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Bissonnette N, Brousseau JP, Ollier S, Byrne AS, Ibeagha-Awemu EM, Tahlan K. Systematic assessment of the reliability of quantitative PCR assays targeting IS900 for the detection of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis presence in animal and environmental samples. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:7165-7184. [PMID: 38754821 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the bacterium responsible for causing Johne's disease (JD), which is endemic to dairy cattle and also implicated in the etiology of Crohn's disease. The difficulty in diagnosing asymptomatic cows for JD makes this disease hard to control. Johne's disease is considered a priority under the One Health approach to prevent the spread of the causative agent to humans. Environmental screening is a strategic approach aimed at identifying dairy herds with animals infected with MAP. It serves as the initial step toward implementing more intensive actions to control the disease. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) technology is widely used for diagnosis. Given that genome sequencing is now much more accessible than ever before, it is possible to target regions of the MAP genome that allow for the greatest diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. The aim of this study was to identify among the published qPCR assays targeting IS900 the more cost-effective options to detect MAP and to validate them in the diagnostic context of JD. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis IS900 is a prime target because it is a multicopy genetic element. A total of 136 publications have reported on the use of IS900 qPCR assays over the past 3 decades. Among these records, 29 used the SYBR Green chemistry, and 107 used TaqMan technology. Aside from the 9 reports using commercial assays, 72 TaqMan reports cited previously published work, leaving us with 27 TaqMan qPCR designs. Upon closer examination, 5 TaqMan designs contained mismatches in primer or probe sequences. Additionally, others exhibited high similarity to environmental microorganisms or non-MAP mycobacteria. We assessed the performance of 6 IS900 qPCR designs and their sensitivity when applied to clinical or environmental samples, which varied from 4 to 56 fold overall. Additionally, we provide recommendations for testing clinical and environmental samples, as certain strategies used previously should be avoided due to poor qPCR design (e.g., the presence of mismatches) or a lack of specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bissonnette
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - J-P Brousseau
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - S Ollier
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - A S Byrne
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - E M Ibeagha-Awemu
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - K Tahlan
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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Kravitz A, Liao M, Morota G, Tyler R, Cockrum R, Manohar BM, Ronald BSM, Collins MT, Sriranganathan N. Retrospective Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis of Host Resistance and Susceptibility to Ovine Johne's Disease Using Restored FFPE DNA. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7748. [PMID: 39062990 PMCID: PMC11276633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD), also known as paratuberculosis, is a chronic, untreatable gastroenteritis of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection. Evidence for host genetic resistance to disease progression exists, although it is limited due to the extended incubation period (years) and diagnostic challenges. To overcome this, previously restored formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue (FFPE) DNA from archived FFPE tissue cassettes was utilized for a novel retrospective case-control genome-wide association study (GWAS) on ovine JD. Samples from known MAP-infected flocks with ante- and postmortem diagnostic data were used. Cases (N = 9) had evidence of tissue infection, compared to controls (N = 25) without evidence of tissue infection despite positive antemortem diagnostics. A genome-wide efficient mixed model analysis (GEMMA) to conduct a GWAS using restored FFPE DNA SNP results from the Illumina Ovine SNP50 Bead Chip, identified 10 SNPs reaching genome-wide significance of p < 1 × 10-6 on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 24, and 26. Pathway analysis using PANTHER and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) was completed on 45 genes found within 1 Mb of significant SNPs. Our work provides a framework for the novel use of archived FFPE tissues for animal genetic studies in complex diseases and further evidence for a genetic association in JD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Kravitz
- Center for One Health Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Mingsi Liao
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Gota Morota
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Ron Tyler
- Center for One Health Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Rebecca Cockrum
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - B. Murali Manohar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai 600051, Tamil Nadu India, India
| | - B. Samuel Masilamoni Ronald
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai 600051, Tamil Nadu India, India
| | - Michael T. Collins
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nammalwar Sriranganathan
- Center for One Health Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Gupta S, Kaur R, Sohal JS, Singh SV, Das K, Sharma MK, Singh J, Sharma S, Dhama K. Countering Zoonotic Diseases: Current Scenario and Advances in Diagnostics, Monitoring, Prophylaxis and Therapeutic Strategies. Arch Med Res 2024; 55:103037. [PMID: 38981342 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2024.103037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Human life and health have interacted reciprocally with the surrounding environment and animal fauna for ages. This relationship is evident in developing nations, where human life depends more on the animal population for food, transportation, clothing, draft power, and fuel sources, among others. This inseparable link is a potent source of public health issues, especially in outbreaks of zoonotic diseases transmitted from animals to humans. Zoonotic diseases are referred to as diseases that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans. Among the globally emerging diseases in the last decade, 75% are of animal origin, most of which are life-threatening. Since most of them are caused by potent new pathogens capable of long-distance transmission, the impact is widespread and has serious public health and economic consequences. Various other factors also contribute to the transmission, spread, and outbreak of zoonotic