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Yu X, Xia M, Li Y, Chen G, Yu C, Chen Q, Peng Q. Cationic liposomes as a drug-free system for efficient anticancer therapy by intracytoplasmic delivery of sodium bicarbonate. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 240:113984. [PMID: 38795588 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Developing the delivery systems with high therapeutic efficacy and low side effects is of great interest and significance for anticancer therapy. Compared to the high cost in synthesizing new chemotherapeutic drugs, exploring the anticancer potentials of existing chemicals is more convenient and efficient. Sodium bicarbonate (BC), a simple inorganic salt, has shown its tumor inhibition capacity via regulating the acidity of tumor microenvironment. However, the effects of intracytoplasmic BC on tumor growth and the potentials of BC to serve as an anticancer agent are still unknown. Herein, we developed a BC-loaded cationic liposome system (BC-CLP) to deliver BC into the cytosol of cancer cells. The in vitro studies showed that the BC-CLP containing 1% BC (w/v) had a size of 112.9 nm and a zeta potential of 19.1 mV, which reduced the viability of the model cancer cells (human oral squamous cell carcinoma HSC-3 cells) to 13.7%. In contrast, the neutral BC-LP caused less than 50% viability reduction. We further found that BC-CLP released BC directly into cytoplasm via membrane fusion pathway rather than endocytosis, leading to the remarkable increase of cytosolic pH, which may contribute to the anticancer effect of BC-CLP. Our findings indicate that BC-CLP is a potential system for high-efficiency cancer therapy without causing drug-related side effects or resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Mengying Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuanhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Geyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Chenhao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Srinivasan MK, Premnath BJ, Parimelazhagan R, Namasivayam N. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of the anticancer properties of pH-responsive carvacrol-zinc oxide quantum dots on breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4062. [PMID: 38807490 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Since most solid tumors have a low pH value, a pH-responsive drug delivery system may offer a broad method for tumor-targeting treatment. The present study is used to analyze the anticancer activity of carvacrol-zinc oxide quantum dots (CVC-ZnO QDs) against breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). CVC-ZnO QDs demonstrate pH responsive and are specifically released within the acidic pH tumor microenvironment. This property enables targeted drug delivery exclusively to cancer cells while minimizing the impact on normal cells. To the synthesized ZnO QDs, the CVC was loaded and then examined by X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray, and transmission electron microscopy. For up to 20 h, CVC release was examined in different pH-buffered solutions. The results showed that carvacrol release was stable in an acidic pH solution. Further, cytotoxicity assay, antioxidant, and lipid peroxidation activity, reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential, nuclear damage, and the ability of CVC-ZnO QDs to cause apoptosis were all examined. Apoptosis markers such as Bcl2, Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9, were also studied. In conclusion, the CVC-ZnO QDs destabilized the MDA-MB-231cells under its acidic tumor microenvironment and regulated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Srinivasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India
| | - Briska Jifrina Premnath
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India
| | - Ramya Parimelazhagan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences (SLIMS), Puducherry, India
| | - Nalini Namasivayam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India
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3
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Liu F, Zhu C, Wang Y, Zhang Y. Nitrogen and Chlorine Co-doped Carbon Dots as a Highly Selective and Sensitive Fluorescent Probe for Sensing of PH, Tetracycline Detection and Cell Imaging. J Fluoresc 2024; 34:1183-1192. [PMID: 37498365 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots have been widely focused on the field of sensing and detection due to their excellent optical property. Herein, novel orange fluorescent nitrogen and chlorine co-doped carbon dots (N,Cl-CDs) are obtained by one-pot hydrothermal method using o-phenylenediamine and neutral red. Based on the inner filter effect, the prepared N,Cl-CDs can be innovatively developed as an effective "signal-off" multifunctional sensing platform for sensitive determination of tetracycline. The proposed sensor was utilized to realize the determination of tetracycline in Rirver water samples/milk samples (λex = 390 nm, λem = 606 nm) with satisfactory recoveries and relative standard deviations. The linear range of are 0.05 to 45 μM and 45 to135 μM, and detection limit is 3.9 nM (3σ/m). Meanwhile, the luminescent intensity of N,Cl-CDs was reduced gradually when pH changed continuously from 12 to 2, showing a pH-responsive fluorescence property with two linear ranges of pH 3-7 and pH 7-10. In addition, due to the characteristics of low toxicity and excellent biocompatibility, the N, Cl-CDs were also used in the imaging of oocystis cells, which is hopeful to realize the detection of tetracycline in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Modern Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Engineering Vocational College, Taiyuan, 030009, Shanxi, China
| | - Changjian Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Yingte Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China.
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4
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Needham D. Niclosamide: A career builder. J Control Release 2024; 369:786-856. [PMID: 37544514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
My contribution to honoring Professor Kinam Park celebrates and resonates with his scholarly career in drug delivery, his commitment to encouraging the next generation(s), and his efforts to keep us focused on clinically effective formulations. To do this I take as my example, niclosamide, a small molecule protonophore that, uniquely, can "target" all cell membranes, both plasma and organelle. As such, it acts upstream of many cell pathways and so has the potential to affect many of the essential events that a cell, and particularly a diseased cell or other entities like a virus, use to stay alive and prosper. Literature shows that it has so far been discovered to positively influence (at least): cancer, bacterial and viral infection, metabolic diseases such as Type II diabetes, NASH and NAFLD, artery constriction, endometriosis, neuropathic pain, rheumatoid arthritis, sclerodermatous graft-versus-host disease, systemic sclerosis, Parkinson's, and COPD. With such a fundamental action and broad-spectrum activity, I believe that studying niclosamide in all its manifestations, discovering if and to what extent it can contribute positively to disease control (and also where it can't), formulating it as effective therapeutics, and testing them in preclinical and clinical trials is a career builder for our next generation(s). The article is divided into two parts: Part I introduces niclosamide and other proton shunts mainly in cancer and viral infections and reviews an exponentially growing literature with some concepts and physicochemical properties that lead to its proton shunt mechanism. Part II focuses on repurposing by reformulation of niclosamide. I give two examples of "carrier-free formulations", - one for cancer (as a prodrug therapeutic of niclosamide stearate for i.v. and other administration routes, exemplified by our recent work on Osteosarcoma in mice and canine patients), and the other as a niclosamide solution formulation (that could provide the basis for a preventative nasal spray and early treatment option for COVID19 and other respiratory virus infections). My goal is to excite and enthuse, encourage, and motivate all involved in the drug development and testing process in academia, institutes, and industry, to learn more about this interesting molecule and others like it. To enable such endeavors, I give many proposed ideas throughout the document, that have been stimulated and inspired by gaps in the literature, urgent needs in disease, and new studies arising from our own work. The hope is that, by reading through this document and studying the suggested topics and references, the drug delivery and development community will continue our lineage and benefit from our legacy to achieve niclosamide's potential as an effective contributor to the treatment and control of many diseases and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Needham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Translational Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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5
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Chen P, Yang W, Mochida Y, Li S, Hong T, Kinoh H, Kataoka K, Cabral H. Selective Intracellular Delivery of Antibodies in Cancer Cells with Nanocarriers Sensing Endo/Lysosomal Enzymatic Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317817. [PMID: 38342757 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
The differential enzymatic activity in the endo/lysosomes of particular cells could trigger targeted endosomal escape functions, enabling selective intracellular protein delivery. However, this strategy may be jeopardized due to protein degradation during endosomal trafficking. Herein, using custom made fluorescent probes to assess the endosomal activity of cathepsin B (CTSB) and protein degradation, we found that certain cancer cells with hyperacidified endosomes grant a spatiotemporal window where CTSB activity surpass protein digestion. This inspired the engineering of antibody-loaded polymeric nanocarriers having CTSB-activatable endosomal escape ability. The nanocarriers selectively escaped from the endo/lysosomes in the cells with high endosomal CTSB activity and delivered active antibodies to intracellular targets. This study provides a viable strategy for cell-specific protein delivery using stimuli-responsive nanocarriers with controlled endosomal escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwen Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Wenqian Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuki Mochida
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
- Department of Advanced Nanomedical Engineering, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shangwei Li
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taehun Hong
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kinoh
