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Giannas E, Kontovounisios C. The Antineoplastic Effect of Heparin on Colorectal Cancer: A Review of the Literature. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7173. [PMID: 38002785 PMCID: PMC10671867 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12227173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin and derivatives are commonly used for thrombophylaxis in surgical colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Recent studies have suggested that, besides its protective effect on the incidence of venous thromboembolism, heparin has an anti-cancer effect. The aim of this review was to explore the literature and report the antineoplastic effect of heparin and derivatives on CRC. MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for relevant articles. Nineteen studies were included (n = 19). Fifteen were lab studies conducted in vivo or in vitro on CRC cell lines and/or mice (n = 15). Four were in vivo clinical studies (n = 4). CRC tumor growth was reduced by 78% in one study, (p < 0.01), while tumorigenesis was suppressed in heparin-treated mice in seven studies. A high dose of low molecular weight heparin for extended duration significantly reduced post-operative VEGF, suggesting that such a regime may inhibit tumor angiogenesis and distant metastasis. A randomized trial demonstrated the antineoplastic effect of nadroparin as the 6 month survival in palliative patients increased. Another study has reported that disease-free survival of CRC patients was not affected by a similar tinzaparin regime. The anti-cancer properties of heparin and derivatives are promising, especially in lab studies. Further clinical trials are needed to investigate the anti-cancer benefit of heparin on CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Giannas
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK;
- Department of General Surgery, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Christos Kontovounisios
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK;
- Department of General Surgery, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, UK
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
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2
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Napolitano M, Siragusa S. The Role of Injectables in the Treatment and Prevention of Cancer-Associated Thrombosis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4640. [PMID: 37760609 PMCID: PMC10526875 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) is a leading cause of death among patients with cancer. CAT can manifest itself as venous thromboembolism (VTE), in the form of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, or arterial thromboembolism. The pathophysiology of CAT is complex and depends on cancer-, patient-, treatment- and biomarkers-related factors. Treatment of VTE in patients with cancer is complex and includes three major classes of anticoagulant agents: heparin and its derivatives, e.g., low molecular weight heparins, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), and vitamin K inhibitors. Given the tremendous heterogeneity of clinical situations in patients with cancer and the challenges of CAT, there is no single universal treatment option for patients suffering from or at risk of CAT. Initial studies suggested that patients seemed to prefer an anticoagulant that would not interfere with their cancer treatment, suggesting the primacy of cancer over VTE, and favoring efficacy and safety over convenience of route of administration. Recent studies show that when the efficacy and safety aspects are similar, patients prefer the oral route of administration. Despite this, injectables are a valid option for many patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariasanta Napolitano
- Haematology Unit, Thrombosis and Haemostasis Reference Regional Center, University of Palermo, 90121 Palermo, Italy;
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3
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Hjazi A, Nasir F, Noor R, Alsalamy A, Zabibah RS, Romero-Parra RM, Ullah MI, Mustafa YF, Qasim MT, Akram SV. The pathological role of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression; special focus on molecular mechanisms and possible therapeutics. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154616. [PMID: 37379710 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is comprised of transformed cells and non-malignant cells including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), endothelial vasculature cells, and tumor-infiltrating cells. These nonmalignant cells, as well as soluble factors (e.g., cytokines), and the extracellular matrix (ECM), form the tumor microenvironment (TME). In general, the cancer cells and their surrounding TME can crosstalk by direct cell-to-cell contact and via soluble factors, such as cytokines (e.g., chemokines). TME not only promotes cancer progression through growth-promoting cytokines but also provides resistance to chemotherapy. Understanding the mechanisms of tumor growth and progression and the roles of chemokines in CRC will likely suggest new therapeutic targets. In this line, a plethora of reports has evidenced the critical role of chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4)/C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12 or SDF-1) axis in CRC pathogenesis. In the current review, we take a glimpse into the role of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in CRC growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, drug resistance, and immune escape. Also, a summary of recent reports concerning targeting CXCR4/CXCL12 axis for CRC management and therapy has been delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Rabia Noor
- Amna Inayat Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ali Alsalamy
- College of Medical Technique, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Al-Muthanna 66002, Iraq
| | - Rahman S Zabibah
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | | | - Muhammad Ikram Ullah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 75471, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul 41001, Iraq
| | - Maytham T Qasim
- Department of Anesthesia, College of Health and Medical Technololgy, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Shaik Vaseem Akram
- Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Division of Research & Innovation, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
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4
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Nakamura K, Ashida A, Kiniwa Y, Okuyama R. Chemokine level predicts the therapeutic effect of anti-PD-1 antibody (nivolumab) therapy for malignant melanoma. Arch Dermatol Res 2022; 314:887-895. [PMID: 34842960 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-021-02305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody drugs, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, are regarded as first-line therapies for advanced malignant melanoma. Anti-PD-1 therapy suppresses tumor immunity, and the therapeutic effect is frequently correlated with the number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and tumor mutation burden (TMB). However, sampling tumor tissues from the metastatic sites to examine the number of TILs and TMB level is often challenging. Herein, we focused on chemokines in blood to determine whether they can predict the therapeutic effect of anti-PD-1 (nivolumab) therapy. First, we measured 44 types of chemokines and cytokines in the blood of 8 advanced malignant melanomas before anti-PD-1 (nivolumab) treatment and examined the relationship between the levels of these proteins and therapeutic effect of the drug treatment, which suggested that C-C motif chemokine 5 (CCL5) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) were candidates for biomarkers to predict the therapeutic effect of anti-PD-1 therapy. Next, we measured the blood levels of CCL5 and CXCL12 in 22 patients with advanced malignant melanomas before the administration of anti-PD-1 antibody. We evaluated tumor infiltration of CD8-positive T cells by immunostaining in nine patients in whom the metastatic site could be sampled at the beginning of the treatment. The patients with lower than average levels of CCL5 and CXCL12 had a large number of TILs (P = 0.04) and good disease-specific survival rate (P = 0.04). Therefore, CCL5 and CXCL12 could likely be used as biomarkers to predict the therapeutic effect of anti-PD-1 (nivolumab) therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Atsuko Ashida
- Department of Dermatology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kiniwa
- Department of Dermatology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Okuyama
- Department of Dermatology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
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Bhat AA, Nisar S, Singh M, Ashraf B, Masoodi T, Prasad CP, Sharma A, Maacha S, Karedath T, Hashem S, Yasin SB, Bagga P, Reddy R, Frennaux MP, Uddin S, Dhawan P, Haris M, Macha MA. Cytokine- and chemokine-induced inflammatory colorectal tumor microenvironment: Emerging avenue for targeted therapy. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2022; 42:689-715. [PMID: 35791509 PMCID: PMC9395317 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a predominant life-threatening cancer, with liver and peritoneal metastases as the primary causes of death. Intestinal inflammation, a known CRC risk factor, nurtures a local inflammatory environment enriched with tumor cells, endothelial cells, immune cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, immunosuppressive cells, and secretory growth factors. The complex interactions of aberrantly expressed cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and matrix-remodeling enzymes promote CRC pathogenesis and evoke systemic responses that affect disease outcomes. Mounting evidence suggests that these cytokines and chemokines play a role in the progression of CRC through immunosuppression and modulation of the tumor microenvironment, which is partly achieved by the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells. These cells impart features such as cancer stem cell-like properties, drug resistance, invasion, and formation of the premetastatic niche in distant organs, promoting metastasis and aggressive CRC growth. A deeper understanding of the cytokine- and chemokine-mediated signaling networks that link tumor progression and metastasis will provide insights into the mechanistic details of disease aggressiveness and facilitate the development of novel therapeutics for CRC. Here, we summarized the current knowledge of cytokine- and chemokine-mediated crosstalk in the inflammatory tumor microenvironment, which drives immunosuppression, resistance to therapeutics, and metastasis during CRC progression. We also outlined the potential of this crosstalk as a novel therapeutic target for CRC. The major cytokine/chemokine pathways involved in cancer immunotherapy are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaz A. Bhat