diseases, among which industrialization-led globalization followed by ecological disruption and climate change play a critical role. In this regard, all the possible strategies, including advances in rapid and confirmatory disease diagnosis and surveillance/monitoring, immunization/vaccination, therapeutic approaches, appropriate prevention and control measures to be adapted, and awareness programs, need to be adopted collaboratively among different health sectors in medical, veterinary, and concerned departments to implement the necessary interventions for the effective restriction, minimization, and timely control of zoonotic threats. The present review focuses on the current scenario of zoonotic diseases and their counteracting approaches to safeguard their health impact on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University, Chaumuhan, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Rasanpreet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University, Chaumuhan, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jagdip Singh Sohal
- Centre for Vaccine and Diagnostic Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University, Chaumuhan, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kaushik Das
- Biotechnology Research and Innovation Council-National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, West Bengal, India
| | - Manish Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jitendra Singh
- Department of Translational Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Saket Nagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, LUVAS, Hisar, Haryana, India; Division of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, SKUAST-J, Jammu, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Pierce ES, Jindal C, Choi YM, Cassidy K, Efird JT. Pathogenic mechanisms and etiologic aspects of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis as an infectious cause of cutaneous melanoma. MEDCOMM - ONCOLOGY 2024; 3:e72. [PMID: 38831791 PMCID: PMC11145504 DOI: 10.1002/mog2.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Infectious etiologies have previously been proposed as causes of both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. This exploratory overview explains and presents the evidence for the hypothesis that a microorganism excreted in infected ruminant animal feces, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), is the cause of some cases of cutaneous melanoma (CM). Occupational, residential, and recreational contact with MAP-contaminated feces, soil, sand, and natural bodies of water may confer a higher rate of CM. Included in our hypothesis are possible reasons for the differing rates and locations of CM in persons with white versus nonwhite skin, why CM develops underneath nails and in vulvar skin, why canine melanoma is an excellent model for human melanoma, and why the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has demonstrated efficacy in the prevention and treatment of CM. The pathogenic mechanisms and etiologic aspects of MAP, as a transmittable agent underlying CM risk, are carefully deliberated in this paper. Imbalances in gut and skin bacteria, genetic risk factors, and vaccine prevention/therapy are also discussed, while acknowledging that the evidence for a causal association between MAP exposure and CM remains circumstantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen S. Pierce
- Independent Physician Researcher, Spokane Valley, Washington, USA
| | - Charulata Jindal
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yuk Ming Choi
- Provider Services, Signify Health, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kaitlin Cassidy
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jimmy T. Efird
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Talafha MM, Qasem A, Naser SA. Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis Infection Suppresses Vitamin D Activation and Cathelicidin Production in Macrophages through Modulation of the TLR2-Dependent p38/MAPK-CYP27B1-VDR-CAMP Axis. Nutrients 2024; 16:1358. [PMID: 38732603 PMCID: PMC11085596 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D plays a vital role in modulating both innate and adaptive immune systems. Therefore, vitamin D deficiency has been associated with higher levels of autoimmune response and increased susceptibility to infections. CYP27B1 encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. It is instrumental in the conversion of circulating vitamin D (calcifediol) to active vitamin D (calcitriol). This is a crucial step for macrophages to express Cathelicidin Anti-microbial Peptide (CAMP), an anti-bacterial factor released during the immune response. Our recent study indicated that a Crohn's disease (CD)-associated pathogen known as Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) decreases vitamin D activation in macrophages, thereby impeding cathelicidin production and MAP infection clearance. The mechanism by which MAP infection exerts these effects on the vitamin D metabolic axis remains elusive. METHODS We used two cell culture models of THP-1 macrophages and Caco-2 monolayers to establish the effects of MAP infection on the vitamin D metabolic axis. We also tested the effects of Calcifediol, Calcitriol, and SB203580 treatments on the relative expression of the vitamin D metabolic genes, oxidative stress biomarkers, and inflammatory cytokines profile. RESULTS In this study, we found that MAP infection interferes with vitamin D activation inside THP-1 macrophages by reducing levels of CYP27B1 and vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene expression via interaction with the TLR2-dependent p38/MAPK pathway. MAP infection exerts its effects in a time-dependent manner, with the maximal inhibition observed at 24 h post-infection. We also demonstrated the necessity to have toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) for MAP infection to influence CYP27B1 and CAMP expression, as TLR2 gene knockdown resulted in an average increase of 7.78 ± 0.88 and 13.90 ± 3.5 folds in their expression, respectively. MAP infection also clearly decreased the levels of p38 phosphorylation and showed dependency on the p38/MAPK pathway to influence the expression of CYP27B1, VDR, and CAMP which was evident by the average fold increase of 1.93 ± 0.28, 1.86 ± 0.27, and 6.34 ± 0.51 in their expression, respectively, following p38 antagonism. Finally, we showed that calcitriol treatment and p38/MAPK blockade reduce cellular oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in Caco-2 monolayers following macrophage-mediated MAP infection. CONCLUSIONS This study characterized the primary mechanism by which MAP infection leads to diminished levels of active vitamin D and cathelicidin in CD patients, which may explain the exacerbated vitamin D deficiency state in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saleh A. Naser
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (M.M.T.); (A.Q.)
