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Kaplan-Arabaci O, Acari A, Ciftci P, Gozuacik D. Glutamate Scavenging as a Neuroreparative Strategy in Ischemic Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:866738. [PMID: 35401202 PMCID: PMC8984161 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.866738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second highest reason of death in the world and the leading cause of disability. The ischemic stroke makes up the majority of stroke cases that occur due to the blockage of blood vessels. Therapeutic applications for ischemic stroke include thrombolytic treatments that are in limited usage and only applicable to less than 10% of the total stroke patients, but there are promising new approaches. The main cause of ischemic neuronal death is glutamate excitotoxicity. There have been multiple studies focusing on neuroprotection via reduction of glutamate both in ischemic stroke and other neurodegenerative diseases that ultimately failed due to the obstacles in delivery. At that point, systemic glutamate grabbing, or scavenging is an ingenious way of decreasing glutamate levels upon ischemic stroke. The main advantage of this new therapeutic method is the scavengers working in the circulating blood so that there is no interference with the natural brain neurophysiology. In this review, we explain the molecular mechanisms of ischemic stroke, provide brief information about existing drugs and approaches, and present novel systemic glutamate scavenging methods. This review hopefully will elucidate the potential usage of the introduced therapeutic approaches in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oykum Kaplan-Arabaci
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey.,Sabancı University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alperen Acari
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Ciftci
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Devrim Gozuacik
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey.,Sabancı University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Istanbul, Turkey.,School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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2
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Comprehensive analysis of protein acetylation and glucose metabolism inmouse brains infected with rabies virus. J Virol 2021; 96:e0194221. [PMID: 34878915 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01942-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies, caused by rabies virus (RABV), is a widespread zoonosis that is nearly 100% fatal. Alteration of the metabolic environment affects viral replication and the immune response during viral infection. In this study, glucose uptake was increased in mouse brains at the late stage of infection with different RABV strains (lab-attenuated CVS strain and wild-type DRV strain). To illustrate the mechanism underlying glucose metabolism alteration, comprehensive analysis of lysine acetylation and target analysis of energy metabolites in mouse brains infected with CVS and DRV strains were performed. A total of 156 acetylated sites and 115 acetylated proteins were identified as significantly different during RABV infection. Compared to CVS- and mock-infected mice, the lysine acetylation levels of glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes were decreased, and enzyme activity was upregulated in DRV-infected mouse brains. Metabolomic analysis revealed that high levels of oxaloacetate (OAA) in RABV-infected mouse brains. Specifically, the OAA level in CVS-infected mouse brains was higher than that in DRV-infected mouse brains, which contributed to the enhancement of the metabolic rate at the substrate level. Finally, we confirmed that OAA could reduce excessive neuroinflammation in CVS-infected mouse brains by inhibiting JNK and P38 phosphorylation. Taken together, this study provides fresh insight into the different strategies the host adapts to regulate glucose metabolism for energy requirements after different RABV strain infection and suggest that OAA treatment could be a potential strategy to prevent neural damage during RABV infection. IMPORTANCE Both viral replication and the host immune response are highly energy-dependent. It is important to understand how the rabies virus affects energy metabolism in the brain. Glucose is the direct energy source for cell metabolism. Previous studies have revealed that there is some association between acetylation and metabolic processes. In this study, comprehensive protein acetylation and glucose metabolism analysis were conducted to compare glucose metabolism in mouse brains infected with different RABV strains. Our study demonstrates that the regulation of enzyme activity by acetylation and OAA accumulation at the substrate level are two strategies for the host to respond to the energy requirements after RABV infection. Our study also indicates the potential role OAA could play in neuronal protection by suppressing excessive neuroinflammation.
