1
|
Armoon B, Ghadipasha A, Mohammadi R, Lesage A, Harooni J, Griffiths MD. The global prevalence of mental health disorders among runaway and homeless youth: A meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024:10.1007/s00787-024-02519-2. [PMID: 38995408 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-024-02519-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
A meta-analysis was performed to identify the pooled prevalence of mental health disorders (MHDs) among runaway and homeless youth (RHY). Relevant studies published between December 1, 1985, and October 1, 2023, were identified in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases. A preliminary screening of 11,266 papers resulted in the inclusion of 101 studies. The pooled-prevalence estimates were obtained using a random-effects model. The findings showed varying lifetime prevalence rates of MHDs: 47% (conduct disorders and psychological distress), 43% (depression), 34% (major depressive disorders), 33% (post-traumatic stress disorder), 27% (personality disorders), 25% (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder), 23% (bipolar disorders), 22% (anxiety), 21% (oppositional defiant disorders), 15% (anorexia), 15% (adjustment disorders), 14% (dysthymia), 11% (schizophrenia), 9% (obsessive-compulsive disorders), and 8% (gambling disorder). The current prevalence rates were: 31% (depression), 23% (major depressive disorder), 23% (anxiety), 21% (post-traumatic stress disorder), 16% (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder), 15% (bipolar disorder), 13% (personality disorders), 13% (oppositional defiant disorders), 8% (schizophrenia), and 6% (obsessive-compulsive disorders). Regular screening and the implementation of evidence-based treatments and the promotion of integration and coordination between mental health services for adolescent minors and young adults with other service systems are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Armoon
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Amir Ghadipasha
- Firoozabadi Hospital, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasool Mohammadi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Alain Lesage
- Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Javad Harooni
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Whitworth A, Baxter S, Cullingworth J, Clowes M. Individual Placement and Support (IPS) beyond severe mental health: An overview review and meta-analysis of evidence around vocational outcomes. Prev Med Rep 2024; 43:102786. [PMID: 38975284 PMCID: PMC11225006 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2024.102786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To provide an overview review of international evidence of vocational outcomes in Individual Placement and Support (IPS) interventions for populations other than severe mental health. Methods An overview of reviews published in English since 2000 reporting vocational outcomes (job entry, work sustainment, earnings, work hours, time to job entry) against counterfactuals of IPS interventions for population groups other than severe mental health. The overview review maximises data from individual studies and includes additional recent primary studies. DerSimonian-Laird random effects meta-analysis was performed. Results Thirteen eligible studies were identified from five reviews and five more recent individual studies were also identified. IPS studies covered a range of groups with a concentration towards mental health. For the primary vocational outcome of job entry all IPS studies showed superior job entry rates compared to control groups with an overall weighted odds ratio of 1.78 [1.42,2.22]. Substantial heterogeneity was identified by study size and the overall weighted odds ratio of 1.32 [1.2,1.46] estimated from the large and medium sized studies seems a more plausible estimate of the likely effects of scaled-up IPS interventions in groups beyond severe mental health. Secondary vocational outcomes including job sustainment, total earnings, average weekly hours worked and time to job entry were typically superior in IPS services than control groups. Conclusions IPS services are consistently more effective in supporting diverse population groups into sustained employment compared to business-as-usual employment services. The evidence is limited by unclear terminology, small sample sizes, incomplete intervention fidelity, intervention contamination and inconsistent measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Whitworth
- Strathclyde Business School, University of Strathclyde, 199 Cathedral St, Glasgow G40QU, UK
| | - Susan Baxter
- University of Sheffield, School for Health and Related Research, Regent Court, Regent Street, Sheffield S14DA, UK
| | - Jane Cullingworth
- School of Social and Political Sciences, Adam Smith Building, University of Glasgow, G128RT, UK
| | - Mark Clowes
- University of Sheffield, School for Health and Related Research, Regent Court, Regent Street, Sheffield S14DA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Martinez LR, Smith NA, Snoeyink MJ, Noone BM, Shockley A. Unhoused and unhireable? Examining employment biases in service contexts related to perceived warmth and competence of people experiencing houselessness. