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Ahmad R, Kumar B, Thapa I, Talmon GA, Salomon J, Ramer-Tait AE, Bastola DK, Dhawan P, Singh AB. Loss of claudin-3 expression increases colitis risk by promoting Gut Dysbiosis. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2282789. [PMID: 38010872 PMCID: PMC10730149 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2282789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of both the gut barrier and microbiota (dysbiosis) promotes susceptibility to and severity of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD). Leaky gut and dysbiosis often coexist; however, potential interdependence and molecular regulation are not well understood. Robust expression of claudin-3 (CLDN3) characterizes the gut epithelium, and studies have demonstrated a positive association between CLDN3 expression and gut barrier maturity and integrity, including in response to probiotics. However, the exact status and causal role of CLDN3 in IBD and regulation of gut dysbiosis remain unknown. Analysis of mouse and human IBD cohorts helped examine CLDN3 expression in IBD. The causal role was determined by modeling CLDN3 loss of expression during experimental colitis. 16S sequencing and in silico analysis helped examine gut microbiota diversity between Cldn3KO and WT mice and potential host metabolic responses. Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) studies were performed to assess the role of gut dysbiosis in the increased susceptibility of Cldn3KO mice to colitis. A significant decrease in CLDN3 expression characterized IBD and CLDN3 loss of expression promoted colitis. 16S sequencing analysis suggested gut microbiota changes in Cldn3KO mice that were capable of modulating fatty acid metabolism and oxidative stress response. FMT from naïve Cldn3KO mice promoted colitis susceptibility in recipient germ-free mice (GFM) compared with GFM-receiving microbiota from WT mice. Our data demonstrate a critical role of CLDN3 in maintaining normal gut microbiota and inflammatory responses, which can be harnessed to develop novel therapeutic opportunities for patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Balawant Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ishwor Thapa
- School of Interdisciplinary Informatics, College of Information Science & Technology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Geoffrey A. Talmon
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jeffrey Salomon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Amanda E. Ramer-Tait
- Department of Food Science and Technology and the Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Dhundy K. Bastola
- School of Interdisciplinary Informatics, College of Information Science & Technology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Punita Dhawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Amar B. Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
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2
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Ahmad R, Kumar B, Thapa I, Tamang RL, Yadav SK, Washington MK, Talmon GA, Yu AS, Bastola DK, Dhawan P, Singh AB. Claudin-2 protects against colitis-associated cancer by promoting colitis-associated mucosal healing. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e170771. [PMID: 37815870 PMCID: PMC10688979 DOI: 10.1172/jci170771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are susceptible to colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Chronic inflammation promotes the risk for CAC. In contrast, mucosal healing predicts improved prognosis in IBD and reduced risk of CAC. However, the molecular integration among colitis, mucosal healing, and CAC remains poorly understood. Claudin-2 (CLDN2) expression is upregulated in IBD; however, its role in CAC is not known. The current study was undertaken to examine the role for CLDN2 in CAC. The AOM/DSS-induced CAC model was used with WT and CLDN2-modified mice. High-throughput expression analyses, murine models of colitis/recovery, chronic colitis, ex vivo crypt culture, and pharmacological manipulations were employed in order to increase our mechanistic understanding. The Cldn2KO mice showed significant inhibition of CAC despite severe colitis compared with WT littermates. Cldn2 loss also resulted in impaired recovery from colitis and increased injury when mice were subjected to intestinal injury by other methods. Mechanistic studies demonstrated a possibly novel role of CLDN2 in promotion of mucosal healing downstream of EGFR signaling and by regulation of Survivin expression. An upregulated CLDN2 expression protected from CAC and associated positively with crypt regeneration and Survivin expression in patients with IBD. We demonstrate a potentially novel role of CLDN2 in promotion of mucosal healing in patients with IBD and thus regulation of vulnerability to colitis severity and CAC, which can be exploited for improved clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Balawant Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Ishwor Thapa
- School of Interdisciplinary Informatics, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Raju Lama Tamang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Santosh K. Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Mary K. Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Geoffrey A. Talmon
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Alan S. Yu
- Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Dhundy K. Bastola
- School of Interdisciplinary Informatics, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Punita Dhawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Amar B. Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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3
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Chamignon C, Mallaret G, Rivière J, Vilotte M, Chadi S, de Moreno de LeBlanc A, LeBlanc JG, Carvalho FA, Pane M, Mousset PY, Langella P, Lafay S, Bermúdez-Humarán LG. Beneficial Effects of Lactobacilli Species on Intestinal Homeostasis in Low-Grade Inflammation and Stress Rodent Models and Their Implication in the Modulation of the Adhesive Junctional Complex. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1295. [PMID: 37759696 PMCID: PMC10527021 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal barrier integrity is essential in order to maintain the homeostasis of mucosal functions and efficient defensive reactions against chemical and microbial challenges. An impairment of the intestinal barrier has been observed in several chronic diseases. The gut microbiota and its impact on intestinal homeostasis is well described and numerous studies suggest the ability of some probiotic strains to protect the intestinal epithelial integrity and host homeostasis. In this work, we aimed to assess the beneficial effects of three Lactobacillus strains (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LR04, Lacticaseibacillus casei LC03, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CNCM I-4459) and their mechanism of action in low-grade inflammation or neonatal maternal separation models in mice. We compared the impact of these strains to that of the well-known probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG. Our results demonstrated that the three strains have the potential to restore the barrier functions by (i) increasing mucus production, (ii) restoring normal permeability, and (iii) modulating colonic hypersensitivity. Moreover, gene expression analysis of junctional proteins revealed the implication of Claudin 2 and Cingulin in the mechanisms that underlie the interactions between the strains and the host. Taken together, our data suggest that LR04, CNCM I-4459, and LC03 restore the functions of an impaired intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Chamignon
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture et l’Environnement (INRAE), Micalis Institut, AgroParisTech, University of Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (C.C.); (J.R.); (S.C.); (P.L.)
- INDIGO Therapeutics, 33000 Bordeaux, France (S.L.)
| | - Geoffroy Mallaret
- INSERM U1107 NeuroDol, University of Clermont Auvergne, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (G.M.); (F.A.C.)
| | - Julie Rivière
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture et l’Environnement (INRAE), Micalis Institut, AgroParisTech, University of Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (C.C.); (J.R.); (S.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Marthe Vilotte
- INRAE, GABI, AgroParisTech, University of Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
| | - Sead Chadi
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture et l’Environnement (INRAE), Micalis Institut, AgroParisTech, University of Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (C.C.); (J.R.); (S.C.); (P.L.)
| | | | - Jean Guy LeBlanc
- CERELA-CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán T4000ILC, Tucumán, Argentina; (A.d.M.d.L.); (J.G.L.)
| | - Frédéric Antonio Carvalho
- INSERM U1107 NeuroDol, University of Clermont Auvergne, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (G.M.); (F.A.C.)
| | - Marco Pane
- Probiotical Research, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | | | - Philippe Langella
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture et l’Environnement (INRAE), Micalis Institut, AgroParisTech, University of Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (C.C.); (J.R.); (S.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Sophie Lafay
- INDIGO Therapeutics, 33000 Bordeaux, France (S.L.)
| | - Luis G. Bermúdez-Humarán
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture et l’Environnement (INRAE), Micalis Institut, AgroParisTech, University of Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (C.C.); (J.R.); (S.C.); (P.L.)