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Vidoni ED, Choi IY, Lee P, Reed G, Zhang N, Pleen J, Mahnken JD, Clutton J, Becker A, Sherry E, Bothwell R, Anderson H, Harris RA, Brooks W, Wilkins HM, Mosconi L, Burns JM, Swerdlow RH. Safety and target engagement profile of two oxaloacetate doses in Alzheimer's patients. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 17:7-17. [PMID: 32715609 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain bioenergetics are defective in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Preclinical studies find oxaloacetate (OAA) enhances bioenergetics, but human safety and target engagement data are lacking. METHODS We orally administered 500 or 1000 mg OAA, twice daily for 1 month, to AD participants (n = 15 each group) and monitored safety and tolerability. To assess brain metabolism engagement, we performed fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after the intervention. We also assessed pharmacokinetics and cognitive performance. RESULTS Both doses were safe and tolerated. Compared to the lower dose, the higher dose benefited FDG PET glucose uptake across multiple brain regions (P < .05), and the higher dose increased parietal and frontoparietal glutathione (P < .05). We did not demonstrate consistent blood level changes and cognitive scores did not improve. CONCLUSIONS 1000 mg OAA, taken twice daily for 1 month, is safe in AD patients and engages brain energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Vidoni
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Center, Fairway, Kansas, USA
- Department of Neurology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - In-Young Choi
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Center, Fairway, Kansas, USA
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Neurology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Phil Lee
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Center, Fairway, Kansas, USA
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Radiology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Gregory Reed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Joseph Pleen
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Center, Fairway, Kansas, USA
- Department of Neurology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Jonathan D Mahnken
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Center, Fairway, Kansas, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Annette Becker
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Center, Fairway, Kansas, USA
| | - Erica Sherry
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Center, Fairway, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Heidi Anderson
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Center, Fairway, Kansas, USA
| | - Robert A Harris
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - William Brooks
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Center, Fairway, Kansas, USA
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Neurology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Heather M Wilkins
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Center, Fairway, Kansas, USA
- Department of Neurology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Lisa Mosconi
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Burns
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Center, Fairway, Kansas, USA
- Department of Neurology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Center, Fairway, Kansas, USA
- Department of Neurology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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4
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Pérez-Mato M, Iglesias-Rey R, Vieites-Prado A, Dopico-López A, Argibay B, Fernández-Susavila H, da Silva-Candal A, Pérez-Díaz A, Correa-Paz C, Günther A, Ávila-Gómez P, Isabel Loza M, Baumann A, Castillo J, Sobrino T, Campos F. Blood glutamate EAAT 2-cell grabbing therapy in cerebral ischemia. EBioMedicine 2018; 39:118-131. [PMID: 30555045 PMCID: PMC6354443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) plays a pivotal role in glutamate clearance in the adult brain, thereby preventing excitotoxic effects. Considering the high efficacy of EAAT2 for glutamate uptake, we hypothesized that the expression of this transporter in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for systemic administration could yield a cell-based glutamate-grabbing therapy, combining the intrinsic properties of these cells with excitotoxic protection. Methods To address this hypothesis, EAAT2-encoding cDNA was introduced into MSCs and human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK cells) as the control cell line. EAAT2 expression and functionality were evaluated by in vitro assays. Blood glutamate-grabbing activity was tested in healthy and ischemic rat models treated with 3 × 106 and 9 × 106 cells/animal. Findings The expression of EAAT2 in both cell types conferred the expected glutamate-grabbing activity in in vitro and in vivo studies. The functional improvement observed in ischemic rats treated with EAAT2–HEK at low dose, confirmed that this effect was indeed mediated by the glutamate-grabbing activity associated with EAAT2 functionality. Unexpectedly, both cell doses of non-transfected MSCs induced higher protection than transfected EAAT2–MSCs by another mechanism independent of the glutamate-grabbing capacity. Interpretation Although the transfection procedure most likely interferes with some of the intrinsic protective mechanisms of mesenchymal cells, the results show that the induced expression of EAAT2 in cells represents a novel alternative to mitigate the excitotoxic effects of glutamate and paves the way to combine this strategy with current cell therapies for cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pérez-Mato
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Department of Neurology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ramón Iglesias-Rey
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Department of Neurology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alba Vieites-Prado
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Department of Neurology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Dopico-López
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Department of Neurology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Bárbara Argibay
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Department of Neurology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Héctor Fernández-Susavila
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Department of Neurology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Andrés da Silva-Candal
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Department of Neurology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Amparo Pérez-Díaz
- Drug Screening Platform/Biofarma Research Group, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Clara Correa-Paz
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Department of Neurology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anne Günther
- Institute of Complex Systems-Cellular Biophysics (ICS-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Paulo Ávila-Gómez
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Department of Neurology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Isabel Loza
- Drug Screening Platform/Biofarma Research Group, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Arnd Baumann
- Institute of Complex Systems-Cellular Biophysics (ICS-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - José Castillo
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Department of Neurology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Department of Neurology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Francisco Campos
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Department of Neurology, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Blood-Based Glutamate Scavengers Reverse Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Synaptic Plasticity Disruption by Decreasing Glutamate Level in Hippocampus Interstitial Fluid, but Not Cerebral Spinal Fluid, In Vivo. Neurotox Res 2018; 35:360-372. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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da Silva-Candal A, Pérez-Díaz A, Santamaría M, Correa-Paz C, Rodríguez-Yáñez M, Ardá A, Pérez-Mato M, Iglesias-Rey R, Brea J, Azuaje J, Sotelo E, Sobrino T, Loza MI, Castillo J, Campos F. Clinical validation of blood/brain glutamate grabbing in acute ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol 2018; 84:260-273. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.25286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés da Silva-Candal
