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Treadwell KRH. Family Factors in the Development and Management of Anxiety Disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2024; 47:787-800. [PMID: 39505454 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2024.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2024]
Abstract
Theoretic models of anxiety disorders have emphasized the impact of caregiving on the development and maintenance of childhood anxiety. Familial factors demonstrate a reciprocal relationship with child anxiety, including family stressors, parenting control, and family accommodation. The inclusion of parents in intervention for youth anxiety has demonstrated a superior outcome in several studies and is recommended as an area to evaluate when child anxiety is presented for assessment and treatment. This review examines familial variables in their contribution to clinical levels of anxiety in youth, focusing on genetic, family environment, and parental behaviors and recommendations for prevention and treatment intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberli R H Treadwell
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road - Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Gandarillas MÁ, Elvira-Zorzo MN, Pica-Miranda GA, Correa-Concha B. The impact of family factors and digital technologies on mental health in university students. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1433725. [PMID: 39228873 PMCID: PMC11370725 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1433725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction A substantial body of research indicates an increasing prevalence of mental health issues among university students in a range of countries. A number of psychosocial factors have been put forward in the research literature as possible explanations for this persistent decline in psychological wellbeing in higher education. The present study focused on the role of family factors and the use of digital technologies by students. Methods A replication study was conducted at the University of the Americas (Chile) based on a previous study on psychosocial factors of academic learning patterns and mental health of university students at the Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Spain. A cross-sectional design was employed, using the same questionnaire, plus indicators of most frequently used digital technologies by the students. The questionnaire was administered online at the same time to all incoming students, gathering a sample of 4,523 students. A series of multiple regressions and ANOVAs was conducted to ascertain the extent to which family and digital factors could be identified as predictors of mental health indicators. Results The most significant findings indicate that high levels of parental protection and control/discipline, and especially the high use of social media and smartphones, are particularly salient factors contributing to mental health problems in the learning process of higher education students. Discussion The results suggest strategies to promote wellbeing, with a focus on the psychosocial diversity within an inclusive university community. Social and digital innovation, collective entrepreneurship, and participatory place-building may facilitate networks of artistic, cultural, ecological, and sports spaces to promote the sense of university community. A longitudinal follow-up on the same sample across academic years will reveal the extent to which these wellbeing initiatives are fruitful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Gandarillas
- Department of Social, Work and Differential Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - María Natividad Elvira-Zorzo
- Department of Social Psychology and Anthropology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Bernardita Correa-Concha
- Vicerrectoría Académica, Dirección General de Asuntos Académicos, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago, Chile
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3
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Liu J, Wang L, Zhang L, Ding Y, Zhang X, Hu Z, Zhao X. Abnormal amygdala volume moderates parenting and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents with anxiety disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 175:316-322. [PMID: 38759497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders (AD) usually onset in childhood or adolescence and are related to brain development and early experiences during this period. As the hub of the fear circuit, the amygdala plays a crucial role in the development of emotional processing, and abnormalities in its structure and function are associated with anxiety disorders. We aim to uncover the amygdala volume's moderation between parenting and anxiety severity in children and adolescents with AD. 129 children and adolescents with anxiety and 135 age- and sex-matched Health controls (HC) using the publicly available Healthy Brain Network (HBN) dataset were included. Anxiety severity was measured using the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders Self-report (SCARED-SR) and parenting was measured using the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire Self-Report (APQ-SR). We investigated age-related differences in amygdala volume in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Further, we examined the role of amygdala volume in moderating the association between parental involvement, particularly the maternal involvement, and anxiety symptoms in this population. We found larger bilateral amygdala in the AD group compared with the HC among the age range of 7-12. And increases in amygdala volume tended to negatively moderate the linear relationships between maternal involvement and anxiety symptoms in the AD group. These findings provide new evidence of abnormal brain alteration in children and adolescents with anxiety and may reflect proactive adaptations of adolescent brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Government, Shanghai University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, 201701, China
| | - Yue Ding
- Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xiaochen Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhishan Hu
- Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China; Pudong New Area Mental Health Centre Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, 200124, China.
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Chen YWR, Ng DY, Tseng MH, Bundy A, Cordier R. The impact of coping behaviors on perceived competence and social anxiety in the everyday social engagement of autistic adolescents. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2024; 28:1268-1279. [PMID: 37776008 DOI: 10.1177/13623613231196773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Individuals who cope well with challenges may engage in social situations more successfully. We examined how well autistic adolescents coped, depending on how competent they felt and how much anxiety they experienced during social activities. We included 133 individuals (82 autistic, 51 neurotypical) between the ages of 10 and 16 years. Participants carried a mobile device that prompted them seven times a day for 7 days to record what they were doing, how competent they felt and how much anxiety they experienced. We used the Coping Inventory to understand how well participants coped with environmental challenges and met their needs for growth. Autistic adolescents were more likely than neurotypical peers to feel anxious while doing activities with adults. Autistic adolescents who had more difficulty coping with challenges were more likely to feel anxious when doing leisure activities with peers. Interestingly, autistic adolescents who coped better with challenges tended to feel less competent in social situations. However, those better able to meet their needs for growth tended to perceive their social competence positively. These findings can help practitioners develop strategies and programs to reduce the negative social experiences of autistic adolescents by helping them cope better.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mei-Hui Tseng
- National Taiwan University, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
| | | | - Reinie Cordier
- Northumbria University, UK
- Curtin University, Australia
- University of Cape Town, South Africa
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Gandarillas MA, Elvira-Zorzo MN, Rodríguez-Vera M. The impact of parenting practices and family economy on psychological wellbeing and learning patterns in higher education students. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2024; 37:8. [PMID: 38446334 PMCID: PMC10917719 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-024-00291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a large literature on the significant impact of rearing factors in the psychological development of different child's learning patterns and wellbeing in elementary and secondary schools, but there is a scarcity of studies on to what extent those influences remain stable up to higher education. OBJECTIVE In this study, parenting practices and family status were analyzed as predictors of the different learning styles, psychological difficulties, mental health factors, and academic performance, comprising the psychosocial diversity in learning (DinL) at the university classroom. METHODS Using a cross-sectional design, a questionnaire was administered to a sample of 2522 students at the Complutense University of Madrid (Spain). It included a DinL scale measuring five psychological learning dimensions (coping with difficulties, effort, autonomy, Social/Physical Context, and understanding/career interest), plus several items on retrospective parenting practices, family, and sociodemographic variables. Multiple regressions and analyses of variance were conducted with the family factors as independent variables and the learning factors as dependent variables. RESULTS Results showed parenting variables, parents' education, and family economy as having a significant impact on psychological learning dimensions, academic performance, and especially on the students' wellbeing and mental health status, being an important contributors to explain the DinL in the university classroom. CONCLUSION The results bring interesting conclusions for developmental and health psychologists when working with parents aimed at fostering wellbeing and learning strategies related to academic inclusion and achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Gandarillas
- Department of Social, Work and Differential Psychology, School of Psychology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Campus de Somosagua, Ctra. de Húmera, s/n, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain.