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Horacio Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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Tang J, Lam GT, Brooks RD, Miles M, Useckaite Z, Johnson IR, Ung BSY, Martini C, Karageorgos L, Hickey SM, Selemidis S, Hopkins AM, Rowland A, Vather R, O'Leary JJ, Brooks DA, Caruso MC, Logan JM. Exploring the role of sporadic BRAF and KRAS mutations during colorectal cancer pathogenesis: A spotlight on the contribution of the endosome-lysosome system. Cancer Lett 2024; 585:216639. [PMID: 38290660 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The highly heterogenous nature of colorectal cancer can significantly hinder its early and accurate diagnosis, eventually contributing to high mortality rates. The adenoma-carcinoma sequence and serrated polyp-carcinoma sequence are the two most common sequences in sporadic colorectal cancer. Genetic alterations in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) and tumour protein 53 (TP53) genes are critical in adenoma-carcinoma sequence, whereas v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) and MutL Homolog1 (MLH1) are driving oncogenes in the serrated polyp-carcinoma sequence. Sporadic mutations in these genes contribute differently to colorectal cancer pathogenesis by introducing distinct alterations in several signalling pathways that rely on the endosome-lysosome system. Unsurprisingly, the endosome-lysosome system plays a pivotal role in the hallmarks of cancer and contributes to specialised colon function. Thus, the endosome-lysosome system might be distinctively influenced by different mutations and these alterations may contribute to the heterogenous nature of sporadic colorectal cancer. This review highlights potential connections between major sporadic colorectal cancer mutations and the diverse pathogenic mechanisms driven by the endosome-lysosome system in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Tang
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Giang T Lam
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert D Brooks
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark Miles
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Zivile Useckaite
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ian Rd Johnson
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ben S-Y Ung
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Carmela Martini
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Litsa Karageorgos
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shane M Hickey
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Ashley M Hopkins
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew Rowland
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ryash Vather
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John J O'Leary
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Douglas A Brooks
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Maria C Caruso
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jessica M Logan
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Rimon A, Amartely H, Padan E. The crossing of two unwound transmembrane regions that is the hallmark of the NhaA structural fold is critical for antiporter activity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5915. [PMID: 38467695 PMCID: PMC10928194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell pH and Na+ homeostasis requires Na+/H+ antiporters. The crystal structure of NhaA, the main Escherichia coli Na+/H+ antiporter, revealed a unique NhaA structural fold shared by prokaryotic and eukaryotic membrane proteins. Out of the 12 NhaA transmembrane segments (TMs), TMs III-V and X-XII are topologically inverted repeats with unwound TMs IV and XI forming the X shape characterizing the NhaA fold. We show that intramolecular cross-linking under oxidizing conditions of a NhaA mutant with two Cys replacements across the crossing (D133C-T340C) inhibits antiporter activity and impairs NhaA-dependent cell growth in high-salts. The affinity purified D133C-T340C protein binds Li+ (the Na+ surrogate substrate of NhaA) under reducing conditions. The cross-linking traps the antiporter in an outward-facing conformation, blocking the antiport cycle. As many secondary transporters are found to share the NhaA fold, including some involved in human diseases, our data have importance for both basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Rimon
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hadar Amartely
- Wolfson Center for Applied Structural Biology, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Etana Padan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel.
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel.
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8
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Munan S, Chang YT, Samanta A. Chronological development of functional fluorophores for bio-imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:501-521. [PMID: 38095135 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04895k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Functional fluorophores represent an emerging research field, distinguished by their diverse applications, especially in sensing and cellular imaging. After the discovery of quinine sulfate and subsequent elucidation of the fluorescence mechanism by Sir George Stokes, research in the field of fluorescence gained momentum. Over the past few decades, advancements in sophisticated instruments, including super-resolution microscopy, have further promoted cellular imaging using traditional fluorophores. These advancements include deciphering sensing mechanisms via photochemical reactions and scrutinizing the applications of fluorescent probes that specifically target organelles. This approach elucidates molecular interactions with biomolecules. Despite the abundance of literature illustrating different classes of probe development, a concise summary of newly developed fluorophores remains inadequate. In this review, we systematically summarize the chronological discovery of traditional fluorophores along with new fluorophores. We briefly discuss traditional fluorophores ranging from visible to near-infrared (NIR) in the context of cellular imaging and in vivo imaging. Furthermore, we explore ten new core fluorophores developed between 2007 and 2022, which exhibit advanced optical properties, providing new insights into bioimaging. We illustrate the utilization of new fluorophores in cellular imaging of biomolecules, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and proteins and microenvironments, especially pH and viscosity. Few of the fluorescent probes provided new insights into disease progression. Furthermore, we speculate on the potential prospects and significant challenges of existing fluorophores and their potential biomedical research applications. By addressing these aspects, we intend to illuminate the compelling advancements in fluorescent probe development and their potential influence across various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Munan
- Molecular Sensors and Therapeutics (MST) Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi NCR, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri 201314, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Animesh Samanta
- Molecular Sensors and Therapeutics (MST) Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi NCR, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri 201314, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Sim Y, Seong J, Lee S, Kim D, Choi E, Lah MS, Ryu JH. Metal-Organic Framework-Supported Catalase Delivery for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy via Hypoxia Mitigation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37883653 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia poses a significant challenge in photodynamic therapy (PDT), which uses molecular oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species upon light excitation of a photosensitizer. For hypoxia mitigation, an enzyme catalase (CAT) can be beneficially used to convert intracellular hydrogen peroxide to molecular oxygen, but its utility is significantly limited due to the intrinsic membrane impermeability. Herein, we present direct integration of CAT into the outer surface of unmodified metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles (NPs) via supramolecular interactions for effective cellular entry of CAT and consequent enhancement of PDT. The results demonstrated that CAT-loaded MOF NPs could successfully enter hypoxic cancer cells, after which the intracellularly delivered CAT molecules became dissociated from the MOF surface to efficiently initiate the oxygen generation and PDT process along with a co-delivered photosensitizer IR780. This achievement suggests that our protein-MOF integration strategy holds great potential in biomedical studies to overcome tumor hypoxia as well as to efficiently deliver biomolecular cargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjung Sim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Junmo Seong
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghwan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunshil Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Soo Lah
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Hyoung Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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10
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Wu M, Gong D, Zhou Y, Zha Z, Xia X. Activatable probes with potential for intraoperative tumor-specific fluorescence-imaging guided surgery. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:9777-9797. [PMID: 37749982 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01590d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Owing to societal development and aging population, the impact of cancer on human health and quality of life has increased. Early detection and surgical treatment are the most effective approaches for most cancer patients. As the scope of conventional tumor resection is determined by auxiliary examination and surgeon experience, there is often insufficient recognition of tiny tumors. The ability to detect such tumors can be improved by using fluorescent tumor-specific probes for surgical navigation. This review mainly describes the design principles and mechanisms of activatable probes for the fluorescence imaging of tumors. This type of probe is nonfluorescent in normal tissue but exhibits obvious fluorescence emission upon encountering tumor-specific substrates, such as enzymes or bioactive molecules, or changes in the microenvironment, such as a low pH. In some cases, a single-factor response does not guarantee the effective fluorescence labeling of tumors. Therefore, two-factor-activatable fluorescence imaging probes that react with two specific factors in tumor cells have also been developed. Compared with single biomarker testing, the simultaneous monitoring of multiple biomarkers may provide additional insight into the role of these substances in cancer development and aid in improving the accuracy of early cancer diagnosis. Research and progress in this field can provide new methods for precision medicine and targeted therapy. The development of new approaches for early diagnosis and treatment can effectively improve the prognosis of cancer patients and help enhance their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital of Fudan University Anhui Hospital, Children's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230051, P. R. China.
