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Richards JH, Freeman DD, Detloff MR. Myeloid Cell Association with Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Neuropathic Pain and Depressive-like Behaviors in LysM-eGFP Mice. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2024; 25:104433. [PMID: 38007034 PMCID: PMC11058038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects ∼500,000 people worldwide annually, with the majority developing chronic neuropathic pain. Following SCI, approximately 60% of these individuals are diagnosed with comorbid mood disorders, while only ∼21% of the general population will experience a mood disorder in their lifetime. We hypothesize that nociceptive and depressive-like dysregulation occurs after SCI and is associated with aberrant macrophage infiltration in segmental pain centers. We completed moderate unilateral C5 spinal cord contusion on LysM-eGFP reporter mice to visualize infiltrating macrophages. At 6-weeks post-SCI, mice exhibit nociceptive and depressive-like dysfunction compared to naïve and sham groups. There were no differences between the sexes, indicating that sex is not a contributing factor driving nociceptive or depressive-like behaviors after SCI. Utilizing hierarchical cluster analysis, we classified mice based on endpoint nociceptive and depressive-like behavior scores. Approximately 59.3% of the SCI mice clustered based on increased paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimuli and immobility time in the forced swim test. SCI mice displayed increased myeloid cell presence in the lesion epicenter, ipsilateral C7-8 dorsal horn, and C7-8 DRGs as evidenced by eGFP, CD68, and Iba1 immunostaining when compared to naïve and sham mice. This was further confirmed by SCI-induced alterations in the expression of genes indicative of myeloid cell activation states and their associated secretome in the dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia. In conclusion, moderate unilateral cervical SCI caused the development of pain-related and depressive-like behaviors in a subset of mice and these behavioral changes are consistent with immune system activation in the segmental pain pathway. PERSPECTIVE: These experiments characterized pain-related and depressive-like behaviors and correlated these changes with the immune response post-SCI. While humanizing the rodent is impossible, the results from this study inform clinical literature to closely examine sex differences reported in humans to better understand the underlying shared etiologies of pain and depressive-like behaviors following central nervous system trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H. Richards
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 2900 W. Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - Daniel D. Freeman
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 2900 W. Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129
| | - Megan Ryan Detloff
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 2900 W. Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129
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2
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Zamith Cunha R, Semprini A, Salamanca G, Gobbo F, Morini M, Pickles KJ, Roberts V, Chiocchetti R. Expression of Cannabinoid Receptors in the Trigeminal Ganglion of the Horse. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15949. [PMID: 37958932 PMCID: PMC10648827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptors are expressed in human and animal trigeminal sensory neurons; however, the expression in the equine trigeminal ganglion is unknown. Ten trigeminal ganglia from five horses were collected post-mortem from an abattoir. The expression of cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB1R) and type 2 (CB2R), and the cannabinoid-related receptors like transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARɣ), and G protein-related receptor 55 (GPR55) in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) of the horse were studied, using immunofluorescence on cryosections and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections. Neurons and glial cells were identified using fluorescent Nissl staining NeuroTrace® and an antibody directed against the glial marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), respectively. Macrophages were identified by means of an antibody directed against the macrophages/microglia marker ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1). The protein expression of CB1R, CB2R, TRPV1, and PPARɣ was found in the majority of TG neurons in both cryosections and FFPE sections. The expression of GPR55 immunoreactivity was mainly detectable in FFPE sections, with expression in the majority of sensory neurons. Some receptors were also observed in glial cells (CB2R, TRPV1, PPARγ, and GPR55) and inflammatory cells (PPARγ and GPR55). These results support further investigation of such receptors in disorders of equine trigeminal neuronal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Zamith Cunha
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 37200 Bologna, Italy; (R.Z.C.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (F.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Alberto Semprini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 37200 Bologna, Italy; (R.Z.C.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (F.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Giulia Salamanca
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 37200 Bologna, Italy; (R.Z.C.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (F.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Francesca Gobbo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 37200 Bologna, Italy; (R.Z.C.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (F.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Maria Morini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 37200 Bologna, Italy; (R.Z.C.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (F.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Kirstie J. Pickles
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Veronica Roberts
- Bristol Vet School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
| | - Roberto Chiocchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 37200 Bologna, Italy; (R.Z.C.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (F.G.); (M.M.)
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3
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Gheorghe RO, Grosu AV, Magercu M, Ghenghea MS, Zbarcea CE, Tanase A, Negres S, Filippi A, Chiritoiu G, Gherghiceanu M, Dinescu S, Gaina G, Sapunar D, Ristoiu V. Switching Rat Resident Macrophages from M1 to M2 Phenotype by Iba1 Silencing Has Analgesic Effects in SNL-Induced Neuropathic Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15831. [PMID: 37958812 PMCID: PMC10648812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Resident macrophages from dorsal root ganglia are important for the development of traumatic-induced neuropathic pain. In the first 5-7 days after a traumatic sciatic nerve injury (i.e., spinal nerve ligation (SNL), spared nerve injury (SNI), sciatic nerve transection or sciatic nerve ligation and transection), Ionized binding adapter protein 1 (Iba1) (+) resident macrophages cluster around dorsal root ganglia neurons, possibly contributing to nerve injury-induced hypersensitivity. Since infiltrating macrophages gradually recruited to the lesion site peak at about 7 days, the first few days post-lesion offer a window of opportunity when the contribution of Iba1 (+) resident macrophages to neuropathic pain pathogenesis could be investigated. Iba1 is an actin cross-linking cytoskeleton protein, specifically located only in macrophages and microglia. In this study, we explored the contribution of rat Iba1 (+) macrophages in SNL-induced neuropathic pain by using intra-ganglionic injections of naked Iba1-siRNA, delivered at the time the lesion occurred. The results show that 5 days after Iba1 silencing, Iba1 (+) resident macrophages are switched from an M1 (pro-inflammatory) phenotype to an M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype, which was confirmed by a significant decrease of M1 markers (CD32 and CD86), a significant increase of M2 markers (CD163 and Arginase-1), a reduced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β) and an increased release of pro-regenerative factors (BDNF, NGF and NT-3) which initiated the regrowth of adult DRG neurites and reduced SNL-induced neuropathic pain. Our data show for the first time, that it is possible to induce macrophages towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype by interacting with their cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana-Olimpia Gheorghe
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, District 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-O.G.)
| | - Andreea Violeta Grosu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, District 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-O.G.)
| | - Melania Magercu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, District 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-O.G.)
| | - Mihail-Sebastian Ghenghea
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, District 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-O.G.)
| | - Cristina Elena Zbarcea
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 6 Traian Vuia Street, District 2, 02095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Tanase
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 6 Traian Vuia Street, District 2, 02095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Negres
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 6 Traian Vuia Street, District 2, 02095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Filippi
- Department of Biophysics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 8 Eroilor Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela Chiritoiu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Romanian Academy, 2996 Splaiul Independentei 296, District 6, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Gherghiceanu
- Ultrastructural Pathology and Bioimaging Laboratory, Victor Babeș National Institute of Pathology Bucharest, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, District 5, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorina Dinescu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, District 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gisela Gaina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, District 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Damir Sapunar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Violeta Ristoiu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, District 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-O.G.)
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4
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Su PYP, Zhang L, He L, Zhao N, Guan Z. The Role of Neuro-Immune Interactions in Chronic Pain: Implications for Clinical Practice. J Pain Res 2022; 15:2223-2248. [PMID: 35957964 PMCID: PMC9359791 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s246883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain remains a public health problem and contributes to the ongoing opioid epidemic. Current pain management therapies still leave many patients with poorly controlled pain, thus new or improved treatments are desperately needed. One major challenge in pain research is the translation of preclinical findings into effective clinical practice. The local neuroimmune interface plays an important role in the initiation and maintenance of chronic pain and is therefore a promising target for novel therapeutic development. Neurons interface with immune and immunocompetent cells in many distinct microenvironments along the nociceptive circuitry. The local neuroimmune interface can modulate the activity and property of the neurons to affect peripheral and central sensitization. In this review, we highlight a specific subset of many neuroimmune interfaces. In the central nervous system, we examine the interface between neurons and microglia, astrocytes, and T lymphocytes. In the periphery, we profile the interface between neurons in the dorsal root ganglion with T lymphocytes, satellite glial cells, and macrophages. To bridge the gap between preclinical research and clinical practice, we review the preclinical studies of each neuroimmune interface, discuss current clinical treatments in pain medicine that may exert its action at the neuroimmune interface, and highlight opportunities for future clinical research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yi Paul Su
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lingyi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangliang He
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pain Management, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhonghui Guan
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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5
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Sinegubov A, Andreeva D, Burzak N, Vasyutina M, Murashova L, Dyachuk V. Heterogeneity and Potency of Peripheral Glial Cells in Embryonic Development and Adults. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:737949. [PMID: 35401107 PMCID: PMC8990813 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.737949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the heterogeneity of peripheral glial cell populations, from the emergence of Schwann cells (SCs) in early development, to their involvement, and that of their derivatives in adult glial populations. We focus on the origin of the first glial precursors from neural crest cells (NCCs), and their ability to differentiate into several cell types during development. We also discuss the heterogeneity of embryonic glia in light of the latest data from genetic tracing and transcriptome analysis. Special attention has been paid to the biology of glial populations in adult animals, by highlighting common features of different glial cell types and molecular differences that modulate their functions. Finally, we consider the communication of glial cells with axons of neurons in normal and pathological conditions. In conclusion, the present review details how information available on glial cell types and their functions in normal and pathological conditions may be utilized in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of patients with neurodiseases.