| | - M N Elvira-Zorzo
- Department of Social Psychology and Anthropology, School of Psychology, University of Salamanca (USAL), Campus Ciudad Jardín. Avda. de la Merced 109-131, 37005, Salamanca, Spain
| | - M Rodríguez-Vera
- Facultad de Odontología y Ciencias de La Rehabilitación, Universidad San Sebastián (USS), Concepción, Chile
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De Rossi E, Farina B, Adenzato M, Carbone GA, Ardito RB, Imperatori C. Parental overcontrol is associated with dysmorphic concern severity: A cross-sectional study. J Affect Disord 2023; 343:96-101. [PMID: 37793476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysmorphic concern (DC) is a symptom affecting both clinical and non-clinical populations, with a severe impact on individuals' physical and psychological well-being. While Childhood Trauma (CT) has been identified as a risk factor for DC, there is a lack of research on a specific form of CT, that is, parental overcontrol. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the association between DC and parental overcontrol in a community sample of adults, controlling for other forms of CT and potential confounding variables. METHOD 714 adults (508 females; mean age: 30.29 ± 11.67 years; age range: 18-77) participated in an online survey including the Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI), the Overcontrol subscale of the Measure Of Parental Style, and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire - Short Form (CTQ-SF). RESULTS Parental overcontrol was independently associated with DC symptoms (β = 0.111; p = .005; CI = [0.119;0.666]), even after controlling for other forms of CT and sociodemographic and clinical confounding variables. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional design of the study, the unbalanced sex ratio, the retrospective self-reported data about parental overcontrol and CT should be considered. CONCLUSIONS This finding suggests that parental overcontrol may play a role in the development and maintenance of DC symptoms, remarking the urge to take more into account parental overcontrol in the assessment of CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Rossi
- Experimental and Applied Psychology Laboratory, Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetto Farina
- Experimental and Applied Psychology Laboratory, Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Alessio Carbone
- Experimental and Applied Psychology Laboratory, Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Italy; Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Rita B Ardito
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Italy.
| | - Claudio Imperatori
- Experimental and Applied Psychology Laboratory, Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Italy
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Wang Y. The Influence of Overparenting on College Students' Career Indecision: A Moderated Mediation Analysis. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:4569-4582. [PMID: 37942441 PMCID: PMC10629351 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s436675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Avoiding difficulties in career decision-making has long been recognized as an important lifelong pursuit for individuals. Parental influence is an important environmental factor in college students' career decision-making. In recent years it has been shown that overparenting can be a risk factor that hinders college students' career development. Participants and Method This study was conducted with third-year students from four universities in Northeast China, and 743 valid questionnaires were received. With SPSS 24.0 and PROCESS plug-in, we built a moderated mediation model to examine the mediation effects of career expectation pressure and career decision self-efficacy between overparenting and career indecision and parent-adolescent expectation congruence's moderating role in this relationship. Results The results of this study indicate that overparenting is positively associated with college students' career indecision. Career expectation pressure and career decision self-efficacy mediate the relationship between overparenting and career indecision. In addition, parent-adolescent expectation congruence moderated the adverse relationship of overparenting on career expectation pressure and career indecision. Conclusion This study builds on previous research to explore the potential mechanisms of overparenting on adolescent career indecision. The results of this study may have implications for interventions in adolescent career decision-making to reduce the negative impact of overparenting on adolescent career development by providing feasible and effective interventions for overparenting families. Limitation Other factors (eg, proactive personality) may also have played a positive role in this relationship in this study. We hope future studies will explore the moderating effects of different personality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Wang
- School of Marxism, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
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Lei Y, Wang YY, Wan JM, Patel C, Li H. Association between negative parent-related family interactions and child social anxiety: A cross-cultural systematic review and meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord 2023; 99:102771. [PMID: 37729824 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
This meta-analysis systematically evaluates the strength and direction of the association between negative parent-related family interactions and child social anxiety, and identifies several influencing moderators. Two investigators independently searched international (PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science) and Chinese (CNKI, WanFang, and VIP) databases from their inception dates until March 5, 2023, for suitable articles. Of the 5771 identified records, 85 studies were selected based on inclusion of at least one of the following three dimensions of negative family interactions: insecure attachment (n = 27), parent-related family conflicts (n = 19), or negative parenting styles (n = 46). Meta-analyses showed that all three dimensions were significantly associated with child social anxiety (insecure attachment: r = 0.271, p < 0.0001; parent-related family conflicts: r = 0.226, p < 0.0001; negative parenting styles: r = 0.186, p < 0.0001). For all three dimensions, this association was stronger in children from East Asian culture than in those from European or American culture. In addition, age group, information source, and publication year also significantly moderated this association. Our findings will help guide further research and provide recommendations for the development of effective interventions for reducing social anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lei
- Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, China
| | - Jia-Ming Wan
- Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chetna Patel
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, China
| | - Hong Li
- Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, China.
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Rapee RM, Creswell C, Kendall PC, Pine DS, Waters AM. Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: A summary and overview of the literature. Behav Res Ther 2023; 168:104376. [PMID: 37499294 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Considerable work has advanced understanding of the nature, causes, management, and prevention of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents over the past 30 years. Prior to this time the primary focus was on school refusal and specific phobias. It is now recognised that children and adolescents experience the full gamut of anxiety disorders in very similar ways to adults and that anxiety disorders in the paediatric years can predict a lifelong mental-health struggle. Given the vast array of specific studies in this field, the current review summarises current knowledge about these high prevalence disorders, points to overarching limitations, and suggests potentially important future directions. Following a brief historical overview, the review summarises knowledge about demographic and epidemiological characteristics, distal and proximal risk factors, current treatment directions, and prevention. There is still a great deal to learn about the causes and treatments of child and adolescent anxiety disorders. By amalgamating our current knowledge, this review provides a window to the research directions that are likely to lead to future advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald M Rapee
- Centre for Emotional Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Cathy Creswell
- Departments of Psychiatry and Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip C Kendall
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorders Clinic, USA
| | - Daniel S Pine
- National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program (NIMH-IRP), USA
| | - Allison M Waters
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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Sandseter EBH, Sando OJ, Lorås H, Kleppe R, Storli L, Brussoni M, Bundy A, Schwebel DC, Ball DJ, Haga M, Little H. Virtual Risk Management-Exploring Effects of Childhood Risk Experiences through Innovative Methods (ViRMa) for Primary School Children in Norway: Study Protocol for the ViRMa Project. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e45857. [PMID: 37285210 DOI: 10.2196/45857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research indicates that risky play benefits children's risk assessment and risk management skills and offers several positive health effects such as resilience, social skills, physical activity, well-being, and involvement. There are also indications that the lack of risky play and autonomy increases the likelihood of anxiety. Despite its well-documented importance, and the willingness of children to engage in risky play, this type of play is increasingly restricted. Assessing long-term effects of risky play has been problematic because of ethical issues with conducting studies designed to allow or encourage children to take physical risks with the potential of injury. OBJECTIVE The Virtual Risk Management project aims to examine children's development of risk management skills through risky play. To accomplish this, the project aims to use and validate newly developed and ethically appropriate data collection tools such as virtual reality, eye tracking, and motion capturing, and to provide insight into how children assess and handle risk situations and how children's past risky play experiences are associated with their risk management. METHODS We will recruit 500 children aged 7-10 years and their parents from primary schools in Norway. Children's risk management will be measured through data concerning their risk assessment, risk willingness, and risk handling when completing a number of tasks in 3 categories of virtual reality scenarios: street crossing, river crossing, and playing on playground equipment. The children will move around physically in a large space while conducting the tasks and wear 17 motion-capturing sensors that will measure their movements to analyze motor skills. We will also collect data on children's perceived motor competence and their sensation-seeking personality. To obtain data on children's risk experiences, parents will complete questionnaires on their parental style and risk tolerance, as well as information about the child's practical risk experience. RESULTS Four schools have been recruited to participate in data collection. The recruitment of children and parents for this study started in December 2022, and as of April 2023, a total of 433 parents have consented for their children to participate. CONCLUSIONS The Virtual Risk Management project will increase our understanding of how children's characteristics, upbringing, and previous experiences influence their learning and ability to handle challenges. Through development and use of cutting-edge technology and previously developed measures to describe aspects of the children's past experiences, this project addresses crucial topics related to children's health and development. Such knowledge may guide pedagogical questions and the development of educational, injury prevention, and other health-related interventions, and reveal essential areas for focus in future studies. It may also impact how risk is addressed in crucial societal institutions such as the family, early childhood education, and schools. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/45857.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Beate Hansen Sandseter
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Queen Maud University College of Early Childhood Education, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ole Johan Sando
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Queen Maud University College of Early Childhood Education, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard Lorås
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Queen Maud University College of Early Childhood Education, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Teacher Education, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rasmus Kleppe
