined knockdown of VCL, CD44 and TNC inclusion isoforms. Thus, RBM10 loss generates exon inclusions in transcripts regulating ECM-cytoskeletal interactions, leading to RAC1 activation and metastatic competency. Moreover, a CRISPR-Cas9 screen for synthetic lethality with RBM10 loss identified NFkB effectors as central to viability, providing a therapeutic target for these lethal thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gnana P. Krishnamoorthy
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anthony R. Glover
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian R. Untch
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nickole Sigcha-Coello
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dina Vukel
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vera Tiedje
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katherine Berman
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prasanna P. Tamarapu
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrian Acuña-Ruiz
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mahesh Saqcena
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Boucai
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald A. Ghossein
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert K. Bradley
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James A. Fagin
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Liu Y, Yang LY, Chen DX, Chang C, Yuan Q, Zhang Y, Cai Y, Wei WQ, Hao JJ, Wang MR. Tenascin-C as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Transl Oncol 2024; 42:101888. [PMID: 38354632 PMCID: PMC10877408 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.101888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish a prognostic model of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients based on tenascin-C (TNC) expression level and clinicopathological characteristics, and to explore the therapeutic potential of TNC inhibition. METHODS The expression of TNC was detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 326 ESCC specimens and 50 normal esophageal tissues. Prognostic factors were determined by Cox regression analyses and were incorporated to establish the nomogram. The effects of TNC knockdown on ESCC cells were assessed in vitro and in vivo. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were performed to reveal signaling pathways regulated by TNC knockdown. The therapeutic significance of TNC knockdown combined with small-molecule inhibitors on cell proliferation was examined. RESULTS TNC protein was highly expressed in 48.77 % of ESCC tissues compared to only 2 % in normal esophageal epithelia (p < 0.001). The established nomogram model, based on TNC expression, pT stage, and lymph node metastasis, showed good performance on prognosis evaluation. More importantly, the reduction of TNC expression inhibited tumor cell proliferation and xenograft growth, and mainly down-regulated signaling pathways involved in tumor growth, hypoxia signaling transduction, metabolism, infection, etc. Knockdown of TNC enhanced the inhibitory effect of inhibitors targeting ErbB, PI3K-Akt, Ras and MAPK signaling pathways. CONCLUSION The established nomogram may be a promising model for survival prediction in ESCC. Reducing TNC expression enhanced the sensitivity of ESCC cells to inhibitors of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and downstream signaling pathways, providing a novel combination therapy strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Li-Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Ding-Xiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Chen Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Wei
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jia-Jie Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Ming-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
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3
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Guo S, Wang X, Zhou H, Gao Y, Wang P, Zhi H, Sun Y, Hao Y, Gan J, Zhang Y, Sun J, Zheng W, Zhao X, Xiao Y, Ning S. Identification and Characterization of Immunogene-Related Alternative Splicing Patterns and Tumor Microenvironment Infiltration Patterns in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030595. [PMID: 35158863 PMCID: PMC8833331 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) plays a crucial role in tumor development and tumor microenvironment (TME) formation. However, our current knowledge about AS, especially immunogene-related alternative splicing (IGAS) patterns in cancers, remains limited. Herein, we identified and characterized post-transcriptional mechanisms of breast cancer based on IGAS, TME, prognosis, and immuno/chemotherapy. We screened the differentially spliced IGAS events and constructed the IGAS prognostic model (p-values < 0.001, AUC = 0.939), which could be used as an independent prognostic factor. Besides, the AS regulatory network suggested a complex cooperative or competitive relationship between splicing factors and IGAS events, which explained the diversity of splice isoforms. In addition, more than half of the immune cells displayed varying degrees of infiltration in the IGAS risk groups, and the prognostic characteristics of IGAS demonstrated a remarkable and consistent trend correlation with the infiltration levels of immune cell types. The IGAS risk groups showed substantial differences in the sensitivity of immunotherapy and chemotherapy. Finally, IGAS clusters defined by unsupervised cluster analysis had distinct prognostic patterns, suggesting an essential heterogeneity of IGAS events. Significant differences in immune infiltration and unique prognostic capacity of immune cells were also detected in each IGAS cluster. In conclusion, our comprehensive analysis remarkably enhanced the understanding of IGAS patterns and TME in breast cancer, which may help clarify the underlying mechanisms of IGAS in neoplasia and provide clues to molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis and progression.
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4
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Popova NV, Jücker M. The Functional Role of Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:238. [PMID: 35008401 PMCID: PMC8750014 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is highly dynamic as it is constantly deposited, remodeled and degraded to maintain tissue homeostasis. ECM is a major structural component of the tumor microenvironment, and cancer development and progression require its extensive reorganization. Cancerized ECM is biochemically different in its composition and is stiffer compared to normal ECM. The abnormal ECM affects cancer progression by directly promoting cell proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation. The restructured extracellular matrix and its degradation fragments (matrikines) also modulate the signaling cascades mediated by the interaction with cell-surface receptors, deregulate the stromal cell behavior and lead to emergence of an oncogenic microenvironment. Here, we summarize the current state of understanding how the composition and structure of ECM changes during cancer progression. We also describe the functional role of key proteins, especially tenascin C and fibronectin, and signaling molecules involved in the formation of the tumor microenvironment, as well as the signaling pathways that they activate in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda V. Popova
- Laboratory of Receptor Cell Biology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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5
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Du JX, Liu YL, Zhu GQ, Luo YH, Chen C, Cai CZ, Zhang SJ, Wang B, Cai JL, Zhou J, Fan J, Dai Z, Zhu W. Profiles of alternative splicing landscape in breast cancer and their clinical significance: an integrative analysis based on large-sequencing data. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:58. [PMID: 33553351 PMCID: PMC7859793 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-7203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Alternative splicing (AS) is closely correlated with the initiation and progression of carcinoma. The systematic analysis of its biological and clinical significance in breast cancer (BRCA) is, however, lacking. Methods Clinical data and RNA-seq were obtained from the TCGA dataset and differentially expressed AS (DEAS) events between tumor and paired normal BRCA tissues were identified. Enrichment analysis was then used to reveal the potential biological functions of DEAS events. We performed protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis of DEAS events by using STRING and the correlation network between splicing factors (SFs) and AS events was constructed. The LASSO Cox model, Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests were used to construct and evaluate DEAS-related risk signature, and the association between DEAS events and clinicopathological features were then analyzed. Results After strict filtering, 35,367 AS events and 973 DEAS events were detected. DEAS corresponding genes were significantly enriched in pivotal pathways including cell adhesion, cytoskeleton organization, and extracellular matrix organization. A total of 103 DEAS events were correlated with disease free survival. The DEAS-related risk signature stratified BRCA patients into two groups and the area under curve (AUC) was 0.754. Moreover, patients in the high-risk group had enriched basel-like subtype, advanced clinical stages, proliferation, and metastasis potency. Conclusions Collectively, the profile of DEAS landscape in BRCA revealed the potential biological function and prognostic value of DEAS events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xian Du