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology; Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Amparo Pérez-Díaz
- Drug Screening Platform/Biofarma Research Group, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Center; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - María Santamaría
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology; Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Clara Correa-Paz
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology; Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Yáñez
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology; Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Ana Ardá
- Molecular Recognition and Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, CIC bioGUNE; Derio Spain
| | - María Pérez-Mato
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology; Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Ramón Iglesias-Rey
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology; Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - José Brea
- Drug Screening Platform/Biofarma Research Group, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Center; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Jhonny Azuaje
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CIQUS); University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Eddy Sotelo
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CIQUS); University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology; Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - M. Isabel Loza
- Drug Screening Platform/Biofarma Research Group, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Center; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - José Castillo
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology; Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Francisco Campos
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology; Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
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Heptanoate is neuroprotective in vitro but triheptanoin post-treatment did not protect against middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Neurosci Lett 2018; 683:207-214. [PMID: 30076987 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Triheptanoin, the medium-chain triglyceride of heptanoate, has been shown to be anticonvulsant and neuroprotective in several neurological disorders. In the gastrointestinal tract, triheptanoin is cleaved to heptanoate, which is then taken up by the blood and most tissues, including liver, heart and brain. Here we evaluated the neuroprotective effects of heptanoate and its effects on mitochondrial oxygen consumption in vitro. We also investigated the neuroprotective effects of triheptanoin compared to long-chain triglycerides when administered after stroke onset in rats. Heptanoate pre-treatment protected cultured neurons against cell death induced by oxygen glucose deprivation and N-methyl-D-aspartate. Incubation of cultured astrocytes with heptanoate for 2 h increased mitochondrial proton leak and also enhanced basal respiration and ATP turnover, suggesting that heptanoate protects against oxidative stress and is used as fuel. However, continuous 72 h infusion of triheptanoin initiated 1 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats did not alter stroke volume at 3 days or neurological deficit at 1 and 3 days relative to long-chain triglyceride control treatment.
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8
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Interplay between mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative stress in ischemic stroke: An epigenetic connection. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 82:176-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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9
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Castillo J, Loza MI, Mirelman D, Brea J, Blanco M, Sobrino T, Campos F. A novel mechanism of neuroprotection: Blood glutamate grabber. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:292-301. [PMID: 26661174 PMCID: PMC4759671 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15606721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate excitotoxicity is a primary contributor of ischemic neuronal death and other cellular components of the neurovascular unit. Several strategies have been developed against glutamate excitotoxicity, however none of them have not shown positive results in the clinical practice so far. Nowadays, the concept of blood/brain glutamate grabbing or scavenging is well recognized as a novel and attractive protective strategy to reduce the excitotoxic effect of excess extracellular glutamate that accumulates in the brain following an ischemic stroke. The main advantage of this novel therapeutic strategy is that it occurs in the blood circulation and therefore does not affect the normal brain neurophysiology, as it has been described for other drug treatments used against glutamate excitotoxicity. In this work we report all experimental data from the beginning of our studies, focused on stroke pathology, and we describe new findings about the potential application of this therapy. Future clinical trials will allow to know the real efficacy of this novel therapeutic strategy in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Castillo
- Department of Neurology, Clinical University Hospital, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Isabel Loza
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Discovery group BioFarma, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain BioFarma Research Group, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - David Mirelman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - José Brea
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Discovery group BioFarma, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain BioFarma Research Group, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Blanco
- Department of Neurology, Clinical University Hospital, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Department of Neurology, Clinical University Hospital, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco Campos
- Department of Neurology, Clinical University Hospital, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Eid T, Gruenbaum SE, Dhaher R, Lee TSW, Zhou Y, Danbolt NC. The Glutamate-Glutamine Cycle in Epilepsy. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 13:351-400. [PMID: 27885637 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45096-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a complex, multifactorial disease characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures and an increased incidence of comorbid conditions such as anxiety, depression, cognitive dysfunction, and sudden unexpected death. About 70 million people worldwide are estimated to suffer from epilepsy, and up to one-third of all people with epilepsy are expected to be refractory to current medications. Development of more effective and specific antiepileptic interventions is therefore requisite. Perturbations in the brain's glutamate-glutamine cycle, such as increased extracellular levels of glutamate, loss of astroglial glutamine synthetase, and changes in glutaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase, are frequently encountered in patients with epilepsy. Hence, manipulations of discrete glutamate-glutamine cycle components may represent novel approaches to treat the disease. The goal of his review is to discuss some of the glutamate-glutamine cycle components that are altered in epilepsy, particularly neurotransmitters and metabolites, enzymes, amino acid transporters, and glutamate receptors. We will also review approaches that potentially could be used in humans to target the glutamate-glutamine cycle. Examples of such approaches are treatment with glutamate receptor blockers, glutamate scavenging, dietary intervention, and hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Eid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, 208035, New Haven, CT, 06520-8035, USA.