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Queen Maud University College of Early Childhood Education, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lise Storli
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Queen Maud University College of Early Childhood Education, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mariana Brussoni
- Department of Pediatrics, Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anita Bundy
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - David C Schwebel
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - David J Ball
- Department of Science and Technology, Centre for Decision Analysis and Risk Management, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Monika Haga
- Department of Teacher Education, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Helen Little
- School of Education, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Wen B, Zhang M, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Xu L. How over-parenting impedes individual career exploration: a goal disengagement perspective. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:109. [PMID: 37046353 PMCID: PMC10099645 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01163-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals' early experiences can shape their lifelong development. Notably, healthy parenting experiences will build a good foundation for successful development, whereas inappropriate parenting experiences hinder healthy development. From the goal disengagement perspective, we propose that over-parenting can elicit individual goal disengagement in the development process, which hinders goal-pursuit behaviors. Data collected from 536 university students from China at three time points supported our hypotheses. Specifically, over-parenting promotes more career-exploration goal disengagement, inhibiting career-exploration behavior. In addition, the process mentioned above is more salient for individuals with a high need for parental approval. The theoretical and practical implications of this research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wen
- HeBei Vocational University of Technology and Engineering, XingTai, 054000, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhang
- HeBei Vocational University of Technology and Engineering, XingTai, 054000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- HeBei Vocational University of Technology and Engineering, XingTai, 054000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhou
- International Business School Suzhou, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Xu
- School of Management, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
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Pizzo A, Sandstrom A, Drobinin V, Propper L, Uher R, Pavlova B. Parental Overprotection and Sleep Problems in Young Children. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022; 53:1340-1348. [PMID: 34191190 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Poor sleep in children predicts mental and physical disorders later in life. Identifying and changing modifiable factors associated with sleep problems in young children may improve their health trajectory. Our aim was to establish whether overprotective parenting was associated with problems sleeping in children. Parents of children aged 2-6 years completed questionnaires about their own anxiety, parenting style, and about their children's sleep. We obtained 307 reports on 197 children from 240 parents. Using mixed-effects linear regression, we found that maternal (beta = 0.26, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.41, p = 0.001) and paternal (beta = 0.35, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.53, p < 0.001) overprotection were associated with impaired sleep in children. This relationship remained unchanged when controlling for parental anxiety. Decreasing parents' overprotection may improve children's sleep, and reduce the risk of physical and mental disorders later in their life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Pizzo
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Andrea Sandstrom
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Vladislav Drobinin
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Lukas Propper
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Rudolf Uher
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Barbara Pavlova
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
- Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Adeniyi AA, Folayan MO, Arowolo O, Oziegbe EO, Chukwumah NM, El-Tantawi M. Associations between oral habits, dental anxiety, dental service utilization, and maternal mental health status among 6- to 12-year-old children in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2022; 24:177-185. [PMID: 36367680 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-022-00767-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current study sought to determine the associations between maternal mental health and oral habits, dental anxiety, and dental service utilization of 6- to 12-year-old children in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. METHODS Data were obtained from a household survey involving 1411 mothers and their 6- to 12-year-old children. Data collected were the confounding (maternal age, child's age at last birthday, sex at birth and socioeconomic status), independent (maternal psychological distress, and depression status) and dependent (child's non-nutritive oral habits, dental anxiety level, and most recent dental visit) variables. Bivariate analyses were conducted to test the associations between the dependent and independent variables. After controlling for confounding variables, the associations between the dependent and independent variables were determined using multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Overall, 479 (33.9%) reported one oral habit, 189 (13.4%) reported two and 99 (7.0%) children reported three or more oral habits. Only 25 (1.7%) children reported a dental visit in the year preceding the study. Higher maternal psychological distress was associated with higher dental anxiety in children (AOR: 0.094; 95% CI - 0.080 to - 0.293; p < 0.001). There was no significant association between maternal psychological distress, child's non-nutritive oral habits, and the child's most recent dental visit. There was also no association between maternal depression and the child's non-nutritive oral habits, dental anxiety level, and most recent dental visit. CONCLUSION Maternal psychological distress was a significant risk indicator for dental anxiety, but not for dental service utilization or non-nutritive oral habits among children in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Maternal educational status was also associated with dental anxiety. Further research is needed to elucidate the study's findings.
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de Roo M, Veenstra R, Kretschmer T. Internalizing and externalizing correlates of parental overprotection as measured by the EMBU: A systematic review and meta-analysis. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2022; 31:962-983. [PMID: 36588978 PMCID: PMC9790597 DOI: 10.1111/sode.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aspects of parenting including overprotection explain individual differences in child adjustment. This review and meta-analysis summarizes studies on parental overprotection and internalizing and externalizing problems. To ensure that findings could be compared as systematically as possible, the focus was on studies that used the overprotection scale of the Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran ("Memories of my Parents' Upbringing") (EMBU) questionnaire, a popular instrument to measure parental overprotection. In total, we extracted 176 effects from 29 studies. A modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to perform quality assessments for the included studies. Parental overprotection was associated positively with offspring internalizing and externalizing problems, with overall estimates ranging from r = .14 to .18. Moderator analyses suggested that effects of maternal were larger than effects of paternal overprotection. Other factors that moderated the strength of the association between overprotection and maladjustment included whether outcomes were self-reported or parent-reported, the design was cross-sectional or longitudinal, and publication year. Cultural context, age at exposure, and child sex did not explain differences between effect sizes. Most findings were based on cross-sectional studies and therefore do not constitute proof of causal relations. Many studies were of less-than-satisfactory quality regarding representativeness of the sample, descriptions of the data collection, and statistical analyses. There is a clear need for well-powered longitudinal studies to strengthen inferences about associations between parental overprotection and internalizing and externalizing problems.
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Lee JYS, Whittingham K, Mitchell AE. Childhood experiences of being parented, adult attachment, psychological inflexibility, social engagement, and mental health of autistic adults. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 130:104343. [PMID: 36152473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autistic adults have an increased risk of poor mental health. Although parental care and overprotection in childhood influence later attachment and mental health in the general adult population, this has not been investigated in the autistic population. Likewise, the roles of psychological inflexibility and social engagement in influencing mental health outcomes for autistic adults have yet to be examined. AIMS To examine if retrospectively recalled childhood experiences of parental care and overprotection, as well as current adult attachment, psychological inflexibility and social engagement are associated with mental health in autistic adulthood. Further, to examine mediators of the association between parental care and overprotection and mental health in autistic adults. METHODS AND PROCEDURES A community-recruited convenience sample of 126 Australian autistic adults completed an online survey assessing childhood experiences of parental care and overprotection and current adult attachment, psychological inflexibility, social engagement, and mental health. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Linear regressions showed that psychological inflexibility was the strongest predictor of depression, anxiety, and stress, followed by attachment anxiety (depression, anxiety) and attachment avoidance (anxiety, stress). Mediation analyses revealed that psychological inflexibility and attachment anxiety mediated the associations between parental care and overprotection and mental health outcomes in autistic adulthood. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Psychological inflexibility and adult attachment (anxious and avoidant attachment) are important to understanding mental health of autistic adults. Psychological inflexibility and attachment anxiety mediate associations between recalled childhood experiences of parental care and overprotection and mental health in autistic adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ying Sarah Lee
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Koa Whittingham
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, UQ Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Amy E Mitchell
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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16
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Child- and family-level factors as predictors of Chinese children’s generalized anxiety disorder symptoms in middle childhood. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Development of Teacher Rating Scale of Risky Play for 3- to 6-Year-Old Pre-Schoolers in Anji Play Kindergartens of East China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052959. [PMID: 35270651 PMCID: PMC8910392 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To help teachers better evaluate the level of risky play for pre-schoolers, the present study aimed to develop a Teacher Rating Scale of Risky Play (TRSRP) for 3–6 years Chinese Pre-schoolers. The scale was administered to a pre-schooler sample consisting of 1376 children (Mage = 57.53 months, SD = 10.38; 54.30% boys; 44.80% only child) recruited from Anji play kindergartens in Hangzhou, China. The psychometric properties of the instrument were examined. The reliability of scale was reported by calculating internal consistency. The construct validity of the scale was investigated by exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The final 7-item measure was structured into two subscales: play with great heights and play with high speed. The results suggested that the TRSRP has acceptable internal consistency and construct validity and can be used as an effective tool to measure the level of risky play for 3–6 years pre-schoolers in China’s Anji play kindergartens.