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 50:3504-3524. [PMID: 35352832 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lack of safe and stable housing is a pernicious and growing social concern, and stereotypes about individuals experiencing houselessness are generally quite negative. Little scholarly work has examined housing insecurity and its associated stereotypes in employment contexts. The purpose of the current research was to examine, in the context of the hospitality industry, whether housing status influences hiring managers' perceptions of hireability (Study 1) and customers' evaluations of an organization and its employees (Study 2) using the stereotype content model. Across two experimental studies, we assessed participant attitudes toward individuals experiencing houselessness. In Study 1, we instructed 148 hotel managers to listen to a hypothetical job interview with either an unhoused or housed job applicant, and then complete measures of hireability. In Study 2, we instructed 139 hotel customers to observe a hypothetical interaction with either an unhoused or housed employee, and then evaluate the employee and the organization. Study 1's findings suggested an indirect effect of housing status on perceived hireability through warmth, and this indirect relationship was moderated by gender. Men who were houseless were rated lower in warmth, and thus lower in hireability, than non-houseless men or women regardless of their housing status. However, houseless men were perceived by customers as warmer than non-houseless men as employees, driving higher evaluations of the organization and the employee (Study 2). Hiring initiatives targeted at providing short-term housing for unhoused employees will benefit employees, employers, and the larger communities they encompass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larry R Martinez
- Department of Psychology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Nicholas A Smith
- School of Public Health Oregon Health and Science University-Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Megan J Snoeyink
- Department of Psychology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Breffni M Noone
- School of Hospitality Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thompson JL, Holloway K, Karyczak S, Serody MR, Lane IA, Ellison ML, Gill KJ, Davis M, Mullen MG. Evaluating Educational and Employment Services for Young People With Psychiatric Conditions: A Systematic Review. Psychiatr Serv 2022; 73:787-800. [PMID: 34875848 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.202000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors conducted a systematic review of studies evaluating vocational interventions for young people with psychiatric conditions to determine the extent to which services were adapted for young people and whether services promoted gains in postsecondary education and employment. METHODS Five databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Academic Search Premier, and ERIC) were searched. Sources eligible for inclusion were controlled studies published between 2000 and mid-2020 that evaluated a vocational intervention and examined postsecondary educational or employment outcomes for youths or young adults (ages 14-35 years) with psychiatric conditions. RESULTS Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. Several of the studies evaluated services that were adapted for young people, including through the incorporation of educational supports. The most consistent finding was that services based on the individual placement and support (IPS) model improved employment outcomes more effectively than did comparison approaches and treatment as usual. Fewer studies assessed educational outcomes, and they yielded mixed results; however, recent findings from a controlled trial indicate that an enhanced IPS intervention that included well-specified supported education and skills training led to significantly superior outcomes in both education and employment. CONCLUSIONS These results provide support for the efficacy of IPS-based services to improve employment outcomes among young people with psychiatric conditions and suggest that adapting IPS to include comprehensive educational supports and skills training may be important for efforts to improve postsecondary educational outcomes. Additional well-controlled intervention studies that examine educational and longer-term outcomes should further inform the development and delivery of vocational services for this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judy L Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Thompson, Serody); Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation and Counseling Professions, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (Thompson, Holloway, Karyczak, Gill); Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (Lane, Ellison, Davis, Mullen)
| | - Katherine Holloway
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Thompson, Serody); Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation and Counseling Professions, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (Thompson, Holloway, Karyczak, Gill); Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (Lane, Ellison, Davis, Mullen)
| | - Sean Karyczak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Thompson, Serody); Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation and Counseling Professions, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (Thompson, Holloway, Karyczak, Gill); Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (Lane, Ellison, Davis, Mullen)
| | - Megan R Serody
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Thompson, Serody); Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation and Counseling Professions, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (Thompson, Holloway, Karyczak, Gill); Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (Lane, Ellison, Davis, Mullen)
| | - Ian A Lane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Thompson, Serody); Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation and Counseling Professions, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (Thompson, Holloway, Karyczak, Gill); Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (Lane, Ellison, Davis, Mullen)
| | - Marsha L Ellison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Thompson, Serody); Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation and Counseling Professions, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (Thompson, Holloway, Karyczak, Gill); Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (Lane, Ellison, Davis, Mullen)
| | - Kenneth J Gill