| | - Shaun E Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Roni Dhaher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, 208035, New Haven, CT, 06520-8035, USA
| | - Tih-Shih W Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Niels Christian Danbolt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Ahn JY, Yan BC, Park JH, Ahn JH, Lee DH, Kim IH, Cho JH, Chen BH, Lee JC, Cho YS, Shin MC, Cho JH, Hong S, Won MH, Kim SK. Novel antiepileptic drug lacosamide exerts neuroprotective effects by decreasing glial activation in the hippocampus of a gerbil model of ischemic stroke. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:2007-2014. [PMID: 26668588 PMCID: PMC4665641 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lacosamide, which is a novel antiepileptic drug, has been reported to exert various additional therapeutic effects. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of lacosamide against transient cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal cell damage in the hippocampal cornu ammonis (CA)-1 region of a gerbil model. Neuronal Nuclei immunohistochemistry demonstrated that pre- and post-surgical treatment (5 min ischemia) with 25 mg/kg lacosamide protected CA1 pyramidal neurons in the lacosamide-treated-ischemia-operated group from ischemic injury 5 days post-ischemia, as compared with gerbils in the vehicle-treated-ischemia-operated group. Furthermore, treatment with 25 mg/kg lacosamide markedly attenuated the activation of astrocytes and microglia in the ischemic CA1 region at 5 days post-ischemia. The results of the present study suggested that pre- and post-surgical treatment of the gerbils with lacosamide was able to protect against transient cerebral ischemic injury-induced CA1 pyramidal neuronal cell death in the hippocampus. In addition, the neuroprotective effects of lacosamide may be associated with decreased activation of glial cells in the ischemic CA1 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yun Ahn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea ; Department of Emergency Medicine, Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang, Gyeonggi 431796, Republic of Korea
| | - Bing Chun Yan
- Institute of Integrative Traditional and Western Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hwan Lee
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Rehabilitation Science, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang 712-714, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hye Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwi Cho
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Bai Hui Chen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Shin Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea ; Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul Hospital, College of Medicine, Sooncheonhyang University, Seoul, Gyeonggi 140-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Chul Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongkweon Hong
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Koo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, School of Medicine, Hallym University, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 445-907, Republic of Korea
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12
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Blood glutamate grabbing does not reduce the hematoma in an intracerebral hemorrhage model but it is a safe excitotoxic treatment modality. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1206-12. [PMID: 25735920 PMCID: PMC4640266 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that blood glutamate grabbing is an effective strategy to reduce the excitotoxic effect of extracellular glutamate released during ischemic brain injury. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of two of the most efficient blood glutamate grabbers (oxaloacetate and recombinant glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1: rGOT1) in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Intracerebral hemorrhage was produced by injecting collagenase into the basal ganglia. Three treatment groups were developed: a control group treated with saline, a group treated with oxaloacetate, and a final group treated with human rGOT1. Treatments were given 1 hour after hemorrhage. Hematoma volume (analyzed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)), neurologic deficit, and blood glutamate and GOT levels were quantified over a period of 14 days after surgery. The results observed showed that the treatments used induced a significant reduction of blood glutamate levels; however, they did not reduce the hematoma, nor did they improve the neurologic deficit. In the present experimental study, we have shown that this novel therapeutic strategy is not effective in case of ICH pathology. More importantly, these findings suggest that blood glutamate grabbers are a safe treatment modality that can be given in cases of suspected ischemic stroke without previous neuroimaging.