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18
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Orgilés M, Francisco R, Delvecchio E, Espada JP, Mazzeschi C, Pedro M, Morales A. Psychological Symptoms in Italian, Spanish and Portuguese Youth During the COVID-19 Health Crisis: A Longitudinal Study. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022; 53:853-862. [PMID: 34173126 PMCID: PMC8233185 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aiming to slow down the spread of the COVID-19, a lockdown was declared in the first term of 2020 in many European countries, applying different restrictions measures. Although the psychological effects of home confinement in children have been described, there is a lack of longitudinal research examining the impact of the confinement over time. The present study analyzes the evolution of the psychological wellbeing of children and adolescents from three European countries with different restrictions. Parents of 624 Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese children and adolescents aged 3 to 18 years old completed the "Impact Scale of COVID-19 and Home Confinement on Children and Adolescents" two, five, and eight weeks after the lockdown. Results show a different pattern for each country. Children from Italy, the first European country that applied a lockdown, were better adapted than Spanish and Portuguese children the first two weeks after confinement but they were more psychologically impacted by home confinement at the eight-week assessment. Portuguese children, who followed a general duty of home confinement, were the best adapted to the situation, with no significant differences over time. A significant change was found in anxiety symptoms in Spanish children, with a decrease at the last assessment. Findings suggest that long confinements and hard restrictions affect children, so prevention measures should be applied during confinements to prevent psychological problems in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Orgilés
- Department of Health Psychology, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de La Universidad S/N, Elche, 03202, Alicante, Spain.
| | | | | | - José P. Espada
- Department of Health Psychology, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de La Universidad S/N, Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Marta Pedro
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Morales
- Department of Health Psychology, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de La Universidad S/N, Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
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19
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Jones LB, Hall BA, Kiel EJ. Systematic review of the link between maternal anxiety and overprotection. J Affect Disord 2021; 295:541-551. [PMID: 34509069 PMCID: PMC8551038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that maternal anxiety relates to overprotection, yet studies have found conflicting evidence. The literature would benefit from a systematic review. METHODS In April 2020, a systematic review on the relation between maternal anxiety and overprotection was conducted. The search was updated in January 2021. A total of 13 articles were included. RESULTS Of 16 reported bivariate correlations, 12 showed that maternal anxiety accounted for significant variance in overprotection (7 reported a small effect and 5 reported a medium effect). In a group differences study, mothers with anxiety showed greater overprotection. Additionally, in 4 out of 7 multivariate relations maternal anxiety accounted for significant variance in overprotection over and above other factors while 3 suggested that maternal anxiety did not account for significant variance in overprotection. In a multivariate, longitudinal study, maternal anxiety predicted overprotection, over and above other factors. Given conflicting evidence, we evaluated article's methodological strength and found stronger evidence supporting a small to medium size relation compared to evidence supporting no significant relation. LIMITATIONS We report ranges of coefficients and effect sizes, but meta-analytic results are needed to determine the magnitude of these relations based on various factors. More longitudinal studies are needed to determine directionality. CONCLUSIONS Although the literature shows conflicting results, the present review supports that maternal anxiety relates to overprotection, though the effect of this relation is small to medium. It may be beneficial to incorporate mental health for parents into existing parenting interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B. Jones
- Lauren B. Jones may be contacted at or 513-529-2400. Additionally, she may be contacted at Miami University, 90 N. Patterson Ave., Oxford, OH, 45056
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Fox JK, Ryan JL, Martin Burch J, Halpern LF. The Role of Parental Overcontrol in the Relationship between Peer Victimization, Social Threat Cognitions, and Social Anxiety in School-Age Children. SCHOOL MENTAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12310-021-09466-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Ingul JM, Martinsen K, Adolfsen F, Sund AM, Ytreland K, Bania EV, Lisøy C, Rasmussen LMP, Haug IM, Patras J, Collins LM, Kendall PC, Neumer SP. Inside the Clockwork of the ECHO Factorial Trial: A Conceptual Model With Proposed Mediators for Prevention of Emotional Problems in Children. Front Psychol 2021; 12:703224. [PMID: 34234731 PMCID: PMC8255930 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.703224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Having interventions that are not only evidence-based and effective but also cost-effective and efficient is important for the prevention and treatment of child and adolescent emotional problems. A randomized clinical trial (RCT) tests the total interventions effect but does not address specific components of the intervention. In this article the hypothesis and a conceptual model of the ECHO study are presented and discussed. The ECHO intervention consists of three different components each containing two levels of intervention. By using a cluster randomized factorial design, children aged 8-12 at 40 schools across Norway will be randomized to eight different experimental conditions investigating the optimal balance between effect, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency. The article presents the design and the different components being tested and discusses how optimalization can be reached through this innovative design. The article also discusses how interventions can be improved by investigating and understanding the mechanisms of change within psychological interventions. For each of the three components in the study we consider the mediators that could be active within the intervention and how the study investigates such mediation. The results will contribute to a better understanding of how psychological interventions work and how we intend to optimize the EMOTION intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Magne Ingul
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare (RKBU), Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristin Martinsen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Eastern and Southern Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frode Adolfsen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare North, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anne Mari Sund
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare (RKBU), Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,St Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristin Ytreland
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare (RKBU), Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Valmyr Bania
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare (RKBU), Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Carina Lisøy
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Eastern and Southern Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lene-Mari Potulski Rasmussen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare North, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ida Mari Haug
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare North, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Joshua Patras
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare North, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Linda M Collins
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Philip C Kendall
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Simon Peter Neumer
- Center for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Eastern and Southern Norway, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare North, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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22
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Jacques DT, Sturge-Apple ML, Davies PT, Cicchetti D. Parsing alcohol-dependent mothers' insensitivity to child distress: Longitudinal links with children's affective and anxiety problems. Dev Psychol 2021; 57:900-912. [PMID: 34424008 PMCID: PMC8386000 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prior work suggests that substance-dependent mothers insensitively respond to their child's emotional needs, which can increase children's risk for psychopathology. However, the mechanisms and processes underlying these associations remain unclarified. Mothers' insensitivity to children's distress is an especially unique predictor of child maladjustment, yet no study has examined whether or how different types of insensitivity to child distress uniquely affect the development of internalizing problems in children of alcohol-dependent mothers. To bridge these gaps, this study examined longitudinal mediational pathways between maternal alcohol dependence symptoms, 2 types of maternal insensitivity to child distress (disengagement and intrusiveness), and 2 types of child internalizing symptoms (affective and anxiety problems) in a majority Black and Latinx sample of young children (Mage = 2.14 years) and their mothers. Results revealed that maternal disengagement mediated associations between maternal alcohol dependence symptoms and child internalizing problems such that alcohol dependence predicted increased disengagement to children's distress, which subsequently predicted increases in children's affective problems. Maternal alcohol dependence symptoms were not associated with intrusiveness to child distress; however, increased intrusiveness predicted later increases in child anxiety problems. Findings support a differentiated approach to studying maternal insensitivity to child distress, specifically indicating that mothers with alcohol dependence symptoms may be more or less likely to display certain types of insensitivity to child distress which may differentially influence children's risk for internalizing problems. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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23