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6
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Hoshino Y, Okuno T, Saigusa D, Kano K, Yamamoto S, Shindou H, Aoki J, Uchida K, Yokomizo T, Ito N. Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1/3 antagonist inhibits the activation of satellite glial cells and reduces acute nociceptive responses. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22236. [PMID: 35218596 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101678r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) exerts various biological activities through six characterized G protein-coupled receptors (LPA1-6 ). While LPA-LPA1 signaling contributes toward the demyelination and retraction of C-fiber and induces neuropathic pain, the effects of LPA-LPA1 signaling on acute nociceptive pain is uncertain. This study investigated the role of LPA-LPA1 signaling in acute nociceptive pain using the formalin test. The pharmacological inhibition of the LPA-LPA1 axis significantly attenuated formalin-induced nociceptive behavior. The LPA1 mRNA was expressed in satellite glial cells (SGCs) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and was particularly abundant in SGCs surrounding large DRG neurons, which express neurofilament 200. Treatment with LPA1/3 receptor (LPA1/3 ) antagonist inhibited the upregulation of glial markers and inflammatory cytokines in DRG following formalin injection. The LPA1/3 antagonist also attenuated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, especially in SGCs and cyclic AMP response element-binding protein in the dorsal horn following formalin injection. LPA amounts after formalin injection to the footpad were quantified by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, and LPA levels were found to be increased in the innervated DRGs. Our results indicate that LPA produced in the innervated DRGs promotes the activation of SGCs through LPA1 , increases the sensitivity of primary neurons, and modulates pain behavior. These results facilitate our understanding of the pathology of acute nociceptive pain and demonstrate the possibility of the LPA1 on SGCs as a novel target for acute pain control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Okuno
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Saigusa
- Laboratory of Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku University Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shota Yamamoto
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Shindou
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Lipid Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanji Uchida
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuko Ito
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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How Is Peripheral Injury Signaled to Satellite Glial Cells in Sensory Ganglia? Cells 2022; 11:cells11030512. [PMID: 35159321 PMCID: PMC8833977 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Injury or inflammation in the peripheral branches of neurons of sensory ganglia causes changes in neuronal properties, including excessive firing, which may underlie chronic pain. The main types of glial cell in these ganglia are satellite glial cells (SGCs), which completely surround neuronal somata. SGCs undergo activation following peripheral lesions, which can enhance neuronal firing. How neuronal injury induces SGC activation has been an open question. Moreover, the mechanisms by which the injury is signaled from the periphery to the ganglia are obscure and may include electrical conduction, axonal and humoral transport, and transmission at the spinal level. We found that peripheral inflammation induced SGC activation and that the messenger between injured neurons and SGCs was nitric oxide (NO), acting by elevating cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in SGCs. These results, together with work from other laboratories, indicate that a plausible (but not exclusive) mechanism for neuron-SGCs interactions can be formulated as follows: Firing due to peripheral injury induces NO formation in neuronal somata, which diffuses to SGCs. This stimulates cGMP synthesis in SGCs, leading to their activation and to other changes, which contribute to neuronal hyperexcitability and pain. Other mediators such as proinflammatory cytokines probably also contribute to neuron-SGC communications.
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Mansouri Torghabeh F, Rostamzadeh P, Davoudi S, Keivan M, Shokri-Asl V. Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis on orchitis following spermatic cord torsion-detorsion in male mice with emphasis on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Andrologia 2021; 54:e14252. [PMID: 34554588 DOI: 10.1111/and.14252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Orchitis as inflammation of testis occurs following traumatic injuries such as testicular torsion leading to high levels of oxidative stress and inflammation. Rosmarinus officinalis is a herb with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study assessed therapeutic effects of rosemary following testicular torsion. A total of 36 male mice were categorised; control, torsion, rosemary (100 and 200 mg/kg) and torsion+rosemary groups. Torsion was induced surgically, and rosemary was gavaged. Total antioxidant capacity of extract was approved by Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma. Malondialdehyde and Griess protocols were hired to assess oxidative stress. Finally, sperm parameters and testosterone levels were analysed. Immunofluorescent (of Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha), hematoxylin and eosin stainings and expression of inflammatory genes (Interleukin-1α, Interleukin-1β, Interferon-γ) were also assessed. Data were analysed using SPSS (v. 19), and graphs were drawn by GraphPad Prism (v. 9). Significantly (p < .05), oxidative stress indices and inflammatory genes expression were increased in torsion group, and total antioxidant capacity was increased in rosemary groups. In torsion+rosemary groups, total antioxidant capacity, sperm parameters and testosterone levels were increased, and inflammatory gene expression decreased significantly (p < .05). Rosemary with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties accelerates testicular healing in torsion cases, especially in therapeutic dose of 200 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mansouri Torghabeh
- Department of Physiology Sciences, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parsa Rostamzadeh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Samira Davoudi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mona Keivan
- Member of Research Committee, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Vahid Shokri-Asl
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Jin Y, Wei S, Liu TT, Qiu CY, Hu WP. Acute P38-Mediated Enhancement of P2X3 Receptor Currents by TNF-α in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:2841-2850. [PMID: 34234509 PMCID: PMC8254564 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s315774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine and involves in a variety of pain conditions. Some findings suggest that TNF-α may act directly on primary afferent neurons to induce acute pain hypersensitivity through non-transcriptional regulation. This study investigated whether TNF-α had an effect on functional activity of P2X3 receptors in primary sensory neurons. Herein, we report that a brief (5 min) application of TNF-α rapidly enhanced the electrophysiological activity of P2X3 receptors in rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. Methods Electrophysiological recordings were carried out on rat DRG neurons, and nociceptive behavior was quantified in rats. Results A brief (5 min) exposure of TNF-α rapidly increased P2X3 receptor-mediated and α,β-methylene-ATP (α,β-meATP)-evoked inward currents in a dose-dependent manner. The potentiation of P2X3 receptor-mediated ATP currents by TNF-α was voltage-independent. TNF-α shifted the concentration-response curve for α,β-meATP upwards, with an increase of 31.57 ± 6.81% in the maximal current response to α,β-meATP. This acute potentiation of ATP currents by TNF-α was blocked by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB202190, but not by non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, suggesting involvement of p38 MAPK, but not cyclooxygenase. Moreover, intraplantar injection of TNF-α and α,β-meATP produced a synergistic effect on mechanical allodynia in rats. TNF-α-induced mechanical allodynia was also alleviated after local P2X3 receptors were blocked. Conclusion These results suggested that TNF-α rapidly sensitized P2X3 receptors in primary sensory neurons via a p38 MAPK dependent pathway, which revealed a novel peripheral mechanism underlying acute mechanical hypersensitivity by peripheral administration of TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jin
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, 437100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Wei
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, 437100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, 437100, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yu Qiu
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, 437100, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang-Ping Hu
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, 437100, People's Republic of China
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10
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Wei S, Qiu CY, Jin Y, Liu TT, Hu WP. TNF-α acutely enhances acid-sensing ion channel currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons via a p38 MAPK pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:92. [PMID: 33853615 PMCID: PMC8048296 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02151-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in pain processing and hypersensitivity. It regulates not only the expression of a variety of inflammatory mediators but also the functional activity of some ion channels. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), as key sensors for extracellular protons, are expressed in nociceptive sensory neurons and contribute to pain signaling caused by tissue acidosis. It is still unclear whether TNF-α has an effect on functional activity of ASICs. Herein, we reported that a brief exposure of TNF-α acutely sensitized ASICs in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Methods Electrophysiological experiments on rat DRG neurons were performed in vitro and acetic acid induced nociceptive behavior quantified in vitro. Results A brief (5min) application of TNF-α rapidly enhanced ASIC-mediated currents in rat DRG neurons. TNF-α (0.1-10 ng/ml) dose-dependently increased the proton-evoked ASIC currents with an EC50 value of 0.12 ± 0.01 nM. TNF-α shifted the concentration-response curve of proton upwards with a maximal current response increase of 42.34 ± 7.89%. In current-clamp recording, an acute application of TNF-α also significantly increased acid-evoked firing in rat DRG neurons. The rapid enhancement of ASIC-mediated electrophysiological activity by TNF-α was prevented by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB202190, but not by non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, suggesting that p38 MAPK is necessary for this enhancement. Behaviorally, TNF-α exacerbated acid-induced nociceptive behaviors in rats via activation of local p38 MAPK pathway. Conclusions These results suggest that TNF-α rapidly enhanced ASIC-mediated functional activity via a p38 MAPK pathway, which revealed a novel peripheral mechanism underlying TNF-α involvement in rapid hyperalgesia by sensitizing ASICs in primary sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wei
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, 88 Xianning Road, Xianning, 437100, Hubei, PR China.,Department of Pharmacology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, 88 Xianning Road, Xianning, 437100, Hubei, PR China
| | - Chun-Yu Qiu
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, 88 Xianning Road, Xianning, 437100, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ying Jin
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, 88 Xianning Road, Xianning, 437100, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, 88 Xianning Road, Xianning, 437100, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wang-Ping Hu
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, 88 Xianning Road, Xianning, 437100, Hubei, PR China.