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13
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Zhumadilov A, Boyko M, Gruenbaum SE, Brotfain E, Bilotta F, Zlotnik A. Extracorporeal methods of blood glutamate scavenging: a novel therapeutic modality. Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 15:501-508. [PMID: 25865745 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1032259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pathologically elevated glutamate concentrations in the brain's extracellular fluid are associated with several acute and chronic brain insults. Studies have demonstrated that by decreasing the concentration of glutamate in the blood, thereby increasing the concentration gradient between the brain and the blood, the rate of brain-to-blood glutamate efflux can be increased. Blood glutamate scavengers, pyruvate and oxaloacetate have shown great promise in providing neuroprotection in many animal models of acute brain insults. However, glutamate scavengers' potential systemic toxicity, side effects and pharmacokinetic properties may limit their use in clinical practice. In contrast, extracorporeal methods of blood glutamate reduction, in which glutamate is filtered from the blood and eliminated, may be an advantageous adjunct in treating acute brain insults. Here, we review the current evidence for the glutamate-lowering effects of hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and hemofiltration. The evidence reviewed here highlights the need for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agzam Zhumadilov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, National Research Center for Oncology and Transplantation, Astana, Kazakhstan.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, National Research Center for Oncology and Transplantation, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Matthew Boyko
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Shaun E Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Evgeny Brotfain
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Federico Bilotta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Neuroanesthesia and Neurocritical Care, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexander Zlotnik
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Jia M, Njapo SAN, Rastogi V, Hedna VS. Taming glutamate excitotoxicity: strategic pathway modulation for neuroprotection. CNS Drugs 2015; 29:153-62. [PMID: 25633850 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-015-0225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Much work has been carried out in recent years showing that elevated glutamate levels in the extracellular environment of the central nervous system play a pivotal role in neurodegeneration in acute CNS injuries. With the elucidation of the mechanism governing glutamate excitotoxicity, researchers are devising therapeutic strategies to target different parts of the pathway which begins with glutamate accumulation and ultimately results in neuronal cell death. In this article, we review some of the major classes of agents that are currently being investigated and highlight some of the key studies for each. Glutamate scavenging is a relatively new approach that directly decreases glutamate levels in the brain, thus preventing excitotoxicity. Nitric oxide inhibitors and free radical scavengers are more well-studied strategies that continue to yield promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jia
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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15
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Khanna S, Briggs Z, Rink C. Inducible glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase as a therapeutic target against ischemic stroke. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:175-86. [PMID: 25343301 PMCID: PMC4281871 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Glutamate serves multi-faceted (patho)physiological functions in the central nervous system as the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter and under pathological conditions as a potent neurotoxin. Regarding the latter, elevated extracellular glutamate is known to play a central role in ischemic stroke brain injury. RECENT ADVANCES Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) has emerged as a new therapeutic target in protecting against ischemic stroke injury. Oxygen-sensitive induction of GOT expression and activity during ischemic stroke lowers glutamate levels at the stroke site while sustaining adenosine triphosphate levels in brain. The energy demands of the brain are among the highest of all organs underscoring the need to quickly mobilize alternative carbon skeletons for metabolism in the absence of glucose during ischemic stroke. Recent work builds on the important observation of Hans Krebs that GOT-mediated metabolism of glutamate generates tri-carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates in brain tissue. Taken together, outcomes suggest GOT may enable the transformative switch of otherwise excitotoxic glutamate into life-sustaining TCA cycle intermediates during ischemic stroke. CRITICAL ISSUES Neuroprotective strategies that focus solely on blocking mechanisms of glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity have historically failed in clinical trials. That GOT can enable glutamate to assume the role of a survival factor represents a paradigm shift necessary to develop the overall significance of glutamate in stroke biology. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Ongoing efforts are focused to develop the therapeutic significance of GOT in stroke-affected brain. Small molecules that target induction of GOT expression and activity in the ischemic penumbra are the focus of ongoing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Khanna
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, Ohio
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16
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Wilkins HM, Harris JL, Carl SM, E L, Lu J, Eva Selfridge J, Roy N, Hutfles L, Koppel S, Morris J, Burns JM, Michaelis ML, Michaelis EK, Brooks WM, Swerdlow RH. Oxaloacetate activates brain mitochondrial biogenesis, enhances the insulin pathway, reduces inflammation and stimulates neurogenesis. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6528-41. [PMID: 25027327 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain bioenergetic function declines in some neurodegenerative diseases, this may influence other pathologies and administering bioenergetic intermediates could have therapeutic value. To test how one intermediate, oxaloacetate (OAA) affects brain bioenergetics, insulin signaling, inflammation and neurogenesis, we administered intraperitoneal OAA, 1-2 g/kg once per day for 1-2 weeks, to C57Bl/6 mice. OAA altered levels, distributions or post-translational modifications of mRNA and proteins (proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α, PGC1 related co-activator, nuclear respiratory factor 1, transcription factor A of the mitochondria, cytochrome oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, cAMP-response element binding, p38 MAPK and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) in ways that should promote mitochondrial biogenesis. OAA increased Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin and P70S6K phosphorylation. OAA lowered nuclear factor κB nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratios and CCL11 mRNA. Hippocampal vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA, doublecortin mRNA, doublecortin protein, doublecortin-positive neuron counts and neurite length increased in OAA-treated mice. (1)H-MRS showed OAA increased brain lactate, GABA and glutathione thereby demonstrating metabolic changes are detectable in vivo. In mice, OAA promotes brain mitochondrial biogenesis, activates the insulin signaling pathway, reduces neuroinflammation and activates hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Wilkins
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center
| | | | | | - Lezi E
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
| | | | | | - Nairita Roy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology
| | | | | | - Jill Morris
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center
| | - Jeffrey M Burns
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology
| | - Mary L Michaelis
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Elias K Michaelis