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Iaquinto G, Mazzarella G, Sellitto C, Lucariello A, Melina R, Iaquinto S, De Luca A, Rotondi Aufiero V. Antibiotic Therapy for Active Crohn's Disease Targeting Pathogens: An Overview and Update. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:151. [PMID: 38391539 PMCID: PMC10886129 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a multifactorial chronic disorder that involves a combination of factors, including genetics, immune response, and gut microbiota. Therapy includes salicylates, immunosuppressive agents, corticosteroids, and biologic drugs. International guidelines do not recommend the use of antibiotics for CD patients, except in the case of septic complications. Increasing evidence of the involvement of gut bacteria in this chronic disease supports the rationale for using antibiotics as the primary treatment for active CD. In recent decades, several pathogens have been reported to be involved in the development of CD, but only Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Mycobacterium avium paratubercolosis (MAP) have aroused interest due to their strong association with CD pathogenesis. Several meta-analyses have been published concerning antibiotic treatment for CD patients, but randomized trials testing antibiotic treatment against E. coli and MAP have not shown prolonged benefits and have generated conflicting results; several questions are still unresolved regarding trial design, antibiotic dosing, the formulation used, the treatment course, and the outcome measures. In this paper, we provide an overview and update of the trials testing antibiotic treatment for active CD patients, taking into account the role of pathogens, the mechanisms by which different antibiotics act on harmful pathogens, and antibiotic resistance. Finally, we also present new lines of study for the future regarding the use of antibiotics to treat patients with active CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Iaquinto
- Gastroenterology Unit, St. Rita Hospital, 83042 Atripalda, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mazzarella
- Institute of Food Sciences, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), 83100 Atripalda, Italy
- E.L.F.I.D, Department of Translational Medical Science, University "Federico II", 80147 Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmine Sellitto
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy
| | - Angela Lucariello
- Department of Sport Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples "Parthenope", 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Melina
- Gastroenterology Unit, San G. Moscati Hospital, 83100 Atripalda, Italy
| | | | - Antonio De Luca
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Vera Rotondi Aufiero
- Institute of Food Sciences, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), 83100 Atripalda, Italy
- E.L.F.I.D, Department of Translational Medical Science, University "Federico II", 80147 Napoli, Italy
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Lybeck K, Tollefsen S, Mikkelsen H, Sjurseth SK, Lundegaard C, Aagaard C, Olsen I, Jungersen G. Selection of vaccine-candidate peptides from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by in silico prediction, in vitro T-cell line proliferation, and in vivo immunogenicity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1297955. [PMID: 38352876 PMCID: PMC10861761 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1297955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is a global concern in modern livestock production worldwide. The available vaccines against paratuberculosis do not offer optimal protection and interfere with the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to identify immunogenic MAP-specific peptides that do not interfere with the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. Initially, 119 peptides were selected by either (1) identifying unique MAP peptides that were predicted to bind to bovine major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-predicted peptides) or (2) selecting hydrophobic peptides unique to MAP within proteins previously shown to be immunogenic (hydrophobic peptides). Subsequent testing of peptide-specific CD4+ T-cell lines from MAP-infected, adult goats vaccinated with peptides in cationic liposome adjuvant pointed to 23 peptides as being most immunogenic. These peptides were included in a second vaccine trial where three groups of eight healthy goat kids were vaccinated with 14 MHC-predicted peptides, nine hydrophobic peptides, or no peptides in o/w emulsion adjuvant. The majority of the MHC-predicted (93%) and hydrophobic peptides (67%) induced interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) responses in at least one animal. Similarly, 86% of the MHC-predicted and 89% of the hydrophobic peptides induced antibody responses in at least one goat. The immunization of eight healthy heifers with all 119 peptides formulated in emulsion adjuvant identified more peptides as immunogenic, as peptide specific IFN-γ and antibody responses in at least one heifer was found toward 84% and 24% of the peptides, respectively. No peptide-induced reactivity was found with commercial ELISAs for detecting antibodies against Mycobacterium bovis or MAP or when performing tuberculin skin testing for bovine tuberculosis. The vaccinated animals experienced adverse reactions at the injection site; thus, it is recommend that future studies make improvements to the vaccine formulation. In conclusion, immunogenic MAP-specific peptides that appeared promising for use in a vaccine against paratuberculosis without interfering with surveillance and trade tests for bovine tuberculosis were identified by in silico analysis and ex vivo generation of CD4+ T-cell lines and validated by the immunization of goats and cattle. Future studies should test different peptide combinations in challenge trials to determine their protective effect and identify the most MHC-promiscuous vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Lybeck