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic ImagingCancer Research DepartmentSidra MedicineDoha26999Qatar
| | - Sabah Nisar
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic ImagingCancer Research DepartmentSidra MedicineDoha26999Qatar
| | - Mayank Singh
- Department of Medical OncologyDr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer HospitalAll India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)New Delhi110029India
| | - Bazella Ashraf
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesCentral University of KashmirGanderbalJammu & Kashmir191201India
| | - Tariq Masoodi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic ImagingCancer Research DepartmentSidra MedicineDoha26999Qatar
| | - Chandra P. Prasad
- Department of Medical OncologyDr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer HospitalAll India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)New Delhi110029India
| | - Atul Sharma
- Department of Medical OncologyDr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer HospitalAll India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)New Delhi110029India
| | - Selma Maacha
- Division of Translational MedicineResearch BranchSidra MedicineDoha26999Qatar
| | | | - Sheema Hashem
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic ImagingCancer Research DepartmentSidra MedicineDoha26999Qatar
| | - Syed Besina Yasin
- Department of PathologySher‐I‐Kashmir Institute of Medical SciencesSrinagarJammu & Kashmir190011India
| | - Puneet Bagga
- Department of Diagnostic ImagingSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTN38105USA
| | - Ravinder Reddy
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision MedicineDepartment of RadiologyPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | | | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research InstituteHamad Medical CorporationDoha3050Qatar
| | - Punita Dhawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNE68198USA
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic ImagingCancer Research DepartmentSidra MedicineDoha26999Qatar
- Laboratory Animal Research CenterQatar UniversityDoha2713Qatar
| | - Muzafar A. Macha
- Watson‐Crick Centre for Molecular MedicineIslamic University of Science and TechnologyAwantiporaJammu & Kashmir192122India
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6
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Zhou H, Liu Z, Wang Y, Wen X, Amador EH, Yuan L, Ran X, Xiong L, Ran Y, Chen W, Wen Y. Colorectal liver metastasis: molecular mechanism and interventional therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:70. [PMID: 35246503 PMCID: PMC8897452 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00922-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently occurring malignancy tumors with a high morbidity additionally, CRC patients may develop liver metastasis, which is the major cause of death. Despite significant advances in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, the survival rate of colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) patients remains very low. CRLM, as a complex cascade reaction process involving multiple factors and procedures, has complex and diverse molecular mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms/pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment of CRLM. We also focus on an overview of the recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of CRLM with a special emphasis on tumor microenvironment and promise of newer targeted therapies for CRLM, further improving the prognosis of CRLM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhongtao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaoyong Wen
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Eric H Amador
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Liqin Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xin Ran
- Department of Dermatovenereology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Yuping Ran
- Department of Dermatovenereology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Chelmsford Campus, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, UK.
| | - Yu Wen
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, China.
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7
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Ma SN, Mao ZX, Wu Y, Liang MX, Wang DD, Chen X, Chang PA, Zhang W, Tang JH. The anti-cancer properties of heparin and its derivatives: a review and prospect. Cell Adh Migr 2021; 14:118-128. [PMID: 32538273 PMCID: PMC7513850 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2020.1767489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin, including unfractionated heparin (UFH), low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and heparin derivatives, are commonly used in venous thromboembolism treatment and reportedly have beneficial effects on cancer survival. Heparin can affect the proliferation, adhesion, angiogenesis, migration and invasion of cancer cells via multiple mechanisms. The main mechanisms involve inhibition of heparanase, P-/L-selectin, angiogenesis, and interference with the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis. Here we summarize the current experimental evidence regarding the anti-cancer role of heparin and its derivatives, and conclude that there is evidence to support heparin’s role in inhibiting cancer progression, making it a promising anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Nan Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University , Suqian, P.R.China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Mao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wu
- Core Facility, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Xing Liang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Ping-An Chang
- Urinary Surgery, Dongtai People's Hospital , Dongtai, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Hai Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
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8
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Yang P, Hu Y, Zhou Q. The CXCL12-CXCR4 Signaling Axis Plays a Key Role in Cancer Metastasis and is a Potential Target for Developing Novel Therapeutics against Metastatic Cancer. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5543-5561. [PMID: 31724498 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666191113113110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of death in cancer patients; there is currently no effective treatment for cancer metastasis. This is primarily due to our insufficient understanding of the metastatic mechanisms in cancer. An increasing number of studies have shown that the C-X-C motif chemokine Ligand 12 (CXCL12) is overexpressed in various tissues and organs. It is a key niche factor that nurtures the pre-metastatic niches (tumorigenic soil) and recruits tumor cells (oncogenic "seeds") to these niches, thereby fostering cancer cell aggression and metastatic capabilities. However, the C-X-C motif chemokine Receptor 4 (CXCR4) is aberrantly overexpressed in various cancer stem/progenitor cells and functions as a CXCL12 receptor. CXCL12 activates CXCR4 as well as multiple downstream multiple tumorigenic signaling pathways, promoting the expression of various oncogenes. Activation of the CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling axis promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and mobilization of cancer stem/progenitor cells to pre-metastatic niches. It also nurtures cancer cells with high motility, invasion, and dissemination phenotypes, thereby escalating multiple proximal or distal cancer metastasis; this results in poor patient prognosis. Based on this evidence, recent studies have explored either CXCL12- or CXCR4-targeted anti-cancer therapeutics and have achieved promising results in the preclinical trials. Further exploration of this new strategy and its potent therapeutics effect against metastatic cancer through the targeting of the CXCL12- CXCR4 signaling axis may lead to a novel therapy that can clean up the tumor microenvironment ("soil") and kill the cancer cells, particularly the cancer stem/progenitor cells ("seeds"), in cancer patients. Ultimately, this approach has the potential to effectively treat metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine (School of Nursing), Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, China
| | - Yae Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine (School of Nursing), Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, China
| | - Quansheng Zhou
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University; Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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9
