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Kilroy MK, Park S, Feroz W, Patel H, Mishra R, Alanazi S, Garrett JT. HER3 Alterations in Cancer and Potential Clinical Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246174. [PMID: 36551663 PMCID: PMC9776947 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the third member of the HER family, kinase impaired HER3, has become a target of interest in cancer as there is accumulating evidence that HER3 plays a role in tumor growth and progression. This review focuses on HER3 activation in bladder, breast, colorectal, and lung cancer disease progression. HER3 mutations occur at a rate up to ~10% of tumors dependent on the tumor type. With patient tumors routinely sequenced for gene alterations in recent years, we have focused on HER3 mutations in bladder, breast, colon, and lung cancers particularly in response to targeted therapies and the potential to become a resistance mechanism. There are currently several HER3 targeting drugs in the pipeline, possibly improving outcomes for cancer patients with tumors containing HER3 activation and/or alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kate Kilroy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - SoYoung Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Cancer Research Scholars Program, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Wasim Feroz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Hima Patel
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rosalin Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Samar Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Joan T. Garrett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Correspondence:
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Neuregulins: protective and reparative growth factors in multiple forms of cardiovascular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 134:2623-2643. [PMID: 33063822 PMCID: PMC7557502 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuregulins (NRGs) are protein ligands that act through ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases to regulate tissue morphogenesis, plasticity, and adaptive responses to physiologic needs in multiple tissues, including the heart and circulatory system. The role of NRG/ErbB signaling in cardiovascular biology, and how it responds to physiologic and pathologic stresses is a rapidly evolving field. While initial concepts focused on the role that NRG may play in regulating cardiac myocyte responses, including cell survival, growth, adaptation to stress, and proliferation, emerging data support a broader role for NRGs in the regulation of metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis in response to injury. The constellation of effects modulated by NRGs may account for the findings that two distinct forms of recombinant NRG-1 have beneficial effects on cardiac function in humans with systolic heart failure. NRG-4 has recently emerged as an adipokine with similar potential to regulate cardiovascular responses to inflammation and injury. Beyond systolic heart failure, NRGs appear to have beneficial effects in diastolic heart failure, prevention of atherosclerosis, preventing adverse effects on diabetes on the heart and vasculature, including atherosclerosis, as well as the cardiac dysfunction associated with sepsis. Collectively, this literature supports the further examination of how this developmentally critical signaling system functions and how it might be leveraged to treat cardiovascular disease.
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Ambrosetti E, Bernardinelli G, Hoffecker I, Hartmanis L, Kiriako G, de Marco A, Sandberg R, Högberg B, Teixeira AI. A DNA-nanoassembly-based approach to map membrane protein nanoenvironments. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:85-95. [PMID: 33139936 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-00785-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Most proteins at the plasma membrane are not uniformly distributed but localize to dynamic domains of nanoscale dimensions. To investigate their functional relevance, there is a need for methods that enable comprehensive analysis of the compositions and spatial organizations of membrane protein nanodomains in cell populations. Here we describe the development of a non-microscopy-based method for ensemble analysis of membrane protein nanodomains. The method, termed nanoscale deciphering of membrane protein nanodomains (NanoDeep), is based on the use of DNA nanoassemblies to translate membrane protein organization information into a DNA sequencing readout. Using NanoDeep, we characterized the nanoenvironments of Her2, a membrane receptor of critical relevance in cancer. Importantly, we were able to modulate by design the inventory of proteins analysed by NanoDeep. NanoDeep has the potential to provide new insights into the roles of the composition and spatial organization of protein nanoenvironments in the regulation of membrane protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ambrosetti
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giulio Bernardinelli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian Hoffecker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leonard Hartmanis
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georges Kiriako
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ario de Marco
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Rickard Sandberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Högberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana I Teixeira
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Schwach V, Slaats RH, Passier R. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes for Assessment of Anticancer Drug-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:50. [PMID: 32322588 PMCID: PMC7156610 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiotoxicity is a major cause of high attrition rates among newly developed drugs. Moreover, anti-cancer treatment-induced cardiotoxicity is one of the leading reasons of mortality in cancer survivors. Cardiotoxicity screening in vitro may improve predictivity of cardiotoxicity by novel drugs, using human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived-cardiomyocytes. Anthracyclines, including Doxorubicin, are widely used and highly effective chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of different forms of malignancies. Unfortunately, anthracyclines cause many cardiac complications early or late after therapy. Anthracyclines exhibit their potent anti-cancer effect primarily via induction of DNA damage during the DNA replication phase in proliferative cells. In contrast, studies in animals and hPSC-cardiomyocytes have revealed that cardiotoxic effects particularly arise from (1) the generation of oxidative stress inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, (2) disruption of calcium homeostasis, and (3) changes in transcriptome and proteome, triggering apoptotic cell death. To increase the therapeutic index of chemotherapeutic Doxorubicin therapy several protective strategies have been developed or are under development, such as (1) reducing toxicity through modification of Doxorubicin (analogs), (2) targeted delivery of anthracyclines specifically to the tumor tissue or (3) cardioprotective agents that can be used in combination with Doxorubicin. Despite continuous progress in the field of cardio-oncology, cardiotoxicity is still one of the major complications of anti-cancer therapy. In this review, we focus on current hPSC-cardiomyocyte models for assessing anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity and strategies for cardioprotection. In addition, we discuss latest developments toward personalized advanced pre-clinical models that are more closely recapitulating the human heart, which are necessary to support in vitro screening platforms with higher predictivity. These advanced models have the potential to reduce the time from bench-to-bedside of novel antineoplastic drugs with reduced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Schwach
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Rolf H Slaats
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
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5