| | - Deyan Gong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital of Fudan University Anhui Hospital, Children's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230051, P. R. China.
| | - Zhengbao Zha
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoping Xia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital of Fudan University Anhui Hospital, Children's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230051, P. R. China.
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11
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Munan S, Yadav R, Pareek N, Samanta A. Ratiometric fluorescent probes for pH mapping in cellular organelles. Analyst 2023; 148:4242-4262. [PMID: 37581493 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00960b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular pH (pHi) in organelles, including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and nuclei, differs from the cytoplasmic pH, and thus maintaining the pH of these organelles is crucial for cellular homeostasis. Alterations in the intracellular pH (ΔpHi) in organelles lead to the disruption of cell proliferation, ion transportation, cellular homeostasis, and even cell death. Hence, accurately mapping the pH of organelles is crucial. Accordingly, the development of fluorescence imaging probes for targeting specific organelles and monitoring their dynamics at the molecular level has become the forefront of research in the last three decades. Among them, ratiometric fluorescent probes minimize the interference from the excitation wavelength of light, auto-fluorescence from probe concentration, environmental fluctuations, and instrument sensitivity through self-correction compared to monochromatic fluorescent probes, which are known as turn-on/off fluorescent probes. Small-molecular ratiometric fluorescent probes for detecting ΔpHi are challenging yet demanding. To date, sixty-two ratiometric pH probes have been reported for monitoring internal pH alterations in cellular organelles. However, a critical review on organelle-specific ratiometric probes for pH mapping is still lacking. Thus, in the present review, we report the most recent advances in ratiometric pH probes and the previous data on the role of mapping the ΔpHi of cellular organelles. The development strategy, including ratiometric fluorescence with one reference signal (RFRS) and ratiometric fluorescence with two reversible signals (RFRvS), is systematically illustrated. Finally, we emphasize the major challenges in developing ratiometric probes that merit further research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Munan
- Molecular Sensors and Therapeutics (MST) Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institute of Eminence Deemed to be University, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, Uttar Pradesh, India 201314.
| | - Rashmi Yadav
- Molecular Sensors and Therapeutics (MST) Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institute of Eminence Deemed to be University, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, Uttar Pradesh, India 201314.
| | - Niharika Pareek
- Molecular Sensors and Therapeutics (MST) Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institute of Eminence Deemed to be University, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, Uttar Pradesh, India 201314.
| | - Animesh Samanta
- Molecular Sensors and Therapeutics (MST) Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institute of Eminence Deemed to be University, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, Uttar Pradesh, India 201314.
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12
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Zhu W, Xu J, Yao X, Mai S, Shu D, Yang W. Metal-organic-framework-based pyroptosis nanotuner with long blood circulation for augmented chemotherapy. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:5918-5930. [PMID: 37470092 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00813d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a proinflammatory form of cell death mediated by members of the gasdermin family, and is a powerful tool against cancer. Herein, a pH-responsive doxorubicin (DOX)-encapsulating zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanoparticle coated with a carboxybetaine-based zwitterionic polymer (DOX@ZIF-8@PCBMA) was prepared. Furthermore, decitabine (DAC) was loaded to obtain a pyroptosis nanotuner (DOX@ZIF-8@PCBMA-DAC). This nanotuner displayed extended blood circulation and enhanced tumor accumulation. In addition, the ZIF-8 structure and disulfide-crosslinked PCBMA coating endowed DOX@ZIF-8@PCBMA-DAC with acidic-pH- and glutathione-responsive degradation. The nanotuner could robustly activate caspase-3 to induce gasdermin E (GSDME)-dependent pyroptosis via the sustained release of DAC and DOX, contributing to excellent tumor suppression with negligible side effects, which may provide novel insights into traditional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Xianxian Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Shuting Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Dan Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Wuli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
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13
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Shen X, Dirisala A, Toyoda M, Xiao Y, Guo H, Honda Y, Nomoto T, Takemoto H, Miura Y, Nishiyama N. pH-responsive polyzwitterion covered nanocarriers for DNA delivery. J Control Release 2023; 360:928-939. [PMID: 37495117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The success of gene therapy relies on gene nanocarriers to achieve therapeutic effects in vivo. Surface shielding of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), known as PEGylation, onto gene delivery carriers is a predominant strategy for extending blood circulation and improving therapeutic outcomes in vivo. Nevertheless, PEGylation frequently compromises the transfection efficiency by decreasing the interactions with the cellular membrane of the targeted cells, thereby preventing the cellular uptake and the subsequent endosomal escape. Herein, we developed a stepwise pH-responsive polyplex micelle for the plasmid DNA delivery with the surface covered by ethylenediamine-based polycarboxybetaines. This polyplex micelle switched its surface charge from neutral at pH 7.4 to positive at tumorous and endo-/lysosomal pH (i.e., pH 6.5 and 5.5, respectively), thus enhancing the cellular uptake and facilitating the endosomal escape toward efficient gene transfection. Additionally, the polyplex micelle demonstrated prolonged blood circulation as well as enhanced tumor accumulation, leading to highly effective tumor growth suppression by delivering an antiangiogenic gene. These results suggest the usefulness of a pH-responsive charge-switchable shell polymer on the surface of the polyplex micelle for the efficient nucleic acid delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shen
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan; Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Anjaneyulu Dirisala
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Masahiro Toyoda
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan; Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yao Xiao
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan; Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Haochen Guo
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan; Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuto Honda
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan; Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan; Innovation Center of Nanomedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nomoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan; Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Takemoto
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan; Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan; Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 1-5 Shimogamohangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0823, Japan
| | - Yutaka Miura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan; Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiro Nishiyama
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan; Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsutacho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan; Innovation Center of Nanomedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
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14
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García-García G, Caro C, Fernández-Álvarez F, García-Martín ML, Arias JL. Multi-stimuli-responsive chitosan-functionalized magnetite/poly(ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles as theranostic platforms for combined tumor magnetic resonance imaging and chemotherapy. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2023; 52:102695. [PMID: 37394106 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2023.102695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan-functionalized magnetite/poly(ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles were formulated by interfacial polymer disposition plus coacervation, and loaded with gemcitabine. That (core/shell)/shell nanostructure was confirmed by electron microscopy, elemental analysis, electrophoretic, and Fourier transform infrared characterizations. A short-term stability study proved the protection against particle aggregation provided by the chitosan shell. Superparamagnetic properties of the nanoparticles were characterized in vitro, while the definition of the longitudinal and transverse relaxivities was an initial indication of their capacity as T2 contrast agents. Safety of the particles was demonstrated in vitro on HFF-1 human fibroblasts, and ex vivo on SCID mice. The nanoparticles demonstrated in vitro pH- and heat-responsive gemcitabine release capabilities. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging studies and Prussian blue visualization of iron deposits in tissue samples defined the improvement in nanoparticle targeting into the tumor when using a magnetic field. This tri-stimuli (magnetite/poly(ε-caprolactone))/chitosan nanostructure could find theranostic applications (biomedical imaging & chemotherapy) against tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracia García-García
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1,800, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Caro
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Junta de Andalucía-Universidad de Málaga, C/ Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590 Málaga, Spain
| | - Fátima Fernández-Álvarez
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - María Luisa García-Martín
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Junta de Andalucía-Universidad de Málaga, C/ Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590 Málaga, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Málaga, Spain
| | - José L Arias
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Av. del Conocimiento, 18016 Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University of Granada, Av. de Madrid, 15, 18012 Granada, Spain.