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University & State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Lei Liu
- Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital Qingpu Branch, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gui-Qi Zhu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University & State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Hong Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University & State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University & State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Zhe Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University & State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Jia Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University & State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Biao Wang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University & State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Liang Cai
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University & State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University & State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University & State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Dai
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University & State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University & State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Li ZL, Zhang HL, Huang Y, Huang JH, Sun P, Zhou NN, Chen YH, Mai J, Wang Y, Yu Y, Zhou LH, Li X, Yang D, Peng XD, Feng GK, Tang J, Zhu XF, Deng R. Autophagy deficiency promotes triple-negative breast cancer resistance to T cell-mediated cytotoxicity by blocking tenascin-C degradation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3806. [PMID: 32732922 PMCID: PMC7393512 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients fail to respond to T cell-mediated immunotherapies. Unfortunately, the molecular determinants are still poorly understood. Breast cancer is the disease genetically linked to a deficiency in autophagy. Here, we show that autophagy defects in TNBC cells inhibit T cell-mediated tumour killing in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we identify Tenascin-C as a candidate for autophagy deficiency-mediated immunosuppression, in which Tenascin-C is Lys63-ubiquitinated by Skp2, particularly at Lys942 and Lys1882, thus promoting its recognition by p62 and leading to its selective autophagic degradation. High Tenascin-C expression is associated with poor prognosis and inversely correlated with LC3B expression and CD8+ T cells in TNBC patients. More importantly, inhibition of Tenascin-C in autophagy-impaired TNBC cells sensitizes T cell-mediated tumour killing and improves antitumour effects of single anti-PD1/PDL1 therapy. Our results provide a potential strategy for targeting TNBC with the combination of Tenascin-C blockade and immune checkpoint inhibitors. T cell mediated therapies have proven largely unsuccessful in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Here, the authors show that autophagy is reduced in TNBC, which results in an increase in Tenascin C and reduced activation of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jun-Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Ning-Ning Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yu-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jia Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Li-Huan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Gong-Kan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China. .,Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Rong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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7
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Clayton EA, Khalid S, Ban D, Wang L, Jordan IK, McDonald JF. Tumor suppressor genes and allele-specific expression: mechanisms and significance. Oncotarget 2020; 11:462-479. [PMID: 32064050 PMCID: PMC6996918 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that allele-specific expression (ASE) at specific cancer driver gene loci may be of importance in onset/progression of the disease. Of particular interest are loss-of-function (LOF) of tumor suppressor gene (TSGs) alleles. While LOF tumor suppressor mutations are typically considered to be recessive, if these mutant alleles can be significantly differentially expressed relative to wild-type alleles in heterozygotes, the clinical consequences could be significant. LOF TSG alleles are shown to be segregating at high frequencies in world-wide populations of normal/healthy individuals. Matched sets of normal and tumor tissues isolated from 233 cancer patients representing four diverse tumor types demonstrate functionally important changes in patterns of ASE in individuals heterozygous for LOF TSG alleles associated with cancer onset/progression. While a variety of molecular mechanisms were identified as potentially contributing to changes in ASE patterns in cancer, changes in DNA copy number and allele-specific alternative splicing possibly mediated by antisense RNA emerged as predominant factors. In conclusion, LOF TSGs are segregating in human populations at significant frequencies indicating that many otherwise healthy individuals are at elevated risk of developing cancer. Changes in ASE between normal and cancer tissues indicates that LOF TSG alleles may contribute to cancer onset/progression even when heterozygous with wild-type functional alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A. Clayton
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shareef Khalid
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dongjo Ban
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- PanAmerican Bioinformatics Institute, Cali, Colombia
| | - I. King Jordan
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- PanAmerican Bioinformatics Institute, Cali, Colombia
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratory, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John F. McDonald
- Integrated Cancer Research Center, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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8
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Mishra P, Kiebish MA, Cullen J, Srinivasan A, Patterson A, Sarangarajan R, Narain NR, Dobi A. Genomic alterations of Tenascin C in highly aggressive prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Genes Cancer 2019; 10:150-159. [PMID: 31798767 PMCID: PMC6872669 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenascin C (TNC), an extra-cellular matrix (ECM) family gene, is expressed in several cancer tissues of breast, lung, colon, and gastrointestinal tract leading to proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis, but its role in tumorigenesis of prostate cancer is poorly understood. We took a meta-analysis approach to characterize the alterations of TNC gene in prostate cancer using publicly available databases (cBioportal Version 2.2.0, http://www.cBioportal.org/index.do). The analysis identified TNC alterations (gene amplification) significantly in the neuroendocrine prostate cancer dataset (Trento/Broad/Cornell, N = 114), which was further validated in other prostate cancer datasets, including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) prostate cancer (2015). In the TCGA prostate cancer dataset (N = 498), high TNC (alteration frequency, 36%) revealed a strong association with high diagnostic Gleason score. Genomic alterations of TNC was also significantly associated (P < 0.05) with expression level of genes from NOTCH, SOX and WNT family, implicating a link between TNC and poorly differentiated aggressive phenotype in NEPC. TCGA prostate adenocarcinoma cases with TNC alteration also demonstrated prominent decrease in disease-free survival (P = 0.0637). These findings indicate a possible association of TNC to the aggressive subtype of prostate cancer and warrant further functional studies to evident the involvement of TNC in prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Mishra
- Henry Jackson Foundation for Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, USU-Walter Reed Surgery, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Cullen
- Henry Jackson Foundation for Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, USU-Walter Reed Surgery, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Aliyah Patterson
- Division of Science and Mathematics, University of the District of Columbia, Washington DC, USA
| | | | | | - Albert Dobi
- Henry Jackson Foundation for Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, USU-Walter Reed Surgery, Bethesda, MD, USA
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9