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11
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Bhusal A, Rahman MH, Lee WH, Lee IK, Suk K. Satellite glia as a critical component of diabetic neuropathy: Role of lipocalin-2 and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-2 axis in the dorsal root ganglion. Glia 2020; 69:971-996. [PMID: 33251681 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of uncontrolled diabetes. The pathogenesis of DPN is associated with chronic inflammation in dorsal root ganglion (DRG), eventually causing structural and functional changes. Studies on DPN have primarily focused on neuronal component, and there is limited knowledge about the role of satellite glial cells (SGCs), although they completely enclose neuronal soma in DRG. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a pro-inflammatory acute-phase protein found in high levels in diverse neuroinflammatory and metabolic disorders. In diabetic DRG, the expression of LCN2 was increased exclusively in the SGCs. This upregulation of LCN2 in SGCs correlated with increased inflammatory responses in DRG and sciatic nerve. Furthermore, diabetes-induced inflammation and morphological changes in DRG, as well as sciatic nerve, were attenuated in Lcn2 knockout (KO) mice. Lcn2 gene ablation also ameliorated neuropathy phenotype as determined by nerve conduction velocity and intraepidermal nerve fiber density. Mechanistically, studies using specific gene KO mice, adenovirus-mediated gene overexpression strategy, and primary cultures of DRG SGCs and neurons have demonstrated that LCN2 enhances the expression of mitochondrial gate-keeping regulator pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-2 (PDK2) through PPARβ/δ, thereby inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and increasing production of glycolytic end product lactic acid in DRG SGCs and neurons of diabetic mice. Collectively, our findings reveal a crucial role of glial LCN2-PPARβ/δ-PDK2-lactic acid axis in progression of DPN. Our results establish a link between pro-inflammatory LCN2 and glycolytic PDK2 in DRG SGCs and neurons and propose a novel glia-based mechanism and drug target for therapy of DPN. MAIN POINTS: Diabetes upregulates LCN2 in satellite glia, which in turn increases pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-2 (PDK2) expression and lactic acid production in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Glial LCN2-PDK2-lactic acid axis in DRG plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Bhusal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Brain Korea 21 Plus/Kyungpook National University Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Aging and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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12
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Jager SE, Pallesen LT, Richner M, Harley P, Hore Z, McMahon S, Denk F, Vaegter CB. Changes in the transcriptional fingerprint of satellite glial cells following peripheral nerve injury. Glia 2020; 68:1375-1395. [PMID: 32045043 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Satellite glial cells (SGCs) are homeostatic cells enveloping the somata of peripheral sensory and autonomic neurons. A wide variety of neuronal stressors trigger activation of SGCs, contributing to, for example, neuropathic pain through modulation of neuronal activity. However, compared to neurons and other glial cells of the nervous system, SGCs have received modest scientific attention and very little is known about SGC biology, possibly due to the experimental challenges associated with studying them in vivo and in vitro. Utilizing a recently developed method to obtain SGC RNA from dorsal root ganglia (DRG), we took a systematic approach to characterize the SGC transcriptional fingerprint by using next-generation sequencing and, for the first time, obtain an overview of the SGC injury response. Our RNA sequencing data are easily accessible in supporting information in Excel format. They reveal that SGCs are enriched in genes related to the immune system and cell-to-cell communication. Analysis of SGC transcriptional changes in a nerve injury-paradigm reveal a differential response at 3 days versus 14 days postinjury, suggesting dynamic modulation of SGC function over time. Significant downregulation of several genes linked to cholesterol synthesis was observed at both time points. In contrast, regulation of gene clusters linked to the immune system (MHC protein complex and leukocyte migration) was mainly observed after 14 days. Finally, we demonstrate that, after nerve injury, macrophages are in closer physical proximity to both small and large DRG neurons, and that previously reported injury-induced proliferation of SGCs may, in fact, be proliferating macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Jager
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Lone T Pallesen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mette Richner
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter Harley
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Zoe Hore
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Stephen McMahon
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Franziska Denk
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Christian B Vaegter
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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13
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Trevisan AJ, Bauer MB, Brindley RL, Currie KPM, Carter BD. Jedi-1 deficiency increases sensory neuron excitability through a non-cell autonomous mechanism. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1300. [PMID: 31992767 PMCID: PMC6987110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57971-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal root ganglia (DRG) house the primary afferent neurons responsible for somatosensation, including pain. We previously identified Jedi-1 (PEAR1/MEGF12) as a phagocytic receptor expressed by satellite glia in the DRG involved in clearing apoptotic neurons during development. Here, we further investigated the function of this receptor in vivo using Jedi-1 null mice. In addition to satellite glia, we found Jedi-1 expression in perineurial glia and endothelial cells, but not in sensory neurons. We did not detect any morphological or functional changes in the glial cells or vasculature of Jedi-1 knockout mice. Surprisingly, we did observe changes in DRG neuron activity. In neurons from Jedi-1 knockout (KO) mice, there was an increase in the fraction of capsaicin-sensitive cells relative to wild type (WT) controls. Patch-clamp electrophysiology revealed an increase in excitability, with a shift from phasic to tonic action potential firing patterns in KO neurons. We also found alterations in the properties of voltage-gated sodium channel currents in Jedi-1 null neurons. These results provide new insight into the expression pattern of Jedi-1 in the peripheral nervous system and indicate that loss of Jedi-1 alters DRG neuron activity indirectly through an intercellular interaction between non-neuronal cells and sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Trevisan
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mary Beth Bauer
- Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rebecca L Brindley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Kevin P M Currie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA.
| | - Bruce D Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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14
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Matsuka Y, Afroz S, Dalanon JC, Iwasa T, Waskitho A, Oshima M. The role of chemical transmitters in neuron-glia interaction and pain in sensory ganglion. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:393-399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Gopalsamy B, Sambasevam Y, Zulazmi NA, Chia JSM, Omar Farouk AA, Sulaiman MR, Tengku Mohamad TAS, Perimal EK. Experimental Characterization of the Chronic Constriction Injury-Induced Neuropathic Pain Model in Mice. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2123-2138. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02850-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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16
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RNA-Binding Proteins HuB, HuC, and HuD are Distinctly Regulated in Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons from STZ-Sensitive Compared to STZ-Resistant Diabetic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081965. [PMID: 31013625 PMCID: PMC6514878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuron-specific Elav-like Hu RNA-binding proteins were described to play an important role in neuronal differentiation and plasticity by ensuring the post-transcriptional control of RNAs encoding for various proteins. Although Elav-like Hu proteins alterations were reported in diabetes or neuropathy, little is known about the regulation of neuron-specific Elav-like Hu RNA-binding proteins in sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) due to the diabetic condition. The goal of our study was to analyze the gene and protein expression of HuB, HuC, and HuD in DRG sensory neurons in diabetes. The diabetic condition was induced in CD-1 adult male mice with single-intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 150 mg/kg), and 8-weeks (advanced diabetes) after induction was quantified the Elav-like proteins expression. Based on the glycemia values, we identified two types of responses to STZ, and mice were classified in STZ-resistant (diabetic resistant, glycemia < 260 mg/dL) and STZ-sensitive (diabetic, glycemia > 260 mg/dL). Body weight measurements indicated that 8-weeks after STZ-induction of diabetes, control mice have a higher increase in body weight compared to the diabetic and diabetic resistant mice. Moreover, after 8-weeks, diabetic mice (19.52 ± 3.52 s) have longer paw withdrawal latencies in the hot-plate test than diabetic resistant (11.36 ± 1.92 s) and control (11.03 ± 1.97 s) mice, that correlates with the installation of warm hypoalgesia due to the diabetic condition. Further on, we evidenced the decrease of Elav-like gene expression in DRG neurons of diabetic mice (Elavl2, 0.68 ± 0.05 fold; Elavl3, 0.65 ± 0.01 fold; Elavl4, 0.53 ± 0.07 fold) and diabetic resistant mice (Ealvl2, 0.56 ± 0.07 fold; Elavl3, 0.32 ± 0.09 fold) compared to control mice. Interestingly, Elav-like genes have a more accentuated downregulation in diabetic resistant than in diabetic mice, although hypoalgesia was evidenced only in diabetic mice. The Elav-like gene expression changes do not always correlate with the Hu protein expression changes. To detail, HuB is upregulated and HuD is downregulated in diabetic mice, while HuB, HuC, and HuD are downregulated in diabetic resistant mice compared to control mice. To resume, we demonstrated HuD downregulation and HuB upregulation in DRG sensory neurons induced by diabetes, which might be correlated with altered post-transcriptional control of RNAs involved in the regulation of thermal hypoalgesia condition caused by the advanced diabetic neuropathy.