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15
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Hirose H, Nakata E, Zhang Z, Shibano Y, Maekawa M, Morii T, Futaki S. Macropinoscope: Real-Time Simultaneous Tracking of pH and Cathepsin B Activity in Individual Macropinosomes. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37468434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
A fluorescent sensor that allows simultaneous analysis of environmental factors in a limited cellular space is useful for understanding precise molecular interactions in live cells and their biological responses. Macropinocytosis is a ubiquitous endocytic pathway for massive uptake of extracellular fluids, resulting in the formation of macropinosomes. Although macropinocytosis may impact intracellular delivery and cancer proliferation, information on the intracellular behaviors of macropinosomes is limited. Here, we aimed to develop a macropinoscope, a sensor that simultaneously detects pH and cathepsin B activity in individual macropinosomes. A macropinosome-specific marker, dextran (70 kDa), was employed as a platform, onto which fluorescein, Oregon Green, and tetramethylrhodamine were loaded for ratiometric pH sensing and imaging. A cathepsin-B-cleavable peptide sequence bearing sulfo-Cy5 and the quencher BHQ-3 was also mounted; cleavage of the sequence was detected as an increase in sulfo-Cy5 fluorescence. A steep decrease in pH was observed 5-10 min after macropinosome formation, which was accompanied by an immediate increase in cathepsin B activity. Our design concept will lead to the development of other macropinoscopes for the simultaneous detection of other parameters in individual macropinosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaaki Hirose
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Eiji Nakata
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Zhengxiao Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yuya Shibano
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Masashi Maekawa
- Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Minato, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Takashi Morii
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shiroh Futaki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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16
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Leng Q, Imtiyaz Z, Woodle MC, Mixson AJ. Delivery of Chemotherapy Agents and Nucleic Acids with pH-Dependent Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1482. [PMID: 37242725 PMCID: PMC10222096 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
With less than one percent of systemically injected nanoparticles accumulating in tumors, several novel approaches have been spurred to direct and release the therapy in or near tumors. One such approach depends on the acidic pH of the extracellular matrix and endosomes of the tumor. With an average pH of 6.8, the extracellular tumor matrix provides a gradient for pH-responsive particles to accumulate, enabling greater specificity. Upon uptake by tumor cells, nanoparticles are further exposed to lower pHs, reaching a pH of 5 in late endosomes. Based on these two acidic environments in the tumor, various pH-dependent targeting strategies have been employed to release chemotherapy or the combination of chemotherapy and nucleic acids from macromolecules such as the keratin protein or polymeric nanoparticles. We will review these release strategies, including pH-sensitive linkages between the carrier and hydrophobic chemotherapy agent, the protonation and disruption of polymeric nanoparticles, an amalgam of these first two approaches, and the release of polymers shielding drug-loaded nanoparticles. While several pH-sensitive strategies have demonstrated marked antitumor efficacy in preclinical trials, many studies are early in their development with several obstacles that may limit their clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixin Leng
- Department of Pathology, University Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 10 S. Pine St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA (Z.I.)
| | - Zuha Imtiyaz
- Department of Pathology, University Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 10 S. Pine St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA (Z.I.)
| | | | - A. James Mixson
- Department of Pathology, University Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 10 S. Pine St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA (Z.I.)
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17
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Encapsulating melittin from animal venom by finely tuned charge compensation with polymer carriers. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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18
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Melatonin Treatment Triggers Metabolic and Intracellular pH Imbalance in Glioblastoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213467. [DOI: 10.3390/cells11213467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic rewiring in glioblastoma (GBM) is linked to intra- and extracellular pH regulation. In this study, we sought to characterize the role of melatonin on intracellular pH modulation and metabolic consequences to identify the mechanisms of action underlying melatonin oncostatic effects on GBM tumor initiating cells. GBM tumor initiating cells were treated at different times with melatonin (1.5 and 3.0 mM). We analyzed melatonin’s functional effects on GBM proliferation, cell cycle, viability, stemness, and chemo-radiosensitivity. We then assessed the effects of melatonin on GBM metabolism by analyzing the mitochondrial and glycolytic parameters. We also measured the intracellular and extracellular pH. Finally, we tested the effects of melatonin on a mouse subcutaneous xenograft model. We found that melatonin downregulated LDHA and MCT4, decreasing lactate production and inducing a decrease in intracellular pH that was associated with an increase in ROS and ATP depletion. These changes blocked cell cycle progression and induced cellular death and we observed similar results in vivo. Melatonin’s cytotoxic effects on GBM were due, at least in part, to intracellular pH modulation, which has emerged as a newly identified mechanism, providing new insights into the oncostatic effect of melatonin on GBM.