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Sandseter EBH, Sando OJ, Kleppe R. Associations between Children's Risky Play and ECEC Outdoor Play Spaces and Materials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073354. [PMID: 33805046 PMCID: PMC8037378 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Children spend a large amount of time each day in early childhood education and care (ECEC) institutions, and the ECEC play environments are important for children’s play opportunities. This includes children’s opportunities to engage in risky play. This study examined the relationship between the outdoor play environment and the occurrence of children’s risky play in ECEC institutions. Children (n = 80) were observed in two-minute sequences during periods of the day when they were free to choose what to do. The data consists of 935 randomly recorded two-minute videos, which were coded second by second for several categories of risky play as well as where and with what materials the play occurred. Results revealed that risky play (all categories in total) was positively associated with fixed equipment for functional play, nature and other fixed structures, while analysis of play materials showed that risky play was positively associated with wheeled toys. The results can support practitioners in developing their outdoor areas to provide varied and exciting play opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Beate Hansen Sandseter
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Queen Maud University College of Early Childhood Education, 7044 Trondheim, Norway;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-93658663
| | - Ole Johan Sando
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Queen Maud University College of Early Childhood Education, 7044 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Rasmus Kleppe
- Department of Early Childhood Education, Faculty of Education and International Studies, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway;
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Steenhoff T, Tharner A, Vaever MS. Internalizing and externalizing problems in preschool children: The role of mothers' and fathers' observed parenting behavior in a well-resourced sample. Scand J Psychol 2021; 62:374-385. [PMID: 33719054 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Empirical evidence links sensitive parenting behavior to positive developmental trajectories in children, whereas parental intrusiveness, in contrast, has been found to increase the risk of socio-emotional problems in children of various ages. However, most studies investigating the effect of parenting behavior have been conducted with mothers. Thus, little is yet known about fathers' role in child development and if mothers' and fathers' parenting behaviors are linked to child socio-emotional outcomes in similar or different ways. To date, findings are ambiguous, and this is why more studies are needed. The present study examined associations between mothers' and fathers' observed sensitivity and intrusiveness and children's internalizing and externalizing problems as reported by parents and by children themselves. The sample compromised 52 mothers, 41 fathers and their preschool children. Results from hierarchical regression analyses showed a negative association between fathers' intrusiveness, at low levels, and children's internalizing problems. This result was unexpected. However, in line with this finding, a number of recent studies suggest that when fathers challenge and push their children's limits, it buffers against emotional problems such as anxiety. The present study highlights the importance of a continuous investigation into fathers' potentially unique contribution to children's socio-emotional development. No other associations were identified between mothers' and fathers' parenting behaviors and children's internalizing and externalizing problems. Most likely, because this study was conducted with a low-risk sample, where children were in general well-functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Steenhoff
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Tharner
- Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mette S Vaever
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Garcia KM, Carlton CN, Richey JA. Parenting Characteristics among Adults With Social Anxiety and their Influence on Social Anxiety Development in Children: A Brief Integrative Review. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:614318. [PMID: 33995142 PMCID: PMC8113611 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.614318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purposes of this brief integrative review are to identify and critically evaluate recent work in the area of parenting processes that are disproportionately observed among parents with social anxiety disorder (SAD) that may ultimately increase risk among offspring, and to further link these processes to specific targets for intervention. Accordingly, we first evaluate the relevance of specific parenting styles as they pertain to increased risk of developing SAD among offspring. Second, we link these parenting processes to observations of certain unfavorable consequences among socially anxious youth, such as low perceived autonomy and poorer social skills. Finally, in light of these consequences we extend our conclusions into potentially modifiable targets among parents with SAD, focusing on the enhancement of autonomy and facilitating offspring's normative period of transition into independence during adolescence. Overall, we conclude that parenting behaviors commonly observed among adults with SAD, such as overcontrol and low parental warmth, likely have a direct impact on the development of social anxiety symptoms among their children. However, these parenting behaviors are plausibly modifiable and therefore repurposing existing interventions for use among parents with SAD in conjunction with interventions with their offspring is likely to provide direct clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M Garcia
- Clinical Science Program, Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Corinne N Carlton
- Clinical Science Program, Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - John A Richey
- Clinical Science Program, Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Kenyhercz F, Nagy BE. A new perspective: Establishing developmental profiles of premature infants based on Bayley-III scores at age 2. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2020; 11:125-132. [PMID: 32530722 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2020.1771338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies in early childhood generally focus on different developmental areas separately. The aim of this study is to identify the most common developmental profiles regarding cognitive, language and motor skills among low birthweight (LBW) children. Our sample included 208 LBW children examined at 24-28 months. We used cluster analysis to identify developmental profiles based on the scores of the Bayley-III Cognitive, Language and Motor scales. We found three consistent profiles (High, Mildly Delayed and Severely Delayed) and three inconsistent, average profiles (with High Expressive Language, with Mildly Delayed Expressive Language and with Severely Delayed Language). Socioeconomic status, maternal education, in vitro fertilization, plurality and chronic morbidities were significantly related to the clusters. Cluster analysis might be an effective method to identify developmental profiles of preterm (and other at-risk) children, which might result in a more complex understanding of cognitive and psychomotor development in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flóra Kenyhercz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Beáta Erika Nagy
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Psychology and Psychosomatic Unit, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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27
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Mothers' and fathers' observed interaction with preschoolers: Similarities and differences in parenting behavior in a well-resourced sample. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221661. [PMID: 31437252 PMCID: PMC6705848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parenting behavior is a key factor in children's socio-emotional development. However, little is known about similarities and differences in maternal and paternal parenting behavior, as most studies have focused on mothers. The present study investigated similarities and differences in mothers' and fathers' parenting behavior during observed free play with their preschool children, in a Danish well-resourced sample. We examined differences in mean scores and associations between mothers' and fathers' sensitivity, intrusiveness and limit-setting assessed with the Coding Interactive Behavior instrument. Additionally, we conducted confirmatory factor analysis to test the model-fit between the measurement model and parental data. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to investigate if maternal and paternal factor structures replicated the three parenting constructs, and to explore if certain parenting behaviors seemed specifically related to either mothering or fathering. Participants included 52 mothers, 41 fathers and their 5-year old children. Similar mean scores were found for mothers and fathers on all parenting constructs. Maternal and paternal parenting behavior were not correlated. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a poor model-fit. For both mothers and fathers, latent factors related to sensitivity, intrusiveness and limit-setting emerged, which indicated that the Coding Interactive Behavior instrument was suitable for assessment of both maternal and paternal sensitivity, intrusiveness and limit-setting. However, item loadings suggested that the instrument assessed maternal sensitivity more accurately than paternal sensitivity in our sample. Two additional factors were retrieved for fathers, i.e. paternal performance and challenging behavior, and paternal teaching behavior. This finding may suggest that additional parenting constructs need to be developed for researchers to be able to thoroughly investigate similarities and differences in mothers' and fathers' parenting behavior. Despite difference in factor structure, we did not identify behaviors solely related to mothering or to fathering.