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Fiorino S, Di Saverio S, Leandri P, Tura A, Birtolo C, Silingardi M, de Biase D, Avisar E. The role of matricellular proteins and tissue stiffness in breast cancer: a systematic review. Future Oncol 2018; 14:1601-1627. [PMID: 29939077 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignancies consist not only of cancerous and nonmalignant cells, but also of additional elements, as extracellular matrix. The aim of this review is to summarize meta-analyses, describing breast tissue stiffness and risk of breast carcinoma (BC) assessing the potential relationship between matricellular proteins (MPs) and survival. A systematic computer-based search of published articles, according to PRISMA statement, was conducted through Ovid interface. Mammographic density and tissue stiffness are associated with the risk of BC development, suggesting that MPs may influence BC prognosis. No definitive conclusions are available and additional researches are required to definitively clarify the role of each MP, mammographic density and stiffness in BC development and the mechanisms involved in the onset of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirio Fiorino
- Internal Medicine 'C' Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Local Health Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Salomone Di Saverio
- Cambridge Colorectal Unit, Box 201, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Paolo Leandri
- Internal Medicine 'C' Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Local Health Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Tura
- Metabolic Unit, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Birtolo
- Geriatric Unit, Azienda USL-Maggiore Hospital, Largo Nigrisoli 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mauro Silingardi
- Internal Medicine 'A' Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Local Health Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario de Biase
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eli Avisar
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Desmoplastic Pattern at the Tumor Front Defines Poor-prognosis Subtypes of Colorectal Cancer. Am J Surg Pathol 2017; 41:1506-1512. [PMID: 28877064 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although recent findings of cancer biology research indicate that prognostic power arises from genes expressed by stromal cells rather than epithelial cells, desmoplastic reaction (DR) has not been completely examined as a prognostic marker for colorectal cancer. A pathologic review of 821 stage II and III patients who underwent R0 resection for colorectal cancer at 4 independent institutions was conducted. DR was classified as mature, intermediate, or immature based on the existence of hyalinized keloid-like collagen and myxoid stroma at the extramural desmoplastic front. Totally, 325, 282, and 214 patients were classified as having mature, intermediate, and immature DR, respectively. DR significantly influenced the recurrence rate in the liver, lung, and peritoneum (P≤0.0001 to 0.01). Five-year relapse-free survival (RFS) rate was the highest in the mature group (85.7%), followed by the intermediate (77.3%) and immature (50.4%) groups. A significant adverse impact of immature stroma on RFS was observed in subset analyses of the 4 institutions. Multivariate analysis revealed that DR, along with T and N stages, is an independent prognostic factor. On the basis of Harrell's concordance index, the prognostic power of DR categorization (0.67) in stratifying RFS was greater than any other conventional prognostic factors, including TNM (0.64), N (0.62) and T stages (0.59), venous invasion (0.59), and tumor grade (0.54). Characterizing DR based on the histologic products of activated fibroblasts is valuable for evaluating prognostic outcomes. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting a greater prognostic power of histology of the fibrotic stroma than that of tumor factors.
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Parvani JG, Jackson MW. Silencing the roadblocks to effective triple-negative breast cancer treatments by siRNA nanoparticles. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:R81-R97. [PMID: 28148541 PMCID: PMC5471497 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, RNA interference (RNAi) has been ubiquitously utilized to study biological function in vitro; however, limitations were associated with its utility in vivo More recently, small interfering RNA (siRNA) nanoparticles with improved biocompatibility have gained prevalence as a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of various diseases. The adaptability of siRNA nanoparticles enables the delivery of virtually any siRNA, which is especially advantageous for therapeutic applications in heterogeneous diseases that lack unifying molecular features, such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). TNBC is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer that is stratified by the lack of estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor expression and HER2 amplification. There are currently no FDA-approved targeted therapies for the treatment of TNBCs, making cytotoxic chemotherapy the only treatment option available to these patients. In this review, we outline the current status of siRNA nanoparticles in clinical trials for cancer treatment and discuss the promising preclinical approaches that have utilized siRNA nanoparticles for TNBC treatment. Next, we address TNBC subtype-specific therapeutic interventions and highlight where and how siRNA nanoparticles fit into these strategies. Lastly, we point out ongoing challenges in the field of siRNA nanoparticle research that, if addressed, would significantly improve the efficacy of siRNA nanoparticles as a therapeutic option for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny G Parvani
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer CenterCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark W Jackson
- Case Comprehensive Cancer CenterCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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12
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Trembley JH, Kren BT, Abedin MJ, Vogel RI, Cannon CM, Unger GM, Ahmed K. CK2 Molecular Targeting-Tumor Cell-Specific Delivery of RNAi in Various Models of Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:E25. [PMID: 28230733 PMCID: PMC5374429 DOI: 10.3390/ph10010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 demonstrates increased protein expression relative to non-transformed cells in the majority of cancers that have been examined. The elevated levels of CK2 are involved in promoting not only continued proliferation of cancer cells but also their resistance to cell death; thus, CK2 has emerged as a plausible target for cancer therapy. Our focus has been to target CK2 catalytic subunits at the molecular level using RNA interference (RNAi) strategies to achieve their downregulation. The delivery of oligonucleotide therapeutic agents warrants that they are protected and are delivered specifically to cancer cells. The latter is particularly important since CK2 is a ubiquitous signal that is essential for survival. To achieve these goals, we have developed a nanocapsule that has the properties of delivering an anti-CK2 RNAi therapeutic cargo, in a protected manner, specifically to cancer cells. Tenfibgen (TBG) is used as the ligand to target tenascin-C receptors, which are elevated in cancer cells. This strategy is effective for inhibiting growth and inducing death in several types of xenograft tumors, and the nanocapsule elicits no safety concerns in animals. Further investigation of this therapeutic approach for its translation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeen H Trembley
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Betsy T Kren
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Md Joynal Abedin
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Rachel I Vogel
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Claire M Cannon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | | | - Khalil Ahmed
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Abstract
Extracellular matrix proteins of the tenascin family resemble each other in their domain structure, and also share functions in modulating cell adhesion and cellular responses to growth factors. Despite these common features, the 4 vertebrate tenascins exhibit vastly different expression patterns. Tenascin-R is specific to the central nervous system. Tenascin-C is an “oncofetal” protein controlled by many stimuli (growth factors, cytokines, mechanical stress), but with restricted occurrence in space and time. In contrast, tenascin-X is a constituitive component of connective tissues, and its level is barely affected by external factors. Finally, the expression of tenascin-W is similar to that of tenascin-C but even more limited. In accordance with their highly regulated expression, the promoters of the tenascin-C and -W genes contain TATA boxes, whereas those of the other 2 tenascins do not. This article summarizes what is currently known about the complex transcriptional regulation of the 4 tenascin genes in development and disease.