- Department of Analysis and Diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Stig Tollefsen
- Department of Analysis and Diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Heidi Mikkelsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Claus Lundegaard
- Department of Systems Biology, Centre for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Claus Aagaard
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ingrid Olsen
- Department of Analysis and Diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Konecny AJ, Shows DM, Lord JD. Colonic mucosal associated invariant T cells in Crohn's disease have a diverse and non-public T cell receptor beta chain repertoire. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285918. [PMID: 37922286 PMCID: PMC10624325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells are T cells with a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR), recognizing riboflavin precursors presented by a non-polymorphic MR1 molecule. As these precursors are produced by the gut microbiome, we characterized the frequency, phenotype and clonality of MAIT cells in human colons with and without Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS The transcriptome of MAIT cells sorted from blood and intestinal lamina propria cells from colectomy recipients were compared with other CD8+ T cells. Colon biopsies from an additional ten CD patients and ten healthy controls (HC) were analyzed by flow cytometry. TCR genes were sequenced from individual MAIT cells from these biopsies and compared with those of MAIT cells from autologous blood. RESULTS MAIT cells in the blood and colon showed a transcriptome distinct from other CD8 T cells, with more expression of the IL-23 receptor. MAIT cells were enriched in the colons of CD patients, with less NKG2D in inflamed versus uninflamed segments. Regardless of disease, most MAIT cells expressed integrin α4β7 in the colon but not in the blood, where they were enriched for α4β7 expression. TCR sequencing revealed heterogeneity in the colon and blood, with few public sequences associated with cohorts. CONCLUSION MAIT cells are enriched in the colons of CD patients and disproportionately express molecules (IL-23R, integrin α4β7) targeted by CD therapeutics, to suggest a pathogenic role for them in CD. Public TCR sequences were neither common nor sufficiently restricted to a cohort to suggest protective or pathogenic antigen-specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Konecny
- Benaroya Research Institute, Translational Research Program, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Donna M. Shows
- Benaroya Research Institute, Translational Research Program, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - James D. Lord
- Benaroya Research Institute, Translational Research Program, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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Byrne A, Bissonnette N, Ollier S, Tahlan K. Investigating in vivo Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis microevolution and mixed strain infections. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0171623. [PMID: 37584606 PMCID: PMC10581078 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01716-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's Disease (JD) in ruminants, which is responsible for significant economic loss to the global dairy industry. Mixed strain infection (MSI) refers to the concurrent infection of a susceptible host with genetically distinct strains of a pathogen, whereas within-host changes in an infecting strain leading to genetically distinguishable progeny is called microevolution. The two processes can influence host-pathogen dynamics, disease progression and outcomes, but not much is known about their prevalence and impact on JD. Therefore, we obtained up to 10 MAP isolates each from 14 high-shedding animals and subjected them to whole-genome sequencing. Twelve of the 14 animals examined showed evidence for the presence of MSIs and microevolution, while the genotypes of MAP isolates from the remaining two animals could be attributed solely to microevolution. All MAP isolates that were otherwise isogenic had differences in short sequence repeats (SSRs), of which SSR1 and SSR2 were the most diverse and homoplastic. Variations in SSR1 and SSR2, which are located in ORF1 and ORF2, respectively, affect the genetic reading frame, leading to protein products with altered sequences and computed structures. The ORF1 gene product is predicted to be a MAP surface protein with possible roles in host immune modulation, but nothing could be inferred regarding the function of ORF2. Both genes are conserved in Mycobacterium avium complex members, but SSR1-based modulation of ORF1 reading frames seems to only occur in MAP, which could have potential implications on the infectivity of this pathogen. IMPORTANCE Johne's disease (JD) is a major problem in dairy animals, and concerns have been raised regarding the association of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) with Crohn's disease in humans. MAP is an extremely slow-growing bacterium with low genome evolutionary rates. Certain short sequence repeats (SSR1 and SSR2) in the MAP chromosome are highly variable and evolve at a faster rate than the rest of the chromosome. In the current study, multiple MAP isolates with genetic variations such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and more noticeably, diverse SSRs, could simultaneously infect animals. Variations in SSR1 and SSR2 affect the products of the respective genes containing them. Since multiple MAP isolates can infect the same animal and the possibility that the pathogen undergoes further changes within the host due to unstable SSRs, this could provide a compensative mechanism for an otherwise slow-evolving pathogen to increase phenotypic diversity for overcoming host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Byrne
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bissonnette