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McLafferty M, Armour C, Bunting B, Ennis E, Lapsley C, Murray E, O'Neill S. Coping, stress, and negative childhood experiences: The link to psychopathology, self‐harm, and suicidal behavior. Psych J 2019; 8:293-306. [DOI: 10.1002/pchj.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cherie Armour
- Psychology Research InstituteUlster University Coleraine UK
| | | | - Edel Ennis
- Psychology Research InstituteUlster University Coleraine UK
| | - Coral Lapsley
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified MedicineBiomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Clinical Translational Research and Innovation Centre Altnagelvin Hospital Site, Londonderry UK
| | - Elaine Murray
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified MedicineBiomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Clinical Translational Research and Innovation Centre Altnagelvin Hospital Site, Londonderry UK
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Borelli JL, Shai D, Smiley PA, Boparai S, Goldstein A, Rasmussen HF, Granger DA. Mother-child adrenocortical synchrony: Roles of maternal overcontrol and child developmental phase. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 61:1120-1134. [PMID: 30868558 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
An increasing amount of empirical attention is focused on adrenocortical synchrony as an index of biobehavioral co-regulation between parent and child in the context of early child development. Working with an ethnically diverse community sample of children (N = 99, 50.5% male, ages 9-12), we collected saliva samples from mother-child dyads prior to and after a laboratory-based performance challenge task, and tested whether maternal overcontrol and child age moderated dyadic synchrony in cortisol. Results revealed that cortisol levels between mothers and children were significantly positively correlated at pretask for dyads with mean age and older children only, at 25-min post-task for all dyads, and at 45-min post-task for all dyads. Higher overcontrol/older child dyads exhibited a unique pattern of cortisol synchrony wherein at pretask, mother-child levels had the strongest positive correlation, whereas at 25 and 45 min, mother-child cortisol levels were significantly inversely correlated. These findings contribute to theory and research on parent-child relationships by examining parenting behavior, developmental stage, and adrenocortical synchrony in tandem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana Shai
- School of Behavioral Studies, The Academic College of Tel Aviv Yaffo, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Sameen Boparai
- Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Alison Goldstein
- Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Hannah F Rasmussen
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, California.,Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Bloomberg School of Public Health, and School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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30
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Bose D, Vaclavik D, Buitron V, Rey Y, Silverman WK, Pettit JW. Attentional Control and Threat-Related Attention Bias Partially Explain the Association Between Maternal Psychological Control and Youth Anxiety Severity. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-018-9982-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Kim HHS. Parental overprotection and youth suicide behavior in low- and middle-income countries: a multilevel analysis of cross-national data. Int J Public Health 2018; 64:173-184. [PMID: 30406419 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-018-1169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research on youth suicide behavior has emphasized parent-child relations as a critical protective factor. This study investigates whether "too much" regulation of children, i.e., overprotection, may actually increase the likelihoods of youth suicide intent and plan. METHODS Data are drawn from the subset of the Global School-based Student Health Survey (2000-2012), consisting of children living in 48 low- and middle-income countries. Two-level hierarchical linear models are fitted to examine the potential curvilinear (U-shaped) association between parental monitoring and suicide behavior among youth. RESULTS Adjusting for individual- and country-level covariates, significant support is found for non-monotonicity specifically among boys: Greater parental involvement in male children's lives lowers both suicide ideation and suicide plan to some extent but, after certain thresholds, increases the odds of both outcomes. Results for girls, however, are much less pronounced. CONCLUSIONS In resource-poor countries marked by some of the highest teenage suicide rates in the world, overprotective parenting style is found to have negative and gendered consequences on the mental health of youth. More research is needed to confirm its replicability in economically more developed societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris Hyun-Soo Kim
- Department of Sociology, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-750, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Li C, Liang Z, Yin X, Zhang Q. Family social capital mediates the effect of poverty on children's anxiety and depression. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 46:983-995. [PMID: 30311971 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to examine how family social capital mediates the relationship between poverty and children's anxiety and depression in mainland China. Data were collected with multistage cluster random sampling method in Xiushui City in mainland China. The sample comprised 1,314 school-aged children (Grades 4-9). Data included children's basic demographics, internalizing symptoms, and parenting process. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized model. The results demonstrated a good fit for the sample. The overall model explained 12.7% and 16.1% of the variance for children's anxiety and depression, respectively. Poverty had a significantly direct effect on children's anxiety and depression, and family social capital could partially mediate the influence of poverty on children's internalizing symptoms. Family social capital plays an important mediating role between poverty and children's mental health. Our findings provide strong evidence for social work intervention. Family social capital is essential for parent-child interactions, especially in underprivileged families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunkai Li
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zurong Liang
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xican Yin
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiunv Zhang
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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33
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Ginsburg GS, Schleider J, Tein JY, Drake KL. Family and Parent Predictors of Anxiety Disorder Onset in Offspring of Anxious Parents. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2018; 47:363-376. [PMID: 30034206 PMCID: PMC6051714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Offspring of anxious parents are at increased risk for developing anxiety disorders. There is a need to identify which youth are at greatest risk for disorder onset in this population. OBJECTIVE This study prospectively examined several theory-based family and parent characteristics (e. g., family conflict, parental over-control, parental psychopathology) as predictors of anxiety disorder onset in children whose parents were clinically anxious. METHODS Families were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial evaluating a familybased preventative intervention, relative to an information monitoring control condition, for offspring of anxious parents (N= 136; child mean age 8.69 years; 55% female; 85% Caucasian). Family and parent measures were collected using multiple informants and an observational task at baseline, post-intervention, and at a six and 12 month followup. Child anxiety disorder diagnosis was determined by independent evaluators using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children. RESULTS Results indicated that none of the baseline family or parent variables examined predicted the onset of an anxiety disorder in children over the one year follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS Findings raise questions about the short-term risk associated with family and parent factors in anxiety disorder development in this high risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golda S. Ginsburg
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Farmington, CT
| | | | - Jenn Yun Tein
- Arizona State University, Department of Psychology, Tempe, AZ
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34
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Chapman HR, Kirby-Turner N. Psychological Intrusion - An Overlooked Aspect of Dental Fear. Front Psychol 2018; 9:501. [PMID: 29719519 PMCID: PMC5913370 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental fear/anxiety is a widely recognised problem affecting a large proportion of the population. It can result in avoidance and/or difficulty accepting dental care. We believe that psychological intrusion may play a role in the aetiology and maintenance of dental fear for at least some individuals. In this narrative review we will take a developmental perspective in order to understand its impact across the lifespan. We will consider the nature of 'self,' parenting styles, the details of intrusive parenting or parental psychological control, and briefly touch upon child temperament and parental anxiety. Finally, we draw together the supporting (largely unrecognised) evidence available in the dental literature. We illustrate the paper with clinical examples and discuss possibly effective ways of addressing the problem. We conclude that psychological intrusion appears to play an important role in dental fear, for at least some individuals, and we call for detailed research into the extent and exact nature of the problem. A simple means of identifying individuals who are vulnerable to psychological intrusion would be useful for dentists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R. Chapman
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
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Gouze KR, Hopkins J, Bryant FB, Lavigne JV. Parenting and Anxiety: Bi-directional Relations in Young Children. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 45:1169-1180. [PMID: 27826757 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Developmental psychopathologists have long posited a reciprocal relation between parenting behaviors and the development of child anxiety symptoms. Yet, little empirical research has utilized a longitudinal design that would allow exploration of this bi-directional influence. The present study examined the reciprocal relations between parental respect for autonomy, parental hostility, and parental support, and the development of childhood anxiety during a critical developmental period-the transition from preschool to kindergarten and then first grade. Study participants included a community sample of 391 male and 405 female socioeconomically, racially and ethnically diverse 4 to 6-7 year olds. 54 % of the sample was White, non-Hispanic, 16.8 % was African American, 20.4 % was Hispanic, 2.4 % were Asian and 4.4 % self-identified as Other or mixed race. Parent report and observational methodology were used. Parenting and anxiety were found to interact reciprocally over time. Higher levels of age 4 anxiety led to reduced respect for child autonomy at age 5. At age 4 higher levels of parental hostility led to small increases in age 5 anxiety, and increased age 5 anxiety led to increased levels of age 6 parent hostility. Parental support at age 5 resulted in decreased anxiety symptoms at age 6-7 while higher age 5 anxiety levels were associated with reductions in age 6-7 parental support. No relations were found between these variables at the younger ages. Although the magnitude of these findings was small, they suggest that early treatment for childhood anxiety should include both parent intervention and direct treatment of the child's anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R Gouze