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Shi C, Tingting W, Li JP, Sullivan MA, Wang C, Wang H, Deng B, Zhang Y. Comprehensive Landscape of Heparin Therapy for COVID-19. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 254:117232. [PMID: 33357843 PMCID: PMC7581413 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is rapidly spreading globally. Clinical observations found that systemic symptoms caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection are attenuated when using the anticoagulant agent heparin, indicating that heparin may play other roles in managing COVID-19, in addition to prevention of pulmonary thrombosis. Several biochemical studies show strong binding of heparin and heparin-like molecules to the Spike protein, which resulted in inhibition of viral infection to cells. The clinical observations and in vitro studies argue for a potential multiple-targeting effects of heparin. However, adverse effects of heparin administration and some of the challenges using heparin therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection need to be considered. This review discusses the pharmacological mechanisms of heparin regarding its anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory and direct antiviral activities, providing current evidence concerning the effectiveness and safety of heparin therapy for this major public health emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wu Tingting
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mitchell A Sullivan
- Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hanxiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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10
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Beurskens DMH, Huckriede JP, Schrijver R, Hemker HC, Reutelingsperger CP, Nicolaes GAF. The Anticoagulant and Nonanticoagulant Properties of Heparin. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120:1371-1383. [PMID: 32820487 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1715460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Heparins represent one of the most frequently used pharmacotherapeutics. Discovered around 1926, routine clinical anticoagulant use of heparin was initiated only after the publication of several seminal papers in the early 1970s by the group of Kakkar. It was shown that heparin prevents venous thromboembolism and mortality from pulmonary embolism in patients after surgery. With the subsequent development of low-molecular-weight heparins and synthetic heparin derivatives, a family of related drugs was created that continues to prove its clinical value in thromboprophylaxis and in prevention of clotting in extracorporeal devices. Fundamental and applied research has revealed a complex pharmacodynamic profile of heparins that goes beyond its anticoagulant use. Recognition of the complex multifaceted beneficial effects of heparin underscores its therapeutic potential in various clinical situations. In this review we focus on the anticoagulant and nonanticoagulant activities of heparin and, where possible, discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms that explain the diversity of heparin's biological actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M H Beurskens
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joram P Huckriede
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Schrijver
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - H Coenraad Hemker
- Synapse BV, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris P Reutelingsperger
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerry A F Nicolaes
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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11
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Ripsman D, Fergusson DA, Montroy J, Auer RC, Huang JW, Dobriyal A, Wesch N, Carrier M, Lalu MM. A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of low molecular weight heparin as an anticancer therapeutic in preclinical animal models. Thromb Res 2020; 195:103-113. [PMID: 32683148 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The therapeutic effects of low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) may extend past thrombosis prevention, with preclinical evidence demonstrating anti-metastatic properties. Clinical evidence on the topic, however, remains controversial. A systematic review of preclinical evidence may help elucidate reasons for this contradictory evidence. The objective of our systematic review is to assess the anti-metastatic properties of LMWHs in solid tumour animal models. METHODS MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and PubMed were searched from inception to May 12th, 2020. All articles were screened independently and in duplicate. Studies that compared LMWH to a placebo or no treatment arm in solid tumour animal models were included. The primary outcome was the burden of metastasis. Secondary outcomes included primary tumour growth and mortality. The risk of bias was assessed in duplicate using a modified Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. RESULTS Forty-two studies were included in the review. Administration of a LMWH was associated with a significant decrease in the burden of metastasis (SMD -2.18; 95% CI -2.66 to -1.70). Additionally, the administration of a LMWH was also associated with a significant reduction in primary tumour growth (SMD -1.95; 95% CI -2.56 to -1.34) and risk of death (RR 0.39; 95% CI 0.16-0.97). All included studies were deemed to be at an unclear risk of bias for at least one methodological criterion. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that LMWH can effectively reduce metastatic burden and reduce tumour growth in preclinical animal models of solid tumour malignancies. Reasons for the contradiction with clinical evidence require further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ripsman
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Box 511, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd #2044, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Dean A Fergusson
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Box 511, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd #2044, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Joshua Montroy
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Box 511, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
| | - Rebecca C Auer
- Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Box 511, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
| | - Johnny W Huang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd #2044, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Aditi Dobriyal
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Box 511, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd #2044, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Neil Wesch
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Box 511, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Marc Carrier
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Box 511, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd #2044, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Manoj M Lalu
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Box 511, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Room B307, 1053 Carling Avenue, Mail Stop 249, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada; Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Box 511, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
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12
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Delézay O, Hé Z, Sabido O, Hodin S, Bin V, Saleem MA, Mismetti P, Delavenne X. Effects of heparin and derivatives on podocytes: An in vitro functional and morphological evaluation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15438-15449. [PMID: 30684278 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low molecular heparin derivatives (LMWH) display numerous biological properties in addition to their anticoagulant effects. However, due to the physicochemical heterogeneity of these drugs, a better understanding concerning their effects on human cells is clearly needed. Considering that heparins are mainly excreted by the kidney, we focused our attention on the effect of UFH and LMWH on human podocytes by functional and morphological/phenotypic in vitro analyses. We demonstrated that these products differentially modulate the permeability of podocyte monolayer to albumin. The functional perturbations observed were correlated to significant cellular morphological and cytoskeletal changes, as well as a decrease in the expression of proteins involved in podocyte adherence to the extracellular matrix or intercellular interactions. This point confirms that UFH and the different LMWHs exert specific effects on podocyte permeability and underlines the need of in vitro tests to evaluate new biological nonanticoagulant properties of LMWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Delézay
- INSERM, U1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France.,Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Zhiguo Hé
- Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France.,EA 2521, Biologie, Ingénierie et Imagerie de la Greffe de Cornée (BIIGC), Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Odile Sabido
- INSERM, U1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France.,Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Sophie Hodin
- INSERM, U1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France.,Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Valérie Bin
- INSERM, U1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France.,Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Moin A Saleem
- University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
| | - Patrick Mismetti
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Innovation et Pharmacologie, CHU de Saint-Etienne, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Xavier Delavenne
- INSERM, U1059, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France.,Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France.,Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Toxicologie, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
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13
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Sun F, Wang Z, Yang Z, Li Y, Cui H, Liu C, Gao D, Wang F, Tan H. Characterization, bioactivity and pharmacokinetic study of a novel carbohydrate-peptide polymer: Glycol-split heparin-endostatin2 (GSHP-ES2). Carbohydr Polym 2019; 207:79-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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14