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Nguyen DQ, Hoang DH, Nguyen Vo TT, Huynh V, Ghoda L, Marcucci G, Nguyen LXT. The role of ErbB3 binding protein 1 in cancer: Friend or foe? J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:9110-9120. [PMID: 30076717 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ErbB3, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family, reportedly plays an essential role in the regulation of cancer progression and therapeutic resistance. Numerous studies have indicated that ErbB3 binding protein 1 (Ebp1), a binding partner for ErbB3, plays an important regulatory role in the expression and function of ErbB3, but there is no agreement as to whether Ebp1 also has an ErbB3-independent function in cancer and how it might contribute to tumorigenesis. In this review, we will discuss the different functions of the two Ebp1 isoforms, p48 and p42, that may be responsible for the potentially dual role of Ebp1 in cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Quan Nguyen
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Center of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Dinh Hoa Hoang
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematology Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Thanh Thao Nguyen Vo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Center of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vu Huynh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Center of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Lucy Ghoda
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematology Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Guido Marcucci
- Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematology Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Le Xuan Truong Nguyen
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Center of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Gehr Family Center for Leukemia Research, Hematology Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California
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6
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Yun S, Koh J, Nam SK, Park JO, Lee SM, Lee K, Lee KS, Ahn SH, Park DJ, Kim HH, Choe G, Kim WH, Lee HS. Clinical significance of overexpression of NRG1 and its receptors, HER3 and HER4, in gastric cancer patients. Gastric Cancer 2018; 21:225-236. [PMID: 28573357 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-017-0732-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuregulin 1 (NRG1), a ligand for human epidermal growth factor (HER) 3 and HER4, can activates cell signaling pathways to promote carcinogenesis and metastasis. METHODS To investigate the clinicopathologic significance of NRG1 and its receptors, immunohistochemistry was performed for NRG1, HER3, and HER4 in 502 consecutive gastric cancers (GCs). Furthermore, HER2, microsatellite instability (MSI), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) status were investigated. NRG1 gene copy number (GCN) was determined by dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in 388 available GCs. RESULTS NRG1 overexpression was observed in 141 (28.1%) GCs and closely correlated with HER3 (P = 0.034) and HER4 (P < 0.001) expression. NRG1 overexpression was significantly associated with aggressive features, including infiltrative tumor growth, lymphovascular, and neural invasion, high pathologic stage, and poor prognosis (all P < 0.05), but not associated with EBV, MSI, or HER2 status. Multivariate analysis identified NRG1 overexpression as an independent prognostic factor for survival (P = 0.040). HER3 and HER4 expressions were observed in 157 (31.3%) and 277 (55.2%), respectively. In contrast to NRG1, expression of these proteins was not associated with survival. NRG1 GCN gain (GCN ≥ 2.5) was detected in 14.7% patients, including two cases of amplification, and was moderately correlated with NRG1 overexpression (κ, 0.459; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Although our results indicate a lack of prognostic significance of HER3 and HER4 overexpression in GC, overexpression of their ligand, NRG1, was associated with aggressive clinical features and represented an independent unfavorable prognostic factor. Therefore, NRG1 is a potential prognostic and therapeutic biomarker in GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumi Yun
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Samkwang Medical Laboratories, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiwon Koh
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Kyung Nam
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, South Korea
| | - Jung Ok Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, South Korea
| | - Sung Mi Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, South Korea
| | - Kyoungyul Lee
- Department of Pathology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Kangwon, South Korea
| | - Kyu Sang Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Do Joong Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Ho Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Gheeyoung Choe
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, South Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, South Korea.
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Miura Y, Sukawa Y, Hironaka S, Mori M, Nishikawa K, Tokunaga S, Okuda H, Sakamoto T, Taku K, Nishikawa K, Moriwaki T, Negoro Y, Kimura Y, Uchino K, Shinozaki K, Shinozaki H, Musha N, Yoshiyama H, Tsuda T, Miyata Y, Sugimoto N, Shirakawa T, Ito M, Yonesaka K, Yoshimura K, Boku N, Nosho K, Takano T, Hyodo I. Five-weekly S-1 plus cisplatin therapy combined with trastuzumab therapy in HER2-positive gastric cancer: a phase II trial and biomarker study (WJOG7212G). Gastric Cancer 2018; 21:84-95. [PMID: 28497176 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-017-0725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Five-weekly S-1 plus cisplatin (SP) therapy is the standard care for advanced gastric or esophagogastric junction cancer (GC/EGJC) in East Asia. However, its efficacy and safety when combined with trastuzumab therapy for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive advanced GC/EGJC remains unclear. METHODS Patients received 5-weekly SP therapy (S-1 at 40-60 mg twice daily for 21 days plus cisplatin at 60 mg/m2 on day 8, every 5 weeks) plus trastuzumab therapy (first dose of 8 mg/kg, then 6 mg/kg every 3 weeks). The primary end point was the response rate, and the secondary end points included progression-free survival, overall survival, safety, and serum biomarker levels. RESULTS Forty-four patients were enrolled. The response rate, progression-free survival, and overall survival were 61% (95% confidence interval 46-76%), 5.9 months, and 16.5 months respectively. The commonest grade 3 or grade 4 adverse events were neutropenia (30%) and anorexia (25%). A significantly higher response rate (92% vs 43%; P = 0.008) and longer progression-free survival (median 14.5 months vs 4.2 months; P = 0.028) were observed in patients with high (n = 14) compared with low (n = 17) pretreatment serum neuregulin 1 levels. CONCLUSIONS Five-weekly SP therapy combined with trastuzumab therapy showed a good antitumor response and acceptable toxicity in HER2-positive advanced GC/EGJC. Serum neuregulin 1 might be associated with the efficacy of this treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Miura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2 Toranomon Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Sukawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Shuichi Hironaka
- Clinical Trial Promotion Department, Chiba Cancer Center, 666-2 Nitona-Cho Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8717, Japan
| | - Misuzu Mori
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Jichi Medical University Hospital, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nishikawa
- Department of Surgery, Osaka General Medical Center, 3-1-56 Bandaihigashi Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-0056, Japan
| | - Shinya Tokunaga
- Department of Medical Oncology, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojima-hondori Miyakojima-ku, Osaka, 534-0021, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okuda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Keiyukai Sapporo Hospital, Kita 1-1 Hon-dori 14 chome, Shiroishi-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 003-0027, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Oncology, Hyogo Cancer Center, 13-70 Kitaoji-cho, Akashi, Hyogo, 673-0021, Japan
| | - Keisei Taku
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shizuoka General Hospital, 4-27-1 Kita Ando Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420-8527, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nishikawa
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Hasamamachi Idaigaoka, Yufu, Oita, 879-5503, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Moriwaki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yuji Negoro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kochi Health Sciences Center, 2125-1 Ike, Kochi, 781-8555, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kimura
- Department of Surgery, Sakai City Medical Center, 1-1-1 Ebaraji-cho Nishi-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 593-8304, Japan