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Wada H, Miyoshi J, Kuronuma S, Nishinarita Y, Oguri N, Hibi N, Takeuchi O, Akimoto Y, Lee STM, Matsuura M, Kobayashi T, Hibi T, Hisamatsu T. 5-Aminosalicylic acid alters the gut microbiota and altered microbiota transmitted vertically to offspring have protective effects against colitis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12241. [PMID: 37507482 PMCID: PMC10382598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39491-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many therapeutic options are available for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) is still the key medication, particularly for ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the mechanism of action of 5-ASA remains unclear. The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the pathophysiology of IBD, and we hypothesized that 5-ASA alters the intestinal microbiota, which promotes the anti-inflammatory effect of 5-ASA. Because intestinal inflammation affects the gut microbiota and 5-ASA can change the severity of inflammation, assessing the impact of inflammation and 5-ASA on the gut microbiota is not feasible in a clinical study of patients with UC. Therefore, we undertook a translational study to demonstrate a causal link between 5-ASA administration and alterations of the intestinal microbiota. Furthermore, by rigorously controlling environmental confounders and excluding the effect of 5-ASA itself with a vertical transmission model, we observed that the gut microbiota altered by 5-ASA affected host mucosal immunity and decreased susceptibility to dextran sulfate sodium-induce colitis. Although the potential intergenerational transmission of epigenetic changes needs to be considered in this study, these findings suggested that alterations in the intestinal microbiota induced by 5-ASA directed the host immune system towards an anti-inflammatory state, which underlies the mechanism of 5-ASA efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Wada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Jun Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kuronuma
- Department of Research, BioMedical Laboratory, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Yuu Nishinarita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Noriaki Oguri
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Noritaka Hibi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Osamu Takeuchi
- Department of Research, BioMedical Laboratory, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Akimoto
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Sonny T M Lee
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 136 Ackert Hall, 1717 Claflin Rd, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Minoru Matsuura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Taku Kobayashi
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Hibi
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Tadakazu Hisamatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan.
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Ahmad R, Kumar B, Tamang RL, Talmon GA, Dhawan P, Singh AB. P62/SQSTM1 binds with claudin-2 to target for selective autophagy in stressed intestinal epithelium. Commun Biol 2023; 6:740. [PMID: 37460613 PMCID: PMC10352296 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired autophagy promotes Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Claudin-2 is upregulated in IBD however its role in the pathobiology remains uncertain due to its complex regulation, including by autophagy. Irrespective, claudin-2 expression protects mice from DSS colitis. This study was undertaken to examine if an interplay between autophagy and claudin-2 protects from colitis and associated epithelial injury. Crypt culture and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are subjected to stress, including starvation or DSS, the chemical that induces colitis in-vivo. Autophagy flux, cell survival, co-immunoprecipitation, proximity ligation assay, and gene mutational studies are performed. These studies reveal that under colitis/stress conditions, claudin-2 undergoes polyubiquitination and P62/SQSTM1-assisted degradation through autophagy. Inhibiting autophagy-mediated claudin-2 degradation promotes cell death and thus suggest that claudin-2 degradation promotes autophagy flux to promote cell survival. Overall, these data inform for the previously undescribed role for claudin-2 in facilitating IECs survival under stress conditions, which can be harnessed for therapeutic advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Balawant Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Raju Lama Tamang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Geoffrey A Talmon
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Punita Dhawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Amar B Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Luo H, Cao G, Luo C, Tan D, Vong CT, Xu Y, Wang S, Lu H, Wang Y, Jing W. Emerging Pharmacotherapy for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Pharmacol Res 2022; 178:106146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Barrett KE. Claudin-2 pore causes leak that breaches the dam in intestinal inflammation. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:5100-5101. [PMID: 32831294 DOI: 10.1172/jci140528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tight junction protein claudin-2 is upregulated in inflammatory bowel disease, and yet its deficit worsens infectious and chemical colitis. In this issue of the JCI, Raju and Shashikanth et al. examined the contribution of claudin-2 to immune-mediated colitis. The authors used transgenic mouse models to show that claudin-2 deficiency attenuated colitis progression as well as a leak barrier defect, albeit at the risk of intestinal obstruction. Further, inhibition of claudin-2 by targeting casein kinase 2 (CK2) also ameliorated colitis. The findings reveal unsuspected links between the pore and leak pathways of intestinal permeability and immune responses leading to colitis. They additionally suggest potential targets for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Protective Role of Natural and Semi-Synthetic Tocopherols on TNFα-Induced ROS Production and ICAM-1 and Cl-2 Expression in HT29 Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020160. [PMID: 33499140 PMCID: PMC7911239 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E, a fat-soluble compound, possesses both antioxidant and non-antioxidant properties. In this study we evaluated, in intestinal HT29 cells, the role of natural tocopherols, α-Toc and δ-Toc, and two semi-synthetic derivatives, namely bis-δ-Toc sulfide (δ-Toc)2S and bis-δ-Toc disulfide (δ-Toc)2S2, on TNFα-induced oxidative stress, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and claudin-2 (Cl-2) expression. The role of tocopherols was compared to that of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant precursor of glutathione synthesis. The results show that all tocopherol containing derivatives used, prevented TNFα-induced oxidative stress and the increase of ICAM-1 and Cl-2 expression, and that (δ-Toc)2S and (δ-Toc)2S2 are more effective than δ-Toc and α-Toc. The beneficial effects demonstrated were due to tocopherol antioxidant properties, but suppression of TNFα-induced Cl-2 expression seems not only to be related with antioxidant ability. Indeed, while ICAM-1 expression is strongly related to the intracellular redox state, Cl-2 expression is TNFα-up-regulated by both redox and non-redox dependent mechanisms. Since ICAM-1 and Cl-2 increase intestinal bowel diseases, and cause excessive recruitment of immune cells and alteration of the intestinal barrier, natural and, above all, semi-synthetic tocopherols may have a potential role as a therapeutic support against intestinal chronic inflammation, in which TNFα represents an important proinflammatory mediator.