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Wang L, Shi Y, Jiang J, Li C, Zhang H, Zhang X, Jiang T, Wang L, Wang Y, Feng L. Micro-Nanocarriers Based Drug Delivery Technology for Blood-Brain Barrier Crossing and Brain Tumor Targeting Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203678. [PMID: 36103614 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The greatest obstacle to using drugs to treat brain tumors is the blood-brain barrier (BBB), making it difficult for conventional drug molecules to enter the brain. Therefore, how to safely and effectively penetrate the BBB to achieve targeted drug delivery to brain tumors has been a challenging research problem. With the intensive research in micro- and nanotechnology in recent years, nano drug-targeted delivery technologies have shown great potential to overcome this challenge, such as inorganic nanocarriers, organic polymer-carriers, liposomes, and biobased carriers, which can be designed in different sizes, shapes, and surface functional groups to enhance their ability to penetrate the BBB and targeted drug delivery for brain tumors. In this review, the composition and overcoming patterns of the BBB are detailed, and then the hot research topics of drug delivery carriers for brain tumors in recent years are summarized, and their mechanisms of action on the BBB and the factors affecting drug delivery are described in detail, and the effectiveness of targeted therapy for brain tumors is evaluated. Finally, the challenges and dilemmas in developing brain tumor drug delivery systems are discussed, which will be promising in the future for targeted drug delivery to brain tumors based on micro-nanocarriers technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Youyuan Shi
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jingzhen Jiang
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Chan Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hengrui Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xinhui Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yinyan Wang
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lin Feng
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
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20
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Artyukhov AA, Nechaeva AM, Shtilman MI, Chistyakov EM, Svistunova AY, Bagrov DV, Kuskov AN, Docea AO, Tsatsakis AM, Gurevich L, Mezhuev YO. Nanoaggregates of Biphilic Carboxyl-Containing Copolymers as Carriers for Ionically Bound Doxorubicin. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15207136. [PMID: 36295201 PMCID: PMC9609473 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Application of nanocarriers for drug delivery brings numerous advantages, allowing both minimization of side effects common in systemic drug delivery and improvement in targeting, which has made it the focal point of nanoscience for a number of years. While most of the studies are focused on encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs, delivery of hydrophilic compounds is typically performed via covalent attachment, which often requires chemical modification of the drug and limits the release kinetics. In this paper, we report synthesis of biphilic copolymers of various compositions capable of self-assembly in water with the formation of nanoparticles and suitable for ionic binding of the common anticancer drug doxorubicin. The copolymers are synthesized by radical copolymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and acrylic acid using n-octadecyl-mercaptan as a chain transfer agent. With an increase of the carboxyl group's share in the chain, the role of the electrostatic stabilization factor of the nanoparticles increased as well as the ability of doxorubicin as an ion binder. A mathematical description of the kinetics of doxorubicin binding and release is given and thermodynamic functions for the equilibrium ionic binding of doxorubicin are calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Artyukhov
- Department of Biomaterials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna M. Nechaeva
- Department of Biomaterials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail I. Shtilman
- Department of Biomaterials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniy M. Chistyakov
- Department of Biomaterials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alina Yu. Svistunova
- Department of Biomaterials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Bagrov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey N. Kuskov
- Department of Biomaterials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anca O. Docea
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 2 Petru Rares, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Aristides M. Tsatsakis
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Division of Morphology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Leonid Gurevich
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Skjernvej 4A, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Yaroslav O. Mezhuev
- Department of Biomaterials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
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21
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Nassar MY, El-Salhy HI, El-Shiwiny WH, Abdelaziz G, El-Shiekh R. Composite Nanoarchitectonics of Magnetic Silicon Dioxide-Modified Chitosan for Doxorubicin Delivery and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Assay. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-022-02498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDeveloping drug delivery carriers for highly selective, controlled, and sustained release of the anti-cancer drugs is one of the crucial issues in the cancer strive. We herein report the synthesis of Fe3O4 (M) and SiO2 (S) nanoparticles and their nanocomposites with chitosan (CS) for high loading efficiency and subsequent release potentiality of Doxorubicin (DOX) anticancer drug. The as-synthesized nanostructures were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and thermal analysis techniques. The average crystallite sizes of the as-prepared M, S, CS/M, CS/S, and CS/M/S nanostructures were found to be 5, 15, 70, 22, and 29 nm, respectively. The loading and cumulative release of Doxorubicin for the produced nanostructures were examined, and the results exhibited loading efficacy of 71%, 95%, 96%, 79%, 17%, and 42% for M, S, CS, CS/M, CS/S, and CS/M/S nanostructures, respectively. The Doxorubicin releasing results revealed a promising cumulative release percentages at pH 4.2 and pH 5 compared with those at pH 7.4. At pH 4.2, the cumulative release percentages for DOX-M, DOX-S, DOX-CS, DOX/M, and DOX/CS/M/S were 94%, 96%, 92%, 95%, and 98%, respectively. While the corresponding percentages at pH 5 were 97%, 90%, 46%, 43%, and 70%. The percentage for DOX-CS/S was 60% at pH 5, though. The in-vitro cytotoxicity of M-DOX, CS-DOX, and M/CS-DOX was explored against two human cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and Hep-G2) using SRB (Sulforhodamine B) assay. The DOX-loaded M/CS exhibited the highest cytotoxicity and its IC50 values were 2.65 and 2.25 μg/mL against Hep-G2 and MCF-7 cell lines, respectively, compared to the corresponding values of 5.1 and 4.5 μg/mL for free DOX. The results indicated that M/CS nanocomposite is a good candidate as drug delivery nano-carrier for the Doxorubicin anti-cancer drug.
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22
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Quader S, Van Guyse JFR. Bioresponsive Polymers for Nanomedicine-Expectations and Reality! Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173659. [PMID: 36080733 PMCID: PMC9460233 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioresponsive polymers in nanomedicine have been widely perceived to selectively activate the therapeutic function of nanomedicine at diseased or pathological sites, while sparing their healthy counterparts. This idea can be described as an advanced version of Paul Ehrlich’s magic bullet concept. From that perspective, the inherent anomalies or malfunction of the pathological sites are generally targeted to allow the selective activation or sensory function of nanomedicine. Nonetheless, while the primary goals and expectations in developing bioresponsive polymers are to elicit exclusive selectivity of therapeutic action at diseased sites, this remains difficult to achieve in practice. Numerous research efforts have been undertaken, and are ongoing, to tackle this fine-tuning. This review provides a brief introduction to key stimuli with biological relevance commonly featured in the design of bioresponsive polymers, which serves as a platform for critical discussion, and identifies the gap between expectations and current reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Quader
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 212-0821, Japan
- Correspondence: (S.Q.); (J.F.R.V.G.)
| | - Joachim F. R. Van Guyse
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 212-0821, Japan
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (S.Q.); (J.F.R.V.G.)
