1
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Dutra LM, Gourdet C, Farrelly MC, Bradfield B. Perceived Safety, Not Perceived Legality, Mediates the Relationship Between Cannabis Legalization and Drugged Driving. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2023; 50:718-727. [PMID: 35822623 DOI: 10.1177/10901981221109137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis legalization has rapidly spread throughout the United States and is associated with multiple public health outcomes, including driving under the influence of cannabis (DUIC). To improve understanding of the relationship between legalization and DUIC, we tested two potential mediators of this relationship: perceived safety and perceived legality of driving high. We analyzed data from 1,236 current (past 30-day) cannabis users who were recruited from states with recreational, medical only, or no legal cannabis between 2016 and 2017 using address-based and social media samples. Using a generalized linear model and adjusting for cannabis legalization, demographics, living in a state with a cannabis-specific drugged driving law, frequency of cannabis use, and weights, we found that perceived safety (risk ratio [RR] = 2.60, 95% CI [1.88, 3.58]), but not perceived legality (RR = 0.96, 95% CI [0.67, 1.37]), was significantly associated with DUIC. Perceived safety mediated the relationship between legalization and DUIC (Coeff: -0.12, 95% CI [-0.23, -0.01]). Models stratified by frequency of cannabis use yielded results consistent with those of pooled models except that, for frequent users, cannabis-specific driving laws were associated with a significantly lower risk of DUIC (RR = 0.64, 95% CI [0.44, 0.92]). Agencies developing cannabis-focused drugged driving educational campaigns should consider the potential role of perceived safety of driving high in DUIC campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Dutra
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- RTI International, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - C Gourdet
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - M C Farrelly
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - B Bradfield
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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2
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Eski MT, Teberik K, Taha S, Büken B, Turan Sönmez F. Compare of optic coherence tomography parameters in recreational synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol use and healthy control. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2023; 42:179-183. [PMID: 37417942 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2023.2234042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate retinal thickness (RT), retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT), and choroidal thickness (CT) changes in synthetic cannabinoid (SC) users. METHODS This prospective study evaluated the RT, RNFLT, and CT values of 56 SC users and 58 healthy controls. The individuals using SCs were referred to us by our hospital's forensic medicine department. Retinal and choroidal images were obtained using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Measurements (one subfoveal, three temporals, three nasal) were taken at 500 μm intervals up to 1500 μm using the caliper system. Only the right eye was used for subsequent analysis. RESULTS Mean ages were 27.7 ± 5.7 years in the SC-user group and 25.4 ± 6.7 in the control group. Subfoveal Global RNFLT was in the SCs group 102.3 ± 10.5 μm and 105.6 ± 20.2 μm in the control group (p = 0.271). Subfoveal CT was in the SC group mean of 316.1 ± 100.2 μm and in the control group mean 346.4 ± 81.8 μm (p = 0.065). RT, T500 (283.3 ± 36.7 μm, 296.6 ± 20.5 μm, p = 0.011) and N1500 (355.1 ± 14.3 μm, 349.3 ± 18.1 μm, p = 0.049) were significantly higher in the SC group than in the control group, respectively. CONCLUSION Analysis of OCT findings of individuals who had been using SC for more than one year revealed no statistically significant difference between RNFLT and CT, although N1500 was significantly higher in RT. Further studies in the field of OCT are important to explore the pathology of SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Tahir Eski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erzincan Private Neon Hospital, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Kuddusi Teberik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duzce University School of Medicine, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Sezer Taha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duzce University School of Medicine, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Bora Büken
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Duzce University
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3
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Hang C, Leishangthem L, Yan Y. Not All Cases of Visual Snows are Benign: Mimics of Visual Snow Syndrome. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:3293-3300. [PMID: 34785899 PMCID: PMC8591117 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s338111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual snow syndrome (VSS) is a clinical disorder characterized by pan-field visual disturbance. It is a diagnosis of exclusion since its pathophysiology remains unknown. Excluding other mimics is of great significance since some serious pathologies can have secondary visual snow (VS) as an initial presentation. Delayed or incorrect diagnosis of these VSS mimics may lead to permanent vision loss or even death. The purpose of this review is to help physicians distinguish VSS mimics promptly to avoid bad outcomes. The authors performed a PubMed literature search of articles, case reports, and reviews describing VS symptoms in patients with underlying diseases other than VSS. The red flags of secondary VS symptoms were highlighted, such as new-onset or intermittent VS, unilateral or quadrant VS, and accompanied ocular or neurological deficits. There are four main categories of VSS mimics, ie, including neurological disorders, ocular pathologies, drug-related VS, and other systemic diseases. The physicians could largely exclude most etiologies based on history taking, ophthalmologic and neurologic examinations, and neuroimaging. Further research in VS should carefully define and unify the inclusion and exclusion criteria of this disorder and investigate these secondary VS conditions and their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyue Hang