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Hung YK, Ho ST, Kuo CY, Chen MJ. In vitro effects of velvet antler water extracts from Formosan Sambar deer and red deer on barrier integrity in Caco-2 cell. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:1778-1785. [PMID: 33746595 PMCID: PMC7976581 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.53599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The mucus integrity and abnormal inflammatory response are the crucial biomarker of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Velvet antler (VA) has been used as traditional Chinese medicines for many years. Anti-inflammatory property was demonstrated via suppression of cyclooxygenase-2 and cytokines protein expression. And it has further proved to promote wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats model. The aforementioned functionalities of VA extracts may be associated with the treatment of IBD. Thus, the aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of velvet antler water extracts form Formosan Sambar deer (Rusa unicolor swinhoei, SVAE) and red deer (Cervus elaphus, RVAE) on the barrier function and to investigate the possible mechanism using in vitro model. Methods: Human colonic epithelial cell models (Caco-2) were co-cultured with various concentrations of both SVAE and RVAE (250-500 µg mL-1) in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) value and the macromolecule permeability of Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled dextran were measured to evaluate the integrity of monolayer of Caco-2. Western blotting was performed for analysis of protein expressions of occludin, Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), claudin-1, claudin-2 and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). The cytotoxicity was conducted by MTT assay. Results: Results indicated that both SVAE and RVAE could enhance integrity of monolayer in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colonic epithelial cell model (Caco-2) through reducing the decline of trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and macromolecule permeability at the concentration of 250 μg mL-1. RVAE significantly increased the expression of tight junction proteins (occludin and ZO-1) while SVAE significantly reduced the activity of MLCK (P < 0.05.). Elevated C-C chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) production suggested that both SVAE and RVAE could enhance the repair of epithelial cell. Besides, MTT assay revealed that both extracts showed no cytotoxicity. Conclusion: Thus, SVAE and RVAE supplementation may attenuate barrier damage by enhancing the occludin and ZO-1 protein expression, decreasing MLCK expression, promoting the CCL20 production. In the future, animal study is needed for further confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Kai Hung
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Tse Ho
- Department of Wood Based Materials and Design, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yun Kuo
- Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Tainan 712, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ju Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Yao Y, Feng Q, Shen J. Myosin light chain kinase regulates intestinal permeability of mucosal homeostasis in Crohn's disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020; 16:1127-1141. [PMID: 33183108 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1850269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Researchers have investigated the potential role of intestinal permeability in Crohn's disease pathogenesis. Intestinal permeability is usually mediated by cytoskeleton and intercellular junctions. The myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is an enzyme that activates the myosin light chain to exert its function related to cytoskeleton contraction and tight junction regulation. The correlation between MLCK and Crohn's disease pathogenesis has been consistently proven. Areas covered: This study aims to expand the understanding of the regulation and function of MLCK in Crohn's disease. An extensive literature search in the MEDLINE database (via PubMed) has been performed up to Oct. 2020. The roles of MLCK in tight junction activation, intestinal permeability enhancement, and cell signal regulation are comprehensively discussed. Expert opinion: Targeting the MLCK-related pathways such as TNF-α in CD treatment has been put into clinical use. More accurate targeting such as MLCK and TNFR2 has been proposed to reduce side effects. MLCK may also have the potential to become biomarkers in fields like CD activity. With the application of cutting age research methods and tools, the MLCK research could be accelerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Yao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Feng
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China
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11
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Raju P, Shashikanth N, Tsai PY, Pongkorpsakol P, Chanez-Paredes S, Steinhagen PR, Kuo WT, Singh G, Tsukita S, Turner JR. Inactivation of paracellular cation-selective claudin-2 channels attenuates immune-mediated experimental colitis in mice. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:5197-5208. [PMID: 32516134 PMCID: PMC7524482 DOI: 10.1172/jci138697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tight junction protein claudin-2 is upregulated in disease. Although many studies have linked intestinal barrier loss to local and systemic disease, these have relied on macromolecular probes. In vitro analyses show, however, that these probes cannot be accommodated by size- and charge-selective claudin-2 channels. We sought to define the impact of claudin-2 channels on disease. Transgenic claudin-2 overexpression or IL-13-induced claudin-2 upregulation increased intestinal small cation permeability in vivo. IL-13 did not, however, affect permeability in claudin-2-knockout mice. Claudin-2 is therefore necessary and sufficient to effect size- and charge-selective permeability increases in vivo. In chronic disease, T cell transfer colitis severity was augmented or diminished in claudin-2-transgenic or -knockout mice, respectively. We translated the in vitro observation that casein kinase-2 (CK2) inhibition blocks claudin-2 channel function to prevent acute, IL-13-induced, claudin-2-mediated permeability increases in vivo. In chronic immune-mediated colitis, CK2 inhibition attenuated progression in claudin-2-sufficient, but not claudin-2-knockout, mice, i.e., the effect was claudin-2 dependent. Paracellular flux mediated by claudin-2 channels can therefore promote immune-mediated colitis progression. Although the mechanisms by which claudin-2 channels intensify disease remain to be defined, these data suggest that claudin-2 may be an accessible target in immune-mediated disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Raju
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nitesh Shashikanth
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pei-Yun Tsai
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pawin Pongkorpsakol
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sandra Chanez-Paredes
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter R. Steinhagen
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wei-Ting Kuo
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gurminder Singh
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jerrold R. Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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12
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The Compromised Intestinal Barrier Induced by Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100619. [PMID: 32998222 PMCID: PMC7600953 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites that occur in human foods and animal feeds, potentially threatening human and animal health. The intestine is considered as the first barrier against these external contaminants, and it consists of interconnected physical, chemical, immunological, and microbial barriers. In this context, based on in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models, we summarize the literature for compromised intestinal barrier issues caused by various mycotoxins, and we reviewed events related to disrupted intestinal integrity (physical barrier), thinned mucus layer (chemical barrier), imbalanced inflammatory factors (immunological barrier), and dysfunctional bacterial homeostasis (microbial barrier). We also provide important information on deoxynivalenol, a leading mycotoxin implicated in intestinal dysfunction, and other adverse intestinal effects induced by other mycotoxins, including aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. In addition, intestinal perturbations caused by mycotoxins may also contribute to the development of mycotoxicosis, including human chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases. Therefore, we provide a clear understanding of compromised intestinal barrier induced by mycotoxins, with a view to potentially develop innovative strategies to prevent and treat mycotoxicosis. In addition, because of increased combinatorial interactions between mycotoxins, we explore the interactive effects of multiple mycotoxins in this review.