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23
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Cong VT, Houng JL, Kavallaris M, Chen X, Tilley RD, Gooding JJ. How can we use the endocytosis pathways to design nanoparticle drug-delivery vehicles to target cancer cells over healthy cells? Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7531-7559. [PMID: 35938511 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00707f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery in cancer typically focuses on maximising the endocytosis of drugs into the diseased cells. However, there has been less focus on exploiting the differences in the endocytosis pathways of cancer cells versus non-cancer cells. An understanding of the endocytosis pathways in both cancer and non-cancer cells allows for the design of nanoparticles to deliver drugs to cancer cells whilst restricting healthy cells from taking up anticancer drugs, thus efficiently killing the cancer cells. Herein we compare the differences in the endocytosis pathways of cancer and healthy cells. Second, we highlight the importance of the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles (size, shape, stiffness, and surface chemistry) on cellular uptake and how they can be adjusted to selectively target the dominated endocytosis pathway of cancer cells over healthy cells and to deliver anticancer drug to the target cells. The review generates new thought in the design of cancer-selective nanoparticles based on the endocytosis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thanh Cong
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. .,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jacinta L Houng
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. .,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Maria Kavallaris
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Richard D Tilley
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - J Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. .,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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24
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Chen P, Yang W, Hong T, Miyazaki T, Dirisala A, Kataoka K, Cabral H. Nanocarriers escaping from hyperacidified endo/lysosomes in cancer cells allow tumor-targeted intracellular delivery of antibodies to therapeutically inhibit c-MYC. Biomaterials 2022; 288:121748. [PMID: 36038419 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular protein delivery is a powerful strategy for developing innovative therapeutics. Nanocarriers present great potential to deliver proteins inside cells by promoting cellular uptake and overcoming entrapment and degradation in acidic endo/lysosomal compartments. Thus, because cytosolic access is essential for eliciting the function of proteins, significant efforts have been dedicated to engineering nanocarriers with maximal endosomal escape regardless of the cell type. On the other hand, controlling the ability of nanocarriers to escape from the endo/lysosomal compartments of particular cells may offer the opportunity for enhancing delivery precision. To test this hypothesis, we developed pH-sensitive polymeric nanocarriers with adjustable endosomal escape potency for selectively reaching the cytosol of defined cancer cells with dysregulated endo/lysosomal acidification. By loading antibodies against nuclear pore complex in the nanocarriers, we demonstrated the selective delivery into the cytosol and subsequent nucleus targeting of cancer cells rather than non-cancerous cells both in vitro and in vivo. Systemically injected nanocarriers loading anti-c-MYC antibodies suppressed c-MYC in solid tumors and inhibit tumor growth without side effects, confirming the therapeutic potential of our approach. These results indicated that regulating the ability of nanocarriers to escape from endo/lysosomal compartments in particular cells is a practical approach for gaining delivery specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwen Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Wenqian Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taehun Hong
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyazaki
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 705-1 Shimoimaizumi, Ebina City, Kanagawa, 243-0435, Japan
| | - Anjaneyulu Dirisala
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Horacio Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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25
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Selective delivery of pentamidine toward cancer cells by self-assembled nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122102. [PMID: 35961419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pentamidine (PTM) is an aromatic diamidine approved for the treatment of parasitic infections that has been recently proposed for possible repositioning as an anticancer drug. To this aim, efforts have been made to improve its therapeutic efficacy and reduce associated adverse effects through both covalent derivatization and association with nanocarriers. To efficiently encapsulate PTM into biocompatible nanoparticles and to enhance its selectivity toward cancer cells, a squalene (SQ) derivative (1,1',2-tris-norsqualenoic acid, SQ-COOH) was selected to prepare PTM-loaded nanocarriers. Indeed, SQ and its derivatives self-assemble into nanoparticles in aqueous media. Furthermore, SQ-bioconjugates strongly interact with low-density lipoproteins (LDL), thus favoring preferential accumulation in cells overexpressing the LDL receptor (LDLR). We report here the preparation of nanocarriers by ion-pairing between the negatively charged SQ-COOH and the positively charged PTM free base (PTM-B), which allowed the covalent grafting of SQ to PTM to be avoided. The nanoparticles were characterized (mean size < 200 nm and zeta potential < -20 mV for SQ-COOH/PTM-B 3:1 molar ratio) and molecular modelling studies of the SQ-COOH/PTM-B interaction confirmed the nanocarrier stability. Finally, the ability to indirectly target LDLR-overexpressing cancer cells was evaluated by in vitro cell viability assays and confirmed by LDLR silencing, serum privation and simvastatin treatment.
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26
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Genome-wide identification of the NHE gene family in Coilia nasus and its response to salinity challenge and ammonia stress. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:526. [PMID: 35858854 PMCID: PMC9297642 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In aquatic environments, pH, salinity, and ammonia concentration are extremely important for aquatic animals. NHE is a two-way ion exchange carrier protein, which can transport Na+ into cells and exchange out H+, and also plays key roles in regulating intracellular pH, osmotic pressure, and ammonia concentration. Results In the present study, ten NHEs, the entire NHE gene family, were identified from Coilia nasus genome and systemically analyzed via phylogenetic, structural, and synteny analysis. Different expression patterns of C. nasus NHEs in multiple tissues indicated that expression profiles of NHE genes displayed tissue-specific. Expression patterns of C. nasus NHEs were related to ammonia excretion during multiple embryonic development stages. To explore the potential functions on salinity challenge and ammonia stress, expression levels of ten NHEs were detected in C. nasus gills under hypotonic stress, hypertonic stress, and ammonia stress. Expression levels of all NHEs were upregulated during hypotonic stress, while they were downregulated during hypertonic stress. NHE2 and NHE3 displayed higher expression levels in C. nasus larvae and juvenile gills under ammonia stress. Conclusions Our study revealed that NHE genes played distinct roles in embryonic development, salinity stress, and ammonia exposure. Syntenic analysis showed significant difference between stenohaline fish and euryhaline fishes. Our findings will provide insight into effects of C. nasus NHE gene family on ion transport and ammonia tolerance and be beneficial for healthy aquaculture of C. nasus. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08761-9.