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Effect of heparan sulfate mimetics from Escherichia coli K5 polysaccharide on SDF-1/CXCL12-induced endothelial progenitor cells in vitro. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 107:2492-2500. [PMID: 29061521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In tumorigenesis, CXCL12 level increases sharply because of tumor tissue hypoxia. As CXCR4 cells, endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are mobilized to tumor bed through the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis and are involved in tumor angiogenesis. In this process, either glycosaminoglycan (GAG) or heparan sulfate (HS) carried by membrane proteoglycans is implicated. Exogenous soluble HS mimetics can act as a competitive inhibitor of membranous HS, thereby preventing the formation of a normal signal axis. In this work, the effect of HS mimetics on the CXCL12-induced EPCs in vitro was investigated. HS mimetics, named as K5PSs, were obtained from sulfated Escherichia coli K5 polysaccharide/heparosan, and EPCs were collected from rat bone marrow. Results showed that CXCL12 could promote EPCs viability. This promotion might be related to its regulation of cell cycle and anti-apoptosis activity; it also could promote EPCs migration and secretion of pro-angiogenesis factors. All its functions were obtained by activation of MAPK/ERK pathway, FAK pathway, and PI3k/AKT pathway. However, its effect on EPCs was attenuated by K5PSs, and the existence of sulfate groups both at 2-O-position and N-position in K5PSs is essential to inhibit its effect on EPCs. This work suggested that K5PSs could be applied in anti-tumor treatment through inhibiting tumor angiogenesis.
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15
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Yan Y, Ji Y, Su N, Mei X, Wang Y, Du S, Zhu W, Zhang C, Lu Y, Xing XH. Non-anticoagulant effects of low molecular weight heparins in inflammatory disorders: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 160:71-81. [PMID: 28115102 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are produced by chemical or enzymatic depolymerization of unfractionated heparin (UFH). Besides their well-known anticoagulant effects, LMWHs have also been reported to exhibit numerous anti-inflammatory properties. Previous studies have, however, shown that different production processes result in unique structural characteristics of LMWHs. The structural variations may help explain the different therapeutic spectrums in disease treatment for non-anticoagulant effects. In the present review, we summarize major advances in understanding and exploiting the anti-inflammatory disorder activities of LMWHs, based on mechanistic studies, preclinical experiments and clinical trials. We highlight differences in these activities of commercially available LMWHs produced using different manufacturing processes. We stress the importance of structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on the non-anticoagulant effects of LMWHs and discuss strategies for exploring new clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishu Yan
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Room 607, Yingshi Building, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yang Ji
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Room 607, Yingshi Building, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Nan Su
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Room 607, Yingshi Building, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xiang Mei
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Room 607, Yingshi Building, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Room 607, Yingshi Building, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Shanshan Du
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Room 607, Yingshi Building, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Wenming Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Room 607, Yingshi Building, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Chong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Room 607, Yingshi Building, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yuan Lu
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Room 607, Yingshi Building, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xin-Hui Xing
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Room 607, Yingshi Building, Beijing 100084, China.
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16
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Cui ML, Zhang MX, Zhang C, Wang JJ. Role of cancer-related inflammation in colon cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:4343-4353. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i32.4343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is one of the important mechanisms for the development of colon cancer, and the role of cancer-related inflammation (CRI) in tumor development is a hot research topic in recent years. Therefore, it is very important to clarify the effect and regulation of CRI in colon cancer. Accumulating evidence indicates that transcription factors, cytokines, chemokines, cyclooxygenase-2 and microRNAs play key roles in CRI. This review focuses on the research progress about these molecules in colon cancer.
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17
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Cui C, Wang P, Cui N, Song S, Liang H, Ji A. Stichopus japonicus Polysaccharide, Fucoidan, or Heparin Enhanced the SDF-1α/CXCR4 Axis and Promoted NSC Migration via Activation of the PI3K/Akt/FOXO3a Signaling Pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:1311-1329. [PMID: 26886751 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Stichopus japonicus Polysaccharide (SJP) is a sulfated polysaccharide from the body wall of the sea cucumber, Stichopus japonicus. Fucoidan is a heparinoid compound that belongs to a family of sulfated polyfucose polysaccharides. Heparin is a glycosaminoglycan. SJP, fucoidan, and heparin profoundly promoted stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha (SDF-1α)-induced neural stem cell (NSC) migration in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the basal migration capacity of cells was significantly promoted after incubation with SJP, fucoidan, or heparin. Interaction of SJP, fucoidan, or heparin with SDF-1α efficiently showed additive effects on the promotion of cell migration from the neurosphere. SJP, fucoidan, or heparin interaction with SDF-1α treatment could increase Nestin expression. SDF-1α modulated by SJP, fucoidan, or heparin activated the CXCR4 receptor and directed cellular migration via the activation of the PI3K/Akt/FOXO3a signaling pathway. Moreover, interaction of SJP, fucoidan, or heparin with SDF-1α effectively promoted NSC migration and induced SDF-1α and CXCR4 expressions. Results suggested that SJP, fucoidan, and heparin might be good candidates for alleviating injury-initiated signals to which NSCs respond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Cui
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ningshan Cui
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, China
| | - Shuliang Song
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, China
| | - Aiguo Ji
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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18
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Maldov DG, Andronova VL, Balakina AA, Ilyichev AV, Galegov GA. Influence of the immunomodulatory drug stimforte on the humoral immune response in the experimental herpes virus infection. Vopr Virusol 2016; 61:172-175. [PMID: 36494965 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2016-61-4-172-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the study of the immunostimulation preparation Stimforte activity using the model of the experimental herpes virus infection BALB/c, mice has shown that sera from mice treated with the drug on the 4th and 7th day after infection possessed a 3 times greater capability of specifically binding to the culture of HSV-1 (on cells Vero) according to dot blot analysis, as compared with intact infected mice sera obtained at the same time. It was also shown that these sera had a 5 times higher index of neutralization. On the basis of Western blots, it was detected that antibodies from sera of mice treated with Stimforte contacted the glycoproteins gB and gC of HSV-1 significantly better. Thus, Stimforte stimulates one of the strongest modulatory effects on the immune memory and is a promising drug for the treatment of chronic viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V L Andronova
- «Federal Research Centre of Epidemilogy and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya»
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19
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The Role of Chemokines in Promoting Colorectal Cancer Invasion/Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050643. [PMID: 27136535 PMCID: PMC4881469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Although most of the primary CRC can be removed by surgical resection, advanced tumors sometimes show recurrences in distant organs such as the liver, lung, lymph node, bone or peritoneum even after complete resection of the primary tumors. In these advanced and metastatic CRC, it is the tumor-stroma interaction in the tumor microenvironment that often promotes cancer invasion and/or metastasis through chemokine signaling. The tumor microenvironment contains numerous host cells that may suppress or promote cancer aggressiveness. Several types of host-derived myeloid cells reside in the tumor microenvironment, and the recruitment of them is under the control of chemokine signaling. In this review, we focus on the functions of chemokine signaling that may affect tumor immunity by recruiting several types of bone marrow-derived cells (BMDC) to the tumor microenvironment of CRC.
