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Smith MJ, Smith JD, Blajeski S, Ross B, Jordan N, Bell MD, McGurk SR, Mueser KT, Burke-Miller JK, Oulvey EA, Fleming MF, Nelson K, Brown A, Prestipino J, Pashka NJ, Razzano LA. An RCT of Virtual Reality Job Interview Training for Individuals With Serious Mental Illness in IPS Supported Employment. Psychiatr Serv 2022; 73:1027-1038. [PMID: 35172592 PMCID: PMC9661916 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.202100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Virtual Reality Job Interview Training (VR-JIT) is a computerized interview simulator with efficacy at enhancing interview skills and employment outcomes. A randomized controlled trial assessed VR-JIT effectiveness for participants in individual placement and support (IPS), in which approximately 55% of individuals with serious mental illness obtain employment. METHODS Ninety participants with serious mental illness were randomly assigned to IPS+VR-JIT (N=54) or IPS as usual (N=36), completing pretest-posttest assessments and an employment evaluation at 9 months. Intent-to-treat chi-square analysis, multivariable logistic regression, Cox proportional hazards models, and mixed-effects linear regressions were conducted. Fifty-one percent were IPS nonresponders (i.e., no employment within the first 90 days of IPS). RESULTS IPS+VR-JIT participants did not have significantly higher employment rates, compared with IPS-as-usual participants (43% versus 28%). IPS nonresponders (N=46) in the IPS+VR-JIT group had greater odds of obtaining employment (odds ratio [OR]=5.82, p=0.014) and shorter time to employment (hazard ratio=2.70, p=0.044) compared with IPS nonresponders in the IPS-as-usual group. Intent-to-treat mixed-effects linear analyses indicated that IPS+VR-JIT, compared with IPS as usual, significantly improved interview skills (p=0.006), interview confidence (p=0.013), and interview anxiety (p=0.019). CONCLUSIONS VR-JIT's potential benefits (increased employment in a shorter time) appeared to be specific to IPS nonresponders, whereas employment outcomes for recent IPS enrollees were not affected. VR-JIT could be a valuable resource for employment specialists to support IPS nonresponders, because 47% of participants engaged in mock interview training with their specialist. Future research should focus on evaluating the effectiveness and implementation of VR-JIT among IPS nonresponders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Smith
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor (M. J. Smith, Blajeski, Ross); Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah Eccles School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (J. D. Smith); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago (Jordan, Fleming); Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Bell); Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston (McGurk, Mueser); Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago (Burke-Miller, Razzano); State of Illinois Department of Human Services, Chicago (Oulvey); Thresholds, Chicago (Nelson, Brown, Prestipino, Pashka, Razzano)
| | - Justin D Smith
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor (M. J. Smith, Blajeski, Ross); Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah Eccles School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (J. D. Smith); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago (Jordan, Fleming); Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Bell); Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston (McGurk, Mueser); Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago (Burke-Miller, Razzano); State of Illinois Department of Human Services, Chicago (Oulvey); Thresholds, Chicago (Nelson, Brown, Prestipino, Pashka, Razzano)
| | - Shannon Blajeski
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor (M. J. Smith, Blajeski, Ross); Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah Eccles School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (J. D. Smith); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago (Jordan, Fleming); Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Bell); Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston (McGurk, Mueser); Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago (Burke-Miller, Razzano); State of Illinois Department of Human Services, Chicago (Oulvey); Thresholds, Chicago (Nelson, Brown, Prestipino, Pashka, Razzano)
| | - Brittany Ross
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor (M. J. Smith, Blajeski, Ross); Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah Eccles School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (J. D. Smith); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago (Jordan, Fleming); Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Bell); Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston (McGurk, Mueser); Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago (Burke-Miller, Razzano); State of Illinois Department of Human Services, Chicago (Oulvey); Thresholds, Chicago (Nelson, Brown, Prestipino, Pashka, Razzano)
| | - Neil Jordan
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor (M. J. Smith, Blajeski, Ross); Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah Eccles School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (J. D. Smith); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago (Jordan, Fleming); Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Bell); Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston (McGurk, Mueser); Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago (Burke-Miller, Razzano); State of Illinois Department of Human Services, Chicago (Oulvey); Thresholds, Chicago (Nelson, Brown, Prestipino, Pashka, Razzano)
| | - Morris D Bell
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor (M. J. Smith, Blajeski, Ross); Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah Eccles School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (J. D. Smith); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago (Jordan, Fleming); Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Bell); Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston (McGurk, Mueser); Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago (Burke-Miller, Razzano); State of Illinois Department of Human Services, Chicago (Oulvey); Thresholds, Chicago (Nelson, Brown, Prestipino, Pashka, Razzano)
| | - Susan R McGurk