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27
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Chandra A, Prasad S, Alemanno F, De Luca M, Rizzo R, Romano R, Gigli G, Bucci C, Barra A, del Mercato LL. Fully Automated Computational Approach for Precisely Measuring Organelle Acidification with Optical pH Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:18133-18149. [PMID: 35404562 PMCID: PMC9052195 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
pH balance and regulation within organelles are fundamental to cell homeostasis and proliferation. The ability to track pH in cells becomes significantly important to understand these processes in detail. Fluorescent sensors based on micro- and nanoparticles have been applied to measure intracellular pH; however, an accurate methodology to precisely monitor acidification kinetics of organelles in living cells has not been established, limiting the scope of this class of sensors. Here, silica-based fluorescent microparticles were utilized to probe the pH of intracellular organelles in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In addition to the robust, ratiometric, trackable, and bioinert pH sensors, we developed a novel dimensionality reduction algorithm to automatically track and screen massive internalization events of pH sensors. We found that the mean acidification time is comparable among the two cell lines (ΔTMCF-7 = 16.3 min; ΔTMDA-MB-231 = 19.5 min); however, MCF-7 cells showed a much broader heterogeneity in comparison to MDA-MB-231 cells. The use of pH sensors and ratiometric imaging of living cells in combination with a novel computational approach allow analysis of thousands of events in a computationally inexpensive and faster way than the standard routes. The reported methodology can potentially be used to monitor pH as well as several other parameters associated with endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Chandra
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Saumya Prasad
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Francesco Alemanno
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Matematica e Fisica, Università
del Salento, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Maria De Luca
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali (DiSTeBa), Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rizzo
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Roberta Romano
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali (DiSTeBa), Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Matematica e Fisica, Università
del Salento, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Cecilia Bucci
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali (DiSTeBa), Università del Salento, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Adriano Barra
- Dipartimento
di Matematica e Fisica, Università
del Salento, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
- Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Loretta L. del Mercato
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
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28
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Ko M, Makena MR, Schiapparelli P, Suarez-Meade P, Mekile AX, Lal B, Lopez-Bertoni H, Kozielski KL, Green JJ, Laterra J, Quiñones-Hinojosa A, Rao R. The endosomal pH regulator NHE9 is a driver of stemness in glioblastoma. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac013. [PMID: 35387234 PMCID: PMC8974362 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A small population of self-renewing stem cells initiate tumors and maintain therapeutic resistance in glioblastoma (GBM). Given the limited treatment options and dismal prognosis for this disease, there is urgent need to identify drivers of stem cells that could be druggable targets. Previous work showed that the endosomal pH regulator NHE9 is upregulated in GBM and correlates with worse survival prognosis. Here, we probed for aberrant signaling pathways in patient-derived GBM cells and found that NHE9 increases cell surface expression and phosphorylation of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) by promoting their escape from lysosomal degradation. Downstream of NHE9-mediated receptor activation, oncogenic signaling pathways converged on the JAK2-STAT3 transduction axis to induce pluripotency genes Oct4 and Nanog and suppress markers of glial differentiation. We used both genetic and chemical approaches to query the role of endosomal pH in GBM phenotypes. Loss-of-function mutations in NHE9 that failed to alkalinize endosomal lumen did not increase self-renewal capacity of gliomaspheres in vitro. However, monensin, a chemical mimetic of Na+/H+ exchanger activity, and the H+ pump inhibitor bafilomycin bypassed NHE9 to directly alkalinize the endosomal lumen resulting in stabilization of RTKs and induction of Oct4 and Nanog. Using orthotopic models of primary GBM cells we found that NHE9 increased tumor initiation in vivo. We propose that NHE9 initiates inside-out signaling from the endosomal lumen, distinct from the established effects of cytosolic and extracellular pH on tumorigenesis. Endosomal pH may be an attractive therapeutic target that diminishes stemness in GBM, agnostic of specific receptor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungjun Ko
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Monish R Makena
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Paula Schiapparelli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Paola Suarez-Meade
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Allatah X Mekile
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Bachchu Lal
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Hernando Lopez-Bertoni
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kristen L Kozielski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jordan J Green
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - John Laterra
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - Rajini Rao
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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29
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TMEM176B Regulates AKT/mTOR Signaling and Tumor Growth in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123430. [PMID: 34943938 PMCID: PMC8700203 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
TMEM176B is a member of the membrane spanning 4-domains (MS4) family of transmembrane proteins, and a putative ion channel that is expressed in immune cells and certain cancers. We aimed to understand the role of TMEM176B in cancer cell signaling, gene expression, cell proliferation, and migration in vitro, as well as tumor growth in vivo. We generated breast cancer cell lines with overexpressed and silenced TMEM176B, and a therapeutic antibody targeting TMEM176B. Proliferation and migration assays were performed in vitro, and tumor growth was evaluated in vivo. We performed gene expression and Western blot analyses to identify the most differentially regulated genes and signaling pathways in cells with TMEM176B overexpression and silencing. Silencing TMEM176B or inhibiting it with a therapeutic antibody impaired cell proliferation, while overexpression increased proliferation in vitro. Syngeneic and xenograft tumor studies revealed the attenuated growth of tumors with TMEM176B gene silencing compared with controls. We found that the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was activated or repressed in cells overexpressing or silenced for TMEM176B, respectively. Overall, our results suggest that TMEM176B expression in breast cancer cells regulates key signaling pathways and genes that contribute to cancer cell growth and progression, and is a potential target for therapeutic antibodies.
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30
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Zegota MM, Müller MA, Lantzberg B, Kizilsavas G, Coelho JAS, Moscariello P, Martínez-Negro M, Morsbach S, Gois PMP, Wagner M, Ng DYW, Kuan SL, Weil T. Dual Stimuli-Responsive Dynamic Covalent Peptide Tags: Toward Sequence-Controlled Release in Tumor-like Microenvironments. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17047-17058. [PMID: 34632780 PMCID: PMC8532147 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Dynamic covalent
chemistry (DCvC) has emerged as a versatile synthetic
tool for devising stable, stimuli-responsive linkers or conjugates.
The interplay of binding affinity, association and dissociation constants
exhibits a strong influence on the selectivity of the reaction, the
conversion rate, as well as the stability in aqueous solutions. Nevertheless,
dynamic covalent interactions often exhibit fast binding and fast
dissociation events or vice versa, affecting their conversion rates
or stabilities. To overcome the limitation in linker design, we reported
herein dual responsive dynamic covalent peptide tags combining a pH
responsive boronate ester with fast association and dissociation rates,
and a redox-active disulfide with slow formation and dissociation
rate. Precoordination by boronic acid–catechol interaction
improves self-sorting and selectivity in disulfide formation into
heterodimers. The resulting bis-peptide conjugate exhibited improved
complex stability in aqueous solution and acidic tumor-like extracellular
microenvironment. Furthermore, the conjugate responds to pH changes
within the physiological range as well as to redox conditions found
inside cancer cells. Such tags hold great promise, through cooperative
effects, for controlling the stability of bioconjugates under dilution
in aqueous media, as well as designing intelligent pharmaceutics that
react to distinct biological stimuli in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksymilian Marek Zegota
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Bellinda Lantzberg
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gönül Kizilsavas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jaime A S Coelho
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - María Martínez-Negro
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Svenja Morsbach
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pedro M P Gois
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manfred Wagner
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - David Y W Ng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Seah Ling Kuan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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31