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Thompson, Serody); Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation and Counseling Professions, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (Thompson, Holloway, Karyczak, Gill); Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (Lane, Ellison, Davis, Mullen)
| | - Maryann Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Thompson, Serody); Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation and Counseling Professions, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (Thompson, Holloway, Karyczak, Gill); Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (Lane, Ellison, Davis, Mullen)
| | - Michelle G Mullen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York (Thompson, Serody); Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation and Counseling Professions, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (Thompson, Holloway, Karyczak, Gill); Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (Lane, Ellison, Davis, Mullen)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fraser B, Chun S, Pehi T, Jiang T, Johnson E, Ombler J, McMinn C, Pierse N. Post-housing first outcomes amongst a cohort of formerly homeless youth in Aotearoa New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2022.2088572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brodie Fraser
- Department of Public Health, Te Whare Wānanga o Otāgo ki Pōneke – University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Saera Chun
- Department of Public Health, Te Whare Wānanga o Otāgo ki Pōneke – University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Tiria Pehi
- Department of Public Health, Te Whare Wānanga o Otāgo ki Pōneke – University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Terence Jiang
- Department of Public Health, Te Whare Wānanga o Otāgo ki Pōneke – University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ellie Johnson
- Department of Public Health, Te Whare Wānanga o Otāgo ki Pōneke – University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jenny Ombler
- Department of Public Health, Te Whare Wānanga o Otāgo ki Pōneke – University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Nevil Pierse
- Department of Public Health, Te Whare Wānanga o Otāgo ki Pōneke – University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Homeless youth report high rates of unemployment. While homeless serving agencies usually offer employment services, most homeless youth are disengaged from homeless service agencies, and a limited number of studies have examined employment and other income sources among service disconnected youth. Our study examined income sources and change in income among service disconnected youth, all of whom received Strengths-Based Outreach and Advocacy (SBOA, N = 79). Findings revealed that over time employment and legal income from non-survival behaviors increased (e.g., governmental assistance and receiving income from friends and relatives), while income from survival behaviors decreased (e.g., prostitution, stealing, selling possessions, selling blood or plasma). Although unemployment among these youth remained high (62%), income from survival behaviors reduced most drastically. Findings also suggest that employment is linked to housing stability and mental health, as is substance use and income, which suggests that mental health, housing, and substance use treatment services are important components in income stabilization for homeless youth.
Collapse
|
7
|
Gmitroski T, Bradley C, Heinemann L, Liu G, Blanchard P, Beck C, Mathias S, Leon A, Barbic SP. Barriers and facilitators to employment for young adults with mental illness: a scoping review. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e024487. [PMID: 30567825 PMCID: PMC6303634 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The issue of gaining employment for those with mental illness is a growing global concern. For many in the young adult population, who are at a transitional age, employment is a central goal. In response, we conducted a scoping review to answer the question, 'What are the barriers and facilitators to employment for young adults with mental illness?' DESIGN We conducted a scoping review in accordance to the Arksey and O'Malley framework. We performed a thorough search of Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, ABI/INFORM, PsycINFO and Cochrane. We included studies that considered young adults aged 15-29 years of age with a mental health diagnosis, who were seeking employment or were included in an employment intervention. RESULTS Our search resulted in 24 research articles that focused on employment for young adults with mental illness. Four main themes were extracted from the literature: (1) integrated health and social services, (2) age-exposure to employment supports, (3) self-awareness and autonomy and (4) sustained support over the career trajectory. CONCLUSIONS Our review suggests that consistent youth-centred employment interventions, in addition to usual mental health treatment, can facilitate young adults with mental illness to achieve their employment goals. Aligning the mental health and employment priorities of young adults may result in improved health and social outcomes for this population while promoting greater engagement of young adults in care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taryn Gmitroski
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christl Bradley
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lyn Heinemann
- Canadian Mental Health Association, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Grace Liu
- Providence Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Foundry, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paige Blanchard
- Providence Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Foundry, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Charlotte Beck
- UBC Library, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steve Mathias