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Key Words
- AKT, v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog
- ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase
- AP-1, activator protein-1
- ATF, activating transcription factor
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- CBP, CREB binding protein
- CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein
- CREB-RP, CREB-related protein
- CYP21A2, cytochrome P450 family 21 subfamily A polypeptide 2
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- EBS, Ets binding site
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
- ETS, E26 transformation-specific
- EWS-ETS, Ewing sarcoma-Ets fusion protein
- Evx1, even skipped homeobox 1
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- HBS, homeodomain binding sequence
- IL, interleukin
- ILK, integrin-linked kinase
- JAK, Janus kinase
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- MHCIII, major histocompatibility complex class III
- MKL1, megakaryoblastic leukemia-1
- NFκB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NGF, nerve growth factor; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T-cells
- OTX2, orthodenticle homolog 2
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- POU3F2, POU domain class 3 transcription factor 2
- PRRX1, paired-related homeobox 1
- RBPJk, recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless
- ROCK, Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase
- RhoA, ras homolog gene family member A
- SAP, SAF-A/B, Acinus, and PIAS
- SCX, scleraxix
- SEAP, secreted alkaline phosphatase
- SMAD, small body size - mothers against decapentaplegic
- SOX4, sex determining region Y-box 4
- SRE, serum response element
- SRF, serum response factor
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TNC, tenascin-C
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TNR, tenascin-R
- TNW, tenascin-W
- TNX, tenascin-X
- TSS, transcription start site
- UTR, untranslated region
- WNT, wingless-related integration site
- cancer
- cytokine
- development
- extracellular matrix
- gene promoter
- gene regulation
- glucocorticoid
- growth factor
- homeobox gene
- matricellular
- mechanical stress
- miR, micro RNA
- p38 MAPK, p38 mitogen activated protein kinase
- tenascin
- transcription factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Chiovaro
- a Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research ; Basel , Switzerland
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14
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Abstract
Tenascin-C is a large, multimodular, extracellular matrix glycoprotein that exhibits a very restricted pattern of expression but an enormously diverse range of functions. Here, we discuss the importance of deciphering the expression pattern of, and effects mediated by, different forms of this molecule in order to fully understand tenascin-C biology. We focus on both post transcriptional and post translational events such as splicing, glycosylation, assembly into a 3D matrix and proteolytic cleavage, highlighting how these modifications are key to defining tenascin-C function.
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Key Words
- AD1/AD2, additional domain 1/ additional domain 2
- ADAMTS, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs
- ASMCs, aortic smooth muscle cells
- BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor
- BHKs, baby hamster kidney cells
- BMP, bone morphogenetic protein
- CA19–9, carbohydrate antigen 19–9
- CALEB, chicken acidic leucine-rich EGF-like domain containing brain protein
- CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen
- CNS, central nervous system
- CRC, colorectal carcinomas
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- DCIS, ductal carcinoma in-situ
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EDA-FN, extra domain A containing fibronectin
- EDB-FN, extra domain B containing fibronectin
- EGF-L, epidermal growth factor-like
- EGF-R, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ELISPOT, enzyme-linked immunospot assay
- FBG, fibrinogen-like globe
- FGF2, fibroblast growth factor 2
- FGF4, fibroblast growth factor 4
- FN, fibronectin
- FNIII, fibronectin type III-like repeat
- GMEM, glioma-mesenchymal extracellular matrix antigen
- GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- HB-EGF, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor
- HCEs, immortalized human corneal epithelial cell line
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HNK-1, human natural killer-1
- HSPGs, heparan sulfate proteoglycans
- HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- ICC, immunocytochemistry
- IF, immunofluorescence
- IFNγ, interferon gamma
- IGF, insulin-like growth factor
- IGF-BP, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- IL, interleukin
- ISH, in situ hybridization
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- MPNSTs, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors
- Mr, molecular mass
- NB, northern blot
- NF-kB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NK, natural killer cells
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung carcinoma
- NSCs, neural stem cells
- NT, neurotrophin
- PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PDGF, platelet derived growth factor
- PDGF-Rβ, platelet derived growth factor receptor β
- PIGF, phosphatidylinositol-glycan biosynthesis class F protein
- PLCγ, phospholipase-C gamma
- PNS, peripheral nervous system
- PTPRζ1, receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase zeta
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- RCC, renal cell carcinoma
- RD, rhabdomyosarcoma
- RGD, arginylglycylaspartic acid
- RT-PCR, real-time polymerase chain reaction
- SB, Southern blot
- SCC, squamous cell carcinoma
- SMCs, smooth muscle cells
- SVZ, sub-ventricular zone
- TA, tenascin assembly domain
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases
- TLR4, toll-like receptor 4
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- TSS, transcription start site
- UBC, urothelial bladder cancer
- UCC, urothelial cell carcinoma
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VSMCs, vascular smooth muscle cells
- VZ, ventricular zone
- WB, immunoblot/ western blot
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- biosynthesis
- c, charged
- cancer
- ccRCC, clear cell renal cell carcinoma
- chRCC, chromophobe-primary renal cell carcinoma
- development
- glycosylation
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- matrix assembly
- mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK
- pHo, extracellular pH
- pRCC, papillary renal cell carcinoma
- proteolytic cleavage
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
- splicing
- tenascin-C
- therapeutics
- transcription
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Giblin
- a Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics; Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences ; Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology; University of Oxford ; Oxford , UK
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15
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Neri S, Hashimoto H, Kii H, Watanabe H, Masutomi K, Kuwata T, Date H, Tsuboi M, Goto K, Ochiai A, Ishii G. Cancer cell invasion driven by extracellular matrix remodeling is dependent on the properties of cancer-associated fibroblasts. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 142:437-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-2046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Kren BT, Unger GM, Abedin MJ, Vogel RI, Henzler CM, Ahmed K, Trembley JH. Preclinical evaluation of cyclin dependent kinase 11 and casein kinase 2 survival kinases as RNA interference targets for triple negative breast cancer therapy. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:19. [PMID: 25837326 PMCID: PMC4344788 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Targeted therapies for aggressive breast cancers like triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) are needed. The use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to disable expression of survival genes provides a tool for killing these cancer cells. Cyclin dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) is a survival protein kinase that regulates RNA transcription, splicing and mitosis. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a survival protein kinase that suppresses cancer cell death. Eliminating the expression of these genes has potential therapeutic utility for breast cancer. Methods Expression levels of CDK11 and CK2 mRNAs and associated proteins were examined in breast cancer cell lines and tissue arrays. RNA expression levels of CDC2L1, CDC2L2, CCNL1, CCNL2, CSNK2A1, CSNK2A2, and CSNK2B genes in breast cancer subtypes were analyzed. Effects following transfection of siRNAs against CDK11 and CK2 in cultured cells were examined by viability and clonal survival assays and by RNA and protein measures. Uptake of tenfibgen (TBG) nanocapsules by TNBC cells was analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. TBG nanocapsules delivered siRNAs targeting CDK11 or CK2 in mice carrying TNBC xenograft tumors. Transcript cleavage and response parameters were evaluated. Results We found strong CDK11 and CK2 mRNA and protein expression in most human breast cancer cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of TNBC patient tissues showed 100% of tumors stained positive for CDK11 with high nuclear intensity compared to normal tissue. The Cancer Genome Atlas analysis comparing basal to other breast cancer subtypes and to normal breast revealed statistically significant differences. Down-regulation of CDK11 and/or CK2 in breast cancer cells caused significant loss of cell viability and clonal survival, reduced relevant mRNA and protein expression, and induced cell death changes. TBG nanocapsules were taken up by TNBC cells both in culture and in xenograft tumors. Treatment with TBG- siRNA to CDK11 or TBG- siRNA to CK2αα’ nanocapsules induced appropriate cleavage of CDK11 and CK2α transcripts in TNBC tumors, and caused MDA-MB-231 tumor reduction, loss of proliferation, and decreased expression of targeted genes. Conclusions CDK11 and CK2 expression are individually essential for breast cancer cell survival, including TNBC. These genes serve as promising new targets for therapeutic development in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy T Kren