| | - Keita Uchino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kyushu Medical Center, 1-8-1 Jigyohama Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-8563, Japan
| | - Katsunori Shinozaki
- Division of Clinical Oncology, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, 1-5-54 Ujinakanda Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroharu Shinozaki
- Department of Surgery, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, 911-1 Takebayashimachi Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-0974, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Musha
- Department of Surgery, Saiseikai Niigata Daini Hospital, 280-7 Teraji Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-1104, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Yoshiyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, 83 Kasugamachi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-0024, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuda
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, St Marianna University, 2-16-1 Sugao Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Miyata
- Department of Medical Oncology, Saku Central Hospital Advanced Care Center, 3400-28 Nakagomi, Saku, Nagano, 385-0051, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Sugimoto
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-3 Nakamichi Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-8511, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shirakawa
- Department of Oncology, Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, 5-30 Kitatakamatsucho, Miyazaki, 880-8510, Japan
| | - Miki Ito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, S1 W17, Chuo-ku, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Kimio Yonesaka
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi Osaka-sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshimura
- Innovative Clinical Research Center, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-0934, Japan
| | - Narikazu Boku
- Division of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Nosho
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S1 W16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Toshimi Takano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2 Toranomon Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Ichinosuke Hyodo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
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Deng T, Lyon CJ, Bergin S, Caligiuri MA, Hsueh WA. Obesity, Inflammation, and Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2017; 11:421-49. [PMID: 27193454 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012615-044359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, a worldwide epidemic, confers increased risk for multiple serious conditions, including cancer, and is increasingly recognized as a growing cause of preventable cancer risk. Chronic inflammation, a well-known mediator of cancer, is a central characteristic of obesity, leading to many of its complications, and obesity-induced inflammation confers additional cancer risk beyond obesity itself. Multiple mechanisms facilitate this strong association between cancer and obesity. Adipose tissue is an important endocrine organ, secreting several hormones, including leptin and adiponectin, and chemokines that can regulate tumor behavior, inflammation, and the tumor microenvironment. Excessive adipose expansion during obesity causes adipose dysfunction and inflammation to increase systemic levels of proinflammatory factors. Cells from adipose tissue, such as cancer-associated adipocytes and adipose-derived stem cells, enter the cancer microenvironment to enhance protumoral effects. Dysregulated metabolism that stems from obesity, including insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, can further impact tumor growth and development. This review describes how adipose tissue becomes inflamed in obesity, summarizes ways these mechanisms impact cancer development, and discusses their role in four adipose-associated cancers that demonstrate elevated incidence or mortality in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Deng
- Diabetes Research Center and Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030; .,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College at Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Christopher J Lyon
- Diabetes Research Center and Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030;
| | - Stephen Bergin
- Medical Scientist Training Program and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.,The Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Willa A Hsueh
- The Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210;
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Prognosis Relevance of Serum Cytokines in Pancreatic Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:518284. [PMID: 26346854 PMCID: PMC4539422 DOI: 10.1155/2015/518284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The overall survival of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is extremely low. Although gemcitabine is the standard used chemotherapy for this disease, clinical outcomes do not reflect significant improvements, not even when combined with adjuvant treatments. There is an urgent need for prognosis markers to be found. The aim of this study was to analyze the potential value of serum cytokines to find a profile that can predict the clinical outcome in patients with pancreatic cancer and to establish a practical prognosis index that significantly predicts patients' outcomes. We have conducted an extensive analysis of serum prognosis biomarkers using an antibody array comprising 507 human cytokines. Overall survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate Cox's proportional hazard models were used to analyze prognosis factors. To determine the extent that survival could be predicted based on this index, we used the leave-one-out cross-validation model. The multivariate model showed a better performance and it could represent a novel panel of serum cytokines that correlates to poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer. B7-1/CD80, EG-VEGF/PK1, IL-29, NRG1-beta1/HRG1-beta1, and PD-ECGF expressions portend a poor prognosis for patients with pancreatic cancer and these cytokines could represent novel therapeutic targets for this disease.
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10
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Overexpression of NRG1 promotes progression of gastric cancer by regulating the self-renewal of cancer stem cells. J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:645-56. [PMID: 25381017 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-014-1008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer stem cells (GCSCs) have been successfully isolated from patients. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the self-renewal of GCSCs and their relationship with the microenvironment are poorly characterized. METHODS GCSCs and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were cultured directly from gastric cancer patients. The self-renewal of GCSCs was assayed by sphere formation assay and in vivo tumorigenicity. Expression of neuregulin1 (NRG1) was examined by immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR and western blotting. RESULTS CAFs increased the self-renewal of GCSCs by secreting NRG1. NRG1 activated NF-κB signaling and this activation regulated GCSC self-renewal. Moreover, NF-κB-active GCSCs were tumorigenic, however NF-κB-inactive GCSCs were not. The overexpression of NRG1 in stromal cells and cancer cells was observed in the tumor tissues of gastric cancer patients and was associated with clinical stage lymph node metastasis and survival in gastric cancer patients. In addition, we also found that NRG1 can regulate the proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that NRG1, which can be secreted by CAFs or cancer cells, promotes progression of gastric cancer by regulating the self-renewal of GCSCs and its overexpression is associated with a prognosis of gastric cancer.
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Stivarou T, Patsavoudi E. Extracellular molecules involved in cancer cell invasion. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:238-65. [PMID: 25629807 PMCID: PMC4381257 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7010238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays it is perfectly clear that understanding and eradicating cancer cell invasion and metastasis represent the crucial, definitive points in cancer therapeutics. During the last two decades there has been a great interest in the understanding of the extracellular molecular mechanisms involved in cancer cell invasion. In this review, we highlight the findings concerning these processes, focusing in particular on extracellular molecules, including extracellular matrix proteins and their receptors, growth factors and their receptors, matrix metalloproteinases and extracellular chaperones. We report the molecular mechanisms underlying the important contribution of this pool of molecules to the complex, multi-step phenomenon of cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Stivarou