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Foundry, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- UBC Library, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adelena Leon
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Skye Pamela Barbic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Foundry, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- UBC Library, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pittenger SL, Moore KE, Dworkin ER, Crusto CA, Connell CM. Risk and Protective Factors for Alcohol, Marijuana, and Cocaine Use Among Child Welfare-Involved Youth. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2018; 95:88-94. [PMID: 31231146 PMCID: PMC6588184 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Youth involved in child welfare services (CWS) are at elevated risk for substance use. CWS involvement may provide an opportunity for intervention to prevent subsequent use; however, little is known about mitigating substance use risk in this population. Using data from the second National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW II), the present study examined individual, psychological, and contextual risk factors (e.g., prior substance use, depression, posttraumatic stress, maltreatment experiences) and protective factors (e.g., caregiver monitoring, peer relationships) following CWS involvement (Wave 1) in relation to alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine use 36 months later (Wave 3). The nationally-representative sample of CWS-involved youth was restricted to individuals who were aged 11 years or older at Wave 1 and had at least a partial interview at Wave 3 (N = 763). Three logistic regression models showed that Wave 1 substance use increased the likelihood of marijuana and cocaine use at Wave 3 [marijuana OR = 1.41 (1.19-1.68); cocaine OR = 1.26 (1.07-1.50)] but not binge alcohol use [OR = 1.44 (0.95-2.19)]. Other risk and protective factors had limited predictive value for Wave 3 substance use. The present findings suggest that initiating substance use prior to or at the time of CWS involvement is a critical risk factor for later substance use. Substance use screening and referral to treatment is imperative for CWS-involved youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emily R. Dworkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Noel VA, Oulvey E, Drake RE, Bond GR, Carpenter-Song EA, DeAtley B. A preliminary evaluation of individual placement and support for youth with developmental and psychiatric disabilities. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION 2018. [DOI: 10.3233/jvr-180934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugene Oulvey
- Illinois Department of Human Services, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Robert E. Drake
- Westat, Lebanon, NH, USA
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ferguson KM. Employment Outcomes From a Randomized Controlled Trial of Two Employment Interventions With Homeless Youth. JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR SOCIAL WORK AND RESEARCH 2018; 9:1-21. [PMID: 30220962 PMCID: PMC6135254 DOI: 10.1086/696372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Limited research exists on how employment interventions contribute to employment outcomes for homeless youth. This study examines the comparative efficacy of 2 interventions-Social Enterprise Intervention (SEI) and Individual Placement and Support (IPS)-provided to homeless youth with mental illness in a randomized controlled trial. METHOD Participants were recruited from 1 homeless youth agency in Los Angeles, CA, and randomized to the SEI (n = 36) or IPS (n = 36) conditions. Over 20 months, SEI participants received 4 SEI components, and IPS participants received IPS services based on 8 principles. Data were collected at baseline and follow-up for the primary employment outcome (paid employment) and 5 secondary employment outcomes. RESULTS Over 20 months, 39% of SEI participants and 32% of IPS participants reported any paid employment. Across both groups, participants who reported working at baseline had nearly 8 times the odds of working at follow-up (OR = 7.91, p < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were detected across the full sample or between groups on the primary or secondary employment outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Future effectiveness research is needed to compare the long-term employment outcomes of the SEI and IPS with a more heterogeneous sample of homeless youth using customized homelessness support services and more nuanced employment outcomes.
Collapse
|
11
|
Smith DL, Atmatzidis K, Capogreco M, Lloyd-Randolfi D, Seman V. Evidence-Based Interventions for Increasing Work Participation for Persons With Various Disabilities. OTJR-OCCUPATION PARTICIPATION AND HEALTH 2017; 37:3S-13S. [DOI: 10.1177/1539449216681276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Title I of the Americans With Disabilities Act prohibits discrimination in employment; however, 26 years later, employment rates for persons with disabilities hover at 34%. This systematic review investigates the effectiveness of evidence-based interventions to increase employment for people with various disabilities. Forty-six articles met the inclusion criteria for evidence-based interventions. The majority of studies assessed interventions for persons with mental health disabilities. Strong evidence was found for ongoing support and work-related social skills training prior to and during competitive employment for persons with mental health disabilities. Moderate evidence supported simulation and use of assistive technology, especially apps for cueing and peer support to increase work participation for persons with intellectual disabilities, neurological/cognitive disabilities, and autism spectrum disorder. Many of the strategies to increase work participation were appropriate for occupational therapy intervention. Suggestions were made for research, specifically looking at more rigorous evaluation of strategies in the long term.