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (#10), Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 225 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | | | | | - John V Lavigne
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (#10), Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 225 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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36
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Parental Responses to Children’s Avoidance in Fear-Provoking Situations: Relation to Child Anxiety and Mediators of Intervention Response. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-018-9440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Family and Parent Predictors of Anxiety Disorder Onset in Offspring of Anxious Parents. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-017-9432-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Marusak HA, Thomason ME, Sala-Hamrick K, Crespo L, Rabinak CA. What's parenting got to do with it: emotional autonomy and brain and behavioral responses to emotional conflict in children and adolescents. Dev Sci 2017; 21:e12605. [PMID: 28913886 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Healthy parenting may be protective against the development of emotional psychopathology, particularly for children reared in stressful environments. Little is known, however, about the brain and behavioral mechanisms underlying this association, particularly during childhood and adolescence, when emotional disorders frequently emerge. Here, we demonstrate that psychological control, a parenting strategy known to limit socioemotional development in children, is associated with altered brain and behavioral responses to emotional conflict in 27 at-risk (urban, lower income) youth, ages 9-16. In particular, youth reporting higher parental psychological control demonstrated lower activity in the left anterior insula, a brain area involved in emotion conflict processing, and submitted faster but less accurate behavioral responses-possibly reflecting an avoidant pattern. Effects were not replicated for parental care, and did not generalize to an analogous nonemotional conflict task. We also find evidence that behavioral responses to emotional conflict bridge the previously reported link between parental overcontrol and anxiety in children. Effects of psychological control may reflect a parenting style that limits opportunities to practice self-regulation when faced with emotionally charged situations. Results support the notion that parenting strategies that facilitate appropriate amounts of socioemotional competence and autonomy in children may be protective against social and emotional difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Marusak
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Moriah E Thomason
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Merill Palmer Skillman Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Perinatology Research Branch, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Laura Crespo
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Christine A Rabinak
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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39
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Flessner CA, Murphy YE, Brennan E, D'Auria A. The Parenting Anxious Kids Ratings Scale-Parent Report (PAKRS-PR): Initial Scale Development and Psychometric Properties. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2017; 48:651-667. [PMID: 27770232 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-016-0688-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Developmental models of pediatric anxiety posit multiple, maladaptive parenting behaviors as potential risk factors. Despite this, a standardized means of assessing multiple of these practices (i.e., anxiogenic parenting) in a comprehensive and efficient manner are lacking. In Study 1531 parents of children 7-17 years old completed an online survey via Amazon Mechanical Turk. In Study 2, a separate community sample (N = 109; 9-17 years old) was recruited and completed a comprehensive assessment battery as part of a larger study. All parents (Study 1 and 2 samples) completed the Parenting Anxious Kids Ratings Scale-Parent Report (PAKRS-PR), a measurement tool designed to assess anxiogenic parenting. Factor analysis conducted as part of Study 1 revealed a 32-item scale consisting of five factors: conflict, overinvolvement, accommodation/beliefs, modeling, and emotional warmth/support. Four of these factors were significantly correlated with parent-report of anxiety severity. Within Study 2, the parents of children diagnosed with an anxiety or related disorder reported significantly higher levels of anxiogenic parenting practices as compared to the parents of healthy controls. The PAKRS-PR and respective subscales demonstrated acceptable reliability and validity in both the internet (Study 1) and community (Study 2) samples. The PAKRS-PR may be a beneficial multidimensional parenting scale for use among anxious youths.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yolanda E Murphy
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Elle Brennan
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Alexandra D'Auria
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
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40
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41
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Ollendick TH, Grills AE. Perceived Control, Family Environment, and the Etiology of Child Anxiety-Revisited. Behav Ther 2016; 47:633-642. [PMID: 27816076 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In 1998, Chorpita, Brown, and Barlow published a now seminal study in Behavior Therapy examining the development of anxiety in children and adolescents using Barlow's 1988 model of the development of anxiety in adults. Mindful of developmental considerations, parental control and children's perceptions of control were considered key factors in this revised model. Since that study, mixed support has accumulated for the role of control, both parental control and children's perceptions of that control, in the development of childhood anxiety. As a result, the measurement of these constructs has been critically examined and refined in recent years and encouraging findings have been obtained. Unfortunately, however, the Chorpita and colleagues study as well as the studies that have followed have used cross-sectional designs and the directionality of effects has not been clearly established. Longitudinal studies are required. Here, we present a qualitative review of these developments and provide directions for future research.
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Chen J, Yu J, Zhang J. Investigating Unique Environmental Influences of Parenting Practices on Youth Anxiety. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025415611261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The associations between parenting practices and adolescent anxiety symptoms were examined in both individual and monozygotic (MZ) twin differences levels. Participants were 804 pairs of Chinese MZ adolescent twins aged 10–18 years ( M = 13.57, SD = 2.67, 52% females). Twins’ anxiety symptoms were assessed by self- and parent-reports. Twins also reported their perceived parenting practices. On the individual level, parental warmth-reasoning was negatively, whereas harshness-hostility was positively, associated with both self- and parent-reported youth anxiety. On the MZ-twin differences level, the magnitudes of the associations between parenting practices and youth anxiety were decreased. MZ-twin difference in parental warmth-reasoning remained significantly associated with self- and parent-reported youth anxiety; MZ-twin difference in parental harsh-hostility was only significantly associated with self-reported youth anxiety. This study indicated that parental warmth-reasoning and harshness-hostility may be unique environmental experiences that influence youth anxiety, and illustrated the necessity of controlling for gene-environment correlations when examining the true environmental effects of parenting on child behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Psychology, Univeristy of Maryland, Baltimore County, USA
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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43
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Apetroaia A, Hill C, Creswell C. Parental responsibility beliefs: associations with parental anxiety and behaviours in the context of childhood anxiety disorders. J Affect Disord 2015; 188:127-33. [PMID: 26363612 PMCID: PMC4641868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High levels of parental anxiety are associated with poor treatment outcomes for children with anxiety disorders. Associated parental cognitions and behaviours have been implicated as impediments to successful treatment. We examined the association between parental responsibility beliefs, maternal anxiety and parenting behaviours in the context of childhood anxiety disorders. METHODS Anxious and non-anxious mothers of 7-12 year old children with a current anxiety disorder reported their parental responsibility beliefs using a questionnaire measure. Parental behaviours towards their child during a stressor task were measured. RESULTS Parents with a current anxiety disorder reported a greater sense of responsibility for their child's actions and wellbeing than parents who scored within the normal range for anxiety. Furthermore, higher parental responsibility was associated with more intrusive and less warm behaviours in parent-child interactions and there was an indirect effect between maternal anxiety and maternal intrusive behaviours via parental responsibility beliefs. LIMITATIONS The sample was limited to a treatment-seeking, relatively high socio-economic population and only mothers were included so replication with more diverse groups is needed. The use of a range of stressor tasks may have allowed for a more comprehensive assessment of parental behaviours. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that parental anxiety disorder is associated with an elevated sense of parental responsibility and may promote parental behaviours likely to inhibit optimum child treatment outcomes. Parental responsibility beliefs may therefore be important to target in child anxiety treatments in the context of parental anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Apetroaia
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AL, UK
| | - Claire Hill
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AL, UK.