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - William M Brooks
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Hoglund Brain Imaging Center
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA and
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17
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Knapp L, Gellért L, Kocsis K, Kis Z, Farkas T, Vécsei L, Toldi J. Neuroprotective effect of oxaloacetate in a focal brain ischemic model in the rat. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 35:17-22. [PMID: 24807461 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During an ischemic event, the well-regulated glutamate (Glu) homeostasis is disturbed, which gives rise to extremely high levels of this excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain tissues. It was earlier reported that the administration of oxaloacetate (OxAc) as a Glu scavenger reduces the Glu level in the brain by enhancing the brain-to-blood Glu efflux. Here, we studied the neuroprotective effect of OxAc administration in a new focal ischemic model in rats. Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery resulted in immediate reduction of the somatosensory-evoked responses (SERs), and the amplitudes remained at the reduced level throughout the whole ischemic period. On reperfusion, the SERs started to increase, but never reached the control level. OxAc proved to be protective, since the amplitudes started to recover even during the ischemia, and finally fully regained the control level. The findings of the histological measurements were in accordance with the electrophysiological data. After Fluoro Jade C staining, significantly fewer labeled cells were detected in the OxAc-treated group relative to the control. These results provide new evidence of the neuroprotective effect of OxAc against ischemic injury, which strengthens the likelihood of its future applicability as a novel neuroprotective agent for the treatment of ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Knapp
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
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18
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Boyko M, Gruenbaum SE, Gruenbaum BF, Shapira Y, Zlotnik A. Brain to blood glutamate scavenging as a novel therapeutic modality: a review. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121:971-9. [PMID: 24623040 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that abnormally elevated glutamate levels in the brain are associated with secondary brain injury following acute and chronic brain insults. As such, a tight regulation of brain glutamate concentrations is of utmost importance in preventing the neurodegenerative effects of excess glutamate. There has been much effort in recent years to better understand the mechanisms by which glutamate is reduced in the brain to non-toxic concentrations, and in how to safely accelerate these mechanisms. Blood glutamate scavengers such as oxaloacetate, pyruvate, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase have been shown to reduce blood glutamate concentrations, thereby increasing the driving force of the brain to blood glutamate efflux and subsequently reducing brain glutamate levels. In the past decade, blood glutamate scavengers have gained increasing international interest, and its uses have been applied to a wide range of experimental contexts in animal models of traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, epilepsy, migraine, and malignant gliomas. Although glutamate scavengers have not yet been used in humans, there is increasing evidence that their use may provide effective and exciting new therapeutic modalities. Here, we review the laboratory evidence for the use of blood glutamate scavengers. Other experimental neuroprotective treatments thought to scavenge blood glutamate, including estrogen and progesterone, beta-adrenergic activation, hypothermia, insulin and glucagon, and hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are also discussed. The evidence reviewed here will hopefully pave the way for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Boyko
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Soroka Medical Center Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba, Israel
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19
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Campos F, Sobrino T, Blanco M, López-Arias E, Baluja A, Álvarez J, Castillo J. Glutamate neurotoxicity is involved in the neurological damage in patients undergoing extracorporeal circulation. Int J Cardiol 2014; 172:481-3. [PMID: 24467976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Campos
- Department of Neurology, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Department of Neurology, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Blanco
- Department of Neurology, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Esteban López-Arias
- Department of Neurology, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Aurora Baluja
- Critical Patient Translational Research Group, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Julián Álvarez
- Critical Patient Translational Research Group, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Castillo
- Department of Neurology, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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20
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Majláth Z, Toldi J, Vécsei L. The potential role of kynurenines in Alzheimer's disease: pathomechanism and therapeutic possibilities by influencing the glutamate receptors. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 121:881-9. [PMID: 24346138 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pathomechanism of neurodegenerative disorders still poses a challenge to neuroscientists, and continuous research is under way with the aim of attaining an understanding of the exact background of these devastating diseases. The pathomechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with characteristic neuropathological features such as extracellular amyloid-β and intracellular tau deposition. Glutamate excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation are also factors that are known to contribute to the neurodegenerative process, but a cerebrovascular dysfunction has recently also been implicated in AD. Current therapeutic tools offer moderate symptomatic treatment, but fail to reduce disease progression. The kynurenine pathway (KP) has been implicated in the development of neurodegenerative processes, and alterations in the KP have been demonstrated in both acute and chronic neurological disorders. Kynurenines have been suggested to be involved in the regulation of neurotransmission and in immunological processes. Targeting the KP, therefore, offers a valuable strategic option for the attenuation of glutamatergic excitotoxicity, and for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Majláth
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, 6725, Hungary
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21
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Godino MDC, Romera VG, Sánchez-Tomero JA, Pacheco J, Canals S, Lerma J, Vivancos J, Moro MA, Torres M, Lizasoain I, Sánchez-Prieto J. Amelioration of ischemic brain damage by peritoneal dialysis. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4359-63. [PMID: 23999426 DOI: 10.1172/jci67284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a devastating condition, for which there is still no effective therapy. Acute ischemic stroke is associated with high concentrations of glutamate in the blood and interstitial brain fluid. The inability of the tissue to retain glutamate within the cells of the brain ultimately provokes neuronal death. Increased concentrations of interstitial glutamate exert further excitotoxic effects on healthy tissue surrounding the infarct zone. We developed a strategy based on peritoneal dialysis to reduce blood glutamate levels, thereby accelerating brain-to-blood glutamate clearance. In a rat model of stroke, this simple procedure reduced the transient increase in glutamate, consequently decreasing the size of the infarct area. Functional magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated that the rescued brain tissue remained functional. Moreover, in patients with kidney failure, peritoneal dialysis significantly decreased glutamate concentrations. Our results suggest that peritoneal dialysis may represent a simple and effective intervention for human stroke patients.