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20
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Alam F, Al-Hilal TA, Park J, Choi JU, Mahmud F, Jeong JH, Kim IS, Kim SY, Hwang SR, Byun Y. Multi-stage inhibition in breast cancer metastasis by orally active triple conjugate, LHTD4 (low molecular weight heparin-taurocholate-tetrameric deoxycholate). Biomaterials 2016; 86:56-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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21
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Low molecular weight heparin and cancer survival: clinical trials and experimental mechanisms. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 142:1807-16. [PMID: 26912316 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The relationship between cancer and thrombosis is complex, as the hemostatic system is inextricably linked to the mechanisms of cancer growth and metastasis. The coagulation system thus appears to be a site for oncogenic events and necessary for the survival and spread of malignant cells. Although several meta-analyses on the effectiveness of unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) have suggested a lower mortality risk in cancer patients receiving LMWH, this contention has not received general acceptance. In fact, there exist no sufficiently powered studies to date supporting the routine use of LMWH to improve cancer survival. Meanwhile, the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-neoplastic effect of LMWH which is independent of its anti-coagulant function is largely unexplored and is a topic of active investigation. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this communication, we aimed to review comprehensively evidences from clinical trials, meta-analysis as well as experimental molecular research and to identify future research areas of importance so as to stimulate future research on the potential anti-tumor action of LMWH. CONCLUSION Although benefit of LMWH on cancer patients' survival is controversial depending on the tumor type, cancer stage as well as LMWH type, it appears to be associated with a reduction in VTE and increased bleeding is minor and controllable; thus, randomized controlled trials targeting the survival benefit of certain specific LWMH are needed and justified, and more in-depth experimental researches are imperative to elucidate the anti-tumor effect of anticoagulants.
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22
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Schneider T, Ehrig K, Liewert I, Alban S. Interference with the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis as potential antitumor strategy: superiority of a sulfated galactofucan from the brown alga Saccharina latissima and fucoidan over heparins. Glycobiology 2015; 25:812-24. [PMID: 25878069 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study demonstrates that fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides (FCSP) from brown algae interfere with the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in human Burkitt's lymphoma cells by binding CXCL12 and thereby blocking both CXCL12-induced CXCR4 receptor activation and downstream effects like migration and secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9. This mode of action is currently considered as promising strategy for tumor therapy and may contribute to the known in vivo antitumor, antimetastatic and antiangiogenic activity of FCSP. In terms of the inhibition of the CXCR4 activation, FCSP from Saccharina latissima (S.l.-FCSP) proved to be more active than a commercial "Fucoidan" from Fucus vesiculosus, and both FCSP were superior to heparins by more than one order of magnitude. Fractionation of S.l.-FCSP revealed that its main fraction is composed of a homogeneous, higher sulfated galactofucan (S.l.-SGF) which consistently exhibited stronger activities and can therefore be considered as the active ingredient of S.l.-FCSP. By subjecting Fucoidan to the same fractionation procedure, the inhibitory activity of the obtained purified Fucoidan on the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis tended to be weaker and its antioxidant and antiproliferative effects were lost. This was probably due to the separation of contaminants including phenolic compounds, whose content additionally showed marked batch-to-batch variability. Regarding the need of standardized, well-characterized FCSP preparations for any potential medical application, our results indicate that S.l.-SGF is a promising candidate for further investigations and that S. latissima may be a more appropriate source of FCSP than F. vesiculosus or other algae species with high contents of co-extractable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tino Schneider
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Karina Ehrig
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Inga Liewert
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Alban
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Teng L, Fu H, Deng C, Chen J, Chen J. Modulating the SDF-1/CXCL12-induced cancer cell growth and adhesion by sulfated K5 polysaccharides in vitro. Biomed Pharmacother 2015. [PMID: 26211579 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/chemokine (CXC motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) is involved in the process of tumor progression. Sulfated K5 polysaccharides have shown anti-cancer activity by acting on multiple targets, though it remains unclear whether sulfated K5 polysaccharides would disrupt SDF-1/CXCL12-stimulated cancer biology. This study aimed to investigate the effects of sulfated K5 polysaccharides on cell growth, adhesion in murine B16 melanoma cells and the underlying mechanism by targeting SDF-1/CXCL12. Results indicated that K5-NS,OS inhibited the proliferation of B16 melanoma cells, induced the cell cycle arrest mainly at the G0/G1 phase, and suppressed cancer cell proliferation or adhesion induced by SDF-1/CXCL12. It was possible that K5-NS,OS appeared to interact with CXCL12 and block the subsequent biological functions. This work suggests that the existence of O- and N-sulfate groups is more effective in targeting CXCL12 and exhibiting anti-cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Teng
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Haitian Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Chao Deng
- Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jingxiao Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
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Saiman Y, Sugiyama T, Simchoni N, Spirli C, Bansal MB. Biliary Epithelial Cells Are Not the Predominant Source of Hepatic CXCL12. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1859-66. [PMID: 25934614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic expression levels of CXCL12, a chemokine important in inflammatory and stem cell recruitment, and its receptor, C-X-C chemokine receptor 4, are increased during all forms of liver injury. CXCL12 is expressed by both parenchymal and nonparenchymal hepatic cells, and on the basis of immunohistochemistry, biliary epithelial cells (BECs) are thought to be a predominant source of hepatic CXCL12, thereby promoting periportal recruitment of C-X-C chemokine receptor 4-expressing lymphocytes. Our study aims to show that BECs may, in fact, not be the predominant source of hepatic CXCL12. We measured CXCL12 secretion and expression from human and murine BECs using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analysis from cell culture supernatants and whole cell lysates, respectively, whereas CXCL12 expression in murine livers was analyzed in a Cxcl12-Gfp reporter mouse. Cell culture supernatants and whole cell lysates from BECs failed to demonstrate their expression of CXCL12. Furthermore, we confirmed these results with a Cxcl12-Gfp reporter mouse in which green fluorescent protein expression is notably absent from BECs. Interestingly, on the basis of green fluorescent protein expression, we demonstrate a population of CXCL12-expressing cells within the portal tract that are distinct, yet intimately associated with BECs. These findings indicate that BECs are not a predominant source of CXCL12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedidya Saiman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Tatsuki Sugiyama
- Department of Immunobiology and Hematology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noa Simchoni
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Carlo Spirli
- Liver Center and Digestive Diseases Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Meena B Bansal