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13
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Tight Junctions as Targets and Effectors of Mucosal Immune Homeostasis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:327-340. [PMID: 32304780 PMCID: PMC7326733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Defective epithelial barrier function is present in maladies including epidermal burn injury, environmental lung damage, renal tubular disease, and a range of immune-mediated and infectious intestinal disorders. When the epithelial surface is intact, the paracellular pathway between cells is sealed by the tight junction. However, permeability of tight junctions varies widely across tissues and can be markedly impacted by disease. For example, tight junctions within the skin and urinary bladder are largely impermeant and their permeability is not regulated. In contrast, tight junctions of the proximal renal tubule and intestine are selectively permeable to water and solutes on the basis of their biophysical characteristics and, in the gut, can be regulated by the immune system with remarkable specificity. Conversely, modulation of tight junction barrier conductance, especially within the gastrointestinal tract, can impact immune homeostasis and diverse pathologies. Thus, tight junctions are both effectors and targets of immune regulation. Using the gastrointestinal tract as an example, this review explores current understanding of this complex interplay between tight junctions and immunity.
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González-Mariscal L, Miranda J, Gallego-Gutiérrez H, Cano-Cortina M, Amaya E. Relationship between apical junction proteins, gene expression and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183278. [PMID: 32240623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The apical junctional complex (AJC) is a cell-cell adhesion system present at the upper portion of the lateral membrane of epithelial cells integrated by the tight junction (TJ) and the adherens junction (AJ). This complex is crucial to initiate and stabilize cell-cell adhesion, to regulate the paracellular transit of ions and molecules and to maintain cell polarity. Moreover, we now consider the AJC as a hub of signal transduction that regulates cell-cell adhesion, gene transcription and cell proliferation and differentiation. The molecular components of the AJC are multiple and diverse and depending on the cellular context some of the proteins in this complex act as tumor suppressors or as promoters of cell transformation, migration and metastasis outgrowth. Here, we describe these new roles played by TJ and AJ proteins and their potential use in cancer diagnostics and as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Jael Miranda
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Helios Gallego-Gutiérrez
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Misael Cano-Cortina
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elida Amaya
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
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15
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Venugopal S, Anwer S, Szászi K. Claudin-2: Roles beyond Permeability Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225655. [PMID: 31726679 PMCID: PMC6888627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudin-2 is expressed in the tight junctions of leaky epithelia, where it forms cation-selective and water permeable paracellular channels. Its abundance is under fine control by a complex signaling network that affects both its synthesis and turnover in response to various environmental inputs. Claudin-2 expression is dysregulated in many pathologies including cancer, inflammation, and fibrosis. Claudin-2 has a key role in energy-efficient ion and water transport in the proximal tubules of the kidneys and in the gut. Importantly, strong evidence now also supports a role for this protein as a modulator of vital cellular events relevant to diseases. Signaling pathways that are overactivated in diseases can alter claudin-2 expression, and a good correlation exists between disease stage and claudin-2 abundance. Further, loss- and gain-of-function studies showed that primary changes in claudin-2 expression impact vital cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, and cell fate determination. These effects appear to be mediated by alterations in key signaling pathways. The specific mechanisms linking claudin-2 to these changes remain poorly understood, but adapters binding to the intracellular portion of claudin-2 may play a key role. Thus, dysregulation of claudin-2 may contribute to the generation, maintenance, and/or progression of diseases through both permeability-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the properties, regulation, and functions of claudin-2, with a special emphasis on its signal-modulating effects and possible role in diseases.
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16
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Xing T, Camacho Salazar R, Chen YH. Animal models for studying epithelial barriers in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Tissue Barriers 2017; 5:e1356901. [PMID: 28795875 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1356901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial cells line the luminal surface of the entire gastrointestinal tract which is crucial for the absorption of nutrients and prevention of pathogens entering from the external environment. The epithelial barrier plays an important role in organ development, disease pathogenesis, and aging. The major component of an epithelial barrier is the single columnar epithelium and tight junctions. Tight junctions are located at the most apical region of the junctional complex and contain many integral membrane proteins, such as occludin, the claudin family, and junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs). The disruption of intestinal epithelial barriers may lead to several pathophysiological conditions causing malabsorption of nutrition and chronic inflammation. In this review, we provide an update on the alterations of epithelial barriers associated with gut diseases using experimental animal models; we appraise the role of tight junctions in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and colorectal cancer; we also compare some common features as well as differences and similarities in the pathophysiology of intestinal inflammation in neonatal (NEC) and adult (IBD) gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiaosi Xing
- a Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University , Greenville , NC , USA
| | - Rolando Camacho Salazar
- b Department of Pediatrics , Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University , Greenville , NC , USA
| | - Yan-Hua Chen
- a Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University , Greenville , NC , USA.,b Department of Pediatrics , Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University , Greenville , NC , USA
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17
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Tsai PY, Zhang B, He WQ, Zha JM, Odenwald MA, Singh G, Tamura A, Shen L, Sailer A, Yeruva S, Kuo WT, Fu YX, Tsukita S, Turner JR. IL-22 Upregulates Epithelial Claudin-2 to Drive Diarrhea and Enteric Pathogen Clearance. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 21:671-681.e4. [PMID: 28618266 PMCID: PMC5541253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhea is a host response to enteric pathogens, but its impact on pathogenesis remains poorly defined. By infecting mice with the attaching and effacing bacteria Citrobacter rodentium, we defined the mechanisms and contributions of diarrhea and intestinal barrier loss to host defense. Increased permeability occurred within 2 days of infection and coincided with IL-22-dependent upregulation of the epithelial tight junction protein claudin-2. Permeability increases were limited to small molecules, as expected for the paracellular water and Na+ channel formed by claudin-2. Relative to wild-type, claudin-2-deficient mice experienced severe disease, including increased mucosal colonization by C. rodentium, prolonged pathogen shedding, exaggerated cytokine responses, and greater tissue injury. Conversely, transgenic claudin-2 overexpression reduced disease severity. Chemically induced osmotic diarrhea reduced colitis severity and C. rodentium burden in claudin-2-deficient, but not transgenic, mice, demonstrating that claudin-2-mediated protection is the result of enhanced water efflux. Thus, IL-22-induced claudin-2 upregulation drives diarrhea and pathogen clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yun Tsai
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Bingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wei-Qi He
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Juan-Min Zha
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Matthew A Odenwald
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Gurminder Singh