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22
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Campos F, Sobrino T, Pérez-Mato M, Rodríguez-Osorio X, Leira R, Blanco M, Mirelman D, Castillo J. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase: a new key in the dysregulation of glutamate in migraine patients. Cephalalgia 2013; 33:1148-54. [PMID: 23674828 DOI: 10.1177/0333102413487444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Based on the capacity of the blood-resident enzyme glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) to metabolize blood glutamate, our aim was to study the association of GOT activity with serum glutamate levels and clinical parameters in patients with migraine. METHODS This case-control study included 45 episodic migraine patients (IHS 2004 criteria) and 16 control subjects. We analyzed glutamate and GOT activity in peripheral blood samples obtained during interictal periods and migraine attacks ( N = 15). Frequency, severity, and duration of attacks and time of evolution were also recorded. RESULTS Migraine patients showed lower GOT activity than controls (15.2 ± 2.9 vs. 18.7 ± 3.8 U/l) and higher levels of glutamate (153.7 ± 68.6 vs. 121.5 ± 59.2 μM) (all P < 0.05). A negative correlation was found between GOT activity and glutamate levels ( R = -0.493; P < 0.0001) in interictal periods; however, this negative correlation was lost during attacks ( R = -0.026; P = 0.925). During attacks, we found a positive correlation between the time elapsed from attack onset and glutamate levels ( R = 0.738; P < 0.0001), but not for GOT activity ( R = -0.075; P = 0.809). CONCLUSIONS Migraine patients showed reduced GOT activity and increased levels of blood glutamate levels as compared to control subjects. Furthermore, a negative correlation was found between GOT activity and glutamate levels in interictal periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Campos
- Department of Neurology, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Institute for Sanitary Research of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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23
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Lee TH, Park JH, Kim JD, Lee JC, Kim IH, Yim Y, Lee SK, Yan BC, Ahn JH, Lee CH, Yoo KY, Choi JH, Hwang IK, Park JH, Won MH. Protective Effects of a Novel Synthetic Alpha-Lipoic Acid-Decursinol Hybrid Compound in Experimentally Induced Transient Cerebral Ischemia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:1209-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9861-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Campos F, Sobrino T, Ramos-Cabrer P, Castillo J. Oxaloacetate: A novel neuroprotective for acute ischemic stroke. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:262-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Fanne RA, Nassar T, Heyman SN, Hijazi N, Higazi AAR. Insulin and glucagon share the same mechanism of neuroprotection in diabetic rats: role of glutamate. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R668-73. [PMID: 21677268 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00058.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In patients with acute ischemic stroke, diabetes and hyperglycemia are associated with increased infarct size, more profound neurologic deficits and higher mortality. Notwithstanding extensive clinical and experimental data, treatment of stroke-associated hyperglycemia with insulin is controversial. In addition to hyperglycemia, diabetes and even early prediabetic insulin resistance are associated with increased levels of amino acids, including the neurotoxic glutamate, in the circulation. The pleiotropic metabolic effects of insulin include a reduction in the concentration of amino acids in the circulation. In this article, we show that in diabetic rats exposed to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, a decrease of plasma glutamate by insulin or glucagon reduces CSF glutamate, improves brain histology, and preserves neurologic function. The neuroprotective effect of insulin and glucagon was similar, notwithstanding their opposite effects on blood glucose. The therapeutic window of both hormones overlapped with the short duration (~30 min) of elevated brain glutamate following brain trauma in rodents. Similar neuroprotective effects were found after administration of the glutamate scavenger oxaloacetate, which does not affect glucose metabolism. These data indicate that insulin and glucagon exert a neuroprotective effect within a very brief therapeutic window that correlates with their capacity to reduce glutamate, rather than by modifying glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Abu Fanne
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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26
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Neuroprotection by glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase in ischemic stroke: an experimental study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:1378-86. [PMID: 21266983 PMCID: PMC3130324 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
As ischemic stroke is associated with an excessive release of glutamate into the neuronal extracellular space, a decrease in blood glutamate levels could provide a mechanism to remove it from the brain tissue, by increasing the brain-blood gradient. In this regard, the ability of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) to metabolize glutamate in blood could represent a potential neuroprotective tool for ischemic stroke. This study aimed to determine the neuroprotective effects of GOT in an animal model of cerebral ischemia by means of a middle cerebral arterial occlusion (MCAO) following the Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) group guidelines. In this animal model, oxaloacetate-mediated GOT activation inhibited the increase of blood and cerebral glutamate after MCAO. This effect is reflected in a reduction of infarct size, smaller edema volume, and lower sensorimotor deficits with respect to controls. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy confirmed that the increase of glutamate levels in the brain parenchyma after MCAO is inhibited after oxaloacetate-mediated GOT activation. These findings show the capacity of the GOT to remove glutamate from the brain by means of blood glutamate degradation, and suggest the applicability of this enzyme as an efficient and novel neuroprotective tool against ischemic stroke.