Collapse
|
12
|
Noel VA, Oulvey E, Drake RE, Bond GR. Barriers to Employment for Transition-age Youth with Developmental and Psychiatric Disabilities. ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2016; 44:354-358. [DOI: 10.1007/s10488-016-0773-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
13
|
Hoven H, Ford R, Willmot A, Hagan S, Siegrist J. Job Coaching and Success in Gaining and Sustaining Employment Among Homeless People. RESEARCH ON SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE 2016; 26:668-674. [PMID: 27630516 PMCID: PMC5019281 DOI: 10.1177/1049731514562285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People who are homeless experience many barriers that affect their ability to gain and sustain work. In this study, we investigate whether personal job coaching support contributes toward employment success. METHODS The short- and long-term employment outcomes of 2,480 clients participating in a labor market program were analyzed. RESULTS Clients being supported by a job coach have significantly higher chances of gaining employment than those not being supported. This holds particularly true for the youngest age-group. Furthermore, results also indicate that job coaching improves clients' chances of successfully sustaining employment. CONCLUSIONS Personal approaches and individual coaching seem to be promising strategies in social work practice and specifically in return to work programs for people who have experienced homelessness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanno Hoven
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Centre for Health and Society, Institute for Medical Sociology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
A Randomised Controlled Trial of Evidence Based Supported Employment for People Who have Recently been Homeless and have a Mental Illness. ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2015; 44:217-224. [DOI: 10.1007/s10488-015-0713-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
15
|
Employment and educational outcomes in early intervention programmes for early psychosis: a systematic review. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2015; 24:446-57. [PMID: 25016950 PMCID: PMC8367356 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796014000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Young adults with early psychosis want to pursue normal roles - education and employment. This paper summarises the empirical literature on the effectiveness of early intervention programmes for employment and education outcomes. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of employment/education outcomes for early intervention programmes, distinguishing three programme types: (1) those providing supported employment, (2) those providing unspecified vocational services and (3) those without vocational services. We summarised findings for 28 studies. RESULTS Eleven studies evaluated early intervention programmes providing supported employment. In eight studies that reported employment outcomes separately from education outcomes, the employment rate during follow-up for supported employment patients was 49%, compared with 29% for patients receiving usual services. The two groups did not differ on enrolment in education. In four controlled studies, meta-analysis showed that the employment rate for supported employment participants was significantly higher than for control participants, odds ratio = 3.66 [1.93-6.93], p < 0.0001. Five studies (four descriptive and one quasi-experimental) of early intervention programmes evaluating unspecified vocational services were inconclusive. Twelve studies of early intervention programmes without vocational services were methodologically heterogeneous, using diverse methods for evaluating vocational/educational outcomes and precluding a satisfactory meta-analytic synthesis. Among studies with comparison groups, 7 of 11 (64%) reported significant vocational/education outcomes favouring early intervention over usual services. CONCLUSIONS In early intervention programmes, supported employment moderately increases employment rates but not rates of enrolment in education. These improvements are in addition to the modest effects early programmes alone have on vocational/educational outcomes compared with usual services.