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Gastroenterology), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Le Shen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anne Sailer
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sunil Yeruva
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Gastroenterology), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei-Ting Kuo
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Gastroenterology), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Gastroenterology), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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18
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Ahmad R, Sorrell MF, Batra SK, Dhawan P, Singh AB. Gut permeability and mucosal inflammation: bad, good or context dependent. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:307-317. [PMID: 28120842 PMCID: PMC6171348 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disease. A breach in the mucosal barrier, otherwise known as "leaky gut," is alleged to promote mucosal inflammation by intensifying immune activation. However, interaction between the luminal antigen and mucosal immune system is necessary to maintain mucosal homeostasis. Furthermore, manipulations leading to deregulated gut permeability have resulted in susceptibility in mice to colitis as well as to creating adaptive immunity. These findings implicate a complex but dynamic association between mucosal permeability and immune homeostasis; however, they also emphasize that compromised gut permeability alone may not be sufficient to induce colitis. Emerging evidence further supports the role(s) of proteins associated with the mucosal barrier in epithelial injury and repair: manipulations of associated proteins also modified epithelial differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Taken together, the role of gut permeability and proteins associated in regulating mucosal inflammatory diseases appears to be more complex than previously thought. Herein, we review outcomes from recent mouse models where gut permeability was altered by direct and indirect effects of manipulating mucosal barrier-associated proteins, to highlight the significance of mucosal permeability and the non-barrier-related roles of these proteins in regulating chronic mucosal inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985870 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - MF Sorrell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - SK Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985870 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska USA and VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska USA
| | - P Dhawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985870 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska USA and VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska USA.,VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska USA
| | - AB Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985870 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska USA and VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska USA.,VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska USA
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19
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Lu Y, Lin H, Zhang J, Wei J, Sun J, Han L. Sijunzi Decoction attenuates 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats and ameliorates TNBS-induced claudin-2 damage via NF-κB pathway in Caco2 cells. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:35. [PMID: 28073341 PMCID: PMC5223340 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1549-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SijunziDecoction (SJZD) is a traditional Chinese medicine prescription used to treat the diseases of gastrointestinal tract since ancient times. The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effects of SJZD on TNBS-induced colitis in rats and TNBS-damaged Caco2 cells. METHODS The rat colitis model was induced by 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). SJZD (2.8 5.6, 11.2 g/kg) or salazosulfapyridine (SASP) (0.4 g/kg) was administrated orally in rats for 7 days. DAI, pathological scores and the expression of claudin-2 were evaluated. Then we explored the effect and mechanism of SijunziDecoction Serum (SJZDS) onTNBS-damaged Caco2 cells to figure out intestinal barrier protective effect and mechanism of SJZD. RESULTS SJZD significantly ameliorated the severity of TNBS-induced colitis and downregulated the level of claudin-2 in colonic tissues. SJZDS promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis ofTNBS-damaged Caco2 cells. In Caco2 cell monolayers, we provided mechanistic evidence that SJZDS-induced increased TEER and decreased permeability after TNBS damage, which were mediated through claudin-2 and NF-κB pathway, including the upregulation of claudin-2, decreased activity of NF-κB p65, reduced level of NF-κB p65 and MLCK. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that SJZD possesses protective effect of intestinal barrier towards TNBS-induced colitis in rats and TNBS-damaged Caco2 cells in vitro. SJZDis a potential protective agent of intestinal barrier that deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lu
- The Second Clinical College, GuangzhouUniversity of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - HanJie Lin
- The Second Clinical College, GuangzhouUniversity of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - JinWei Zhang
- The Second Clinical College, GuangzhouUniversity of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - JianAn Wei
- The Second Clinical College, GuangzhouUniversity of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Jing Sun
- The Second Clinical College, GuangzhouUniversity of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Ling Han
- The Second Clinical College, GuangzhouUniversity of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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20
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Xu HJ, Jiang WD, Feng L, Liu Y, Wu P, Jiang J, Kuang SY, Tang L, Tang WN, Zhang YA, Zhou XQ. Dietary vitamin C deficiency depressed the gill physical barriers and immune barriers referring to Nrf2, apoptosis, MLCK, NF-κB and TOR signaling in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) under infection of Flavobacterium columnare. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:177-192. [PMID: 27640333 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the effects of vitamin C on the physical barriers and immune barriers, and relative mRNA levels of signaling molecules in the gill of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) under infection of Flavobacterium columnare. The results indicated that compared with optimal vitamin C supplementation, vitamin C deficiency (2.9 mg/kg diet) (1) increased reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl (PC) contents (P < 0.05), decreased the copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities and mRNA levels (P < 0.05), and glutathione and vitamin C contents (P < 0.05), down-regulated NF-E2-related factor 2 mRNA level (P < 0.05), and up-regulated Kelch-like ECH-associating protein (Keap) 1a (rather than Keap1b) mRNA level (P < 0.05) in the gill of grass carp under infection of F. columnare, suggesting that vitamin C deficiency induced oxidative injury in fish gill; (2) up-regulated caspase-3, -7, -8, -9, Fas ligand, B-cell lymphoma protein 2 associated X protein, apoptotic protease activating factor-1 mRNA levels (P < 0.05), and down-regulated inhibitor of apoptosis protein and B-cell lymphoma-2 (rather than myeloid cell leukemia-1) mRNA level (P < 0.05) in the gill of grass carp under infection of F. columnare, suggesting that vitamin C deficiency aggravated cell apoptosis in fish gill; (3) up-regulated pore-forming TJs Claudin-12, 15a, -15b, and related signaling molecules myosin light chain kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (rather than c-Jun N-terminal kinases) mRNA levels (P < 0.05), and down-regulated barrier-forming TJs Occludin, zonula occludens (ZO) 1, ZO-2, Claudin-c, -3c, -7a, -7b mRNA levels (P < 0.05) in the gill of grass carp under infection of F. columnare, suggesting that vitamin C deficiency disrupted tight junctional complexes in fish gill; (4) decreased lysozyme and acid phosphatase (ACP) activities, and complement 3 (C3), C4 and IgM contents (P < 0.05), down-regulated the mRNA levels of antimicrobial peptides liver expressed antimicrobial peptide (LEAP) 2A, LEAP-2B, Hepcidin, β-defensin mRNA levels (P < 0.05) in the gill of grass carp under infection of F. columnare, suggesting that vitamin C deficiency decrease fish gill immune function; (5) down-regulated the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines-related factors interleukin 10 (IL-10), IL-11, transforming growth factor (TGF) β1, TGF-β2, inhibitor of κBa and eIF4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) (rather than 4E-BP2) (P < 0.05), and up-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines-related factors interferon γ2, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12 P35, IL-12 P40, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 (rather than NF-κB p52), IκB kinases (IKK) (only IKKα and IKKγ), target of rapamycin and ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 mRNA levels (P < 0.05) in the gill of grass carp under infection of F. columnare, suggesting that vitamin C deficiency aggravated fish gill inflammation. In conclusion, vitamin C deficiency disrupted physical barriers and immune barriers, and regulated relative mRNA levels of signaling molecules in fish gill. The vitamin C requirement for against gill rot morbidity of grass carp (264-1031 g) was estimated to be 156.0 mg/kg diet. In addition, based on the gill biochemical indices (antioxidant indices MDA, PC and vitamin C contents, and immune indices LA and ACP activity) the vitamin C requirements for grass carp (264-1031 g) were estimated to be 116.8, 156.6, 110.8, 57.8 and 134.9 mg/kg diet, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jun Xu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Wu-Neng Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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21