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Séverine Ollier
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kapil Tahlan
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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Tigani-Asil ETAE, Abdelwahab GED, Abdu EHAM, Terab AMA, Khalil NAH, Marri ZJMA, Yuosf MF, Shah AAM, Khalafalla AI, Ishag HZA. Pathological, microscopic, and molecular diagnosis of paratuberculosis/John's disease in naturally infected dromedary camel ( Camelus dromedarius). Vet World 2023; 16:1277-1283. [PMID: 37577185 PMCID: PMC10421554 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1277-1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Paratuberculosis (PTB) or John's disease is a chronic disease of ruminants impeding the reproduction and productivity of the livestock sector worldwide. Since there is a lack of pathological studies explaining the nature and development of the disease in camels, this study aimed to highlight the anatomopathological changes of PTB in camels, which may help in verifying and validating some diagnostic tests used to detect the etiology of the disease in camel tissues. Materials and Methods In August 2017, at Alselaa border's Veterinary Clinic of Al Dhafra Region, Western Abu Dhabi, UAE, one imported culled she-camel of 2 years old was subjected to clinical, microscopic, and anatomopathological investigations along with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) to confirm the infection and correlate between clinical signs and pathological lesions of the PTB in dromedary camels. Results Clinically, typical clinical signs compliant with the pathognomonic gross and histologic lesions of PTB were seen in naturally infected dromedary camel. As presumptive diagnosis microscopically, acid-fast coccobacillus bacterium clumps were demonstrated in direct fecal smears as well as in scraped mucosal and crushed mesenteric lymph node films, and in histopathological sections prepared from a necropsied animal and stained by Ziehl-Neelsen stain. Free and intracellular acid-fast clump phagosomes were further confirmed as Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by q-PCR. Conclusion Clinical signs and pathological lesions of paratuberculosis in a dromedary camel were found to be similar to those of the other susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Tigani Ahmed El Tigani-Asil
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development and Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ghada El Derdiri Abdelwahab
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development and Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - El Hadi Ahmed Mohamed Abdu
- Extension Services and Animal Health Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdelnasir Mohammed Adam Terab
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development and Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nasareldien Altaib Hussein Khalil
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development and Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zhaya Jaber Mohammed Al Marri
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development and Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohd Farouk Yuosf
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development and Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asma Abdi Mohamed Shah
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development and Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdelmalik Ibrahim Khalafalla
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development and Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hassan Zackaria Ali Ishag
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development and Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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11
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Espeschit IF, Bastos DSS, Fonseca Junior A, Cardoso SA, Ferrari MLA, Moreira MAS. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Crohn's disease: characterization of the interaction with different aspects of the disease. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1239-1249. [PMID: 36877446 PMCID: PMC10235376 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00932-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic granulomatous inflammatory bowel disease with no fully understood etiology and cure. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the etiologic agent of paratuberculosis, is also isolated from samples from human patients with CD. Paratuberculosis is characterized by persistent diarrhea and progressive weight loss and primarily affects ruminants, which eliminate the agent via feces and milk. The involvement of MAP in the pathogenesis of CD and other intestinal diseases is unclear. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze immunological, socioepidemiological, biochemical, and therapeutic variables that may be related to the occurrence of MAP in blood samples and CD patients. The sampling was random, and the population of origin was the patients from the Bowel Outpatient Clinic of the Alpha Institute of Gastroenterology (IAG), Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HC-UFMG). Blood samples were collected from 20 patients with CD, eight with ulcerative rectocolitis (UCR), and 10 control patients without inflammatory bowel diseases. Samples were subjected to real-time PCR for detection of MAP DNA, oxidative stress analyses, and socioepidemiological variables. MAP was detected in 10 (26.3%) of the patients, seven (70%) were CD patients, 2 (20%) were URC patients, and one (10%) was a non-IBD patient. MAP was found more frequently among CD patients, but not restricted to CD patients. The presence of MAP in the blood of these patients occurred simultaneously with an inflammatory response with an increase in neutrophils and significant alterations in the production of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and GST.