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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25
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Wang Y, Lin T, Zhang W, Jiang Y, Jin H, He H, Yang VC, Chen Y, Huang Y. A Prodrug-type, MMP-2-targeting Nanoprobe for Tumor Detection and Imaging. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:787-95. [PMID: 26000052 PMCID: PMC4440437 DOI: 10.7150/thno.11139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated proteases (TAPs) have been intensively studied because of their critical roles in cancer development. As a case in point, expression of matrix metalloproteases (MMP) is significantly up-regulated in tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis among a majority of cancers. Here we present a prodrug-type, MMP-2-responsive nanoprobe system with high efficiency and low toxicity for detecting MMP-2-overexpressed tumors. The nanoprobe system is featured by its self-assembled fabrication and FRET effect. This prodrug-type nanoprobe is selectively activated by MMP-2, and thus useful for detection of the MMP-2-overexpressed cells and tumors. The nanoprobe system works successfully in various animal tumor models, including human fibrosarcoma and subcutaneous glioma xenograft. Furthermore, in order to overcome the blood brain barrier (BBB) and achieve brain tumor targeting, a transferrin-receptor targeting peptide (T7 peptide) is strategically incorporated into the nanoprobe. The T7-functionalized nanoprobe is capable of detecting the orthotopic brain tumor, with clear, real-time in vivo imaging. This method is promising for in vivo detection of brain tumor, and real-time monitor of a TAP (i.e., MMP-2).
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Significantly inhibitory effects of low molecular weight heparin (Fraxiparine) on the motility of lung cancer cells and its related mechanism. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:4689-97. [PMID: 25619477 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) improving the cancer survival has been attracting attention for many years. Our previous study found that LMWH (Fraxiparine) strongly downregulated the invasive, migratory, and adhesive ability of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Here, we aimed to further identify the antitumor effects and possible mechanisms of Fraxiparine on A549 cells and human highly metastatic lung cancer 95D cells. The ability of cell invasion, migration, and adhesion were measured by Transwell, Millicell, and MTT assays. FITC-labeled phalloidin was used to detect F-actin bundles in cells. Chemotactic migration was analyzed in a modified Transwell assay. Measurement of protein expression and phosphorylation activity of PI3K, Akt, and mTOR was performed with Western blot. Our studies found that Fraxiparine significantly inhibited the invasive, migratory, and adhesive characteristics of A549 and 95D cells after 24 h incubation and showed a dose-dependent manner. Fraxiparine influenced the actin cytoskeleton rearrangement of A549 and 95D cells by preventing F-actin polymerization. Moreover, Fraxiparine could significantly inhibit CXCL12-mediated chemotactic migration of A549 and 95D cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, Fraxiparine might destroy the interaction between CXCL12-CXCR4 axis, then suppress the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway in lung cancer cells. For the first time, our data indicated that Fraxiparine could significantly inhibit the motility of lung cancer cells by restraining the actin cytoskeleton reorganization, and its related mechanism might be through inhibiting PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway mediated by CXCL12-CXCR4 axis. Therefore, Fraxiparine would be a potential drug for lung cancer metastasis therapy.
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Lean QY, Patel RP, Stewart N, Sohal SS, Gueven N. Identification of pro- and anti-proliferative oligosaccharides of heparins. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:90-9. [PMID: 24310794 DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40206a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heparins, unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs), are heterogeneous mixtures of anticoagulant and non-anticoagulant oligosaccharides. In addition to their well-known anticoagulant effect, heparins have shown to mediate a wide range of non-anticoagulant effects, including the modulation of cellular growth. However, contradictory results have been reported with regard to their effects on cellular proliferation, with some studies suggesting anti-proliferative while others indicating pro-proliferative effects. This study investigated the proliferation of human colonic epithelial cancer cells in the presence of UFH and LMWHs (enoxaparin and dalteparin). In our experimental setting, all heparins caused a dose-dependent reduction in cellular growth, which correlated well with the induction of cell cycle arrest in the G₁ phase and which was not associated with significant changes in cell viability. The effects on cellular proliferation of 14 different oligosaccharides of enoxaparin obtained through ion-exchange chromatography were also assessed. Surprisingly, only two oligosaccharides showed distinctive anti-proliferative effects while the majority of oligosaccharides actually stimulated proliferation. Interestingly, the smallest oligosaccharide devoid of any anticoagulant activity showed the strongest anti-proliferative effect. Notably, heparins are currently standardised only according to their anticoagulant activity but not based on other non-anticoagulant properties. Our results indicate that slight differences in the composition of heparins' non-anticoagulant oligosaccharides, due to different origins of material and preparation methods, have the potential to cause diverse effects and highlight the need for additional characterisation of non-anticoagulant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ying Lean
- School of Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
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Zhou J, Xiang Y, Yoshimura T, Chen K, Gong W, Huang J, Zhou Y, Yao X, Bian X, Wang JM. The role of chemoattractant receptors in shaping the tumor microenvironment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:751392. [PMID: 25110692 PMCID: PMC4119707 DOI: 10.1155/2014/751392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemoattractant receptors are a family of seven transmembrane G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) initially found to mediate the chemotaxis and activation of immune cells. During the past decades, the functions of these GPCRs have been discovered to not only regulate leukocyte trafficking and promote immune responses, but also play important roles in homeostasis, development, angiogenesis, and tumor progression. Accumulating evidence indicates that chemoattractant GPCRs and their ligands promote the progression of malignant tumors based on their capacity to orchestrate the infiltration of the tumor microenvironment by immune cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and mesenchymal cells. This facilitates the interaction of tumor cells with host cells, tumor cells with tumor cells, and host cells with host cells to provide a basis for the expansion of established tumors and development of distant metastasis. In addition, many malignant tumors of the nonhematopoietic origin express multiple chemoattractant GPCRs that increase the invasiveness and metastasis of tumor cells. Therefore, GPCRs and their ligands constitute targets for the development of novel antitumor therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Endoscopic Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi Xiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Teizo Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Keqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Wanghua Gong