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Luissint AC, Parkos CA, Nusrat A. Inflammation and the Intestinal Barrier: Leukocyte-Epithelial Cell Interactions, Cell Junction Remodeling, and Mucosal Repair. Gastroenterology 2016; 151:616-32. [PMID: 27436072 PMCID: PMC5317033 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal tract is lined by a single layer of columnar epithelial cells that forms a dynamic, permeable barrier allowing for selective absorption of nutrients, while restricting access to pathogens and food-borne antigens. Precise regulation of epithelial barrier function is therefore required for maintaining mucosal homeostasis and depends, in part, on barrier-forming elements within the epithelium and a balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory factors in the mucosa. Pathologic states, such as inflammatory bowel disease, are associated with a leaky epithelial barrier, resulting in excessive exposure to microbial antigens, recruitment of leukocytes, release of soluble mediators, and ultimately mucosal damage. An inflammatory microenvironment affects epithelial barrier properties and mucosal homeostasis by altering the structure and function of epithelial intercellular junctions through direct and indirect mechanisms. We review our current understanding of complex interactions between the intestinal epithelium and immune cells, with a focus on pathologic mucosal inflammation and mechanisms of epithelial repair. We discuss leukocyte-epithelial interactions, as well as inflammatory mediators that affect the epithelial barrier and mucosal repair. Increased knowledge of communication networks between the epithelium and immune system will lead to tissue-specific strategies for treating pathologic intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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22
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Heiler S, Wang Z, Zöller M. Pancreatic cancer stem cell markers and exosomes - the incentive push. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:5971-6007. [PMID: 27468191 PMCID: PMC4948278 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i26.5971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PaCa) has the highest death rate and incidence is increasing. Poor prognosis is due to late diagnosis and early metastatic spread, which is ascribed to a minor population of so called cancer stem cells (CSC) within the mass of the primary tumor. CSC are defined by biological features, which they share with adult stem cells like longevity, rare cell division, the capacity for self renewal, differentiation, drug resistance and the requirement for a niche. CSC can also be identified by sets of markers, which for pancreatic CSC (Pa-CSC) include CD44v6, c-Met, Tspan8, alpha6beta4, CXCR4, CD133, EpCAM and claudin7. The functional relevance of CSC markers is still disputed. We hypothesize that Pa-CSC markers play a decisive role in tumor progression. This is fostered by the location in glycolipid-enriched membrane domains, which function as signaling platform and support connectivity of the individual Pa-CSC markers. Outside-in signaling supports apoptosis resistance, stem cell gene expression and tumor suppressor gene repression as well as miRNA transcription and silencing. Pa-CSC markers also contribute to motility and invasiveness. By ligand binding host cells are triggered towards creating a milieu supporting Pa-CSC maintenance. Furthermore, CSC markers contribute to the generation, loading and delivery of exosomes, whereby CSC gain the capacity for a cell-cell contact independent crosstalk with the host and neighboring non-CSC. This allows Pa-CSC exosomes (TEX) to reprogram neighboring non-CSC towards epithelial mesenchymal transition and to stimulate host cells towards preparing a niche for metastasizing tumor cells. Finally, TEX communicate with the matrix to support tumor cell motility, invasion and homing. We will discuss the possibility that CSC markers are the initial trigger for these processes and what is the special contribution of CSC-TEX.
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23
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Balda MS, Matter K. Tight junctions as regulators of tissue remodelling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 42:94-101. [PMID: 27236618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Formation of tissue barriers by epithelial and endothelial cells requires neighbouring cells to interact via intercellular junctions, which includes tight junctions. Tight junctions form a semipermeable paracellular diffusion barrier and act as signalling hubs that guide cell behaviour and differentiation. Components of tight junctions are also expressed in cell types not forming tight junctions, such as cardiomyocytes, where they associate with facia adherens and/or gap junctions. This review will focus on tight junction proteins and their importance in tissue homeostasis and remodelling with a particular emphasis on what we have learned from animal models and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Balda
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Karl Matter
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Thuma F, Heiler S, Schnölzer M, Zöller M. Palmitoylated claudin7 captured in glycolipid-enriched membrane microdomains promotes metastasis via associated transmembrane and cytosolic molecules. Oncotarget 2016; 7:30659-77. [PMID: 27120791 PMCID: PMC5058708 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In epithelial cells claudin7 (cld7) is a major component of tight junctions, but is also recovered from glycolipid-enriched membrane microdomains (GEM). In tumor cells, too, cld7 exists in two stages. Only GEM-located cld7, which is palmitoylated, promotes metastasis. Searching for the underlying mechanism(s) revealed the following.The metastatic capacity of the rat pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line ASML is lost by a knockdown (kd) of cld7 and is not regained by rescuing cld7 with a mutated palmitoylation site (cld7mPalm). ASML-cld7kd and ASML-cld7mPalm cells show reduced motility and invasiveness. This is due to cld7, but not cld7mPalm associating with α6β4, ezrin, uPAR and MMP14, which jointly support motility and invasion. Palmitoylated cld7 also is engaged in drug resistance by repressing Pten, allowing activation of the antiapoptotic PI3K/Akt pathway. An association of cld7mPalm with the major Pten phosphorylating kinases does not restore apoptosis resistance as phosphorylated Pten is not guided towards GEM to compete with non-phosphorylated Pten. The pathway whereby palmitoylated cld7 supports expression of several EMT genes and nuclear translocation of EMT transcription factors remains to be unraveled. An association with Notch, reduced in ASML-cld7mPalm cells, might be the starting point. Finally, GEM-located, palmitoylated cld7 associates with several components of vesicle transport machineries engaged in exosome biogenesis.Taken together, prerequisites for cld7 acting as a cancer-initiating cell marker are GEM location and palmitoylation, which support a multitude of associations and integration into exosomes. The latter suggests palmitoylated cld7 contributing to message transfer via exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Thuma
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Heiler
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Schnölzer
- Department of Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Margot Zöller
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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He JP, Tang GD, Qin MB, Shi HR, Fu HZ, Lin SD, Luo Q. Role of myosin light chain kinase in hypertriglyceridemia-associated acute pancreatitis in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:19-27. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the role of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) in hypertriglyceridemia-associated acute pancreatitis (HTGP).