- Ottawa-Shanghai Joint School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lakshmi Leishangthem
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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4
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Abstract
Cannabis ranks among the most commonly used psychotropic drugs worldwide. In the context of the global movement toward more widespread legalisation, there is a growing need toward developing a better understanding of the physiological and pathological effects. We provide an overview of the current evidence on the effects of cannabinoids on the eye. Of the identified cannabinoids, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol is recognized to be the primary psychotropic compound, and cannabidiol is the predominant nonpsychoactive ingredient. Despite demonstrating ocular hypotensive and neuroprotective activity, the use of cannabinoids as a treatment for glaucoma is limited by a large number of potential systemic and ophthalmic side effects. Anterior segment effects of cannabinoids are complex, with preliminary evidence showing decreased corneal endothelial density in chronic cannabinoid users. Experiments in rodents, however, have shown potential promise for the treatment of ocular surface injury via antinociceptive and antiinflammatory effects. Electroretinography studies demonstrating adverse effects on photoreceptor, bipolar, and ganglion cell function suggest links between cannabis and neuroretinal dysfunction. Neuro-ophthalmic associations include ocular motility deficits and decrements in smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements, although potential therapeutic effects for congenital and acquired nystagmus have been observed.
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5
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Zantut PRA, Veras MM, Yariwake VY, Takahashi WY, Saldiva PH, Young LH, Damico FM, Fajersztajn L. Effects of cannabis and its components on the retina: a systematic review. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2019; 39:1-9. [PMID: 31648567 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2019.1685534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Cannabis is the most prevalent drug in the world and its consumption is growing. Cannabinoid receptors are present in the human central nervous system. Recent studies show evidence of the effects of cannabinoids on the retina, and synthesising the results of these studies may be relevant for ophthalmologists. Thus, this review adopts standardised, systematic review methodology to investigate the effects of exposure to cannabis and components on the retina.Methods: We searched five online databases for the combined terms for outcome ("retina") and exposure ("cannabis"). Eligibility of studies were conducted by two independent reviewers, and risk of bias was assessed.Results: We retrieved 495 studies, screened 229 studies, assessed 52 studies for eligibility, and included 16 studies for qualitative analysis. The cannabinoids most frequently investigated were delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), abnormal cannabidiol, synthetic cannabinoid, and cannabidiol (CDB). The outcomes most studied were neuroretinal dysfunction, followed by vascular effects. The studies also included investigation of neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects and teratogenic effects.Conclusions: This review suggests that cannabinoids may have an important role in retinal processing and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R A Zantut
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Veras
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution (LIM05), Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Y Yariwake
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution (LIM05), Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walter Y Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo H Saldiva
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution (LIM05), Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Advanced Studies of the University of São Paulo-IEA, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucy H Young
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Francisco Max Damico
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laís Fajersztajn
- Institute for Advanced Studies of the University of São Paulo-IEA, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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6
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Middleton TP, Huang JY, Protti DA. Cannabinoids Modulate Light Signaling in ON-Sustained Retinal Ganglion Cells of the Mouse. Front Neural Circuits 2019; 13:37. [PMID: 31164809 PMCID: PMC6536650 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sole output of the retina to the brain is a signal that results from the integration of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs at the level of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs) are found throughout the central nervous system where they modulate synaptic excitability. Cannabinoid receptors and their ligands have been localized to most retinal neurons in mammals, yet their impact on retinal processing is not well known. Here, we set out to investigate the role of the cannabinoid system in retinal signaling using electrophysiological recordings from ON-sustained (ON-S) RGCs that displayed morphological and physiological signatures of ON alpha RGCs in dark adapted mouse retina. We studied the effect of the cannabinoid agonist WIN55212-2 and the inverse agonist AM251 on the spatial tuning of ON-S RGCs. WIN55212-2 significantly reduced their spontaneous spiking activity and responses to optimal spot size as well as altered their spatial tuning by reducing light driven excitatory and inhibitory inputs to RGCs. AM251 produced the opposite effect, increasing spontaneous spiking activity and peak response as well as increasing inhibitory and excitatory inputs. In addition, AM251 sharpened the spatial tuning of ON-S RGCs by increasing the inhibitory effect of the surround. These results demonstrate the presence of a functional cannabinergic system in the retina as well as sensitivity of ON-RGCs to cannabinoids. These results reveal a neuromodulatory system that can regulate the sensitivity and excitability of retinal synapses in a dynamic, activity dependent manner and that endocannabinoids may play a significant role in retinal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Peter Middleton