- Department of Biochemistry, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens 11521, Greece
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12
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Abstract
As the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is substantially increasing worldwide, associated diseases such as renal failure, cardiovascular diseases, fatty liver, and cancers have also increased. A number of cancers such as pancreatic, liver, breast, and female reproductive cancers have shown an increased prevalence and a higher mortality rate in diabetic patients compared to healthy subjects. Thus, this suggests an association between diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes and cancer incidence and progression. Recent studies have suggested that hyperinsulinemia, chronic inflammation and hyperglycemia, all frequently seen in diabetics, may lead to increased tumor growth; the underlying molecular mechanisms of this association are not fully understood. In particular, chronic hyperglycemic episodes could serve as a direct or indirect mediator of the increase in tumor cell growth. Here, we will discuss our current understanding how hyperglycemia and cancer risk may be linked, and what the implications are for the treatment of diabetic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Young Ryu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology School of Life Sciences, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology School of Life Sciences, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Cell Biology and Simmons Cancer, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Zuo X, Xu M, Yu J, Wu Y, Moussalli MJ, Manyam GC, Lee SI, Liang S, Gagea M, Morris JS, Broaddus RR, Shureiqi I. Potentiation of colon cancer susceptibility in mice by colonic epithelial PPAR-δ/β overexpression. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju052. [PMID: 24681603 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ/β (PPAR-d) is upregulated in human colorectal cancers, but its role in colonic tumorigenesis remains controversial. METHODS We generated a novel mouse model of intestinally targeted PPAR-d overexpression to simulate PPAR-d upregulation in human colon carcinogenesis. Colon-specific PPAR-d overexpression was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and activity assays. Mice with and without targeted PPAR-d overexpression were tested for azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic tumorigenesis. Mouse whole-genome transcriptome microarray analyses were performed to identify PPAR-d target genes to promote tumorigenesis. We used linear models to test for PPAR-d overexpression trend effects on tumor multiplicity. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Targeted PPAR-d overexpression markedly increased colonic tumor incidence (from 0 of 10 wild-type [WT] littermate mice to 9 of 10 mice [P < .001] in 2 FVB/N background mouse lines [villin-PPAR-d-1 and villin-PPAR-d-2] at a 5-mg/kg AOM dose) and multiplicity (number of tumors per mouse per mg/kg dose of AOM increased from 0.47 [95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.22 to 0.72] for the WT littermates to 2.15 [95% CI = 1.90 to 2.40] [P < .001] for the villin-PPAR-d-1 mice and from 0.44 [95% CI = 0.09 to 0.79] for the WT littermates to 1.91 [95% CI = 1.57 to 2.25] [P < .001] for the villin-PPAR-d-2 mice). PPAR-d overexpression reversed resistance to AOM-induced colonic tumorigenesis in C57BL/6 mice. PPAR-d overexpression modulated expression of several novel PPAR-d target genes in normal-appearing colonic epithelial cells of mice with PPAR-d overexpression in a pattern that matched the changes in colonic tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our finding that PPAR-d upregulation profoundly enhances susceptibility to colonic tumorigenesis should impact the development of strategies of molecularly targeting PPAR-d in cancer and noncancerous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangsheng Zuo
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology (XZ, MX, JY, IS), Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention (XZ, YW, IS), Department of Pathology (MJM, RRB), Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology (GCM, SL), Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (MG), and Department of Biostatistics (JSM), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Abstract
This review describes glioma-specific antigens important in immunotherapy of glioma tumors. The structure and function of these antigens and recent immunotherapy data are summarized. Also, some important aspects of tumor formation are outlined. The roles of neuronal precursor cells and tumor stroma cells are discussed. The stroma cells of the tumor may be of interest as a target for tumor therapy, especially since they are less heterogeneous than the tumor cells. To date, the clinical benefit of immunotherapy has been very limited. Immunotherapy is, however, still an extremely promising approach to tumor therapy and it will most likely be implemented as a future treatment option for many types of tumors. The current shortcomings of immunotherapy will probably diminish as we start to understand and are able to modulate tumor-induced immunosuppression. There is also a need for a continued search for new tumor-specific antigens and to optimize protocols for vaccine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Skog
- Umea University, Department of Virology, SE-901 85, Umea, Sweden.
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Jay SM, Murthy AC, Hawkins JF, Wortzel JR, Steinhauser ML, Alvarez LM, Gannon J, Macrae CA, Griffith LG, Lee RT. An engineered bivalent neuregulin protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity with reduced proneoplastic potential. Circulation 2013; 128:152-61. [PMID: 23757312 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.002203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doxorubicin (DOXO) is an effective anthracycline chemotherapeutic, but its use is limited by cumulative dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. Neuregulin-1β is an ErbB receptor family ligand that is effective against DOXO-induced cardiomyopathy in experimental models but is also proneoplastic. We previously showed that an engineered bivalent neuregulin-1β (NN) has reduced proneoplastic potential in comparison with the epidermal growth factor-like domain of neuregulin-1β (NRG), an effect mediated by receptor biasing toward ErbB3 homotypic interactions uncommonly formed by native neuregulin-1β. Here, we hypothesized that a newly formulated, covalent NN would be cardioprotective with reduced proneoplastic effects in comparison with NRG. METHODS AND RESULTS NN was expressed as a maltose-binding protein fusion in Escherichia coli. As established previously, NN stimulated antineoplastic or cytostatic signaling and phenotype in cancer cells, whereas NRG stimulated proneoplastic signaling and phenotype. In neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, NN and NRG induced similar downstream signaling. NN, like NRG, attenuated the double-stranded DNA breaks associated with DOXO exposure in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and human cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. NN treatment significantly attenuated DOXO-induced decrease in fractional shortening as measured by blinded echocardiography in mice in a chronic cardiomyopathy model (57.7±0.6% versus 50.9±2.6%, P=0.004), whereas native NRG had no significant effect (49.4±3.7% versus 50.9±2.6%, P=0.813). CONCLUSIONS NN is a cardioprotective agent that promotes cardiomyocyte survival and improves cardiac function in DOXO-induced cardiotoxicity. Given the reduced proneoplastic potential of NN versus NRG, NN has translational potential for cardioprotection in patients with cancer receiving anthracyclines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Jay