METHODS: Forty-eight male SD rats were randomly divided into two groups to be fed either a high-fat diet (group A) or a normal diet (group B). After being raised for 4 weeks, blood was harvested from the retroorbital venous plexus to measure serum triglyceride (TG) levels. After that, group A was randomly divided into three subgroups: HTG, HTG + AP, and HTG + AP + ML-7; group B were also randomly divided into three subgroups: C, AP, and AP + ML-7. All rats were sacrificed 24 h after the last injection of cerulein. The pancreases were carefully removed for HE staining and transmission electron microscopy to observe the morphological changes, ultrastructure and tight junction (TJ). Blood was obtained from the heart to measure serum amylase levels. The expression and localization of MLCK and p-JNK in the pancreas were assayed by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: Compared with group B, serum TG level was significantly increased in group A after being fed a high fat diet (P < 0.01). The pathologic score of the pancreas and serum amylase (AMY) activity were significantly elevated in the HTG + AP group, compared with the AP group (P < 0.05). The ultrastructure of the pancreas in the HTG + AP and AP groups was damaged and the TJ was broadened (most significant in the HTG + AP group). Besides, MLCK and p-JNK were significantly up-regulated in the HTG + AP group compared with those in the AP group (P < 0.05), and there was a positive correlation between the expression of MLCK and p-JNK in the pancreas and the pathologic score of the pancreas (r1 = 0.795, r2 = 0.789, P < 0.01). ML-7, an inhibitor of MLCK, significantly ameliorated the pathologic signs of the pancreas, down-regulated AMY level (P < 0.01), improved the TJ and decreased the expression of p-JNK (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: MLCK may be associated with the severity of HTGP, and involved in the formation of HTGP by broadening cell-cell TJ and activation of the JNK pathway.
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26
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Li L, Feng L, Jiang WD, Jiang J, Wu P, Zhao J, Kuang SY, Tang L, Tang WN, Zhang YA, Zhou XQ, Liu Y. Dietary pantothenic acid depressed the gill immune and physical barrier function via NF-κB, TOR, Nrf2, p38MAPK and MLCK signaling pathways in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:500-510. [PMID: 26432048 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the effects of pantothenic acid (PA) on the immune and physical barrier function, and relative mRNA levels of signaling molecules in the gill of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The results indicated that compared with optimal PA supplementation, PA deficiency (1.31 mg/kg diet) decreased gill interleukin 10, transforming growth factor β1, inhibitor of κBα (IκBα), eIF4E-binding protein 2, Claudin b and ZO-1 mRNA levels; anti-superoxide anion activity, and activities and mRNA levels of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, manganese superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and NF-E2-related factor (P < 0.05). Additionally, PA deficiency and excess (75.08 mg/kg diet) decreased gill complement 3 and glutathione contents, lysozyme and acid phosphatase, anti-hydroxy radical, catalase and glutathione S-transferases activities, and liver-expression antimicrobial peptide 2, hepcidin, Claudin 3, Claudin c and Occludin mRNA levels (P < 0.05). Conversely, PA deficiency increased gill reactive oxygen species and protein carbonyl contents, and interferon γ2, interleukin 8, nuclear factor kappa B P65, Claudin 15a, Kelch-like ECH-associating protein 1a and Kelch-like ECH-associating protein 1b mRNA levels (P<0.05). Moreover, PA deficiency and excess increased gill malondialdehyde content, and tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, IκB kinase α, IκB kinase β, IκB kinase γ, target of rapamycin and ribosomal S6 protein kinase1 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and myosin light-chain kinase mRNA levels (P<0.05). In conclusion, PA deficiency decreased immune and physical barrier function, and regulated relative mRNA levels of signaling molecules in fish gill. Based on the quadratic regression analysis of gill lysozyme activity, the optimal PA levels in grass carp (253.44-745.25 g) were estimated to be 36.97 mg/kg diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
| | - Wu-Neng Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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27
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Montalbetti N, Rued AC, Clayton DR, Ruiz WG, Bastacky SI, Prakasam HS, Eaton AF, Kullmann FA, Apodaca G, Carattino MD. Increased urothelial paracellular transport promotes cystitis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F1070-81. [PMID: 26423859 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00200.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the urothelial barrier are observed in patients with cystitis, but whether this leads to inflammation or occurs in response to it is currently unknown. To determine whether urothelial barrier dysfunction is sufficient to promote cystitis, we employed in situ adenoviral transduction to selectively overexpress the pore-forming tight junction-associated protein claudin-2 (CLDN-2). As expected, the expression of CLDN-2 in the umbrella cells increased the permeability of the paracellular route toward ions, but not to large organic molecules. In vivo studies of bladder function revealed higher intravesical basal pressures, reduced compliance, and increased voiding frequency in rats transduced with CLDN-2 vs. controls transduced with green fluorescent protein. While the integrity of the urothelial barrier was preserved in the rats transduced with CLDN-2, we found that the expression of this protein in the umbrella cells initiated an inflammatory process in the urinary bladder characterized by edema and the presence of a lymphocytic infiltrate. Taken together, these results are consistent with the notion that urothelial barrier dysfunction may be sufficient to trigger bladder inflammation and to alter bladder function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Montalbetti
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anna C Rued
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dennis R Clayton
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wily G Ruiz
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sheldon I Bastacky
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - H Sandeep Prakasam
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amity F Eaton
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - F Aura Kullmann
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
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28
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Capaldo CT, Nusrat A. Claudin switching: Physiological plasticity of the Tight Junction. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 42:22-9. [PMID: 25957515 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tight Junctions (TJs) are multi-molecular complexes in epithelial tissues that regulate paracellular permeability. Within the TJ complex, claudins proteins span the paracellular space to form a seal between adjacent cells. This seal allows regulated passage of ions, fluids, and solutes, contingent upon the complement of claudins expressed. With as many as 27 claudins in the human genome, the TJ seal is complex indeed. This review focuses on changes in claudin expression within the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, where claudin differentiation results in several physiologically distinct TJs within the lifetime of the cell. We also review mechanistic studies revealing that TJs are highly dynamic, with the potential to undergo molecular remodeling while structurally intact. Therefore, physiologic Tight Junction plasticity involves both the adaptability of claudin expression and gene specific retention in the TJ; a process we term claudin switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Capaldo
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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29
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Conceptual barriers to understanding physical barriers. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 42:13-21. [PMID: 26003050 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The members of the large family of claudin proteins regulate ion and water flux across the tight junction. Many claudins, e.g. claudins 2 and 15, accomplish this by forming size- and charge-selective paracellular channels. Claudins also appear to be essential for genesis of tight junction strands and recruitment of other proteins to these sites. What is less clear is whether claudins form the paracellular seal. While this seal is defective when claudins are disrupted, some results, including ultrastructural and biochemical data, suggest that lipid structures are an important component of tight junction strands and may be responsible for the paracellular seal. This review highlights current understanding of claudin contributions to barrier function and tight junction structure and suggests a model by which claudins and other tight junction proteins can drive assembly and stabilization of a lipid-based strand structure.