Collapse
|
16
|
Poremski D, Distasio J, Hwang SW, Latimer E. Employment and Income of People Who Experience Mental Illness and Homelessness in a Large Canadian Sample. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2015; 60:379-85. [PMID: 26454725 PMCID: PMC4574713 DOI: 10.1177/070674371506000902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research suggests that homeless people with mental illness may have difficulty obtaining employment and disability benefits. Our study provides a comprehensive description of sources of income and employment rates in a large Canadian sample. METHODS Participants (n = 2085) from the 5 sites of the At Home/Chez Soi study were asked about their income, employment, and desire for work during the pre-baseline period. The proportion of participants employed, receiving government support, and relying on income from other activities were compared across sites, as were total income and income from different sources. Generalized linear models were used to identify participant characteristics associated with total income. RESULTS Unemployment ranged from 93% to 98% across 5 sites. The per cent of participants who wanted to work ranged from 61% to 83%. Participants relied predominantly on government assistance, with 29.5% relying exclusively on welfare, and 46.2% receiving disability benefits. Twenty-eight per cent of participants received neither social assistance nor disability income. Among the 2085 participants, 6.8% reported income from panhandling, 2.1% from sex trade, and 1.2% from selling drugs. Regression models showed that income differed significantly among sites and age groups, and was significantly lower for people with psychotic illnesses. CONCLUSION These results suggest that homeless people with mental illness are predominantly unemployed, despite expressing a desire to work. In Canada, this group relies predominantly on welfare, but has access to disability benefits and employment insurance. These findings highlight the importance of developing effective interventions to support employment goals and facilitate access to benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Poremski
- Post-doctoral Fellow, Centre for Research on Inner City Health, Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Jino Distasio
- Associate Vice-President, Research and Innovation, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - Stephen W Hwang
- Associate Professor, University of Toronto and St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Eric Latimer
- Professor, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ferguson KM, Bender K, Thompson SJ. Gender, coping strategies, homelessness stressors, and income generation among homeless young adults in three cities. Soc Sci Med 2015; 135:47-55. [PMID: 25942470 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined gender differences among homeless young adults' coping strategies and homelessness stressors as they relate to legal (e.g., full-time employment, selling personal possessions, selling blood/plasma) and illegal economic activity (e.g., selling drugs, theft, prostitution). A sample of 601 homeless young adults was recruited from 3 cities (Los Angeles, CA [n = 200], Austin, TX [n = 200], and Denver, CO [n = 201]) to participate in semi-structured interviews from March 2010 to July 2011. Risk and resilience correlates of legal and illegal economic activity were analyzed using six Ordinary Least Squares regression models with the full sample and with the female and male sub-samples. In the full sample, three variables (i.e., avoidant coping, problem-focused coping, and mania) were associated with legal income generation whereas eight variables (i.e., social coping, age, arrest history, transience, peer substance use, antisocial personality disorder [ASPD], substance use disorder [SUD], and major depressive episode [MDE]) were associated with illegal economic activity. In the female sub-sample, three variables (i.e., problem-focused coping, race/ethnicity, and transience) were correlated with legal income generation whereas six variables (i.e., problem-focused coping, social coping, age, arrest history, peer substance use, and ASPD) were correlated with illegal economic activity. Among males, the model depicting legal income generation was not significant yet seven variables (i.e., social coping, age, transience, peer substance use, ASPD, SUD, and MDE) were associated with illegal economic activity. Understanding gender differences in coping strategies and economic activity might help customize interventions aimed at safe and legal income generation for this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Ferguson
- Silberman School of Social Work at Hunter College, 2180 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10035, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Adapting Supported Employment for Emerging Adults with Serious Mental Health Conditions. J Behav Health Serv Res 2014; 42:206-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s11414-014-9445-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
19
|
Ferguson KM. Using the Social Enterprise Intervention (SEI) and Individual Placement and Support (IPS) models to improve employment and clinical outcomes of homeless youth with mental illness. SOCIAL WORK IN MENTAL HEALTH 2013; 11:10.1080/15332985.2013.764960. [PMID: 24294127 PMCID: PMC3840385 DOI: 10.1080/15332985.2013.764960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Prior research reveals high unemployment rates among homeless youth. The literature offers many examples of using evidence-informed and evidence-based supported employment models with vulnerable populations to assist them in obtaining and maintaining employment and concurrently addressing mental health challenges. However, there are few examples to date of these models with homeless youth with mental illness. The purpose of this article was thus to describe a methodology for establishing a university-agency research partnership to design, implement, evaluate, and replicate evidence-informed and evidence-based interventions with homeless youth with mental illness to enhance their employment, mental health, and functional outcomes. Data from two studies are used to illustrate the relationship between vocational skill-building/employment and mental health among homeless youth. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of conducting community-based participatory employment and clinical intervention research. The author highlights the opportunities and tensions associated with this approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M. Ferguson
- Silberman School of Social Work at Hunter College, 2180 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10035
| |
Collapse
|