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Park J, Sarode VR, Euhus D, Kittler R, Scherer PE. Neuregulin 1-HER axis as a key mediator of hyperglycemic memory effects in breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:21058-63. [PMID: 23213231 PMCID: PMC3529089 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1214400109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor outcomes in diabetic patients are observed across a range of human tumors, suggesting that cancer cells develop unique characteristics under diabetic conditions. Cancer cells exposed to hyperglycemic insults acquire permanent aggressive traits of tumor growth, even after a return to euglycemic conditions. Comparative genome-wide mapping of hyperglycemia-specific open chromatin regions and concomitant mRNA expression profiling revealed that the neuregulin-1 gene, encoding an established endogenous ligand for the HER3 receptor, is activated through a putative distal enhancer. Our findings highlight the targeted inhibition of NRG1-HER3 pathways as a potential target for the treatment breast cancer patients with associated diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Park
- Touchstone Diabetes Center and Departments of
- Internal Medicine
| | | | | | - Ralf Kittler
- Pharmacology, and
- Simmons Cancer Center, and
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development and Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center and Departments of
- Internal Medicine
- Cell Biology
- Simmons Cancer Center, and
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17
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Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the catalytically inactive ErbB3 (HER3) protein plays a fundamental role in normal tyrosine kinase receptor signaling as well as in aberrant functioning of these signaling pathways, resulting in several forms of human cancers and some mental disorders. Here we report the generation of a specific anti-ErbB3 antibody intended for use in diagnosing disease or therapeutic application. By using the hybridoma technique, one cell line (2E(12)C(3)) stably producing anti-ErbB3 antibody was obtained. Its molecular weight was about 185 kDa and its isotype was IgG 2a and κ, respectively. The affinity constant (Kaff) of the anti-ErbB3 MAb was 5.83×10(10) M(-1). This antibody may become a useful tool for diagnostic and therapeutic targeting of ErbB3-expressing cancers or helpful in highlighting the etiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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18
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ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase/NF-κB signaling controls mammosphere formation in human breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:6584-9. [PMID: 22492965 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1113271109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in humans. However, our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis in breast tissues is limited. Here, we identified a molecular mechanism that controls the ability of breast cancer cells to form multicellular spheroids (mammospheres). We found that heregulin (HRG), a ligand for ErbB3, induced mammosphere formation of a breast cancer stem cell (BCSC)-enriched population as well as in breast cancer cell lines. HRG-induced mammosphere formation was reduced by treatment with inhibitors for phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) or NF-κB and by expression of IκBα-Super Repressor (IκBαSR), a dominant-negative inhibitor for NF-κB. Moreover, the overexpression of IκBαSR in breast cancer cells inhibited tumorigenesis in NOD/SCID mice. Furthermore, we found that the expression of IL8, a regulator of self-renewal in BCSC-enriched populations, was induced by HRG through the activation of the PI3K/NF-κB pathway. These findings illustrate that HRG/ErbB3 signaling appears to maintain mammosphere formation through a PI3K/NF-κB pathway in human breast cancer.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapies targeting ERBB2 have shown success in the clinic. However, response is not determined solely by expression of ERBB2. Levels of ERBB3, its preferred heterodimerisation partner and ERBB ligands may also have a role. METHODS We measured NRG1 expression by real-time quantitative RT-PCR and ERBB receptors by western blotting and immunohistochemistry in bladder tumours and cell lines. RESULTS NRG1α and NRG1β showed significant coordinate expression. NRG1β was upregulated in 78% of cell lines. In tumours, there was a greater range of expression with a trend towards increased NRG1α with higher stage and grade. Increased expression of ERBB proteins was detected in 15% (EGFR), 20% (ERBB2), 41% (ERBB3) and 0% (ERBB4) of cell lines. High EGFR expression was detected in 28% of tumours, associated with grade and stage (P=0.05; P=0.04). Moderate or high expression of ERBB2 was detected in 22% and was associated with stage (P=0.025). Cytoplasmic ERBB3 was associated with high tumour grade (P=0.01) and with ERBB2 positivity. In cell lines, NRG1β expression was significantly inversely related to ERBB3, but this was not confirmed in tumours. CONCLUSION There is a wide spectrum of NRG1 and ERBB receptor expression in bladder cancer. In advanced tumours, EGFR, ERBB2 and ERBB3 upregulation is common and there is a relationship between expression of ERBB2 and ERBB3 but not the NRG1 ligand.
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20
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Kronqvist N, Malm M, Göstring L, Gunneriusson E, Nilsson M, Höidén Guthenberg I, Gedda L, Frejd FY, Ståhl S, Löfblom J. Combining phage and staphylococcal surface display for generation of ErbB3-specific Affibody molecules. Protein Eng Des Sel 2010; 24:385-96. [PMID: 21177282 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzq118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the catalytically inactive ErbB3 (HER3) protein plays a fundamental role in normal tyrosine kinase receptor signaling as well as in aberrant functioning of these signaling pathways, resulting in several forms of human cancers. ErbB3 has recently also been implicated in resistance to ErbB2-targeting therapies. Here we report the generation of high-affinity ErbB3-specific Affibody molecules intended for future molecular imaging and biotherapeutic applications. Using a high-complexity phage-displayed Affibody library, a number of ErbB3 binders were isolated and specific cell-binding activity was demonstrated in immunofluorescence microscopic studies. Subsequently, a second-generation library was constructed based on sequences of the candidates from the phage display selection. By exploiting the sensitive affinity discrimination capacity of a novel bacterial surface display technology, the affinity of candidate Affibody molecules was further increased down to subnanomolar affinity. In summary, the demonstrated specific targeting of native ErbB3 receptor on human cancer cell lines as well as competition with the heregulin/ErbB3 interaction indicates that these novel biological agents may become useful tools for diagnostic and therapeutic targeting of ErbB3-expressing cancers. Our studies also highlight the powerful approach of combining the advantages of different display technologies for generation of functional high-affinity protein-based binders. Potential future applications, such as radionuclide-based diagnosis and treatment of human cancers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kronqvist
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm
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21
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Mareel M, Oliveira MJ, Madani I. Cancer invasion and metastasis: interacting ecosystems. Virchows Arch 2009; 454:599-622. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-009-0784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Hernandez L, Smirnova T, Kedrin D, Wyckoff J, Zhu L, Stanley ER, Cox D, Muller WJ, Pollard JW, Van Rooijen N, Segall JE. The EGF/CSF-1 paracrine invasion loop can be triggered by heregulin beta1 and CXCL12. Cancer Res 2009; 69:3221-7. [PMID: 19293185 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An important step in the process of metastasis from the primary tumor is invasive spread into the surrounding stroma. Using an in vivo invasion assay, we have previously shown that imposed gradients of epidermal growth factor (EGF) or colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) can induce invasion through an EGF/CSF-1 paracrine loop between cancer cells and macrophages. We now report that invasion induced by other ligands also relies on this EGF/CSF-1 paracrine invasive loop. Using an in vivo invasion assay, we show that MTLn3 breast cancer cells overexpressing ErbB3 exhibit enhanced invasion compared with control MTLn3 cells in response to the ErbB3 ligand HRG-beta1. The invasive response of both MTLn3-ErbB3 and transgenic MMTV-Neu tumors to HRG-beta1 is inhibited by blocking EGF receptor, CSF-1 receptor, or macrophage function, indicating that invasiveness to HRG-beta1 is dependent on the EGF/CSF-1 paracrine loop. Furthermore, we show that CXCL12 also triggers in vivo invasion of transgenic MMTV-PyMT tumors in an EGF/CSF-1-dependent manner. Although the invasion induced by HRG-beta1 or CXCL12 is dependent on the EGF/CSF-1 paracrine loop, invasion induced by EGF is not dependent on HRG-beta1 or CXCL12 signaling, showing an asymmetrical relationship between different ligand/receptor systems in driving invasion. Our results identify a stromal/tumor interaction that acts as an engine underlying invasion induced by multiple ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Hernandez