- Research Service (151), Minneapolis VA Health Care System, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA ; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN USA ; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE Room 130, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA
| | | | - Md J Abedin
- Research Service (151), Minneapolis VA Health Care System, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA ; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Rachel I Vogel
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE Room 130, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA
| | - Christine M Henzler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN USA ; Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 117 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Khalil Ahmed
- Research Service (151), Minneapolis VA Health Care System, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA ; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN USA ; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE Room 130, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA ; Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Janeen H Trembley
- Research Service (151), Minneapolis VA Health Care System, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA ; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN USA ; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE Room 130, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA
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17
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Ueno H, Shinto E, Shimazaki H, Kajiwara Y, Sueyama T, Yamamoto J, Hase K. Histologic categorization of desmoplastic reaction: its relevance to the colorectal cancer microenvironment and prognosis. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 22:1504-12. [PMID: 25395146 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-4149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the essential roles of stromata in tumor development have been recognized, the morphologic classification of desmoplastic reaction (DR) in colorectal cancer (CRC) is unclear. METHODS In this study, DRs were histologically classified into three patterns based on the products of activated fibroblasts (i.e., keloid-like collagen and myxoid stroma). The prognostic impact of DRs was evaluated in two independent cohorts of stages 2 and 3 CRC patients: cohort 1 (880 patients) and cohort 2 (474 patients). The association of DR and the local environment was investigated immunohistochemically. RESULTS In cohort 1, mature DR was shown by 413 patients, intermediate DR by 275 patients, and immature DR by 192 patients. Categorization of DR was significantly associated with tumor location, pT and pN stages, tumor differentiation, venous invasion, tumor budding, and Crohn's-like lymphoid reaction (P ≤ 0.0001-0.008). Immature DR was relevant to the high incidence of recurrence in the liver, lung, lymph nodes, peritoneum, and locoregional areas (P ≤ 0.0001-0.002). The 5-year disease-free survival rate was highest in the mature group (87 %), followed by the intermediate group (72 %) and the immature group (49 % (P < 0.0001). In the multivariate analysis, DR showed an impact on survival outcome independent of conventional prognostic factors, including pT and pN stages. These results were similarly observed in cohort 2. Immature DR was associated with normal MutL homologue 1 (MLH1)/MutS homologue 2 (MSH2) immunoreactivity, a smaller number of infiltrating CD8(+) T cells and tumor-associated macrophages, a decreased microvessel count, and positive expression of tenascin-C and fibronectin. CONCLUSION The proposed histologic DR categorization directly reflects tumor behavior in a modulating stromal environment and could provide valuable prognostic information for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ueno
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan,
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18
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Didem T, Faruk T, Senem K, Derya D, Murat S, Murat G, Oznur K. Clinical significance of serum tenascin-c levels in epithelial ovarian cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:6777-82. [PMID: 24722824 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1923-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TNC) is an extracellular matrix protein that is expressed at low levels in normal adult tissue but is highly expressed around many tumors including ovarian tumors. The objective of this study was to determine the clinical significance of the serum levels of TNC in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients. A total of 50 patients with a pathologically confirmed diagnosis of EOC were included in this study. Serum TNC levels were determined by the solid-phase sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Age- and sex- matched 28 healthy controls were included in the analysis. Median age of the patients was 56.5 years old, range 22 to 83 years. Majority of the patients had advanced disease (FIGO stage III-IV) (90 %). The median serum TNC levels were found significantly higher in EOC patients (130.5 pg/mL) compared to healthy controls (90.1 pg/mL) (p = 0.03). We found no correlation between serum TNC levels and any prognostic parameters analyzed, including age of the patients, histology, tumor grade, stage of the disease, and response to chemotherapy. Survival analysis did not show statistically significant effect of serum TNC concentration on progression-free and overall survival (p = 0.36 and p = 0.19, respectively). However, patients with high serum TNC levels tend to have poor overall survival. In conclusion, although serum TNC levels are elevated, it has no predictive or prognostic roles on survival in EOC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tastekin Didem
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Capa, 34390, Istanbul, Turkey,
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19
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Tastekin D, Tas F, Karabulut S, Duranyildiz D, Serilmez M, Guveli M, Vatansever S. Clinical significance of serum tenascin-C levels in breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:6619-25. [PMID: 24696262 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1875-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TNC) is a key molecule in tissue remodeling, and high levels are observed in many diseases, including heart failure, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and cancer. High TNC expression by immunohistochemical analysis has been shown in invasive and metastasizing tissues from a variety of cancers, including colon, lung, brain, and breast. This study was conducted to investigate the serum level of TNC in breast cancer patients and its relationship with tumor progression and known prognostic parameters. Ninety-six breast cancer patients were enrolled into the study. Serum samples were obtained on first admission before adjuvant and metastatic treatments were given and at follow-up. Serum TNC levels were determined by the solid-phase sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Median age of diagnosis was 48 years old (range, 29-80). Thirty-seven (39 %) patients had metastatic breast cancer. The mean TNC levels were found to be significantly higher in patients with breast cancer (344.1 ± 42.4 pg/mL) compared to those in healthy controls (137.2 ± 26.8 pg/mL) (p = 0.005). Serum TNC level in grade 3 tumors was found to be significantly higher than in grades 1-2 tumors (p = 0.04). No correlation was detected between serum TNC levels and other prognostic parameters analyzed, including presence of metastasis, lymph node involvement, and tumor size. Serum TNC level had no significantly adverse effect on survival in univariate and multivariate analyses (p = 0.65 and p = 0.85, respectively). In conclusion, although serum TNC levels are elevated, it has no predictive or prognostic roles on survival in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tastekin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Capa, 34390, Istanbul, Turkey,
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Kalender Atak Z, Gianfelici V, Hulselmans G, De Keersmaecker K, Devasia AG, Geerdens E, Mentens N, Chiaretti S, Durinck K, Uyttebroeck A, Vandenberghe P, Wlodarska I, Cloos J, Foà R, Speleman F, Cools J, Aerts S. Comprehensive analysis of transcriptome variation uncovers known and novel driver events in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003997. [PMID: 24367274 PMCID: PMC3868543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-seq is a promising technology to re-sequence protein coding genes for the identification of single nucleotide variants (SNV), while simultaneously obtaining information on structural variations and gene expression perturbations. We asked whether RNA-seq is suitable for the detection of driver mutations in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). These leukemias are caused by a combination of gene fusions, over-expression of transcription factors and cooperative point mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. We analyzed 31 T-ALL patient samples and 18 T-ALL cell lines by high-coverage paired-end RNA-seq. First, we optimized the detection of SNVs in RNA-seq data by comparing the results with exome re-sequencing data. We identified known driver genes with recurrent protein altering variations, as well as several new candidates including H3F3A, PTK2B, and STAT5B. Next, we determined accurate gene expression levels from the RNA-seq data through normalizations and batch effect removal, and used these to