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Espeschit
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases-Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Sector, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - D S S Bastos
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A Fonseca Junior
- Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária E Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - S A Cardoso
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M L A Ferrari
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - M A S Moreira
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases-Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Sector, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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12
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Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis in Asymptomatic Zoo Herbivores in Poland. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061022. [PMID: 36978563 PMCID: PMC10044416 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial infections are significant issues in zoo animals, influencing animal welfare, conservation efforts, and the zoonotic potential of pathogens. Although tuberculosis is recognised to be highly dangerous, paratuberculosis can also lead to animal losses and is potentially dangerous for humans. The aim of the current study was to confirm whether Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infections are currently present in zoos in Poland. Faeces samples (n = 131) were collected from different animal species from eight zoos in Poland. The faeces were decontaminated and inoculated into Herrold’s Egg Yolk Media. The species was determined using commercial DNA testing. The IS900 was checked using RT-PCR. The culture was positive in seven samples: five with M. avium, one with Mycobacterium fortiatum, and one without any identified Mycobacterium species. RT-PCR confirmed MAP genetic material in nine animals. Our findings represent the first confirmation of MAP in bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus), indicating that it is present in Polish zoological gardens. Fortunately, the disease can be monitored more easily due to recent legislation (the Animal Health Law).
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13
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Pierce ES, Jindal C, Choi YM, Efird JT. The evidence for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) as a cause of nonsolar uveal melanoma: a narrative review. Transl Cancer Res 2023; 12:398-412. [PMID: 36915598 PMCID: PMC10007888 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-22-2540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective Animal microorganisms have been proposed as a cause of human cancers associated with farming, agricultural occupation or residence, and related downstream exposures. Several studies have described uveal melanoma (UvM) as a farming-associated cancer. A possible suspect is the animal microorganism Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of paratuberculosis in dairy cows. This microbe is transmitted to humans through various means, including contact with animal faeces, contaminated dust and soil, organic fertilizers, and as workers in slaughterhouses/animal processing facilities. The objective of the current manuscript was to examine the putative association between Mycobacterium avium sub-species paratuberculosis and non-solar UvM. Methods Online data sources (PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google) published in English between 1980 to present were searched for key words pertaining to MAP exposure, farming-related occupations and activities, and locations with or in the vicinity of dairy cattle. Key Content and Findings While higher than expected rates of eye cancer have been suggested among dairy farmers, with MAP being ubiquitous in their environment, the involvement of MAP in the aetiology of non-solar UvMs (which account for ~97% of UvM cases) remains uncertain. Conclusions Alternative explanations exist and future cause-and-effect research is needed to answer this hypothesis. A precautionary approach to exposure continues to be a prudent strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen S Pierce
- Independent Physician Researcher, Spokane Valley, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Jimmy T Efird
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,VA Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Byrne A, Ollier S, Tahlan K, Biet F, Bissonnette N. Genomic epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from Canadian dairy herds provides evidence for multiple infection events. Front Genet 2023; 14:1043598. [PMID: 36816022 PMCID: PMC9934062 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1043598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the pathogen responsible for paratuberculosis or Johne's Disease (JD) in ruminants, which is responsible for substantial economic losses worldwide. MAP transmission primarily occurs through the fecal-oral route, and the introduction of an MAP infected animal into a herd is an important transmission route. In the current study, we characterized MAP isolates from 67 cows identified in 20 herds from the provinces of Quebec and Ontario, Canada. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed and an average genome coverage (relative to K-10) of ∼14.9 fold was achieved. The total number of SNPs present in each isolate varied from 51 to 132 and differed significantly between herds. Isolates with the highest genetic variability were generally present in herds from Quebec. The isolates were broadly separated into two main clades and this distinction was not influenced by the province from which they originated. Analysis of 8 MIRU-VNTR loci and 11 SSR loci was performed on the 67 isolates from the 20 dairy herds and publicly available references, notably major genetic lineages and six isolates from the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. All 67 field isolates were phylogenetically classified as Type II (C-type) and according to MIRU-VNTR, the predominant type was INMV 2 (76.1%) among four distinct patterns. Multilocus SSR typing identified 49 distinct INMV SSR patterns. The discriminatory index of the multilocus SSR typing was 0.9846, which was much higher than MIRU-VNTR typing (0.3740). Although multilocus SSR analysis provides good discriminatory power, the resolution was not informative enough to determine inter-herd transmission. In select cases, SNP-based analysis was the only approach able to document disease transmission between herds, further validated by animal movement data. The presence of SNPs in several virulence genes, notably for PE, PPE, mce and mmpL, is expected to explain differential antigenic or pathogenetic host responses. SNP-based studies will provide insight into how MAP genetic variation may impact host-pathogen interactions. Our study highlights the informative power of WGS which is now recommended for epidemiological studies and to document mixed genotypes infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Byrne