- Discipline of Physiology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jin Yu Huang
- Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Biomedical Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dario Alejandro Protti
- Discipline of Physiology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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7
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Schwitzer T, Schwan R, Angioi-Duprez K, Lalanne L, Giersch A, Laprevote V. Cannabis use and human retina: The path for the study of brain synaptic transmission dysfunctions in cannabis users. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 106:11-22. [PMID: 30773228 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the difficulty of obtaining direct access to the functioning brain, new approaches are needed for the indirect exploration of brain disorders in neuroscience research. Due to its embryonic origin, the retina is part of the central nervous system and is well suited to the investigation of neurological functions in psychiatric and addictive disorders. In this review, we focus on cannabis use, which is a crucial public health challenge, since cannabis is one of the most widely used addictive drugs in industrialized countries. We first explain why studying retinal function is relevant when exploring the effects of cannabis use on brain function. Next, we describe both the retinal electrophysiological measurements and retinal dysfunctions observed after acute and regular cannabis use. We then discuss how these retinal dysfunctions may inform brain synaptic transmission abnormalities. Finally, we present various directions for future research on the neurotoxic effects of cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schwitzer
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Raymund Schwan
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Maison des Addictions, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | | | - Laurence Lalanne
- INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Pôle de Psychiatrie Santé Mentale et Addictologie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Giersch
- INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Laprevote
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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8
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Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder: Etiology, Clinical Features, and Therapeutic Perspectives. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8030047. [PMID: 29547576 PMCID: PMC5870365 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) is a rare, and therefore, poorly understood condition linked to hallucinogenic drugs consumption. The prevalence of this disorder is low; the condition is more often diagnosed in individuals with a history of previous psychological issues or substance misuse, but it can arise in anyone, even after a single exposure to triggering drugs. The aims of the present study are to review all the original studies about HPPD in order to evaluate the following: (1) the possible suggested etiologies; (2) the possible hallucinogens involved in HPPD induction; (3) the clinical features of both HPPD I and II; (4) the possible psychiatric comorbidities; and (5) the available and potential therapeutic strategies. We searched PubMed to identify original studies about psychedelics and Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD). Our research yielded a total of 45 papers, which have been analyzed and tabled to provide readers with the most updated and comprehensive literature review about the clinical features and treatment options for HPPD.
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9
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Rapino C, Tortolani D, Scipioni L, Maccarrone M. Neuroprotection by (endo)Cannabinoids in Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:959-970. [PMID: 28738764 PMCID: PMC6120105 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170724104305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging neuroprotective strategies are being explored to preserve the retina from degeneration, that occurs in eye pathologies like glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and retinitis pigmentosa. Incidentally, neuroprotection of retina is a defending mechanism designed to prevent or delay neuronal cell death, and to maintain neural function following an initial insult, thus avoiding loss of vision. METHODS Numerous studies have investigated potential neuroprotective properties of plant-derived phytocannabinoids, as well as of their endogenous counterparts collectively termed endocannabinoids (eCBs), in several degenerative diseases of the retina. eCBs are a group of neuromodulators that, mainly by activating G protein-coupled type-1 and type-2 cannabinoid (CB1 and CB2) receptors, trigger multiple signal transduction cascades that modulate central and peripheral cell functions. A fine balance between biosynthetic and degrading enzymes that control the right concentration of eCBs has been shown to provide neuroprotection in traumatic, ischemic, inflammatory and neurotoxic damage of the brain. RESULTS Since the existence of eCBs and their binding receptors was documented in the retina of numerous species (from fishes to primates), their involvement in the visual processing has been demonstrated, more recently with a focus on retinal neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. CONCLUSION The aim of this review is to present a modern view of the endocannabinoid system, in order to discuss in a better perspective available data from preclinical studies on the use of eCBs as new neuroprotective agents, potentially useful to prevent glaucoma and retinal neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Rapino