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor (M. J. Smith, Blajeski, Ross); Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah Eccles School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (J. D. Smith); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago (Jordan, Fleming); Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Bell); Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston (McGurk, Mueser); Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago (Burke-Miller, Razzano); State of Illinois Department of Human Services, Chicago (Oulvey); Thresholds, Chicago (Nelson, Brown, Prestipino, Pashka, Razzano)
| | - Kim T Mueser
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor (M. J. Smith, Blajeski, Ross); Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah Eccles School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (J. D. Smith); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago (Jordan, Fleming); Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Bell); Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston (McGurk, Mueser); Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago (Burke-Miller, Razzano); State of Illinois Department of Human Services, Chicago (Oulvey); Thresholds, Chicago (Nelson, Brown, Prestipino, Pashka, Razzano)
| | - Jane K Burke-Miller
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor (M. J. Smith, Blajeski, Ross); Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah Eccles School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (J. D. Smith); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago (Jordan, Fleming); Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Bell); Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston (McGurk, Mueser); Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago (Burke-Miller, Razzano); State of Illinois Department of Human Services, Chicago (Oulvey); Thresholds, Chicago (Nelson, Brown, Prestipino, Pashka, Razzano)
| | - Eugene A Oulvey
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor (M. J. Smith, Blajeski, Ross); Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah Eccles School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (J. D. Smith); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago (Jordan, Fleming); Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Bell); Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston (McGurk, Mueser); Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago (Burke-Miller, Razzano); State of Illinois Department of Human Services, Chicago (Oulvey); Thresholds, Chicago (Nelson, Brown, Prestipino, Pashka, Razzano)
| | - Michael F Fleming
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor (M. J. Smith, Blajeski, Ross); Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah Eccles School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (J. D. Smith); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago (Jordan, Fleming); Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Bell); Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston (McGurk, Mueser); Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago (Burke-Miller, Razzano); State of Illinois Department of Human Services, Chicago (Oulvey); Thresholds, Chicago (Nelson, Brown, Prestipino, Pashka, Razzano)
| | - Karley Nelson
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor (M. J. Smith, Blajeski, Ross); Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah Eccles School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (J. D. Smith); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago (Jordan, Fleming); Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Bell); Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston (McGurk, Mueser); Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago (Burke-Miller, Razzano); State of Illinois Department of Human Services, Chicago (Oulvey); Thresholds, Chicago (Nelson, Brown, Prestipino, Pashka, Razzano)
| | - Adrienne Brown
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor (M. J. Smith, Blajeski, Ross); Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah Eccles School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (J. D. Smith); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago (Jordan, Fleming); Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Bell); Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston (McGurk, Mueser); Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago (Burke-Miller, Razzano); State of Illinois Department of Human Services, Chicago (Oulvey); Thresholds, Chicago (Nelson, Brown, Prestipino, Pashka, Razzano)
| | - John Prestipino
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor (M. J. Smith, Blajeski, Ross); Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah Eccles School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (J. D. Smith); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago (Jordan, Fleming); Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Bell); Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston (McGurk, Mueser); Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago (Burke-Miller, Razzano); State of Illinois Department of Human Services, Chicago (Oulvey); Thresholds, Chicago (Nelson, Brown, Prestipino, Pashka, Razzano)
| | - Nicole J Pashka
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor (M. J. Smith, Blajeski, Ross); Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah Eccles School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (J. D. Smith); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago (Jordan, Fleming); Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Bell); Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston (McGurk, Mueser); Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago (Burke-Miller, Razzano); State of Illinois Department of Human Services, Chicago (Oulvey); Thresholds, Chicago (Nelson, Brown, Prestipino, Pashka, Razzano)
| | - Lisa A Razzano
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor (M. J. Smith, Blajeski, Ross); Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah Eccles School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (J. D. Smith); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago (Jordan, Fleming); Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois (Jordan); Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Bell); Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston (McGurk, Mueser); Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago (Burke-Miller, Razzano); State of Illinois Department of Human Services, Chicago (Oulvey); Thresholds, Chicago (Nelson, Brown, Prestipino, Pashka, Razzano)
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