classify patients into T-ALL subtypes. Finally, we detected gene fusions, of which several can explain the over-expression of key driver genes such as TLX1, PLAG1, LMO1, or NKX2-1; and others result in novel fusion transcripts encoding activated kinases (SSBP2-FER and TPM3-JAK2) or involving MLLT10. In conclusion, we present novel analysis pipelines for variant calling, variant filtering, and expression normalization on RNA-seq data, and successfully applied these for the detection of translocations, point mutations, INDELs, exon-skipping events, and expression perturbations in T-ALL. The quest for somatic mutations underlying oncogenic processes is a central theme in today's cancer research. High-throughput genomics approaches including amplicon re-sequencing, exome re-sequencing, full genome re-sequencing, and SNP arrays have contributed to cataloguing driver genes across cancer types. Thus far transcriptome sequencing by RNA-seq has been mainly used for the detection of fusion genes, while few studies have assessed its value for the combined detection of SNPs, INDELs, fusions, gene expression changes, and alternative transcript events. Here we apply RNA-seq to 49 T-ALL samples and perform a critical assessment of the bioinformatics pipelines and filters to identify each type of aberration. By comparing to exome re-sequencing, and by exploiting the catalogues of known cancer drivers, we identified many known and several novel driver genes in T-ALL. We also determined an optimal normalization strategy to obtain accurate gene expression levels and used these to identify over-expressed transcription factors that characterize different T-ALL subtypes. Finally, by PCR, cloning, and in vitro cellular assays we uncover new fusion genes that have consequences at the level of gene expression, oncogenic chimaeras, and tumor suppressor inactivation. In conclusion, we present the first RNA-seq data set across T-ALL patients and identify new driver events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Kalender Atak
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valentina Gianfelici
- Laboratory for the Molecular Biology of Leukemia, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven and Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gert Hulselmans
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim De Keersmaecker
- Laboratory for the Molecular Biology of Leukemia, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven and Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arun George Devasia
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for the Molecular Biology of Leukemia, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven and Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Geerdens
- Laboratory for the Molecular Biology of Leukemia, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven and Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicole Mentens
- Laboratory for the Molecular Biology of Leukemia, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven and Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sabina Chiaretti
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Kaat Durinck
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne Uyttebroeck
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for the Molecular Biology of Leukemia, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven and Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Iwona Wlodarska
- Laboratory for the Molecular Biology of Leukemia, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven and Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jacqueline Cloos
- Pediatric Oncology/Hematology and Hematology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Foà
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Frank Speleman
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Cools
- Laboratory for the Molecular Biology of Leukemia, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven and Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail: (JC); (SA)
| | - Stein Aerts
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail: (JC); (SA)
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Eswaran J, Horvath A, Godbole S, Reddy SD, Mudvari P, Ohshiro K, Cyanam D, Nair S, Fuqua SAW, Polyak K, Florea LD, Kumar R. RNA sequencing of cancer reveals novel splicing alterations. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1689. [PMID: 23604310 PMCID: PMC3631769 DOI: 10.1038/srep01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer transcriptome acquires a myriad of regulation changes, and splicing is critical for the cell to “tailor-make” specific functional transcripts. We systematically revealed splicing signatures of the three most common types of breast tumors using RNA sequencing: TNBC, non-TNBC and HER2-positive breast cancer. We discovered subtype specific differentially spliced genes and splice isoforms not previously recognized in human transcriptome. Further, we showed that exon skip and intron retention are predominant splice events in breast cancer. In addition, we found that differential expression of primary transcripts and promoter switching are significantly deregulated in breast cancer compared to normal breast. We validated the presence of novel hybrid isoforms of critical molecules like CDK4, LARP1, ADD3, and PHLPP2. Our study provides the first comprehensive portrait of transcriptional and splicing signatures specific to breast cancer sub-types, as well as previously unknown transcripts that prompt the need for complete annotation of tissue and disease specific transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyanthy Eswaran
- McCormick Genomic and Proteomics Center, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20037, USA
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Brösicke N, van Landeghem FKH, Scheffler B, Faissner A. Tenascin-C is expressed by human glioma in vivo and shows a strong association with tumor blood vessels. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:409-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Jiang BJ, Wang J, Yu JW. Microenvironment for cancer stem cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:553-558. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i7.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells and their metastatic niche are one of hot topics for tumor study. This review introduces the definition of microenvironment (niche) for cancer stem cells, related cells and factors, characteristics and regulation of niche, premetastatic niche and tissue components. The research progress in this field can provide some clues to the metastatic mechanism of tumors and the development and improvement of chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Curran CS, Keely PJ. Breast tumor and stromal cell responses to TGF-β and hypoxia in matrix deposition. Matrix Biol 2012; 32:95-105. [PMID: 23262216 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The components that comprise the extracellular matrix (ECM) are integral to normal tissue homeostasis as well as the development and progression of breast tumors. The secretion, construction, and remodeling of the ECM are each regulated by a complex interplay between tumor cells, fibroblasts and macrophages. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is an essential molecule in regulating the cellular production of ECM molecules and the adhesive interactions of cells with the ECM. Additionally, hypoxic cell signals, initiated by oxygen deprivation, additional metabolic factors or receptor activation, are associated with ECM formation and the progression of breast cancer. Both TGF-β and hypoxic cell signals are implicated in the functional and morphological changes of cancer-associated-fibroblasts and tumor-associated-macrophages. Moreover, the enhanced recruitment of tumor and stromal cells in response to hypoxia-induced chemokines leads to increased ECM deposition and remodeling, increased blood vessel formation, and enhanced tumor migration. Thus, elucidation of the collaborative networks between tumor and stromal cells in response to the combined signals of TGF-β and hypoxia may yield insight into treatment parameters that target both tumor and stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S Curran
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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25
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Comparability of differential proteomics data generated from paired archival fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed samples by GeLC-MS/MS and spectral counting. J Proteomics 2012; 77:561-76. [PMID: 23043969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a Veterinary Department repository composed by paired formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) and fresh-frozen (FrFr) sets of the same tissues, routinely archived in the typical conditions of a clinical setting, was exploited to perform a comparative evaluation of the results generated by GeLC-MS/MS (1-DE followed by in-gel digestion and LC-MS/MS) and spectral counting with the two types of archival samples. Therefore, two parallel differential proteomic studies were performed using 3 canine mammary carcinomas and 3 normal controls in a paired fashion (6 FrFr and 6 FFPE in total). As a result, the FrFr and FFPE differential proteomic datasets exhibited fair consistency in differential expression trends, according to protein molecular function, cellular localization, networks, and pathways. However, FFPE samples were globally slightly less informative, especially concerning the high-MW subproteome. As a further investigation, new insights into the molecular aspects of protein fixation and retrieval were obtained. In conclusion, archival FFPE samples can be reliably used for differential proteomics studies employing a spectral counting GeLC-MS/MS approach, although some typical biases need to be taken into account, and FrFr specimens (when available) should still be considered as the gold standard for clinical proteomics.