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10801, USA
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23
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Sarup J, Jin P, Turin L, Bai X, Beryt M, Brdlik C, Higaki JN, Jorgensen B, Lau FW, Lindley P, Liu J, Ni I, Rozzelle J, Kumari R, Watson SA, Zhang J, Shepard HM. Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER-1:HER-3) Fc-mediated heterodimer has broad antiproliferative activity in vitro and in human tumor xenografts. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:3223-36. [PMID: 18852126 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
All four members of the human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (HER) family are implicated in human cancers. Although efficacious in a subset of patients, resistance to single-targeted anti-HER therapy [i.e., cetuximab (Erbitux) and trastuzumab (Herceptin)] is often associated with coexpression of other HER family members. This may be overcome by a HER ligand binding molecule that sequesters multiple EGF-like ligands, preventing ligand-dependent receptor activation. Toward this end, we have combined the HER-1/EGFR and HER-3 ligand binding domains, dimerized with fusion of an Fc fragment of human IgG1. This resulted in a mixture of HER-1/Fc homodimer (HFD100), HER-3/Fc homodimer (HFD300), and HER-1/Fc:HER-3/Fc heterodimer (RB200), also termed Hermodulins. The purified first-generation RB200 bound EGF and neuregulin 1 (NRG1)-beta1 ligands, determined by cross-linking and direct binding studies. The binding affinity for both was approximately 10 nmol/L by dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluorescence immunoassay using europium (Eu)-labeled ligands. Competition studies with RB200 using Eu-EGF or Eu-NRG1-beta1 revealed that RB200 bound HER-1 ligands, including transforming growth factor-alpha and heparin-binding EGF, and HER-3 ligands NRG1-alpha and NRG1-beta3. RB200 inhibited EGF- and NRG1-beta1-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of HER family proteins, proliferation of a diverse range of tumor cells in monolayer cell growth assays, tumor cell proliferation as a single agent and in synergy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, lysophosphatidic acid-stimulated cell proliferation, and tumor growth in two human tumor xenograft nude mouse models. Taken together, the data reveal that RB200 has the potential to sequester multiple HER ligands and interfere with signaling by HER-1, HER-2, and HER-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Sarup
- Receptor BioLogix, Inc., 3350 West Bayshore Road, Suite 150, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA
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Maneval DC, Jin P, Shepard HM. Pan-HER biologics (Hermodulins) for the treatment of cancer. Drug Dev Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Montero JC, Rodríguez-Barrueco R, Ocaña A, Díaz-Rodríguez E, Esparís-Ogando A, Pandiella A. Neuregulins and cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:3237-41. [PMID: 18519747 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-5133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The neuregulins represent the largest subclass of polypeptide factors of the epidermal growth factor family of ligands. These molecules are synthesized as membrane-bound, biologically active growth factors that act by binding to the HER/ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases. Preclinical data have indicated that increased expression and function of neuregulins may provoke cancer. Furthermore, neuregulin expression has been detected in several neoplasias, and their presence may correlate with response to treatments that target the HER receptors such as trastuzumab. In addition, the neuregulins have also been implicated in resistance to anti-HER therapies. Therefore, targeting of the neuregulins may be helpful in neoplastic diseases in which these polypeptide factors contribute to tumor generation and/or maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Montero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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26
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Sithanandam G, Anderson LM. The ERBB3 receptor in cancer and cancer gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2008; 15:413-48. [PMID: 18404164 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2008.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
ERBB3, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, is unique in that its tyrosine kinase domain is functionally defective. It is activated by neuregulins, by other ERBB and nonERBB receptors as well as by other kinases, and by novel mechanisms. Downstream it interacts prominently with the phosphoinositol 3-kinase/AKT survival/mitogenic pathway, but also with GRB, SHC, SRC, ABL, rasGAP, SYK and the transcription regulator EBP1. There are likely important but poorly understood roles for nuclear localization and for secreted isoforms. Studies of ERBB3 expression in primary cancers and of its mechanistic contributions in cultured cells have implicated it, with varying degrees of certainty, with causation or sustenance of cancers of the breast, ovary, prostate, certain brain cells, retina, melanocytes, colon, pancreas, stomach, oral cavity and lung. Recent results link high ERBB3 activity with escape from therapy targeting other ERBBs in lung and breast cancers. Thus a wide and centrally important role for ERBB3 in cancer is becoming increasingly apparent. Several approaches for targeting ERBB3 in cancers have been tested or proposed. Small inhibitory RNA (siRNA) to ERBB3 or AKT is showing promise as a therapeutic approach to treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Ueno Y, Sakurai H, Tsunoda S, Choo MK, Matsuo M, Koizumi K, Saiki I. Heregulin-induced activation of ErbB3 by EGFR tyrosine kinase activity promotes tumor growth and metastasis in melanoma cells. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:340-347. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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28
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Heregulin β1 promotes breast cancer cell proliferation through Rac/ERK-dependent induction of cyclin D1 and p21Cip1. Biochem J 2008; 410:167-75. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20070781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that heregulins, EGF (epidermal growth factor)-like ligands, promote breast cancer cell proliferation and are involved in the progression of breast cancer towards an aggressive and invasive phenotype. However, there is limited information regarding the molecular mechanisms that mediate these effects. We have recently established that HRG (heregulin β1) promotes breast cancer cell proliferation and migration via cross-talk with EGFR (EGF receptor) that involves the activation of the small GTPase Rac1. In the present paper we report that Rac1 is an essential player for mediating the induction of cyclin D1 and p21Cip1 by HRG in breast cancer cells. Inhibition of Rac function by expressing either the Rac-GAP (GTPase-activating protein) β2-chimaerin or the dominant-negative Rac mutant N17Rac1, or Rac1 depletion using RNAi (RNA interference), abolished the cyclin D1 and p21Cip1 induction by HRG. Interestingly, the proliferative effect of HRG was impaired not only when the expression of Rac1 or cyclin D1 was inhibited, but also when cells were depleted of p21Cip1 using RNAi. Inhibition of EGFR, PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase; kinases required for Rac activation by HRG) or MEK [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase] also blocked the up-regulation of cyclin D1 and p21Cip1 by HRG. In addition, we found that HRG activates NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) in a Rac1- and MEK-dependent fashion, and inhibition of NF-κB abrogates cyclin D1/p21Cip1 induction and proliferation by HRG. Taken together, these findings establish a central role for Rac1 in the control of HRG-induced breast cancer cell-cycle progression and proliferation through up-regulating the expression of cyclin D1 and p21Cip1.