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30
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Amoozadeh Y, Dan Q, Xiao J, Waheed F, Szászi K. Tumor necrosis factor-α induces a biphasic change in claudin-2 expression in tubular epithelial cells: role in barrier functions. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 309:C38-50. [PMID: 25948735 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00388.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pathogenic factor in acute and chronic kidney disease. TNF-α is known to alter expression of epithelial tight junction (TJ) proteins; however, the underlying mechanisms and the impact of this effect on epithelial functions remain poorly defined. Here we describe a novel biphasic effect of TNF-α on TJ protein expression. In LLC-PK1 tubular cells, short-term (1-6 h) TNF-α treatment selectively elevated the expression of the channel-forming TJ protein claudin-2. In contrast, prolonged (>8 h) TNF-α treatment caused a marked downregulation in claudin-2 and an increase in claudin-1, -4, and -7. The early increase and the late decrease in claudin-2 expression involved distinct mechanisms. TNF-α slowed claudin-2 degradation through ERK, causing the early increase. This increase was also mediated by the EGF receptor and RhoA and Rho kinase. In contrast, prolonged TNF-α treatment reduced claudin-2 mRNA levels and promoter activity independent from these signaling pathways. Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing measurements revealed that TNF-α also exerted a biphasic effect on transepithelial resistance (TER) with an initial decrease and a late increase. Thus there was a good temporal correlation between TNF-α-induced claudin-2 protein and TER changes. Indeed, silencing experiments showed that the late TER increase was at least in part caused by reduced claudin-2 expression. Surprisingly, however, claudin-2 silencing did not prevent the early TER drop. Taken together, the TNF-α-induced changes in claudin-2 levels might contribute to TER changes and could also play a role in newly described functions of claudin-2 such as proliferation regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Amoozadeh
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qinghong Dan
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jenny Xiao
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faiza Waheed
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katalin Szászi
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Ahmad R, Chaturvedi R, Olivares-Villagómez D, Habib T, Asim M, Shivesh P, Polk BD, Wilson KT, Washington MK, Van Kaer L, Dhawan P, Singh AB. Targeted colonic claudin-2 expression renders resistance to epithelial injury, induces immune suppression, and protects from colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:1340-53. [PMID: 24670427 PMCID: PMC4221190 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Expression of claudin-2, a tight junction protein, is highly upregulated during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and, due to its association with epithelial permeability, has been postulated to promote inflammation. Notably, claudin-2 has also been implicated in the regulation of intestinal epithelial proliferation. However, precise role of claudin-2 in regulating colonic homeostasis remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate, using Villin-Claudin-2 transgenic mice, that increased colonic claudin-2 expression augments mucosal permeability as well as colon and crypt length. Most notably, despite leaky colon, Cl-2TG mice were significantly protected against experimental colitis. Importantly, claudin-2 expression increased colonocyte proliferation and provided protection against colitis-induced colonocyte death in a PI-3Kinase/Bcl-2-dependent manner. However, Cl-2TG mice also demonstrated marked suppression of colitis-induced increases in immune activation and associated signaling, suggesting immune tolerance. Accordingly, colons from naive Cl-2TG mice harbored significantly increased numbers of regulatory (CD4(+)Foxp3(+)) T cells than WT littermates. Furthermore, macrophages isolated from Cl-2TG mouse colon exhibited immune anergy. Importantly, these immunosuppressive changes were associated with increased synthesis of the immunoregulatory cytokine TGF-β by colonic epithelial cells in Cl-2TG mice compared with WT littermates. Taken together, our findings reveal a critical albeit complex role of claudin-2 in intestinal homeostasis by regulating epithelial permeability, inflammation and proliferation and suggest novel therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | | | | | - Mohammad Asim
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Punit Shivesh
- University of Southern California & Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, CA
| | - Brent D. Polk
- University of Southern California & Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, CA
| | - Keith T. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN,Department of Cancer Biology, and Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Mary K. Washington
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Punita Dhawan
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN,Department of Cancer Biology, and Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN,The Veterans Affair Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Amar B. Singh
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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32
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González-Mariscal L, Domínguez-Calderón A, Raya-Sandino A, Ortega-Olvera JM, Vargas-Sierra O, Martínez-Revollar G. Tight junctions and the regulation of gene expression. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 36:213-23. [PMID: 25152334 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJ) regulate the paracellular passage of ions and molecules through the paracellular pathway and maintain plasma membrane polarity in epithelial and endothelial cells. Apart from these canonical functions, several proteins of the TJ have been found in recent years to regulate gene expression. This function is found in proteins that shuttle between the nucleus and TJs, and in integral TJ proteins. In this review, we will describe these proteins and their known mechanisms of gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, México, D.F., Mexico.
| | - Alaide Domínguez-Calderón
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Arturo Raya-Sandino
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - José Mario Ortega-Olvera
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Orlando Vargas-Sierra
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Gabriela Martínez-Revollar
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, México, D.F., Mexico
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33
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Abstract
The imbalance between bone formation and resorption during bone remodeling has been documented to be a major factor in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Recent evidence suggests a significant role for the tight junction proteins, Claudins (Cldns), in the regulation of bone remodeling processes. In terms of function, whereas Cldns act "canonically" as key determinants of paracellular permeability, there is considerable recent evidence to suggest that Cldns also participate in cell signaling, ie, a "noncanonical function". To this end, Cldns have been shown to regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and gene expression in a variety of cell types. The present review will discuss Cldns' structure, their expression profile, regulation of expression, and their canonical and non- canonical functions in general with special emphasis on bone cells. In order to shed light on the noncanonical functions of Cldns in bone, we will highlight the role of Cldn-18 in regulating bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation. Collectively, we hope to provide a framework for guiding future research on understanding how Cldns modulate osteoblast and osteoclast function and overall bone homeostasis. Such studies should provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, and may highlight Cldns as novel targets for the diagnosis and therapeutic management of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Z Alshbool
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (F.Z.A., S.M.), Jerry L. Pettis VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92357; Departments of Medicine (S.M.), Biochemistry (S.M.), Physiology (S.M.), and Pharmacology (F.Z.A., S.M.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92354
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Epithelial MLCK and smooth muscle MLCK may play different roles in the development of inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:1068-9. [PMID: 24610482 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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