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17
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Martin SL, Reid AJ, Verkhratsky A, Magnaghi V, Faroni A. Gene expression changes in dorsal root ganglia following peripheral nerve injury: roles in inflammation, cell death and nociception. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:939-947. [PMID: 30761997 PMCID: PMC6404509 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.250566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Subsequent to a peripheral nerve injury, there are changes in gene expression within the dorsal root ganglia in response to the damage. This review selects factors which are well-known to be vital for inflammation, cell death and nociception, and highlights how alterations in their gene expression within the dorsal root ganglia can affect functional recovery. The majority of studies used polymerase chain reaction within animal models to analyse the dynamic changes following peripheral nerve injuries. This review aims to highlight the factors at the gene expression level that impede functional recovery and are hence are potential targets for therapeutic approaches. Where possible the experimental model, specific time-points and cellular location of expression levels are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Martin
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam J Reid
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester; University Hospital of South Manchester, Department of Plastic and Burns, Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Valerio Magnaghi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Faroni
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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18
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Gravius N, Chaudhry SR, Muhammad S, Boström A, Gravius S, Randau T, Scheele D, Westhofen P, Kruppenbacher J, Stoffel-Wagner B, Maier C, Weidlich A, Yearwood TL, Chakravarthy KV, Kramer JM, Hurlemann R, Kinfe TM. Selective L4 Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation Evokes Pain Relief and Changes of Inflammatory Markers: Part I Profiling of Saliva and Serum Molecular Patterns. Neuromodulation 2018; 22:44-52. [DOI: 10.1111/ner.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Gravius
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery; University Hospital Bonn; Bonn Germany
- University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Shafqat R. Chaudhry
- University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn; Bonn Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery; University Hospital Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Sajjad Muhammad
- Department of Neurosurgery; Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Azize Boström
- University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn; Bonn Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery; University Hospital Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Sascha Gravius
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery; University Hospital Bonn; Bonn Germany
- University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Thomas Randau
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery; University Hospital Bonn; Bonn Germany
- University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Dirk Scheele
- University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn; Bonn Germany
- Department of Psychiatry; University Hospital Bonn; Bonn Germany
- Division of Medical Psychology; University Hospital Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | | | | | - Birgit Stoffel-Wagner
- University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn; Bonn Germany
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology; University Hospital Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Christian Maier
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology; Hochsauerland Clinics, Hospital Arnsberg; Arnsberg Germany
| | - Anna Weidlich
- University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn; Bonn Germany
- Department of Psychiatry; University Hospital Bonn; Bonn Germany
- Division of Medical Psychology; University Hospital Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | | | - Krishnan V. Chakravarthy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine; University of California, San Diego Health Sciences; San Diego CA USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System; San Diego CA USA
| | | | - Rene Hurlemann
- University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn; Bonn Germany
- Department of Psychiatry; University Hospital Bonn; Bonn Germany
- Division of Medical Psychology; University Hospital Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Thomas M. Kinfe
- University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn; Bonn Germany
- Department of Psychiatry; University Hospital Bonn; Bonn Germany
- Division of Medical Psychology; University Hospital Bonn; Bonn Germany
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19
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Chhaya SJ, Quiros-Molina D, Tamashiro-Orrego AD, Houlé JD, Detloff MR. Exercise-Induced Changes to the Macrophage Response in the Dorsal Root Ganglia Prevent Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:877-890. [PMID: 30152715 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces neuropathic pain that is refractory to treatment. Central and peripheral immune responses to SCI play critical roles in pain development. Although immune responses in the dorsal horn have been implicated in SCI-pain, immune mechanisms in the periphery, especially in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), where nociceptor cell bodies reside, have not been well studied. Exercise is an immunomodulator, and we showed previously that early exercise after SCI reduces pain development. However, the mechanisms of exercise-mediated pain reduction are not understood. Therefore, we examined the 1) underlying immune differences in the spinal cord and DRG between rats with and without pain and 2) immunomodulatory effects of exercise in pain reduction. Rats were subjected to a unilateral contusion at C5 and tested for pain development using von Frey and mechanical conflict-avoidance paradigms. A subgroup of rats was exercised on forced running wheels starting at 5 days post-injury for 4 weeks. We observed greater microglial activation in the C7-C8 dorsal horn of rats with SCI-induced pain compared to rats with normal sensation, and early exercise reduced this activation independently of pain behavior. Further, abnormal pain sensation strongly correlated with an increased number of DRG macrophages. Importantly, exercise-treated rats that maintain normal sensation also have a lower number of macrophages in the DRG. Our data suggest that macrophage presence in the DRG may be an important effector of pain development, and early wheel walking exercise may mediate pain prevention by modulating the injury-induced macrophage response in the DRG. Further supportive evidence demonstrated that rats that developed pain despite exercise intervention still displayed a significantly elevated number of macrophages in the DRG. Collectively, these data suggest that macrophage presence in the DRG may be an amenable cellular target for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha J Chhaya
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Spinal Cord Research Center, College of Medicine Drexel University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel Quiros-Molina
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Spinal Cord Research Center, College of Medicine Drexel University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alessandra D Tamashiro-Orrego
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Spinal Cord Research Center, College of Medicine Drexel University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John D Houlé
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Spinal Cord Research Center, College of Medicine Drexel University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Megan Ryan Detloff
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Spinal Cord Research Center, College of Medicine Drexel University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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20
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Zhang K, Yang S, Luo C. TNF-alpha and TNF-R1 regulate bupivacaine-induced apoptosis in spinal cord dorsal root ganglion neuron. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 833:63-68. [PMID: 29802833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Local anesthesia has been shown to render severe spinal cord neurotoxicity. This study used an in vitro model to explore the expression and function of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway in bupivacaine-induced apoptotic injury in spinal cord dorsal root ganglia (DRG). DRG was prepared from adult C57BL/6 mice and incubated with 10 mM bupivacaine in vitro to induce apoptosis. QRT-PCR and western blot demonstrated that bupivacaine upregulated TNF-alpha (TNF-α) and TNF receptor 1 (TNF-R1), but left TNF receptor 2 (TNF-R2) unaffected in DRG. SiRNA-mediated TNF-α or TNF-R1 inhibition, but not TNF-R2 inhibition, rescued bupivacaine-induced DRG apoptosis. In addition, qRT-PCR and western blot demonstrated that downstream substrates of apoptotic and TNF signaling pathways, caspase-9, MAP3K and JNK, were all significantly downregulated by TNF-α or TNF-R1 inhibition, but not by TNF-R2 inhibition, in bupivacaine-injured DRG. Thus, our work suggested that TNF-α and TNF-R1 are the major contributors of TNF signaling pathway in anesthesia-induced spinal cord neurotoxicity. Targeting TNF-α / TNF-R1, not TNF-R2 signaling pathway may be the key component to rescue or prevent anesthesia-induced apoptotic injury in spinal cord neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Nuclear Industry 416 Hospital, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital and Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu 610081, China.
| | - Chaozhi Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 637400, China
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21
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Gonçalves NP, Vægter CB, Pallesen LT. Peripheral Glial Cells in the Development of Diabetic Neuropathy. Front Neurol 2018; 9:268. [PMID: 29770116 PMCID: PMC5940740 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of diabetes is rapidly increasing, affecting more than half a billion individuals within the next few years. As diabetes negatively affects several physiological systems, this dramatic increase represents not only impaired quality of life on the individual level but also a huge socioeconomic challenge. One of the physiological consequences affecting up to half of diabetic patients is the progressive deterioration of the peripheral nervous system, resulting in spontaneous pain and eventually loss of sensory function, motor weakness, and organ dysfunctions. Despite intense research on the consequences of hyperglycemia on nerve functions, the biological mechanisms underlying diabetic neuropathy are still largely unknown, and treatment options lacking. Research has mainly focused directly on the neuronal component, presumably from the perspective that this is the functional signal-transmitting unit of the nerve. However, it is noteworthy that each single peripheral sensory neuron is intimately associated with numerous glial cells; the neuronal soma is completely enclosed by satellite glial cells and the length of the longest axons covered by at least 1,000 Schwann cells. The glial cells are vital for the neuron, but very little is still known about these cells in general and especially how they respond to diabetes in terms of altered neuronal support. We will discuss current knowledge of peripheral glial cells and argue that increased research in these cells is imperative for a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Pereira Gonçalves
- Department of Biomedicine, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The International Diabetic Neuropathy Consortium (IDNC), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Bjerggaard Vægter
- Department of Biomedicine, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The International Diabetic Neuropathy Consortium (IDNC), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lone Tjener Pallesen
- Department of Biomedicine, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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22
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Soluble TNFα Signaling within the Spinal Cord Contributes to the Development of Autonomic Dysreflexia and Ensuing Vascular and Immune Dysfunction after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurosci 2018; 38:4146-4162. [PMID: 29610439 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2376-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease and susceptibility to infection are leading causes of morbidity and mortality for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). A major contributor to these is autonomic dysreflexia (AD), an amplified reaction of the autonomic nervous system (hallmarked by severe hypertension) in response to sensory stimuli below the injury. Maladaptive plasticity of the spinal sympathetic reflex circuit below the SCI results in AD intensification over time. Mechanisms underlying this maladaptive plasticity are poorly understood, restricting the identification of treatments. Thus, no preventative treatments are currently available. Neuroinflammation has been implicated in other pathologies associated with hyperexcitable neural circuits. Specifically, the soluble form of TNFα (sTNFα) is known to play a role in neuroplasticity. We hypothesize that persistent expression of sTNFα in spinal cord underlies AD exacerbation. To test this, we intrathecally administered XPro1595, a biologic that renders sTNFα nonfunctional, after complete, high-level SCI in female rats. This dramatically attenuated the intensification of colorectal distension-induced and naturally occurring AD events. This improvement is mediated via decreased sprouting of nociceptive primary afferents and activation of the spinal sympathetic reflex circuit. We also examined peripheral vascular function using ex vivo pressurized arterial preparations and immune function via flow cytometric analysis of splenocytes. Diminishing AD via pharmacological inhibition of sTNFα mitigated ensuing vascular hypersensitivity and immune dysfunction. This is the first demonstration that neuroinflammation-induced sTNFα is critical for altering the spinal sympathetic reflex circuit, elucidating a novel mechanism for AD. Importantly, we identify the first potential pharmacological, prophylactic treatment for this life-threatening syndrome.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Autonomic dysreflexia (AD), a disorder that develops after spinal cord injury (SCI) and is hallmarked by sudden, extreme hypertension, contributes to cardiovascular disease and susceptibility to infection, respectively, two leading causes of mortality and morbidity in SCI patients. We demonstrate that neuroinflammation-induced expression of soluble TNFα plays a critical role in AD, elucidating a novel underlying mechanism. We found that intrathecal administration after SCI of a biologic that inhibits soluble TNFα signaling dramatically attenuates AD and significantly reduces AD-associated peripheral vascular and immune dysfunction. We identified mechanisms behind diminished plasticity of neuronal populations within the spinal sympathetic reflex circuit. This study is the first to pinpoint a potential pharmacological, prophylactic strategy to attenuate AD and ensuing cardiovascular and immune dysfunction.