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jian Huang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Department of Gastric Cancer and Soft Tissue Surgery, Fudan University Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiuwu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Meloxicam executes its antitumor effects against hepatocellular carcinoma in COX-2- dependent and -independent pathways. PLoS One 2014. [PMID: 24675684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092864.ecollection] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is overexpressed in many types of cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Meloxicam, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, has shown potential therapeutic effects against HCC, but the mechanisms accounting for its anti-cancer activities remain unclear. METHODS AND FINDINGS Meloxicam inhibited the ability of human HCC cells expressing higher levels of COX-2 to migrate, invade, adhere and form colonies through upregulating the expression of E-cadherin and downregulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -2. Meloxicam induced cell apoptosis by upregulating pro-apoptotic proteins including Bax and Fas-L, and downregulating anti-apoptotic proteins including survivin and myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1), through inhibiting phosphorylation of AKT. Addition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the major product of COX-2, could abrogate the effects of meloxicam on the expression of survivin and myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1), but not Bax and Fas-L, indicating that meloxicam induces cell apoptosis via both COX-2-dependent and -independent pathways. Meloxicam also induced cell autophagy by upregulating Beclin 1 and light chain 3-II. Specific inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine and chloroquine had little effect on cell apoptosis but could enhance the pro-apoptotic effects of meloxicam by further upregulating the expression of Bax. CONCLUSIONS Meloxicam executes its antitumor effects by targeting the COX-2/MMP-2/E-cadherin, AKT, apoptotic and autophagic pathways in COX-2-dependent and -independent pathways, and inhibition of cell autophagy could help to overcome the resistance to meloxicam-induced apoptosis in HCC.
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Dong X, Li R, Xiu P, Dong X, Xu Z, Zhai B, Liu F, Jiang H, Sun X, Li J, Qiao H. Meloxicam executes its antitumor effects against hepatocellular carcinoma in COX-2- dependent and -independent pathways. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92864. [PMID: 24675684 PMCID: PMC3968044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is overexpressed in many types of cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Meloxicam, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, has shown potential therapeutic effects against HCC, but the mechanisms accounting for its anti-cancer activities remain unclear. Methods and Findings Meloxicam inhibited the ability of human HCC cells expressing higher levels of COX-2 to migrate, invade, adhere and form colonies through upregulating the expression of E-cadherin and downregulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -2. Meloxicam induced cell apoptosis by upregulating pro-apoptotic proteins including Bax and Fas-L, and downregulating anti-apoptotic proteins including survivin and myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1), through inhibiting phosphorylation of AKT. Addition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the major product of COX-2, could abrogate the effects of meloxicam on the expression of survivin and myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1), but not Bax and Fas-L, indicating that meloxicam induces cell apoptosis via both COX-2-dependent and -independent pathways. Meloxicam also induced cell autophagy by upregulating Beclin 1 and light chain 3-II. Specific inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine and chloroquine had little effect on cell apoptosis but could enhance the pro-apoptotic effects of meloxicam by further upregulating the expression of Bax. Conclusions Meloxicam executes its antitumor effects by targeting the COX-2/MMP-2/E-cadherin, AKT, apoptotic and autophagic pathways in COX-2-dependent and -independent pathways, and inhibition of cell autophagy could help to overcome the resistance to meloxicam-induced apoptosis in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of General Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Peng Xiu
- Department of General Surgery, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuesong Dong
- The Hepatosplenic Surgery Center, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zongzhen Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Zhai
- The Hepatosplenic Surgery Center, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongchi Jiang
- The Hepatosplenic Surgery Center, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xueying Sun
- The Hepatosplenic Surgery Center, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jie Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (HQ)
| | - Haiquan Qiao
- The Hepatosplenic Surgery Center, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (HQ)
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Pisano C, Vlodavsky I, Ilan N, Zunino F. The potential of heparanase as a therapeutic target in cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 89:12-9. [PMID: 24565907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase has generated substantial interest as therapeutic target for antitumor therapy, because its activity is implicated in malignant behavior of cancer cells and in tumor progression. Increased heparanase expression was found in numerous tumor types and correlates with poor prognosis. Heparanase, an endoglucuronidase responsible for heparan sulfate cleavage, regulates the structure and function of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, leading to disassembly of the extracellular matrix. The action of heparanase is involved in multiple regulatory events related, among other effects, to augmented bioavailability of growth factors and cytokines. Inhibitors of heparanase suppress tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis by modulating growth factor-mediated signaling, ECM barrier function and cell interactions in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, targeting heparanase has potential implications for anti-tumor, anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory therapies. Current approaches for heparanase inhibition include development of chemically modified heparins, small molecule inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies. The available evidence supports the emerging utility of heparanase inhibition as a promising antitumor strategy, specifically in rational combination with other agents. The recent studies with compounds designed to block heparanase (e.g., modified heparins) provide a rational basis for their therapeutic application and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center Rappaport, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center Rappaport, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Franco Zunino
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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The chemokine system, and its CCR5 and CXCR4 receptors, as potential targets for personalized therapy in cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 352:36-53. [PMID: 24141062 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors regulate the trafficking of leukocytes in hematopoiesis and inflammation, and thus are fundamental to the immune integrity of the host. In parallel, members of the chemokine system exert a large variety of functions that dictate processes of cancer development and progression. Chemokines can act as pro-tumoral or anti-tumoral regulators of malignancy by affecting cells of the tumor microenvironment (leukocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts) and the tumor cells themselves (migration, invasion, proliferation, resistance to chemotherapy). Several of the chemokines are generally skewed towards the cancer-promoting direction, including primarily the CCR5-CCL5 (RANTES) and the CXCR4-CXCL12 (SDF-1) axes. This review provides a general view of chemokines and chemokine receptors as regulators of malignancy, describing their multi-faceted activities in cancer. The tumor-promoting activities of the CCR5-CCL5 and CXCR4-CXCL12 pathways are enlightened, emphasizing their potential use as targets for personalized therapy. Indeed, novel blockers of chemokines and their receptors are constantly emerging, and two chemokine receptor inhibitors were recently approved for clinical use: Maraviroc for CCR5 and Plerixafor for CXCR4. The review addresses ongoing pre-clinical and clinical trials using these modalities and others in cancer. Then, challenges and opportunities of personalized therapy directed against chemokines and their receptors in malignancy are discussed, demonstrating that such novel personalized cancer therapies hold many challenges, but also offer hope for cancer patients.