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Kedrin D, van Rheenen J, Hernandez L, Condeelis J, Segall JE. Cell motility and cytoskeletal regulation in invasion and metastasis. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2007; 12:143-52. [PMID: 17557195 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-007-9046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell motility and chemotaxis can make important contributions to the metastatic cascade. Cell migration pathways in general play significant roles in a variety of physiological processes that can be "hijacked" by cancer cells. Both growth factors and chemokines provide important chemotactic signals in development and metastasis. Receptor activation, following binding of a growth factor or a chemokine, leads to dynamic morphological changes in the actin cytoskeleton network via a variety of distinct and interconnected pathways, resulting in translocation of the cell up a chemoattractant gradient. Such gradients may be produced by stromal cells in the local microenvironment, including macrophages and fibroblasts. A better understanding of the mechanisms of cell motility and cytoskeletal regulation may provide novel therapeutic strategies that would block metastatic progression, reducing dissemination of tumor cells and increasing patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Kedrin
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Gruss Lipper Center for Biophotonics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Landgraf R. HER2 therapy. HER2 (ERBB2): functional diversity from structurally conserved building blocks. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 9:202. [PMID: 17274834 PMCID: PMC1851388 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
EGFR-type receptor tyrosine kinases achieve a broad spectrum of cellular responses by utilizing a set of structurally conserved building blocks. Based on available crystal structures and biochemical information, significant new insights have emerged into modes of receptor control, its deregulation in cancer, and the nuances that differentiate the four human receptors. This review gives an overview of current models of the control of receptor activity with a special emphasis on HER2 and HER3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Landgraf
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology and Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, California 90095-1678, USA.
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Hutcheson IR, Knowlden JM, Hiscox SE, Barrow D, Gee JMW, Robertson JF, Ellis IO, Nicholson RI. Heregulin beta1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 9:R50. [PMID: 17686159 PMCID: PMC2206726 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Resistance to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) therapies is an emerging clinical problem. The efficacy of anti-EGFR therapies can be influenced by the presence of heregulins (HRGs), which can bind erbB3/4 receptors and can activate alternative signalling pathways. In the present study we have examined whether HRG signalling can circumvent EGFR blockade in an EGFR-positive tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 (Tam-R) breast cancer cell line. METHODS Tam-R cells, incubated with the selective EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib ('Iressa', ZD1839), were exposed to HRGbeta1 and the effects on erbB receptor dimerization profiles and on activation of associated downstream signalling components were assessed by immunoprecipitation, western blotting and immunocytochemistry. The effects of HRGbeta1 on gefitinib-treated Tam-R cell growth and invasion were also examined, and HRGbeta1 expression levels were assessed in breast cancer tissue by immunohistochemistry to address the potential clinical relevance of such a resistance mechanism. RESULTS In Tam-R cells, HRGbeta1 promoted erbB3/erbB2 and erbB3/EGFR heterodimerization, promoted ERK1/2 and AKT pathway activation and increased cell proliferation and invasion. Gefitinib prevented HRGbeta1-driven erbB3/EGFR heterodimerization, ERK1/2 activation and Tam-R cell proliferation, but HRGbeta1-driven erbB3/erbB2 heterodimerization, AKT activation and Tam-R cell invasion were maintained. A combination of gefitinib and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 effectively blocked HRGbeta1-mediated intracellular signalling activity, growth and invasion in Tam-R cells. Similarly, targeting erbB2 with trastuzumab in combination with gefitinib in Tam-R cells reduced HRGbeta1-induced erbB2 and ERK1/2 activity; however, HRGbeta1-driven AKT activity and cell growth were maintained while cell invasion was significantly enhanced with this combination. In clinical tissue all samples demonstrated cytoplasmic tumour epithelial HRGbeta1 protein staining, with expression correlating with EGFR positivity and activation of both AKT and ERK1/2. CONCLUSION HRGbeta1 can overcome the inhibitory effects of gefitinib on cell growth and invasion in Tam-R cells through promotion of erbB3/erbB2 heterodimerization and activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT signalling pathway. This may have implications for the effectiveness of anti-EGFR therapies in breast cancer as HRGbeta1 is enriched in many EGFR-positive breast tumours.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Dimerization
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Female
- Gefitinib
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neuregulin-1/pharmacology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Quinazolines/pharmacology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-3/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tamoxifen/pharmacology
- Trastuzumab
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R Hutcheson
- Tenovus Centre for Cancer Research, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK
| | - Janice M Knowlden
- Tenovus Centre for Cancer Research, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK
| | - Steve E Hiscox
- Tenovus Centre for Cancer Research, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK
| | - Denise Barrow
- Tenovus Centre for Cancer Research, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK
| | - Julia MW Gee
- Tenovus Centre for Cancer Research, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK
| | - John F Robertson
- Professorial Unit of Surgery, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Ian O Ellis
- Professorial Unit of Surgery, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Robert I Nicholson
- Tenovus Centre for Cancer Research, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK
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Bergstralh DT, Conti BJ, Moore CB, Brickey WJ, Taxman DJ, Ting JPY. Global functional analysis of nucleophosmin in Taxol response, cancer, chromatin regulation, and ribosomal DNA transcription. Exp Cell Res 2006; 313:65-76. [PMID: 17069796 PMCID: PMC1805482 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of lung cancer response to chemotherapeutic agents showed the accumulation of a Taxol-induced protein that reacted with an anti-phospho-MEK1/2 antibody. Mass spectroscopy identified the protein as nucleophosmin/B23 (NPM), a multifunctional protein with diverse roles: ribosome biosynthesis, p53 regulation, nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling, and centrosome duplication. Our work demonstrates that following cellular exposure to mitosis-arresting agents, NPM is phosphorylated and its chromatographic property is altered, suggesting changes in function during mitosis. To determine the functional relevance of NPM, its expression in tumor cells was reduced by siRNA. Cells with reduced NPM were treated with Taxol followed by microarray profiling accompanied by gene/protein pathway analyses. These studies demonstrate several expected and unexpected consequences of NPM depletion. The predominant downstream effectors of NPM are genes involved in cell proliferation, cancer, and the cell cycle. In congruence with its role in cancer, NPM is over-expressed in primary malignant lung cancer tissues. We also demonstrate a role for NPM in the expression of genes encoding SET (TAF1beta) and the histone methylase SET8. Additionally, we show that NPM is required for a previously unobserved G2/M upregulation of TAF1A, which encodes the rDNA transcription factor TAF(I)48. These results demonstrate multi-faceted functions of NPM that can affect cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Bergstralh