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; Tel: +39 0861 266842;, E-mail: and the Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; Tel: +39 06 225419169;, E-mail:
| | | | | | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; Tel: +39 0861 266842;, E-mail: and the Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; Tel: +39 06 225419169;, E-mail:
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10
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Constable PA, Ngo D, Quinn S, Thompson DA. A meta-analysis of clinical electro-oculography values. Doc Ophthalmol 2017; 135:219-232. [PMID: 29019002 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-017-9616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the meta-analysis was to derive a range of mean normal clinical electrooculogram (EOG) values from a systematic review of published EOG studies that followed the guidelines of the ISCEV standard for clinical electro-oculography. METHODS A systematic literature review was performed using four relevant databases limited to peer-reviewed articles in English between 1967 and February 2017. Studies reporting clinical EOG or FO normal values were included when the report used a standard 30° horizontal saccade, a retinal luminance of between 100 and 250 cd m-2, and had > 10 subjects in their normative values. The search identified 1145 articles after duplicates were removed with subsequent screening of the abstracts excluding a further 1098, resulting in 47 full-text articles that were then assessed by the author (PC) with a final nine articles meeting the inclusion criteria. An overall effect estimate using inverse variance-weighted meta-analysis was performed to estimate the mean values for the light peak/dark trough ratio (LP:DT ratio) (dilated and undilated), the time to the LP, the amplitude of the LP, dark trough (DT) and the fast oscillation (FO) peak-to-trough ratio from the included studies. RESULTS The mean dilated LP:DT ratio was 2.35 (95% CI 2.28-2.42); undilated LP:DT ratio was 2.37 (95% CI 2.28-2.45); LP amplitude was 835 (95% CI 631-1039) µV and the mean time to the LP being 8.2 (95% CI 7.7-8.7) min. The mean DT amplitude was 358 (95% CI 292-424) µV, and the mean FO peak-to-trough ratio was 1.13 (95% CI 1.11-1.16). The results of the LP/DT ratio are drawn from studies with a mean ± standard deviation (SD) age of 34.08 ± 12.93 years for dilated and 33.65 ± 12.28 years for undilated LP/DT ratios. CONCLUSIONS The meta-analysis of EOG studies has generated a reference range of normal mean values for clinicians to refer to when using the ISCEV clinical EOG. It provides a potential method to generate similar data sets from published normal values in related visual electrophysiology tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Constable
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - David Ngo
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stephen Quinn
- Department of Statistics, Data Science and Epidemiology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dorothy A Thompson
- Clinical and Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, London, UK
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11
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Thijssen S, Rashid B, Gopal S, Nyalakanti P, Calhoun VD, Kiehl KA. Regular cannabis and alcohol use is associated with resting-state time course power spectra in incarcerated adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 178:492-500. [PMID: 28715777 PMCID: PMC5561725 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis and alcohol are believed to have widespread effects on the brain. Although adolescents are at increased risk for substance use, the adolescent brain may also be particularly vulnerable to the effects of drug exposure due to its rapid maturation. Here, we examined the association between cannabis and alcohol use duration and resting-state functional connectivity in a large sample of male juvenile delinquents. The present sample was drawn from the Southwest Advanced Neuroimaging Cohort, Youth sample, and from a youth detention facility in Wisconsin. All participants were scanned at the maximum-security facilities using The Mind Research Network's 1.5T Avanto SQ Mobile MRI scanner. Information on cannabis and alcohol regular use duration was collected using self-report. Resting-state networks were computed using group independent component analysis in 201 participants. Associations with cannabis and alcohol use were assessed using Mancova analyses controlling for age, IQ, smoking and psychopathy scores in the complete case sample of 180 male juvenile delinquents. No associations between alcohol or cannabis use and network spatial maps were found. Longer cannabis use was associated with decreased low frequency power of the default mode network, the executive control networks (ECNs), and several sensory networks, and with decreased functional network connectivity. Duration of alcohol use was associated with decreased low frequency power of the right frontoparietal network, salience network, dorsal attention network, and several sensory networks. Our findings suggest that adolescent cannabis and alcohol use are associated with widespread differences in resting-state time course power spectra, which may persist even after abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Thijssen
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University of Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Center for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Barnaly Rashid
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Shruti Gopal
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kent A Kiehl
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Departments of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Law, University Of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.