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Zhou K, Amiri M, Salari A, Yu Y, Xu H, Seidler U, Nikolovska K. Functional characterization of the sodium/hydrogen exchanger 8 and its role in proliferation of colonic epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C471-C488. [PMID: 34288721 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00582.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal NaCl, HCO3-, and fluid absorption are strongly dependent on apical Na+/H+ exchange. The intestine expresses three presumably apical sodium-hydrogen exchanger (NHE) isoforms: NHE2, NHE3, and NHE8. We addressed the role of NHE8 [solute carrier 9A8 (SLC9A8)] and its interplay with NHE2 (SLC9A2) in luminal proton extrusion during acute and chronic enterocyte acidosis and studied the differential effects of NHE8 and NHE2 on enterocyte proliferation. In contrast to NHE3, which was upregulated in differentiated versus undifferentiated colonoids, the expression of NHE2 and NHE8 remained constant during differentiation of colonoids and Caco2Bbe cells. Heterogeneously expressed Flag-tagged rat (r)Nhe8 and human (h)NHE8 translocated to the apical membrane of Caco2Bbe cells. rNhe8 and hNHE8, when expressed in NHE-deficient PS120 fibroblasts showed higher sensitivity to HOE642 compared to NHE2. Lentiviral shRNA knockdown of endogenous NHE2 in Caco2Bbe cells (C2Bbe/shNHE2) resulted in a decreased steady-state intracellular pH (pHi), an increased NHE8 mRNA expression, and augmented NHE8-mediated apical NHE activity. Lentiviral shRNA knockdown of endogenous NHE8 in Caco2Bbe cells (C2Bbe/shNHE8) resulted in a decreased steady-state pHi as well, accompanied by decreased NHE2 mRNA expression and activity, which together contributed to reduced apical NHE activity in the NHE8-knockdown cells. Chronic acidosis increased NHE8 but not NHE2 mRNA expression. Alterations in NHE2 and NHE8 expression/activity affected proliferation, with C2Bbe/shNHE2 cells having lower and C2Bbe/shNHE8 having higher proliferative capacity, accompanied by amplified ERK1/2 signaling pathway and increased EGFR expression in the latter cell line. Thus, both Na+/H+ exchangers have distinct functions during cellular homeostasis by triggering different signaling pathways to regulate cellular proliferation and pHi control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyan Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mahdi Amiri
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Azam Salari
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona Health Science Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ursula Seidler
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katerina Nikolovska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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32
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Mondal R, Rimon A, Masrati G, Ben-Tal N, Friedler A, Padan E. Towards Molecular Understanding of the pH Dependence Characterizing NhaA of Which Structural Fold is Shared by Other Transporters. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167156. [PMID: 34273399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Na+/H+ antiporters comprise a super-family (CPA) of membrane proteins that are found in all kingdoms of life and are essential in cellular homeostasis of pH, Na+ and volume. Their activity is strictly dependent on pH, a property that underpins their role in pH homeostasis. While several human homologues have long been drug targets, NhaA of Escherichia coli has become the paradigm for this class of secondary active transporters as NhaA crystal structure provided insight into the architecture of this molecular machine. However, the mechanism of the strict pH dependence of NhaA is missing. Here, as a follow up of a recent evolutionary analysis that identified a 'CPA motif', we rationally designed three E. coli NhaA mutants: D133S, I134T, and the double mutant D133S-I134T. Exploring growth phenotype, transport activity and Li+-binding of the mutants, we revealed that Asp133 does not participate directly in proton binding, nor does it directly dictate the pH-dependent transport of NhaA. Strikingly, the variant I134T lost some of the pH control, and the D133S-Il134T double mutant retained Li+ binding in a pH independent fashion. Concurrent to loss of pH control, these mutants bound Li+ more strongly than the WT. Both positions are in close vicinity to the ion-binding site of the antiporter, attributing the results to electrostatic interaction between these residues and Asp164 of the ion-binding site. This is consistent with pH sensing resulting from direct coupling between cation binding and deprotonation in Asp164, which applies also to other CPA antiporters that are involved in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mondal
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - A Rimon
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - G Masrati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - N Ben-Tal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - A Friedler
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - E Padan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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Tubbesing K, Khoo TC, Bahreini Jangjoo S, Sharikova A, Barroso M, Khmaladze A. Iron-binding cellular profile of transferrin using label-free Raman hyperspectral imaging and singular value decomposition (SVD). Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 169:416-424. [PMID: 33930515 PMCID: PMC8667008 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Serum transferrin (Tf) is the essential iron transport protein in the body. Transferrin is responsible for the sequestration of free iron in serum and the delivery of iron throughout the body and into cells, where iron is released inside a mildly acidified endosome. Altered iron distributions are associated with diseases such as iron-overload, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. The presence of free iron is linked to deleterious redox reactions, inside and outside cells and organelles. As Tf iron release is pH dependent, any changes in intraorganelle and extracellular pH, often associated with disease progression, could inhibit normal iron delivery or accelerate iron release in the wrong compartment. However, imaging approaches to monitor changes in the iron-bound state of Tf are lacking. Recently, Raman spectroscopy has been shown to measure iron-bound forms of Tf in solution, intact cells and tissue samples. Here, a biochemical Raman assay has been developed to identify iron-release from Tf following modification of chemical environment. Quantitative singular value decomposition (SVD) method has been applied to discriminate between iron-bound Tf samples during endocytic trafficking in intact cancer cells subjected to Raman hyperspectral confocal imaging. We demonstrate the strength of the SVD method to monitor pH-induced Tf iron-release using Raman hyperspectral imaging, providing the redox biology field with a novel tool that facilitates subcellular investigation of the iron-binding profile of transferrin in various disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Tubbesing
- Physics Department, SUNY University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Ting Chean Khoo
- Physics Department, SUNY University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Shahab Bahreini Jangjoo
- Physics Department, SUNY University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Anna Sharikova
- Physics Department, SUNY University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Margarida Barroso
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Alexander Khmaladze
- Physics Department, SUNY University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA.
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The Role of Lysosomes in the Cancer Progression: Focus on the Extracellular Matrix Degradation. ACTA BIOMEDICA SCIENTIFICA 2021. [DOI: 10.29413/abs.2020-5.6.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Gonzalez-Villarreal CA, Quiroz-Reyes AG, Islas JF, Garza-Treviño EN. Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells in the Progression to Liver Metastasis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1511. [PMID: 32974184 PMCID: PMC7468493 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality. Tumorigenesis is a dynamic process wherein cancer stem cells (CSCs) and their microenvironment promote initiation, progression, and metastasis. Metastatic colonization is an inefficient process that is very complex and is poorly understood; however, in most cases, metastatic disease is not curable, and resistance mechanisms tend to develop against conventional treatments. An understanding of the underlying mechanisms and factors that contribute to the development of metastasis in CRC can aid in the search for specific therapeutic targets for improving standard treatments. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding tumor biology and the use of stroma cells as prognostic factors and inflammatory inducers associated with the use of tumor microenvironments as a promoter of cancer metastasis. Moreover, we look into the importance of CSC, pericytes, and circulating tumor cells as mechanisms that lead to liver metastasis, and we also focus on the cellular and molecular pathways that modulate and regulate epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Finally, we discuss a novel therapeutic target that can potentially eliminate CSCs as a CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana G Quiroz-Reyes
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquimica y Medicina Molecular, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Jose F Islas
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquimica y Medicina Molecular, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Elsa N Garza-Treviño
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquimica y Medicina Molecular, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
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Prasad H, Rao R. Endosomal Acid-Base Homeostasis in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 185:195-231. [PMID: 32737755 PMCID: PMC7614123 DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are debilitating and largely untreatable conditions that pose a significant burden to affected individuals and caregivers. Overwhelming evidence supports a crucial preclinical role for endosomal dysfunction as an upstream pathogenic hub and driver in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related neurodegenerative disorders. We present recent advances on the role of endosomal acid-base homeostasis in neurodegeneration and discuss evidence for converging mechanisms. The strongest genetic risk factor in sporadic AD is the ε4 allele of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE4), which potentiates pre-symptomatic endosomal dysfunction and prominent amyloid beta (Aβ) pathology, although how these pathways are linked mechanistically has remained unclear. There is emerging evidence that the Christianson syndrome protein NHE6 is a prominent ApoE4 effector linking endosomal function to Aβ pathologies. By functioning as a dominant leak pathway for protons, the Na+/H+ exchanger activity of NHE6 limits endosomal acidification and regulates β-secretase (BACE)-mediated Aβ production and LRP1 receptor-mediated Aβ clearance. Pathological endosomal acidification may impact both Aβ generation and clearance mechanisms and emerges as a promising therapeutic target in AD. We also offer our perspective on the complex role of endosomal acid-base homeostasis in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration and its therapeutic implications for neuronal rescue and repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Prasad
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rajini Rao
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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