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Batbold D, Shinoda M, Honda K, Furukawa A, Koizumi M, Akasaka R, Yamaguchi S, Iwata K. Macrophages in trigeminal ganglion contribute to ectopic mechanical hypersensitivity following inferior alveolar nerve injury in rats. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:249. [PMID: 29246259 PMCID: PMC5732495 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accidental mandibular nerve injury may occur during tooth extraction or implant procedures, causing ectopic orofacial pain. The exact mechanisms underlying ectopic orofacial pain following mandibular nerve injury is still unknown. Here, we investigated the role of macrophages and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) in ectopic orofacial pain following inferior alveolar nerve transection (IANX). Methods IANX was performed and the mechanical head-withdrawal threshold (MHWT) in the whisker pad skin ipsilateral to IANX was measured for 15 days. Expression of Iba1 in the TG was examined on day 3 after IANX, and the MHWT in the whisker pad skin ipsilateral to IANX was measured following successive intra-ganglion administration of the macrophage depletion agent liposomal clodronate Clophosome-A (LCCA). TNFα expression in the TG and the MHWT in the whisker pad skin ipsilateral to IANX following successive intra-ganglion administration of the TNFα blocker etanercept were measured on day 3 after IANX, and tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNFR1) immunoreactive (IR) cells in the TG were analyzed immunohistochemically on day 3. Results The MHWT in the whisker pad skin was significantly decreased for 15 days, and the number of Iba1-IR cells was significantly increased in the TG on day 3 after IANX. Successive intra-ganglion administration of the macrophage depletion agent LCCA significantly reduced the increased number of Iba1-IR cells in the TG and reversed the IANX-induced decrease in MHWT in the whisker pad skin. TNFα expression was increased in the TG on day 3 after IANX and was reduced following successive intra-ganglion administration of the TNFα inhibitor etanercept. The decreased MHWT was also recovered by etanercept administration, and TNFR1-IR cells in the TG were increased on day 3 following IANX. Conclusions These findings suggest that signaling cascades resulting from the production of TNFα by infiltrated macrophages in the TG contributes to the development of ectopic mechanical allodynia in whisker pad skin following IANX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulguun Batbold
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Masamichi Shinoda
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan.
| | - Kuniya Honda
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Akihiko Furukawa
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Momoko Koizumi
- Department of Dentistry, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Ryuta Akasaka
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Nihon University, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
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Renström L, Stål P, Song Y, Forsgren S. Bilateral muscle fiber and nerve influences by TNF-alpha in response to unilateral muscle overuse - studies on TNF receptor expressions. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2017; 18:498. [PMID: 29183282 PMCID: PMC5706416 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-017-1796-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TNF-alpha is suggested to be involved in muscle damage and muscle inflammation (myositis). In order to evaluate whether TNF-alpha is involved in the myositis that occurs in response to muscle overuse, the aim was to examine the expression patterns of TNF receptors in this condition. METHODS A rabbit muscle overuse model leading to myositis in the soleus muscle was used. The expression patterns of the two TNF receptors Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor type 1 (TNFR1) and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor type 2 (TNFR2) were investigated. In situ hybridization and immunofluorescence were utilized. Immunostainings for desmin, NK-1R and CD31 were made in parallel. RESULTS Immunoreactions (IR) for TNF receptors were clearly observed in white blood cells, fibroblasts and vessel walls, and most interestingly also in muscle fibers and nerve fascicles in the myositis muscles. There were very restricted reactions for these in the muscles of controls. The upregulation of TNF receptors was for all types of structures seen for both the experimental side and the contralateral nonexperimental side. TNF receptor expressing muscle fibers were present in myositis muscles. They can be related to attempts for reparation/regeneration, as evidenced from results of parallel stainings. Necrotic muscle fibers displayed TNFR1 mRNA and TNFR2 immunoreaction (IR) in the invading white blood cells. In myositis muscles, TNFR1 IR was observed in both axons and Schwann cells while TNFR2 IR was observed in Schwann cells. Such observations were very rarely made for control animals. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that there is a pronounced involvement of TNF-alpha in the developing myositis process. Attempts for reparation of the muscle tissue seem to occur via both TNFR1 and TNFR2. As the myositis process also occurs in the nonexperimental side and as TNF receptors are confined to nerve fascicles bilaterally it can be asked whether TNF-alpha is involved in the spreading of the myositis process to the contralateral side via the nervous system. Taken together, the study shows that TNF-alpha is not only associated with the inflammation process but that both the muscular and nervous systems are affected and that this occurs both on experimental and nonexperimental sides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Renström
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section of Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Per Stål
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section of Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yafeng Song
- Perelman School of Medicine & Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sture Forsgren
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section of Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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25
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Gopalsamy B, Farouk AAO, Tengku Mohamad TAS, Sulaiman MR, Perimal EK. Antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic activities of zerumbone via the suppression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. J Pain Res 2017; 10:2605-2619. [PMID: 29184437 PMCID: PMC5685132 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s143024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuropathic pain is a debilitating condition that severely affects the quality of life for those with this pain condition, and treatment for pain relief is greatly sought-after. Zerumbone (Zer), a sesquiterpene compound isolated from the rhizomes of a Southeast Asian ginger plant, Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Smith. (Zingiberaceae), showed antinociceptive and antiinflammatory properties when previously tested on models of nociception and inflammation. Objective This study investigated the effects of prophylactic administration of zerumbone on allodynia and hyperalgesia in a mouse model of chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain. Methods Intraperitoneal administration of Zer (5–50 mg/kg) from day 1 post-surgery was carried out to identify the onset and progression of the pain condition. Responses toward mechanical and cold allodynia, and mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia were assessed on days 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 14 post-surgery. Blood plasma and spinal cord levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-10 were screened using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on day 15. Results Zer (10 and 50 mg/kg) attenuated pain symptoms on all days of behavioral testing without any signs of sedation in the rotarod test. ED50 values for mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, and mechanical hyperalgesia were 9.25, 9.507, 8.289, and 9.801 mg/kg, respectively. Blood plasma and spinal levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α but not IL-10 were significantly (p<0.05) suppressed by zer treatment. Discussion and conclusion Zer exhibits its antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic properties via reduced sensitization at nociceptor neurons possibly through the suppression of inflammatory mediators. Zer may prove to be a novel and beneficial alternative for the management of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banulata Gopalsamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Akira Omar Farouk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tengku Azam Shah Tengku Mohamad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Roslan Sulaiman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Enoch Kumar Perimal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Chen L, Cheng J, Yang X, Jin X, Qi Z, Jin YQ. Bone marrow-derived cells response in proximal regions of nerves after peripheral nerve injury. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:863-870. [PMID: 28544161 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Chen
- Department No.16 of Plastic Surgery Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Jia Cheng
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery; Wuxi 3rd People's Hospital; Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaonan Yang
- Department No.16 of Plastic Surgery Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Xiaolei Jin
- Department No.16 of Plastic Surgery Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Zuoliang Qi
- Department No.16 of Plastic Surgery Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Yu-Qing Jin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; Shanghai 1st People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
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Neuroimmune-Glia Interactions in the Sensory Ganglia Account for the Development of Acute Herpetic Neuralgia. J Neurosci 2017; 37:6408-6422. [PMID: 28576938 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2233-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpetic neuralgia is the most important symptom of herpes zoster disease, which is caused by Varicella zoster Nevertheless, the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in herpetic neuralgia are not totally elucidated. Here, we examined the neuroimmune interactions at the sensory ganglia that account for the genesis of herpetic neuralgia using a murine model of Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 (HSV-1) infection. The cutaneous HSV-1 infection of mice results in the development of a zosteriform-like skin lesion followed by a time-dependent increase in pain-like responses (mechanical allodynia). Leukocytes composed mainly of macrophages and neutrophils infiltrate infected DRGs and account for the development of herpetic neuralgia. Infiltrating leukocytes are responsible for driving the production of TNF, which in turn mediates the development of herpetic neuralgia through downregulation of the inwardly rectifying K+ channel Kir4.1 in satellite glial cells. These results revealed that neuroimmune-glia interactions at the sensory ganglia play a critical role in the genesis of herpetic neuralgia. In conclusion, the present study elucidates novel mechanisms involved in the genesis of acute herpetic pain and open new avenues for its control.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Acute herpetic neuralgia is the most important symptom of herpes zoster disease and it is very difficult to treat. Using a model of peripheral infection of mice with HSV-1, we have characterized for the first time the neuroimmune-glia interactions in the sensory ganglia that account for the development of acute herpetic neuralgia. Among these mechanisms, leukocytes composed mainly of macrophages and neutrophils infiltrate infected sensory ganglia and are responsible for driving the production of TNF. TNF, via TNFR1, mediates herpetic neuralgia development through downregulation of the inwardly rectifying K+ channel Kir4.1 in satellite glial cells. This study elucidates novel mechanisms involved in the genesis of acute herpetic neuralgia and open new avenues for its control.