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12
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Coppola M, Mondola R. JWH-122 Consumption Adverse Effects: A Case of Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder Five-Year Follow-Up. J Psychoactive Drugs 2017; 49:262-265. [DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2017.1316431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raffaella Mondola
- Medical Manager, Department of Mental Health, ASL CN1, Saluzzo, Italy
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13
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Orsolini L, Papanti GD, De Berardis D, Guirguis A, Corkery JM, Schifano F. The "Endless Trip" among the NPS Users: Psychopathology and Psychopharmacology in the Hallucinogen-Persisting Perception Disorder. A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:240. [PMID: 29209235 PMCID: PMC5701998 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is a syndrome characterized by prolonged or reoccurring perceptual symptoms, reminiscent of acute hallucinogen effects. HPPD was associated with a broader range of LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)-like substances, cannabis, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin, mescaline, and psychostimulants. The recent emergence of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) posed a critical concern regarding the new onset of psychiatric symptoms/syndromes, including cases of HPPD. Symptomatology mainly comprises visual disorders (i.e., geometric pseudo-hallucinations, haloes, flashes of colors/lights, motion-perception deficits, afterimages, micropsia, more acute awareness of floaters, etc.), even though depressive symptoms and thought disorders may be comorbidly present. Although HPPD was first described in 1954, it was just established as a fully syndrome in 2000, with the revised fourth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). HPPD neural substrates, risk factors, and aetiopathogenesys still largely remain unknown and under investigation, and many questions about its pharmacological targets remain unanswered too. A critical mini review on psychopathological bases, etiological hypothesis, and psychopharmacological approaches toward HPPD, including the association with some novel substances, are provided here, by means of a literature search on PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases without time restrictions, by using a specific set of keywords. Pharmacological and clinical issues are considered, and practical psychopharmacological recommendations and clinical guidelines are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Orsolini
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom.,Neomesia Mental Health, Villa Jolanda Hospital, Jesi, Italy.,Polyedra, Teramo, Italy
| | - Gabriele Duccio Papanti
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Domenico De Berardis
- Polyedra, Teramo, Italy.,NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini", Teramo, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, Chair of Psychiatry, University "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Amira Guirguis
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - John Martin Corkery
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrizio Schifano
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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The arguments for and against cannabinoids application in glaucomatous retinopathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 86:620-627. [PMID: 28027538 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma represents several optic neuropathies leading to irreversible blindness through progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss. Reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) is known as the only modifiable factor in the treatment of this disorder. Application of exogenous cannabinoids to lower IOP has attracted attention of scientists as potential agents for the treatment of glaucoma. Accordingly, neuroprotective effect of these agents has been recently described through modulation of endocannabinoid system in the eye. In the present work, pertinent information regarding ocular endocannabinoid system, mechanism of exogenous cannabinoids interaction with the ocular endocannabinoid system to reduce IOP, and neuroprotection property of cannabinoids will be discussed according to current scientific literature. In addition to experimental studies, bioavailability of cannabinoids, clinical surveys, and adverse effects of application of cannabinoids in glaucoma will be reviewed.
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15
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Lauschke JL, Plant GT, Fraser CL. Visual snow: A thalamocortical dysrhythmia of the visual pathway? J Clin Neurosci 2016; 28:123-7. [PMID: 26791474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we review the visual snow (VS) characteristics of a case cohort of 32 patients. History of symptoms and associated co-morbidities, ophthalmic examination, previous investigations and the results of intuitive colourimetry were collected and reviewed. VS symptoms follow a stereotypical description and are strongly associated with palinopsia, migraine and tinnitus, but also tremor. The condition is a chronic one and often results in misdiagnosis with psychiatric disorders or malingering. Colour filters, particularly in the yellow-blue colour spectrum, subjectively reduced symptoms of VS. There is neurobiological evidence for the syndrome of VS that links it with other disorders of visual and sensory processing such as migraine and tinnitus. Colour filters in the blue-yellow spectrum may alter the koniocellular pathway processing, which has a regulatory effect on background electroencephalographic rhythms, and may add weight to the hypothesis that VS is a thalamocortical dysrhythmia of the visual pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Lauschke
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology, Prince of Wales Hospital, High Street, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Gordon T Plant
- Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare L Fraser
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie Street, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.
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16
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The Endocannabinoid System in the Retina: From Physiology to Practical and Therapeutic Applications. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:2916732. [PMID: 26881099 PMCID: PMC4736597 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2916732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is one of the most prevalent drugs used in industrialized countries. The main effects of Cannabis are mediated by two major exogenous cannabinoids: ∆9-tetrahydroxycannabinol and cannabidiol. They act on specific endocannabinoid receptors, especially types 1 and 2. Mammals are endowed with a functional cannabinoid system including cannabinoid receptors, ligands, and enzymes. This endocannabinoid signaling pathway is involved in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions with a main role in the biology of the central nervous system. As the retina is a part of the central nervous system due to its embryonic origin, we aim at providing the relevance of studying the endocannabinoid system in the retina. Here, we review the distribution of the cannabinoid receptors, ligands, and enzymes in the retina and focus on the role of the cannabinoid system in retinal neurobiology. This review describes the presence of the cannabinoid system in critical stages of retinal processing and its broad involvement in retinal neurotransmission, neuroplasticity, and neuroprotection. Accordingly, we support the use of synthetic cannabinoids as new neuroprotective drugs to prevent and treat retinal diseases. Finally, we argue for the relevance of functional retinal measures in cannabis users to evaluate the impact of cannabis use on human retinal processing.
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