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Early detection of lung cancer by molecular markers in endobronchial epithelial-lining fluid. J Thorac Oncol 2012; 7:1001-8. [PMID: 22588153 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e31824fe921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early detection of malignancies in the lung by less-invasive methods aims at achieving efficient intervention and subsequently a reduction of the high mortality rate. We investigated whether biomarker analysis in endobronchial epithelial-lining fluid (ELF) collected by bronchoscopic microsampling (BMS) may be useful for a definitive preoperative diagnosis. METHODS ELF was collected from subsegmental bronchi close to the indeterminate pulmonary nodule, which was detected by computed tomography, and from the contralateral lung. Diagnosis was confirmed by transbronchial biopsy or surgery. The study includes 142 ELF samples from 51 non-small-cell lung cancer patients and 20 benign cases. Microarray analysis was done with a patient subset (n = 15) to narrow down genes associated with a malignant phenotype. Thirteen potential biomarkers have been further analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerases chain reaction in an independent patient cohort (n = 56). RESULTS All patients underwent BMS without complications. Gene-expression analyses by microarrays and quantitative real-time polymerases chain reaction could be reliably applied to ELF samples, and resulted in potential biomarkers for malignant pulmonary nodules. Four genes (tenascin-C, [C-X-C motif] ligand 14, S100 calcium binding protein A9, and keratin 17) were found to be upregulated in ELF of non-small-cell lung cancer patients with adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma. Combined analysis of tenascin-C expression and the nodule size improved the prediction of malignancy in this patient cohort. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the analysis of specific biomarkers in ELF collected by BMS could be a potentially useful adjunct to other diagnostic techniques aiming at the preoperative diagnosis of malignant pulmonary nodules.
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27
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Brellier F, Martina E, Degen M, Heuzé-Vourc'h N, Petit A, Kryza T, Courty Y, Terracciano L, Ruiz C, Chiquet-Ehrismann R. Tenascin-W is a better cancer biomarker than tenascin-C for most human solid tumors. BMC Clin Pathol 2012; 12:14. [PMID: 22947174 PMCID: PMC3444373 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-12-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tenascins are large glycoproteins found in the extracellular matrix of many embryonic and adult tissues. Tenascin-C is a well-studied biomarker known for its high overexpression in the stroma of most solid cancers. Tenascin-W, the least studied member of the family, is highly expressed in the stroma of colon and breast tumors and in gliomas, but not in the corresponding normal tissues. Other solid tumors have not been analyzed. The present study was undertaken to determine whether tenascin-W could serve as a cancer-specific extracellular matrix protein in a broad range of solid tumors. Methods We analyzed the expression of tenascin-W and tenascin-C by immunoblotting and by immunohistochemistry on multiple frozen tissue microarrays of carcinomas of the pancreas, kidney and lung as well as melanomas and compared them to healthy tissues. Results From all healthy adult organs tested, only liver and spleen showed detectable levels of tenascin-W, suggesting that tenascin-W is absent from most human adult organs under normal, non-pathological conditions. In contrast, tenascin-W was detectable in the majority of melanomas and their metastases, as well as in pancreas, kidney, and lung carcinomas. Comparing lung tumor samples and matching control tissues for each patient revealed a clear overexpression of tenascin-W in tumor tissues. Although the number of samples examined is too small to draw statistically significant conclusions, there seems to be a tendency for increased tenascin-W expression in higher grade tumors. Interestingly, in most tumor types, tenascin-W is also expressed in close proximity to blood vessels, as shown by CD31 co-staining of the samples. Conclusions The present study extends the tumor biomarker potential of tenascin-W to a broad range of solid tumors and shows its accessibility from the blood stream for potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Brellier
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Martina
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Basel, Switzerland.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Present address: Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin Degen
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Basel, Switzerland.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Present address: Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathalie Heuzé-Vourc'h
- Université François Rabelais, EA 6305, F-37032, Tours, France.,Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100/EA6305, F-37032, Tours, France
| | - Agnès Petit
- Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100/EA6305, F-37032, Tours, France
| | - Thomas Kryza
- Université François Rabelais, EA 6305, F-37032, Tours, France.,Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100/EA6305, F-37032, Tours, France
| | - Yves Courty
- Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100/EA6305, F-37032, Tours, France
| | - Luigi Terracciano
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Ruiz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Chiquet-Ehrismann
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Basel, Switzerland.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Stromal biomarkers in breast cancer development and progression. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 29:663-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9499-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Conklin MW, Keely PJ. Why the stroma matters in breast cancer: insights into breast cancer patient outcomes through the examination of stromal biomarkers. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 6:249-60. [PMID: 22568982 PMCID: PMC3427239 DOI: 10.4161/cam.20567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival and recurrence rates in breast cancer are variable for common diagnoses, and therefore the biological underpinnings of the disease that determine those outcomes are yet to be fully understood. As a result, translational medicine is one of the fastest growing arenas of study in tumor biology. With advancements in genetic and imaging techniques, archived biopsies can be examined for purposes other than diagnosis. There is a great deal of evidence that points to the stroma as the major regulator of tumor progression following the initial stages of tumor formation, and the stroma may also contribute to risk factors determining tumor formation. Therefore, aspects of stromal biology are well-suited to be a focus for studies of patient outcome, where statistical differences in survival among patients provide evidence as to whether that stromal component is a signpost for tumor progression. In this review we summarize the latest research done where breast cancer patient survival was correlated with aspects of stromal biology, which have been put into four categories: reorganization of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to promote invasion, changes in the expression of stromal cell types, changes in stromal gene expression, and changes in cell biology signaling cascades to and from the stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Conklin