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Séverine Ollier
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Kapil Tahlan
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Franck Biet
- INRAE, ISP, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Nathalie Bissonnette
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada,*Correspondence: Nathalie Bissonnette,
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15
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Mansour S, Asrar T, Elhenawy W. The multifaceted virulence of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2172669. [PMID: 36740845 PMCID: PMC9904308 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2172669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The surge in inflammatory bowel diseases, like Crohn's disease (CD), is alarming. While the role of the gut microbiome in CD development is unresolved, the frequent isolation of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) strains from patient biopsies, together with their propensity to trigger gut inflammation, underpin the potential role of these bacteria as disease modifiers. In this review, we explore the spectrum of AIEC pathogenesis, including their metabolic versatility in the gut. We describe how AIEC strains hijack the host defense mechanisms to evade immune attrition and promote inflammation. Furthermore, we highlight the key traits that differentiate AIEC from commensal E. coli. Deciphering the main components of AIEC virulence is cardinal to the discovery of the next generation of antimicrobials that can selectively eradicate CD-associated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mansour
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Tahreem Asrar
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Wael Elhenawy
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Canada
- Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Antimicrobial Resistance, One Health Consortium - Edmonton, AB, Canada
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16
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Pierce ES, Barkhaus P, Beauchamp M, Bromberg M, Carter GT, Goslinga J, Greeley D, Kihuwa-Mani S, Levitsky G, Lund I, McDermott C, Pattee G, Pierce K, Polak M, Ratner D, Wicks P, Bedlack R. ALSUntangled #66: antimycobacterial antibiotics. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2022:1-5. [PMID: 35913017 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2022.2104650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Several infections have been associated with motor neuron diseases resembling ALS, including species of viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), most known for its probable etiologic association with Crohn's disease, has been suggested as another possible infectious cause of motor neuron disease. Two published case reports describe the successful treatment of ALS-like symptoms with antimycobacterial antibiotics. Both cases had atypical features. Based on these, we believe it would be reasonable to begin performing chest imaging in PALS who have features of their history or exam that are atypical for ALS such as pain, fevers, or eye movement abnormalities. If the chest imaging is abnormal, more specific testing for mycobacteria may be indicated. Until there is more clear evidence of an association between mycobacteria and ALS, we cannot endorse the widespread use of potentially toxic antimycobacterial antibiotics for PALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Barkhaus
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Morgan Beauchamp
- UNC Neurosciences Clinical Trials Unit, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mark Bromberg
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Gregory T Carter
- Department of Rehabilitation, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Jill Goslinga
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Greeley
- Northwest Neurological Associates, PLLC, Spokane, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Isaac Lund
- Undergraduate, Green Hope High School, Cary, NC, USA
| | | | - Gary Pattee
- Department of Neurology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Pierce
- Department of Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Meraida Polak
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory, GA, USA
| | - Dylan Ratner
- Undergraduate, Longmeadow High School, Longmeadow, MA, USA
| | - Paul Wicks
- Independent Consultant, Lichfield, England, UK
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17
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Knific T, Ocepek M, Kirbiš A, Krt B, Prezelj J, Gethmann JM. Quantitative Risk Assessment of Exposure to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) via Different Types of Milk for the Slovenian Consumer. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101472. [PMID: 35627042 PMCID: PMC9140596 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the risk of exposure to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) via milk for the Slovenian consumer. MAP is suspected to be associated with several diseases in humans, therefore the risk of exposure should be better understood. The primary source of MAP for humans is thought to be cattle, in which MAP causes paratuberculosis or Johne’s disease. We developed a stochastic quantitative risk assessment model using Monte Carlo simulations. Considering the assumptions and uncertainties, we estimated the overall risk of exposure to MAP via milk to be low. For people consuming raw milk from MAP positive farms, the risk was high. On-farm pasteurisation reduced the risk considerably, but not completely. The risk of exposure via pasteurised retail milk was most likely insignificant. However, with a higher paratuberculosis prevalence the risk would also increase. Given the popularity of raw milk vending machines and homemade dairy products, this risk should not be ignored. To reduce the risk, consumers should heat raw milk before consumption. To prevent a potential public health scare and safeguard farmers’ livelihoods, a reduction in paratuberculosis prevalence should be sought. Our results show that culling clinically infected cows was insufficient to reduce milk contamination with MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Knific
- Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Matjaž Ocepek
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.O.); (B.K.)