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27
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Klin Y, Zlotnik A, Boyko M, Ohayon S, Shapira Y, Teichberg VI. Distribution of radiolabeled l-glutamate and d-aspartate from blood into peripheral tissues in naive rats: significance for brain neuroprotection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 399:694-8. [PMID: 20691657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.07.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Excess l-glutamate (glutamate) levels in brain interstitial and cerebrospinal fluids (ISF and CSF, respectively) are the hallmark of several neurodegenerative conditions such as stroke, traumatic brain injury or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Its removal could prevent the glutamate excitotoxicity that causes long-lasting neurological deficits. As in previous studies, we have established the role of blood glutamate levels in brain neuroprotection, we have now investigated the contribution of the peripheral organs to the homeostasis of glutamate in blood. We have administered naive rats with intravenous injections of either l-[1-(14)C] Glutamic acid (l-[1-(14)C] Glu), l-[G-(3)H] Glutamic acid (l-[G-(3)H] Glu) or d-[2,3-(3)H] Aspartic acid (d-[2,3-(3)H] Asp), a non-metabolized analog of glutamate, and have followed their distribution into peripheral organs. We have observed that the decay of the radioactivity associated with l-[1-(14)C] Glu and l-[G-(3)H] Glu was faster than that associated with glutamate non-metabolized analog, d-[2,3-(3)H] Asp. l-[1-(14)C] Glu was subjected in blood to a rapid decarboxylation with the loss of (14)CO(2). The three major sequestrating organs, serving as depots for the eliminated glutamate and/or its metabolites were skeletal muscle, liver and gut, contributing together 92% or 87% of total l-[U-(14)C] Glu or d-[2,3-(3)H] Asp radioactivity capture. l-[U-(14)C] Glu and d-[2,3-(3)H] Asp showed a different organ sequestration pattern. We conclude that glutamate is rapidly eliminated from the blood into peripheral tissues, mainly in non-metabolized form. The liver plays a central role in glutamate metabolism and serves as an origin for glutamate metabolites that redistribute into skeletal muscle and gut. The findings of this study suggest now that pharmacological manipulations that reduce the liver glutamate release rate or cause a boosting of the skeletal muscle glutamate pumping rate are likely to cause brain neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Klin
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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28
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Effects of blood glutamate scavenging on cortical evoked potentials. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 30:1101-6. [PMID: 20607387 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that traumatic or ischemic brain injury is followed by acute excitotoxicity caused by the presence of abnormally high glutamate (Glu) in brain fluids. It has recently been demonstrated that excess Glu can be eliminated from brain into blood following the intravenous administration of oxaloacetate (OxAc), which, by scavenging blood Glu, induces an enhanced and neuroprotective brain-to-blood Glu efflux. In this study, we subjected rats to intravenous OxAc administration (i.v., 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg, respectively), and studied its effects on somatosensory evoked cortical potentials (EPs). Against our expectation, the amplitudes of EPs did not decrease but increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner after OxAc administration. Similar effects were observed when blood Glu scavenging was enhanced by combining OxAc (12.5 mg/kgbw) with recombinant glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT, 0.14 nmol/100 g rat). On the basis of these results, we suggest that the changes of amplitudes of the EPs involve not only a glutamatergic but also the weakening of a GABAergic component. We cannot rule out the possibility that OxAc penetrates into the brain and improves mitochondrial functions.
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