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, the Laboratory for Cell and Molecular Biology, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation (LOCI), UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Correa de Sampaio P, Auslaender D, Krubasik D, Failla AV, Skepper JN, Murphy G, English WR. A heterogeneous in vitro three dimensional model of tumour-stroma interactions regulating sprouting angiogenesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30753. [PMID: 22363483 PMCID: PMC3282728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is an essential process for tumour progression and is an area of significant therapeutic interest. Different in vitro systems and more complex in vivo systems have been described for the study of tumour angiogenesis. However, there are few human 3D in vitro systems described to date which mimic the cellular heterogeneity and complexity of angiogenesis within the tumour microenvironment. In this study we describe the Minitumour model--a 3 dimensional human spheroid-based system consisting of endothelial cells and fibroblasts in co-culture with the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, for the study of tumour angiogenesis in vitro. After implantation in collagen-I gels, Minitumour spheroids form quantifiable endothelial capillary-like structures. The endothelial cell pre-capillary sprouts are supported by the fibroblasts, which act as mural cells, and their growth is increased by the presence of cancer cells. Characterisation of the Minitumour model using small molecule inhibitors and inhibitory antibodies show that endothelial sprout formation is dependent on growth factors and cytokines known to be important for tumour angiogenesis. The model also shows a response to anti-angiogenic agents similar to previously described in vivo data. We demonstrate that independent manipulation of the different cell types is possible, using common molecular techniques, before incorporation into the model. This aspect of Minitumour spheroid analysis makes this model ideal for high content studies of gene function in individual cell types, allowing for the dissection of their roles in cell-cell interactions. Finally, using this technique, we were able to show the requirement of the metalloproteinase MT1-MMP in endothelial cells and fibroblasts, but not cancer cells, for sprouting angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Correa de Sampaio
- University of Cambridge, Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Auslaender
- University of Cambridge, Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Davia Krubasik
- University of Cambridge, Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Virgilio Failla
- Microscopy Unit, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy N. Skepper
- University of Cambridge Multi-Imaging Centre, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Site, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Murphy
- University of Cambridge, Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - William R. English
- University of Cambridge, Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Burgess JK, Weckmann M. Matrikines and the lungs. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 134:317-37. [PMID: 22366287 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is a complex network of fibrous and nonfibrous molecules that not only provide structure to the lung but also interact with and regulate the behaviour of the cells which it surrounds. Recently it has been recognised that components of the extracellular matrix proteins are released, often through the action of endogenous proteases, and these fragments are termed matrikines. Matrikines have biological activities, independent of their role within the extracellular matrix structure, which may play important roles in the lung in health and disease pathology. Integrins are the primary cell surface receptors, characterised to date, which are used by the matrikines to exert their effects on cells. However, evidence is emerging for the need for co-factors and other receptors for the matrikines to exert their effects on cells. The potential for matrikines, and peptides derived from these extracellular matrix protein fragments, as therapeutic agents has recently been recognised. The natural role of these matrikines (including inhibitors of angiogenesis and possibly inflammation) make them ideal targets to mimic as therapies. A number of these peptides have been taken forward into clinical trials. The focus of this review will be to summarise our current understanding of the role, and potential for highly relevant actions, of matrikines in lung health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette K Burgess
- Cell Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Palmer TD, Ashby WJ, Lewis JD, Zijlstra A. Targeting tumor cell motility to prevent metastasis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:568-81. [PMID: 21664937 PMCID: PMC3132821 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mortality and morbidity in patients with solid tumors invariably result from the disruption of normal biological function caused by disseminating tumor cells. Tumor cell migration is under intense investigation as the underlying cause of cancer metastasis. The need for tumor cell motility in the progression of metastasis has been established experimentally and is supported empirically by basic and clinical research implicating a large collection of migration-related genes. However, there are few clinical interventions designed to specifically target the motility of tumor cells and adjuvant therapy to specifically prevent cancer cell dissemination is severely limited. In an attempt to define motility targets suitable for treating metastasis, we have parsed the molecular determinants of tumor cell motility into five underlying principles including cell autonomous ability, soluble communication, cell-cell adhesion, cell-matrix adhesion, and integrating these determinants of migration on molecular scaffolds. The current challenge is to implement meaningful and sustainable inhibition of metastasis by developing clinically viable disruption of molecular targets that control these fundamental capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trenis D. Palmer
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University, C2104A Medical Center North 1161 21 Ave. S., Nashville TN, 37232
| | - William J. Ashby
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University, C2104A Medical Center North 1161 21 Ave. S., Nashville TN, 37232
| | - John D. Lewis
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Science Centre, A4-823 790 Commissioners Rd E London ON, N6A 4L6
| | - Andries Zijlstra
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University, C2104A Medical Center North 1161 21 Ave. S., Nashville TN, 37232
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Gecks T, Junker K, Franz M, Richter P, Walther M, Voigt A, Neri D, Kosmehl H, Wunderlich H, Kiehntopf M, Berndt A. B domain containing Tenascin-C: a new urine marker for surveillance of patients with urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder? Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:1931-6. [PMID: 21763295 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ECM remodelling during tumorigenesis entails the re-occurrence of different Tn-C(L) splicing variants. In patients with urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder (UBC), B and C domain containing Tenascin-C (B(+) and C(+) Tn-C) urine levels were shown to be increased in case of muscle invasiveness. Thus, the present study was aimed at examining the ability of B(+) and C(+) Tn-C as potential urinary surveillance markers of UBC patients. METHODS Urine levels of B(+) and C(+) Tn-C were determined by ELISA in 35 UBC patients during a 2 year follow-up period after therapy and related to clinical diagnosis and histological stage in 4 defined groups representing typical courses of disease. RESULTS B(+) Tn-C levels showed significant differences between cases of tumour progression or regression. The urine levels of B(+) Tn-C could be used to discriminate between cases without tumour recurrence and such with tumour existence (cut-off value: 0.8 ng/ml) or between non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive tumour growth (cut-off value: 3.5 ng/ml). CONCLUSIONS Progression of UBC with time is accompanied by significant changes in urinary levels of B(+) Tn-C. Urinary B(+) Tn-C can therefore be suggested as a valuable urine surveillance marker in UBC follow-up care.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gecks
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Jena, Germany
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