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28
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Chen Y, Zhang Y, Huo Y, Wang D, Hong Y. Adrenomedullin mediates tumor necrosis factor-α-induced responses in dorsal root ganglia in rats. Brain Res 2016; 1644:183-91. [PMID: 27184601 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM), a member of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) family, has been demonstrated to be a pain peptide. This study investigated the possible involvement of AM in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-induced responses contributing to neuronal plasticity in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Exposure of the DRG explant cultures to TNF-α (5nM) for 48h upregulated the expression of AM mRNA. The treatment with TNF-α also increased the level of CGRP, CCL-2 and MMP-9 mRNA in the cultured DRG. This increase was attenuated by the co-treatment with the selective AM receptor antagonist AM22-52 (2μM). The blockade of AM receptors inhibited TNF-α-induced increase of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (pCREB) and nuclear factor kappa B (pNF-κB) proteins. On the other hand, the treatment with the AM receptor agonist AM1-50 (10nM) for 96h induced an increase in the level of GFAP, IL-1β, pCREB and pNF-κB proteins. The inhibition of AM activity did not change TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase (pERK) while the treatment with AM1-50 still increased the level of pERK in the cultured DRG. Immunofluorescence assay showed the colocalization of AM-like immunoreactivity (IR) with TNF-α-IR in DRG neurons. The present study suggests that the increased AM receptor signaling mediated the many, but not all, TNF-α-induced activities, contributing to peripheral sensitization in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Yuanhui Huo
- College of Life Sciences and Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Yanguo Hong
- College of Life Sciences and Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China.
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29
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Tse KH, Chow KBS, Wise H. PGE2 released by primary sensory neurons modulates Toll-like receptor 4 activities through an EP4 receptor-dependent process. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 293:8-16. [PMID: 27049555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) displays mixed regulatory properties with regard to inflammatory gene expression in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. We show here that endogenously-produced nanomolar concentrations of PGE2, such as that generated in response to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) stimulation, inhibits both cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) mRNA expression in DRG cells in an EP4 receptor-dependent manner. DRG neurons appear to be the major source of PGE2 in the DRG and likely serve as both an autocrine and paracrine system for limiting over-activation of both DRG neurons and glial cells in response to TLR4 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hei Tse
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Kevin B S Chow
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Helen Wise
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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30
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Luo X, Wang X, Xia Z, Chung SK, Cheung CW. CXCL12/CXCR4 axis: an emerging neuromodulator in pathological pain. Rev Neurosci 2016; 27:83-92. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe roles of chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 12 (CXCL12) and its receptor chemokine C-X-C motif receptor 4 (CXCR4) reveal this chemokine axis as an emerging neuromodulator in the nervous system. In the peripheral and central nervous systems, both CXCL12 and CXCR4 are expressed in various kinds of nociceptive structures, and CXCL12/CXCR4 axis possesses pronociceptive property. Recent studies have demonstrated its critical roles in the development and maintenance of pathological pain, and both neuronal and glial mechanisms are involved in this CXCL12/CXCR4 axis-mediated pain processing. In this review, we summarize the recent development of the roles and mechanisms of CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in the pathogenesis of chronic pain by sciatic nerve injury, human immunodeficiency virus-associated sensory neuropathy, diabetic neuropathy, spinal cord injury, bone cancer, opioid tolerance, or opioid-induced hyperalgesia. The potential targeting of CXCL12/CXCR4 axis as an effective and broad-spectrum pharmacological approach for chronic pain therapy was also discussed.
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31
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Wang J, Ding CP, Yu J, Zeng XY, Han SP, Wang JY. Dynamic distributions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and its receptors in the red nucleus of rats with spared nerve injury. Neuropathology 2015; 36:346-53. [PMID: 26669937 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the red nucleus (RN) plays a facilitated role in the development of neuropathic pain, and its effect is transmitted through TNF-α receptor (TNFR) subtypes 1 and 2. Here, the dynamic distributions of TNF-α and TNFRs in the RN of rats with spared nerve injury (SNI) were investigated. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining indicated that TNF-α was hardly expressed in the RN of normal rats but significantly increased at 1 week and peaked at 2 weeks after SNI. Neurons and oligodendrocytes showed TNF-α expression at both 1 week and 2 weeks after SNI, while astrocytes and microglia produced TNF-α later than neurons and oligodendrocytes starting at 2 weeks after SNI. TNFR1 was constitutively expressed in the RN of normal rats and significantly enhanced at 2 weeks but not 1 week after SNI; it was mainly localized in neurons, oligodendrocytes and microglia. Astrocytes were not immunopositive for TNFR1 under normal conditions and at 1 week after injury, but small amounts of astrocytes showed TNFR1 expression at 2 weeks after SNI. A low level of TNFR2 was expressed in the RN of normal rats, but it was significantly increased at 1 week and 2 weeks after SNI and localized in neurons and all three types of glia. These findings suggest that neurons and three types of glia in the RN all contribute to TNF-α production and participate in the initiation and/or maintenance of neuropathic pain induced by SNI. TNF-α exerts its effects in different types of cells maybe through different receptors, TNFR1 and/or TNFR2, in the different stages of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Departments of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cui-Ping Ding
- Departments of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Departments of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shui-Ping Han
- Department of Pathology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun-Yang Wang
- Departments of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Li X, Yang H, Ouyang Q, Liu F, Li J, Xiang Z, Yuan H. Enhanced RAGE Expression in the Dorsal Root Ganglion May Contribute to Neuropathic Pain Induced by Spinal Nerve Ligation in Rats. PAIN MEDICINE 2015; 17:803-12. [PMID: 26814270 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnv035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is some evidence implicating receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) signaling in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain (NP). The objective was to investigate whether RAGE signaling in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) might contribute to NP following peripheral nerve injury. DESIGN Experimental study before and after spinal nerve ligation (SNL) surgery. SETTING Caged in a controlled environment. SUBJECTS Male Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS A SNL rat model of NP was used. Mechanical hyperalgesia was measured by the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) to mechanical stimuli (1.4-15 g). Protein expressions of RAGE (immunofluorescence and western blotting), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; satellite glial cell [SGC] activation marker), IL-1β (ELISA), TNF-α (ELISA), and NF-κB (western blotting) in the DRG were determined. RAGE signaling was inhibited by intrathecal injection of anti-RAGE antibody. RESULTS After 7 days, SNL surgery reduced the PWT and upregulated the protein expression of RAGE, GFAP, NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Intrathecal injection of RAGE-neutralizing antibody attenuated the SNL-induced mechanical hyperalgesia, activation of SGCs, and upregulation of NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-1β in the DRG. CONCLUSION RAGE signaling may contribute to the pain hypersensitivity observed in the rat SNL model of NP. Although the precise mechanism remains to be established, NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-1β likely play a role, together with the activation of SGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangnan Li
- *Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China; Department of Anesthesiology, the Third People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, 224001, China
| | - Haiqin Yang
- *Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Qing Ouyang
- *Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Fangting Liu
- *Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Jian Li
- *Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Zhenghua Xiang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hongbin Yuan
- *Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China;
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Manzhulo IV, Ogurtsova OS, Lamash NE, Latyshev NA, Kasyanov SP, Dyuizen IV. Analgetic effect of docosahexaenoic acid is mediated by modulating the microglia activity in the dorsal root ganglia in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:659-66. [PMID: 26182833 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The analgetic activity of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) was studied using a chronic constriction injury (CCI) model in rats, and the dynamics of iba-1 (+) microglia/macrophages in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were characterized. DHA reduced the intensity and duration of neurogenic pain. The application of DHA led to an earlier stabilization of weight bearing in the incapacitance test and prevented the development of cold allodynia and degenerative changes in tissues of the denervated limb. DHA treatment significantly reduced satellite glia reaction and expression of the pro-apoptotic p53 protein in the DRG. Thus, DHA's anti-pain effect may be a result of the modulation of microglia/macrophages activity and the development of neuroprotective effects at the level of the dorsal root ganglia.
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34
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Gong K, Zou X, Fuchs PN, Lin Q. Minocycline inhibits neurogenic inflammation by blocking the effects of tumor necrosis factor-α. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:940-949. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerui Gong
- Department of Psychology; College of Science; University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
- Department of Neurobiology; Tai Shan Medical University; Tai'an Shan Dong Province China
| | - Xiaoju Zou
- Department of Psychology; College of Science; University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | - Perry N Fuchs
- Department of Psychology; College of Science; University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Psychology; College of Science; University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
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35
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Pandurangan K, Krishnappan V, Subramanian V, Subramanyan R. Anti-inflammatory effect of certain dimethoxy flavones. Inflammopharmacology 2015; 23:307-17. [PMID: 26248971 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-015-0242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of four dimethoxy flavone derivatives; 7,2'-dimethoxy flavone, 7,3'-dimethoxy flavone, 7,4'-dimethoxy flavone and 7,8,-dimethoxy flavone and to investigate the possible cellular mechanisms involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS The acute anti-inflammatory effect of dimethoxy flavones was investigated by carrageenan induced hind paw oedema in rats. Further, the effect of dimethoxy flavones on certain mediators of pain and inflammation like cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) and free radical scavenging activity (NO and LPO) were investigated by using in vitro tests. RESULTS The investigated dimethoxy flavones produced a significant, dose and time dependent reduction of carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats with a maximum inhibition of 52.4% observed for 7,4'-dimethoxy flavone. Although, the test compounds inhibited both the isoforms of cyclooxygenase, a higher degree of inhibition on COX-2 was evident. A concentration dependent inhibition of other inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β was identified in the present study. 7,4'-dimethoxy flavone was found to be maximally effective in inhibiting nitrite ion free radical generation and 7,8-dimethoxy flavone was more active in inhibiting lipid peroxidation than the other compounds. CONCLUSION The results of the present study reveal the anti-inflammatory action of the investigated dimethoxy flavones. Inhibition of cyclooxygenases, cytokines and reactive oxygen species, observed in subsequent experiments may be suggested as possible mechanisms involved in the action of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalakannan Pandurangan
- Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kanchipuram, 631 552, India.