| | - Cathy Creswell
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AL, UK
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44
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Mother-Reported and Children's Perceived Social and Academic Competence in Clinic-Referred Youth: Unique Relations to Depression and/or Social Anxiety and the Role of Self-perceptions. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2015; 46:656-70. [PMID: 25288522 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-014-0508-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Depression and social anxiety symptoms and disorders are highly comorbid, and are associated with low social acceptance and academic competence. Theoretical models of both depression and social anxiety highlight the saliency of negative self-perceptions. We examined whether children's self-perceptions of social acceptance and mother-reported youth social acceptance are independently and uniquely related to children's depression and social anxiety, both before and after controlling for comorbid symptoms. Similar questions were examined regarding academic competence. The sample was 110 clinic-referred youth aged 8-16 years (65 boys, 45 girls; M age = 11.15, SD = 2.57). In the social acceptance area, both youth self-perceptions and mother-perceptions had independent and unique relations to depression and social anxiety, before and after controlling for comorbid symptoms. In the academic domain, both youth self-perceptions and mother-perceptions had independent and unique relations to depression, before and after controlling for social anxiety; yet only youth self-perceptions were related to social anxiety, before, but not after controlling for depression. For depression, larger effect sizes were observed for children's perceived, versus mother-reported, social acceptance and academic competence. Bootstrapping and Sobel tests found youth self-perceptions of social acceptance mediated the relation between mothers' perceptions and each of youth depression and social anxiety; and perceived academic competence mediated the relation between mothers' perceptions and youth depression, both before and after controlling for social anxiety. We found similarities and differences in findings for depression and social anxiety. Theoretical and treatment implications are highlighted, and future research directions are discussed.
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Chen J, Yu J, Li X, Zhang J. Genetic and environmental contributions to anxiety among Chinese children and adolescents--a multi-informant twin study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:586-94. [PMID: 25109807 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child and adolescent anxiety has become a major public health concern in China, but little was known about the etiology of anxiety in Chinese children and adolescents. The present study aimed to investigate genetic and environmental influences on trait anxiety among Chinese children and adolescents. Rater, sex, and age differences on these estimates were also examined. METHODS Self-reported and parent-reported child's trait anxiety was collected from 1,104 pairs of same-sex twins aged 9-18 years. Genetic models were fitted to data from each informant to determine the genetic (A), shared (C), and non-shared environmental (E) influences on trait anxiety. RESULTS The parameter estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of A, C, E on self-reported trait anxiety were 50% [30%, 60%], 5% [0%, 24%], 45% [40%, 49%]. For parent-reported data, the corresponding parameter estimates were 63% [47%, 78%], 13% [1%, 28%], and 24% [22%, 27%], respectively. The heritability of anxiety was higher in girls for self-reported data, but higher in boys for parent-reported data. There was no significant age difference in genetic and environmental contributions for self-reported data, but a significant increase of heritability with age for parent-reported data. CONCLUSIONS The trait anxiety in Chinese children and adolescents was highly heritable. Non-shared environmental factors also played an important role. The estimates of genetic and environmental effects differed by rater, sex and age. Our findings largely suggest the cross-cultural generalizability of the etiological model of child and adolescent anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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46
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Luebbe AM, Bump KA, Fussner LM, Rulon KJ. Perceived maternal and paternal psychological control: relations to adolescent anxiety through deficits in emotion regulation. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2014; 45:565-76. [PMID: 24306144 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-013-0425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The current study compared the differential effects of early adolescents' perceived maternal and paternal psychological control (as well as their discrepancy) on adolescent anxiety. It also tested whether psychological control leads to deficits in youths' ability to regulate their negative emotions, and if, in turn, such deficits lead to anxiety. Sixth- and seventh-grade students (n = 214; 59% girls; 60% Caucasian) completed measures of perceived psychological control, regulation of negative emotions, and anxiety symptoms. The discrepancy between perceived mothers' and fathers' control was also calculated. Although perceptions of mothers' control, fathers' control, and their discrepancy were each bivariately related to adolescent anxiety, when considered together, only a larger discrepancy in parents' psychological control was uniquely associated with higher self-reported anxiety. Further, adolescents' dysregulation of negative emotions partially explained the relation of both maternal psychological control and the discrepancy in parental control to anxiety. Implications for understanding family-based etiological correlates of anxiety are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Luebbe
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 N. Patterson, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA,
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47
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Affrunti NW, Geronimi EMC, Woodruff-Borden J. Temperament, peer victimization, and nurturing parenting in child anxiety: a moderated mediation model. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2014; 45:483-92. [PMID: 24202548 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-013-0418-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Research has linked fearful temperament and childhood anxiety. Yet there remain numerous factors that moderate and mediate this relation. Two specific factors, identified in separate lines of research, are peer victimization and parenting. The current study tested a moderated mediational model to investigate the respective effects of peer victimization and nurturing parenting on the relation between fearful temperament and child anxiety. Participants were 124 parent-child dyads recruited from the community. Children were between the ages of 7 and 12 (56.5% male, 93.5% Caucasian) and most parents were mothers. Overall the data fit the model well. Analyses indicated that peer victimization was a mediator of the temperament to child anxiety relation, while nurturing parenting moderated this mediated effect. Nurturing parenting did not mediate the temperament to child anxiety relation directly. The findings suggest that nurturing parenting may be a specific, rather than global, protective factor for peer victimization in child anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Affrunti
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Life Sciences Building Room 317, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA,
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Affrunti NW, Woodruff-Borden J. Parental Perfectionism and Overcontrol: Examining Mechanisms in the Development of Child Anxiety. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 43:517-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-014-9914-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although poor parental bonding is a known risk factor for suicidality, current literature is inconsistent about the relative role of low parental care and parental overprotection, as well as the combination of the two, termed "affectionless control". This review presents the current state of knowledge of the relationship between suicidality and these two aspects of parental bonding. METHOD The computerized databases Medline, PubMed, PsychINFO, PsychLit, and Google Scholar were searched using combinations of the following keywords: suicidality, suicide, suicide attempt, suicidal behavior, parental bonding, and parental bonding instrument. Using the results, we reviewed the reports on the relationship between suicidality and parental bonding as measured by validated parental bonding instruments. RESULTS Twelve papers were analyzed. All of them used the parental bonding instrument (PBI) and one used both the PBI and the object representation inventory (ORI). Most reports agreed that, in mothers, either lack of maternal care and/or overprotection was associated with an increase in suicidal behavior, while in fathers only low care was consistently associated with suicidality. This lack of constancy with regard to the effect of paternal overprotection appears to be due to cultural differences in fathers' role in child rearing. With these differences acknowledged, affectionless control in both parents emerges as the parenting style most strongly associated with suicidal behavior. Common methodological problems included low numbers of subjects, inconsistent control groups, and the lack of a uniform definition of suicidality. CONCLUSION Despite methodological limitations, current literature consistently indicates that parental affectionless control is associated with suicidal behavior. Recognizing affectionless control as a risk factor for suicide and developing early interventions aimed at modifying affectionless and overprotective parenting style in families with a history of affective disorders may be effective in reducing suicidal risk.
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Segrin C, Woszidlo A, Givertz M, Montgomery N. Parent and Child Traits Associated with Overparenting. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2013.32.6.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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