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Takeuchi A, Yamamoto Y, Munesue S, Harashima A, Watanabe T, Yonekura H, Yamamoto H, Tsuchiya H. Low molecular weight heparin suppresses receptor for advanced glycation end products-mediated expression of malignant phenotype in human fibrosarcoma cells. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:740-9. [PMID: 23421467 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a pattern-recognition receptor and its engagement by ligands such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is implicated in tumor growth and metastasis. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) has an antagonistic effect on the RAGE axis and is also reported to exert an antitumor effect beyond the known activity of anticoagulation. However, the link between the anti-RAGE and antitumor activities of LMWH has not yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated whether LMWH could inhibit tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis by blocking the RAGE axis using in vitro and in vivo assay systems. Stably transformed HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cell lines were obtained, including human full-length RAGE-overexpressing (HT1080(RAGE)), RAGE dominant-negative, intracellular tail-deleted RAGE-overexpressing (HT1080(dnRAGE)), and mock-transfected control (HT1080(mock)) cells. Confocal microscopy showed the expression of HMGB1 and RAGE in HT1080 cells. The LMWH significantly inhibited HMGB1-induced NFκB activation through RAGE using an NFκB-dependent luciferase reporter assay and the HT1080 cell lines. Overexpression of RAGE significantly accelerated, but dnRAGE expression attenuated HT1080 cell proliferation and invasion in vitro, along with similar effects on local tumor mass growth and lung metastasis in vivo. Treatment with LMWH significantly inhibited the migration, invasion, tumor formation, and lung metastasis of HT1080(RAGE) cells, but not of HT1080(mock) or HT1080(dnRAGE) cells. In conclusion, this study revealed that RAGE exacerbated the malignant phenotype of human fibrosarcoma cells, and that this exacerbation could be ameliorated by LMWH. It is suggested that LMWH has therapeutic potential in patients with certain types of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Takeuchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Ozen E, Gozukizil A, Erdal E, Uren A, Bottaro DP, Atabey N. Heparin inhibits Hepatocyte Growth Factor induced motility and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through early growth response protein 1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42717. [PMID: 22912725 PMCID: PMC3418296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF)/c-Met signaling pathway regulates hepatocyte proliferation, and pathway aberrations are implicated in the invasive and metastatic behaviors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In addition to c-Met, heparin acts as a co-receptor to modulate pathway activity. Recently, anti-metastatic and anti-cancer effects of heparin have been reported. However, the role of heparin in the regulation of HGF signaling remains controversial and the effects of heparin on HGF-induced biological responses during hepatocarcinogenesis is not yet defined. In this study we determined the effects of heparin on HGF-induced activities of HCC cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, we report for the first time that heparin inhibits HGF-induced adhesion, motility and invasion of HCC cells. In addition, heparin reduced HGF-induced activation of c-Met and MAPK in a dose-dependent manner, as well as decreased transcriptional activation and expression of Early growth response factor 1 (Egr1). HGF-induced MMP-2 and MMP-9 activation, and MT1-MMP expression, also were inhibited by heparin. Stable knockdown of Egr1 caused a significant decrease in HGF-induced invasion, as well as the activation and expression of MMPs. Parallel to these findings, the overexpression of Egr1 increased the invasiveness of HCC cells. Our results suggest that Egr1 activates HGF-induced cell invasion through the regulation of MMPs in HCC cells and heparin inhibits HGF-induced cellular invasion via the downregulation of Egr1. Therefore, heparin treatment might be a therapeutic approach to inhibit invasion and metastasis of HCC, especially for patients with active HGF/c-Met signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evin Ozen
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aysim Gozukizil
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Esra Erdal
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aykut Uren
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Donald P. Bottaro
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National, Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nese Atabey
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
- * E-mail:
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Seeger FH, Rasper T, Fischer A, Muhly-Reinholz M, Hergenreider E, Leistner DM, Sommer K, Manavski Y, Henschler R, Chavakis E, Assmus B, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Heparin disrupts the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis and impairs the functional capacity of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells used for cardiovascular repair. Circ Res 2012; 111:854-62. [PMID: 22821930 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.265678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cell therapy is a promising option for the treatment of acute or chronic myocardial ischemia. The intracoronary infusion of cells imposes the potential risk of cell clotting, which may be prevented by the addition of anticoagulants. However, a comprehensive analysis of the effects of anticoagulants on the function of the cells is missing. OBJECTIVE Here, we investigated the effects of heparin and the thrombin inhibitor bivalirudin on bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell (BMC) functional activity and homing capacity. METHODS AND RESULTS Heparin, but not bivalirudin profoundly and dose-dependently inhibited basal and stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1)-induced BMC migration. Incubation of BMCs with 20 U/mL heparin for 30 minutes abrogated SDF-1-induced BMC invasion (16±8% of control; P<0.01), whereas no effects on apoptosis or colony formation were observed (80±33% and 100±44% of control, respectively). Pretreatment of BMCs with heparin significantly reduced the homing of the injected cells in a mouse ear-wound model (69±10% of control; P<0.05). In contrast, bivalirudin did not inhibit in vivo homing of BMCs. Mechanistically, heparin binds to both, the chemoattractant SDF-1 and its receptor, chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), blocking CXCR4 internalization as well as SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling after SDF-1 stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Heparin blocks SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling by binding to the ligand as well as the receptor, thereby interfering with migration and homing of BMCs. In contrast, the thrombin inhibitor bivalirudin did not interfere with BMC homing or SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling. These findings suggest that bivalirudin but not heparin might be recommended as an anticoagulant for intracoronary infusion of BMCs for cell therapy after cardiac ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian H Seeger
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Haus 25, 4. Stock, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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