| | | | - Viswanathan Subramanian
- Department of Pharmacology, Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kanchipuram, 631 552, India
| | - Ramaswamy Subramanyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Lakshminarayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Pondicherry, 605 502, India
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Giron SE, Griffis CA, Burkard JF. Chronic Pain and Decreased Opioid Efficacy: An Inflammatory Link. Pain Manag Nurs 2015; 16:819-31. [PMID: 25962543 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a devastating amalgam of symptoms that affects millions of Americans at tremendous cost to our healthcare system and, more importantly, to patients' quality of life. Literature and research demonstrate that neuroimmune cells called glia are not only responsible for initiating and maintaining part of the chronic pain disease process, but also release inflammatory molecules responsible for decreasing the efficacy of one of the most prominent treatments for pain, opioid analgesia. This article describes chronic pain as a disease process that has ineffective treatment modalities, explores the mechanisms of glial cell activation and inflammatory responses that lead to chronic pain and decreased opioid treatment efficacy, and hypothesizes novel chronic pain treatment modalities based on the glial cell inactivation and anti-inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Giron
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Charles A Griffis
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California at Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joseph F Burkard
- University of San Diego Hahn School of Nursing and Health Science, San Diego, California
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Zhang Q, Yu J, Wang J, Ding CP, Han SP, Zeng XY, Wang JY. The Red Nucleus TNF-α Participates in the Initiation and Maintenance of Neuropathic Pain Through Different Signaling Pathways. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1360-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1599-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cairns BE, Arendt-Nielsen L, Sacerdote P. Perspectives in Pain Research 2014: Neuroinflammation and glial cell activation: The cause of transition from acute to chronic pain? Scand J Pain 2015; 6:3-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
It is unknown why an acute pain condition under various circumstances can transition into a chronic pain condition.
There has been a shift towards neuroinflammation and hence glial cell activations specifically in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord as a mechanism possibly driving the transition to chronic pain. This has led to a focus on non-neuronal cells in the peripheral and central nervous system. Besides infiltrating macrophages, Schwann cells and satellite glial cells release cytokines and therefore important mechanisms in the maintenance of pain. Activated Schwann cells, satellite glial cells, microglia, and astrocytes may contribute to pain sensitivity by releasing cytokines leading to altered neuronal function in the direction of sensitisation.
Aims of this perspective paper
1) Highlight the complex but important recent achievement in the area of neuroinflammation and pain at spinal cord level and in the dorsal root ganglion.
2) Encourage further research which hopefully may provide better understanding of new key elements driving the transition from acute to chronic pain.
Recent results in the area of neuroinflammation and pain
Following a sciatic nerve injury, local macrophages, and Schwann cells trigger an immune response immediately followed by recruitment of blood-derived immune cells. Schwann cells, active resident, and infiltrating macrophages release proinflammatory cytokines. Proinflammatory cytokines contribute to axonal damage and also stimulate spontaneous nociceptor activity. This results in activation of satellite glial cells leading to an immune response in the dorsal root ganglia driven by macrophages, lymphocytes and satellite cells. The anterograde signalling progresses centrally to activate spinal microglia with possible up regulation of glial-derived proinflammatory/pronociceptive mediators.
An important aspect is extrasegmental spreading sensitisation where bilateral elevations in TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 are found in dorsal root ganglion in neuropathic models. Similarly in inflammatory pain models, bilateral up regulation occurs for TNF-α, IL-1 β, and p38 MAPK. Bilateral alterations in cytokine levels in the DRG and spinal cord may underlie the spread of pain to the uninjured side.
An important aspect is how the opioids may interact with immune cells as opioid receptors are expressed by peripheral immune cells and thus can induce immune signaling changes. Furthermore, opioids may stimulate microglia cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1.
Conclusions
The present perspective paper indicates that neuroinflammation and the associated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in dorsal root ganglion and at the spinal cord contribute to the transition from acute to chronic pain. Neuroinflammatory changes have not only been identified in the spinal cord and brainstem, but more recently, in the sensory ganglia and in the nerves as well. The glial cell activation may be responsible for contralateral spreading and possible widespread sensitisation.
Implications
Communication between glia and neurons is proposed to be a critical component of neuroinflammatory changes that may lead to chronic pain. Sensory ganglia neurons are surrounded by satellite glial cells but how communication between the cells contributes to altered pain sensitivity is still unknown. Better understanding may lead to new possibilities for (1) preventing development of chronic pain and (2) better pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E. Cairns
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of British Columbia , 2405 Wesbrook Mall , Vancouver, BC , Canada V6T 1Z3
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine , Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7D3, 9220 Aalborg East , Denmark
| | - Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine , Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7D3, 9220 Aalborg East , Denmark
| | - Paola Sacerdote
- Dipartimento di Scienze farmacologiche e biomolecolari , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano , Italy
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Costa FAL, Moreira Neto FL. Células gliais satélite de gânglios sensitivos: o seu papel na dor. Braz J Anesthesiol 2015; 65:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjan.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Tse KH, Chow KBS, Leung WK, Wong YH, Wise H. Primary sensory neurons regulate Toll-like receptor-4-dependent activity of glial cells in dorsal root ganglia. Neuroscience 2014; 279:10-22. [PMID: 25171787 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) has been identified in primary sensory neurons, both in vivo and in vitro, but is reportedly absent from satellite glial cells (SGCs). Herein we reveal that, in rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG), SGCs do express TLR4 but this expression is inhibited by direct contact with neurons. Thus, TLR4 mRNA and protein is strongly up-regulated in isolated DRG glial cells in the absence of neurons. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) mRNA expression with greater efficacy in DRG glial cell cultures than in mixed DRG cell cultures containing TLR4-positive neurons. Using an insert co-culture system, we have shown that neuronal inhibition of glial cell TLR4 is likely to be dependent on cell-cell contact rather than diffusible factors from neurons. LPS stimulated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production from DRG glial cells in a TLR4- and COX-2-dependent manner. In addition, exogenous PGE2 potentiated LPS-stimulated COX-2 mRNA while inhibiting TNFα mRNA expression by DRG cells, suggestive of a complex regulatory system to control inflammation within the DRG. In addition to LPS, conditioned medium from heat-shocked DRG neurons also increased COX-2 mRNA expression in DRG glial cells in a partially TLR4-dependent manner. We therefore hypothesize that neuronal suppression of glial TLR4 activity is a protective mechanism to prevent uncontrolled inflammation within the DRG. Under conditions where DRG neuronal viability is compromised, DRG glial cells become responsive to PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) and DAMPs (danger-associated molecular patterns) and generate a range of classical inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-H Tse
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - K B S Chow
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - W K Leung
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Y H Wong
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - H Wise
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Andrade P, Hoogland G, Del Rosario JS, Steinbusch HW, Visser-Vandewalle V, Daemen MA. Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors alleviation of experimentally induced neuropathic pain is associated with modulation of TNF receptor expression. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1490-8. [PMID: 24964368 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a key role in the development of sensitization after peripheral nerve damage. We recently demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-α receptor (TNFR) levels in the spinal cord correlate with pain sensation in herniated disc patients in a rat chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. By using the sciatic nerve CCI model, we studied the effect of anti-TNF-α treatment on recovery from hypersensitivity and TNFR expression in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and dorsal horn (DH). Experimental groups consisted of sham-operated and CCI-operated rats that received two s.c. injections (one immediately after surgery, the other 5 days later), both containing saline, etanercept (3 mg/kg body weight), or infliximab (10 mg/kg body weight). Mechanical allodynia (with von Frey filaments) and thermal hyperalgesia (Hargreaves test) were assessed preoperatively and weekly during the first 4 postoperative weeks. DRG and DH samples were collected 2 and 4 weeks after surgery and analyzed for TNFR1 and TNFR2 protein levels by Western blotting and analyzed for mRNA levels by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Anti-TNF-α treatment resulted in a significant alleviation of pain. TNFR levels were increased five- to sixfold in CCI rats compared with sham controls. Both treatments significantly diminished these increased levels. Treated animals that showed a ≥50% alleviation of pain exhibited a significantly reduced TNF R1/R2 mRNA ratio compared with treated animals that recovered less well. These results demonstrate that attenuation of TNFR expression is associated with recovery from nerve injury and suggest that this may be one of the working mechanisms of anti-TNF therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Andrade
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Lima CKF, Silva RM, Lacerda RB, Santos BLR, Silva RV, Amaral LS, Quintas LEM, Fraga CAM, Barreiro EJ, Guimaraes MZP, Miranda ALP. LASSBio-1135: a dual TRPV1 antagonist and anti-TNF-alpha compound orally effective in models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99510. [PMID: 24941071 PMCID: PMC4062389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