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Warren CM, Kani K, Landgraf R. The N-terminal domains of neuregulin 1 confer signal attenuation. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:27306-16. [PMID: 16825199 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512887200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of activated ERBB receptors is an important mechanism for signal attenuation. However, compared with epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, the ERBB2/ERBB3 signaling pair is considered to be attenuation-deficient. The ERBB2/ERBB3 ligands of the neuregulin family rely on an EGF-like domain for signaling and are generated from larger membrane-bound precursors. In contrast to EGF, which is processed to yield a 6-kDa peptide ligand, mature neuregulins retain a variety of segments N-terminal to the EGF-like domain. Here we evaluate the role of the N-terminal domain of neuregulin 1 in signaling and turnover of ERBB2/ERBB3. Our data suggest that whereas the EGF-like domain of neuregulin 1 is required and sufficient for the formation of active receptor heterodimers, the presence of the N-terminal Ig-like domain is required for efficient signal attenuation. This manifests itself for both ERBB2 and ERBB3 but is more pronounced and coupled directly to degradation for ERBB3. When stimulated with only the EGF-like domain, ERBB3 shows degradation rates comparable with constitutive turnover, but stimulation with full-length neuregulin 1 resulted in receptor degradation at rates that are comparable with activated EGF receptor. Most of the enhancement in down-regulation was maintained after replacing the Ig-like domain with a thioredoxin protein of comparable size but different amino acid composition, suggesting that the physical presence but not specific properties of the Ig-like domain are needed. This sequence-independent effect of the N-terminal domain correlates with an enhanced ability of full-size neuregulin 1 to disrupt higher order oligomers of the ERBB3 extracellular domains in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Warren
- Department of Medicine, , Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1678, USA
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Warren CM, Landgraf R. Signaling through ERBB receptors: Multiple layers of diversity and control. Cell Signal 2006; 18:923-33. [PMID: 16460914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The four known ERBB receptors in humans are involved in a broad range of cellular responses, and their deregulation is a significant aspect in a large number of disease states. However, their mechanism of action and modes of control are still poorly understood. This is largely due to the fact that the control of ERBB activity is a multilayered process with significant differences between the various ERBB members. In contrast to other receptor tyrosine kinases, the kinase domain of EGFR (ERBB1) does not require phosphorylation for activation. Consequently, the overall activation state of the receptor is controlled by constant balancing of activity favoring and activity suppressing actions within the receptor molecule. Influences of the membrane microenvironment and context dependent interactions with varying sets of signaling partners are superimposed on this system of intramolecular checks and balances. We will discuss current models of the control of ERBB signaling with an emphasis on the multilayered nature of activation control and aspects that give rise to diversity between ERBB receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Warren
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Medicine, Biological Chemistry, United States
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Di Modugno F, Mottolese M, Di Benedetto A, Conidi A, Novelli F, Perracchio L, Venturo I, Botti C, Jager E, Santoni A, Natali PG, Nisticò P. The cytoskeleton regulatory protein hMena (ENAH) is overexpressed in human benign breast lesions with high risk of transformation and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-positive/hormonal receptor-negative tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:1470-8. [PMID: 16533770 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE hMena (ENAH), a cytoskeleton regulatory protein involved in the regulation of cell motility and adhesion, is overexpressed in breast cancer. The aim of this study was to define at what stage of breast carcinogenesis hMena is overexpressed and to correlate hMena overexpression with established prognostic factors in breast cancer, focusing on human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN hMena expression was assessed immunohistochemically in a prospective cohort of cases (n = 360) encompassing a highly representative spectrum of benign breast diseases associated with different risk of transformation, in situ, invasive, and metastatic tumors. Correlations with conventional pathologic and prognostic variables, such as proliferation index, hormonal receptor status, and HER-2 overexpression, were also evaluated. In vitro experiments were done to study the effect of neuregulin-1 and Herceptin treatments on hMena expression. RESULTS hMena protein is undetectable in normal breast and is weakly expressed in a small percentage of low-risk benign diseases (9%), but displays a progressive and significant increase of positivity in benign lesions at higher risk of transformation (slightly increased risk 43%; moderate increased risk 67%), in in situ (72%), invasive (93%), and metastatic breast cancer (91%). A significant direct correlation with tumor size (P = 0.04), proliferation index (P < 0.0001), and HER-2 overexpression (P < 0.0001) and an inverse relationship with estrogen (P = 0.036) and progesterone receptors (P = 0.001) are found in invasive carcinomas. In vitro experiments show that neuregulin-1 up-regulates, whereas Herceptin down-regulates, hMena expression. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide new insights into the relevance of actin-binding proteins in human breast carcinogenesis and indicate hMena overexpression as a surrogate indicator in breast disease management.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Breast
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma in Situ/metabolism
- Carcinoma in Situ/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/secondary
- Carcinoma, Papillary/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Papillary/secondary
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cohort Studies
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology
- Neoplasms, Ductal, Lobular, and Medullary/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Ductal, Lobular, and Medullary/secondary
- Neuregulin-1/pharmacology
- Prognosis
- Prospective Studies
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Risk Factors
- Trastuzumab
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Modugno
- Laboratory of Experimental Chemotherapy, Department of Pathology, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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Kalkman HO. The role of the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase–protein kinase B pathway in schizophrenia. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 110:117-34. [PMID: 16434104 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuroanatomical studies of brains from schizophrenic patients report evidence for neuronal dystrophy, while in genetic studies in schizophrenia there is evidence for mutations in growth factors and the downstream enzymes phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (PKB). Since the PI3K-PKB pathway is involved in cellular growth and proliferation, reduced activity of this cascade in schizophrenia could at least partly explain the neuronal dystrophy. Risk factors for schizophrenia, such as corticosteroids and cannabis, suppress the activity of the PI3K-PKB pathway. Conversely, estrogen and vitamin D, 2 factors with a moderate protective activity in schizophrenia, electroconvulsive shock therapy, and chronic treatment with antipsychotic compounds stimulate the pathway. Reduced activity of the PI3K-PKB pathway makes the brain more susceptible to virus infections, anoxia, and obstetric complications (recognized risk factors for schizophrenia), whereas a diminution of growth factor levels towards the end of puberty could contribute to an increase in schizophrenia symptoms observed around that time. On the other hand, constitutive (over)activation of the PI3K-PKB pathway increases cancer risk. Consequently, the presumed hypoactivity of the PI3K-PKB cascade might provide a partial explanation for the remarkable epidemiological finding of a reduced cancer rate in schizophrenic patients. Recognition of the role of a dysfunctional PI3K-PKB pathway in schizophrenia might help in the discovery of hitherto undetected causative gene mutations and could also lead to novel therapeutic approaches. However, a major challenge that remains to be solved is how the PI3K-PKB pathway can be activated without increasing the risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans O Kalkman
- Neuroscience Research, Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research Basel, Building WSJ-360.4.05, Novartis Pharma AG, CH4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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