| | - Andrej Kirbiš
- Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Branko Krt
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.O.); (B.K.)
| | - Jasna Prezelj
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska ulica 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
- Institute of Mathematics, Physics and Mechanics, Jadranska ulica 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jörn M. Gethmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
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18
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MIRU-VNTR Typing of Atypical Mycobacteria Isolated from the Lymph Nodes of Slaughtered Pigs from Poland. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050495. [PMID: 35631016 PMCID: PMC9144788 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
No regulations currently require the excision of lymph nodes from pig carcasses or the thermal processing of pork before consumption. Therefore, the presence of anatomopathological lesions with signs of coagulation necrosis in lymph nodes from pigs during post-mortem inspection is concerning, as is the increasing incidence of mycobacteriosis in humans. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to verify whether mycobacteria can be isolated from tuberculous-like lesions in mandibular lymph nodes in slaughtered pigs, and whether further molecular analysis based on MIRU-VNRT, used to identify mycobacteria from the Mycobacterium avium complex, can indicate zoonotic potential. Forty of the fifty isolates from the lymph nodes with signs of coagulation necrosis were classified as Mycobacterium avium complex. MIRU-VNTR analysis allowed for the isolation of six strains, one of which was classified as M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Our findings confirm the presence of atypical mycobacteria in the lymph nodes of slaughtered pigs. While the isolated strains (other than MAP) do not pose a significant or direct health risk to consumers, further research and monitoring are necessary. Atypical mycobacteria can cause a wide range of diseases in children and compromised adults, and often show resistance to many classes of antibiotics, including those used to treat tuberculosis.
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19
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Ozana V, Hruska K, Sechi LA. Neglected Facts on Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis and Type 1 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3657. [PMID: 35409018 PMCID: PMC8998319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Civilization factors are responsible for the increasing of human exposure to mycobacteria from environment, water, and food during the last few decades. Urbanization, lifestyle changes and new technologies in the animal and plant industry are involved in frequent contact of people with mycobacteria. Type 1 diabetes is a multifactorial polygenic disease; its origin is conditioned by the mutual interaction of genetic and other factors. The environmental factors and certain pathogenetic pathways are shared by some immune mediated chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, which are associated with triggers originating mainly from Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, an intestinal pathogen which persists in the environment. Type 1 diabetes and some other chronic inflammatory diseases thus pose the global health problem which could be mitigated by measures aimed to decrease the human exposure to this neglected zoonotic mycobacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Ozana
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Orlova Department, Karvina-Raj Hospital, 734 01 Karvina, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Hruska
- Veterinary Research Institute, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute for Research and Education, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Leonardo A. Sechi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- AOU Sassari, UC Microbiologia e Virologia, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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20
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Sposato A, Fanelli A, Cordisco M, Trotta A, Galgano M, Corrente M, Buonavoglia D. Bayesian estimation of prevalence of Johne's disease in dairy herds in Southern Italy. Prev Vet Med 2021; 199:105552. [PMID: 34890958 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD) is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causing important losses on dairy farms. In Italy, voluntary programs to control MAP infection in dairy cattle are implemented in the Northern part of the country, where several studies have been carried out. Conversely, the disease status has not been fully investigated in the Southern regions. The aims of this study were to (i) determine the herd-level true prevalence (HTP) and (ii) the conditional within herd animal-level prevalence (CWHP) of JD in selected dairy cattle herds in Southern Italy. Serum samples were taken from 27 farms and analysed using a commercial ELISA test. A Bayesian model was fitted to the data. The estimated posterior mean of HPT was 0.46 (89 % CI 0.25-0.67), while the mean CWHP was 0.03 (89 % CI: 0.012-0.045). The results presented in this study call for designing and implementing an effective JD control program at national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Sposato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Str. Prov. Per Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy.
| | - Angela Fanelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Str. Prov. Per Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Marco Cordisco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Str. Prov. Per Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Adriana Trotta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Str. Prov. Per Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Michela Galgano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Str. Prov. Per Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Marialaura Corrente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Str. Prov. Per Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Domenico Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Str. Prov. Per Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
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21
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Long History of Queries about Bovine Paratuberculosis as a Risk Factor for Human Health. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111394. [PMID: 34832550 PMCID: PMC8622788 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Motto: All truth passes through three stages [...].
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