LASSBio-1135 is an imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivative with high efficacy in screening models of nociception and inflammation, presumed as a weak COX-2 inhibitor. In order to tease out its mechanism of action, we investigated others possible target for LASSBio-1135, such as TNF-α and TRPV1, to better characterize it as a multitarget compound useful in the treatment of chronic pain. TRPV1 modulation was assessed in TRPV1-expressing Xenopus oocytes against capsaicin and low pH-induced current. Modulation of TNF-α production was evaluated in culture of macrophages stimulated with LPS. In vivo efficacy of LASSBio-1135 was investigated in carrageenan and partial sciatic ligation-induced thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia. Corroborating its previous demonstration of efficacy in a model of capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia, LASSBio-1135 blocks capsaicin-elicited currents in a non-competitive way with an IC50 of 580 nM as well as low pH-induced current at 50 µM. As an additional action, LASSBio-1135 inhibited TNF-α release in these cells stimulated by LPS with an IC50 of 546 nM by reducing p38 MAPK phosphorilation. Oral administration of 100 µmol.Kg−1 LASSBio-1135 markedly reduced thermal hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan, however at 10 µmol.Kg−1 only a partial reduction was observed at the 4th h. Neutrophil recruitment and TNF-α production after carrageenan stimulus was also inhibited by the treatment with LASSBio-1135. Modulating TRPV1 and TNF-α production, two key therapeutic targets of neuropathic pain, 100 µmol.Kg−1 LASSBio-1135 was orally efficacious in reversing thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia produced by partial sciatic ligation 7–11 days after surgery without provoking hyperthermia, a common side effect of TRPV1 antagonists. In conclusion LASSBio-1135, besides being a weak COX-2 inhibitor, is a non-competitive TRPV1 antagonist and a TNF-α inhibitor. As a multitarget compound, LASSBio-1135 is orally efficacious in a model of neuropathic pain without presenting hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleverton K. F. Lima
- Laboratório de Estudos em Farmacologia Experimental (LEFEx), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael M. Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata B. Lacerda
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruna L. R. Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos em Farmacologia Experimental (LEFEx), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafaela V. Silva
- Laboratório de Estudos em Farmacologia Experimental (LEFEx), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana S. Amaral
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luís E. M. Quintas
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. M. Fraga
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eliezer J. Barreiro
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marília Z. P. Guimaraes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana L. P. Miranda
- Laboratório de Estudos em Farmacologia Experimental (LEFEx), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Lipopolysaccharide differentially modulates expression of cytokines and cyclooxygenases in dorsal root ganglion cells via Toll-like receptor-4 dependent pathways. Neuroscience 2014; 267:241-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Alé A, Bruna J, Morell M, van de Velde H, Monbaliu J, Navarro X, Udina E. Treatment with anti-TNF alpha protects against the neuropathy induced by the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in a mouse model. Exp Neurol 2014; 253:165-73. [PMID: 24406455 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bortezomib (BTZ), a proteasome inhibitor, is an effective anti-neoplastic drug used in the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. However, it can induce a reversible peripheral neuropathy that may lead to treatment discontinuation. The mechanism through which BTZ exerts toxic effects in peripheral neurons is not clear. Release of proinflammatory cytokines after nerve damage can induce neurodegeneration, but the effects of BTZ on cytokine expression in neurons are unknown, although BTZ modulates the expression of cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, in tumor cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression and the role of these cytokines on the course of BTZ induced neuropathy in mice. IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β1 and IL-1β were up-regulated in dorsal root ganglia but TNF-α and IL-6 increased faster and higher. Then, we studied the potential neuroprotective effect of selective antibodies anti-TNF-α and anti-IL-6 on the evolution of the neuropathy. Treatment with anti-TNF-α but not with anti-IL-6 significantly prevented the decrease of sensory nerve action potentials amplitude and the loss of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. We conclude that monoclonal antibodies directed against TNF-α may be a suitable neuroprotective therapy against the neurotoxicity induced by BTZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Alé
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Jordi Bruna
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Marta Morell
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | | | | | - Xavier Navarro
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Esther Udina
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.
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Lees JG, Duffy SS, Moalem-Taylor G. Immunotherapy targeting cytokines in neuropathic pain. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:142. [PMID: 24319429 PMCID: PMC3837221 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justin G Lees
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Contribution of macrophages to peripheral neuropathic pain pathogenesis. Life Sci 2013; 93:870-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhang Q, Wang J, Duan MT, Han SP, Zeng XY, Wang JY. NF-κB, ERK, p38 MAPK and JNK contribute to the initiation and/or maintenance of mechanical allodynia induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the red nucleus. Brain Res Bull 2013; 99:132-9. [PMID: 24161765 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the red nucleus (RN) plays facilitated roles in the development of abnormal pain. Here, the roles of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in TNF-α-evoked mechanical allodynia were investigated. Repeated microinjection of recombinant rat TNF-α (20 ng daily for 3 days) into the unilateral RN of normal rats induced a significant mechanical allodynia in the contralateral but not ipsilateral hind paw at the fifth day and disappeared 24h later. Re-injection of a single bolus of 20 ng TNF-α into the same RN reproduced this mechanical allodynia within 30 min, which was used as a pain model for further experiments. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that NF-κB, phospho-ERK (p-ERK) and p-p38 MAPK in the RN were significantly up-regulated at 1h after TNF-α microinjection, the up-regulations of NF-κB and p-ERK but not p-p38 MAPK remained at high levels till 4h later. A significant up-regulation of p-JNK occurred at 4h (but not 1h) after TNF-α microinjection, which was later than those of NF-κB, p-ERK and p-p38 MAPK. Pre-treatment with NF-κB inhibitor PDTC, ERK inhibitor PD98059 or p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 at 30 min before TNF-α microinjected into the RN completely prevented TNF-α-evoked mechanical allodynia. Pre-treatment with JNK inhibitor SP600125 did not prevent but reversed TNF-α-evoked mechanical allodynia during the subsequent detection time. Post-treatment with PDTC, PD98059 or SP600125 (but not SB203580) at 4h after TNF-α microinjected into the RN significantly reversed TNF-α-evoked mechanical allodynia. These results further prove that TNF-α in the RN plays a crucial role in the development of abnormal pain, and the algesic effect of TNF-α is initiated through activating NF-κB, ERK and p38 MAPK. The later maintenance of TNF-α-evoked mechanical allodynia mainly relies on the activation of NF-κB, ERK and JNK, but not p38 MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Qinghai University College of Medicine, Xining, Qinghai 810016, China
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Activation profile of dorsal root ganglia Iba-1 (+) macrophages varies with the type of lesion in rats. Acta Histochem 2013; 115:840-50. [PMID: 23701965 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between neurons, immune and immune-like glial cells can initiate the abnormal processes that underlie neuropathic pain. In the peripheral nervous system the resident macrophages may play an important role. In this study we investigated in experimental adult Sprague-Dawley rats how Iba-1 (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1) (+) resident macrophages in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) are activated after a spinal nerve ligation (SNL) or streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. The activation profile was defined by comparing the responses of resident macrophages against microglia in the spinal cord as they share a common origin. After SNL, the Iba-1 (+) macrophages in L5 DRG reached their activation peak 5 days later, clustered as satellite cells around large A-neurons, expressed the MHC-II marker, but did not show p-p38 and p-ERK1/2 activation and did not secrete IL-18. After STZ-induced diabetes, the Iba-1 (+) macrophages reached their activation peak 1 week later in L4 and L5 DRG, remained scattered between neurons, expressed the MHC-II marker only in L5 DRG, did not show p-p38 and p-ERK1/2 activation and did not secrete any of the investigated cytokines/chemokines. These responses suggest that depending on the type of lesion DRG Iba-1 (+) resident macrophages have different activation mechanisms, which are dissimilar to those in microglia.
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Brázda V, Klusáková I, Hradilová Svíženská I, Dubový P. Dynamic response to peripheral nerve injury detected by in situ hybridization of IL-6 and its receptor mRNAs in the dorsal root ganglia is not strictly correlated with signs of neuropathic pain. Mol Pain 2013; 9:42. [PMID: 23953943 PMCID: PMC3844395 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-9-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background IL-6 is a typical injury-induced mediator. Together with its receptors, IL-6 contributes to both induction and maintenance of neuropathic pain deriving from changes in activity of primary sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). We used in situ hybridization to provide evidence of IL-6 and IL-6 receptors (IL-6R and gp130) synthesis in DRG along the neuraxis after unilateral chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve as an experimental model of neuropathic pain. Results All rats operated upon to create unilateral CCI displayed mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in ipsilateral hind paws. Contralateral hind paws and forepaws of both sides exhibited only temporal and nonsignificant changes of sensitivity. Very low levels of IL-6 and IL-6R mRNAs were detected in naïve DRG. IL-6 mRNA was bilaterally increased not only in DRG neurons but also in satellite glial cells (SGC) activated by unilateral CCI. In addition to IL-6 mRNA, substantial increase of IL-6R mRNA expression occurred in DRG neurons and SGC following CCI, while the level of gp130 mRNA remained similar to that of DRG from naïve rats. Conclusions Here we evidence for the first time increased synthesis of IL-6 and IL-6R in remote cervical DRG nonassociated with the nerve injury. Our results suggest that unilateral CCI of the sciatic nerve induced not only bilateral elevation of IL-6 and IL-6R mRNAs in L4–L5 DRG but also their propagation along the neuraxis to remote cervical DRG as a general neuroinflammatory reaction of the nervous system to local nerve injury without correlation with signs of neuropathic pain. Possible functional involvement of IL-6 signaling is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Brázda
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
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