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Sun X, Ding TT, Wang ZJ, Huang P, Liu SS. Optimized Derivation of Predicted No-Effect Concentrations (PNECs) for Eight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Using HC 10 Based on Acute Toxicity Data. TOXICS 2023; 11:563. [PMID: 37505529 PMCID: PMC10384761 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
For persistent organic pollutants, a concern of environmental supervision, predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) are often used in ecological risk assessment, which is commonly derived from the hazardous concentration of 5% (HC5) of the species sensitivity distribution (SSD). To address the problem of a lack of toxicity data, the objectives of this study are to propose and apply two improvement ideas for SSD application, taking polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as an example: whether the chronic PNEC can be derived from the acute SSD curve; whether the PNEC may be calculated by HC10 to avoid solely statistical extrapolation. In this study, the acute SSD curves for eight PAHs and the chronic SSD curves for three PAHs were constructed. The quantity relationship of HC5s between the acute and chronic SSD curves was explored, and the value of the assessment factor when using HC10 to calculate PNEC was derived. The results showed that, for PAHs, the chronic PNEC can be estimated by multiplying the acute PNEC by 0.1, and the value of the assessment factor corresponding to HC10 is 10. For acenaphthene, anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, fluoranthene, fluorene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene, the chronic PNECs based on the acute HC10s were 0.8120, 0.008925, 0.005202, 0.07602, 2.328, 12.75, 0.5731, and 0.05360 μg/L, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ting-Ting Ding
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ze-Jun Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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López-Valcárcel ME, Del Arco A, Parra G. Sublethal exposure to agrochemicals impairs zooplankton ability to face future global change challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162020. [PMID: 36773907 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Intensive agriculture is characterized by the application of multiple stressors that damage aquatic systems. Currently, ecotoxicological evaluations are considered insufficient to understand the environmental risks of stressor mixtures and their consequences in ecosystems. In addition, future global change scenarios could alter the predicted effects of agrochemicals in aquatic systems based on single exposures, making it necessary to consider the history of environmental disturbances that may result in vulnerability to subsequent environmental changes. The objectives of this study were to induce disturbance histories by exposure to sublethal glyphosate concentrations in microcosms and to assess whether this disturbance results in vulnerable populations using Daphnia magna as the target species. Populations were considered vulnerable if their sensitivity to new stressors (inanition, temperature and salinity) was higher than that of undisturbed populations. To induce disturbance history, microcosm aquatic communities (two cladocerans and one microalgae) were exposed to two glyphosate sublethal concentrations (below the No Observed Effect Concentration, NOEC values for D. magna, 0.1 and 1 mg L-1) in microcosms under controlled conditions in a culture chamber for 48 days. After this period, no significant differences were observed with respect to the control microcosms in the selected parameters (cladoceran abundance, microalgae cell abundance, microalgae colony formation, pH and dissolved oxygen). To test vulnerability, our target D. magna populations, which were previously exposed to different glyphosate treatments, were subjected to inanition, elevated temperature and salinity. Our results showed that D. magna populations with disturbance history performed worse in all the scenarios compared to the populations from undisturbed conditions. These results underscore the need to study how environmental disturbance history influences population responses to new and future stressors. Moreover, our findings raise concern regarding the sublethal effects of pesticides on aquatic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia López-Valcárcel
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus de Las Lagunillas S/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Ana Del Arco
- Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, Mainaustraße 252, 78464 Konstanz, Egg, Germany.
| | - Gema Parra
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus de Las Lagunillas S/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
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3
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Gray AD, Miller JA, Weinstein JE. Are Green Household Consumer Products Less Toxic than Conventional Products? An Assessment Involving Grass Shrimp (Palaemon pugio) and Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:2444-2453. [PMID: 36073187 PMCID: PMC9826148 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although it is generally assumed that green household consumer products (HCPs) contain individual compounds that are less toxic and/or more degradable than conventional HCPs, little research on this topic has been conducted. In our assessments, larval grass shrimp (Palaemon pugio) were used in a biodegradation study and juvenile freshwater cladocerans, Daphnia magna, were used in a photodegradation study. In each study, organisms were exposed to nondegraded and degraded treatments consisting of one green HCP and two conventional HCPs in six different categories (laundry detergent, dish detergent, mouthwash, insecticide, dishwasher gel, and all-purpose cleaner). Sensitivity to these products were assessed using 48-h static acute toxicity tests, and the median lethal concentrations (LC50s) then compared using an LC50 ratio test. For grass shrimp, only one green HCP (insecticide) was less toxic than both conventional HCPs. In one category (laundry detergent), the green HCP was the more toxic than either conventional HCP. Following a biodegradation treatment, none of the green product formulations became less toxic, whereas 44.4% of the conventional HCPs demonstrated decreased toxicity. For daphnids, green HCPs in three categories (dish detergent, insecticide, and all-purpose cleaner) were less toxic than both conventional products tested. Following a photodegradation treatment, two green product formulations (dish detergent and dishwasher gel) became less toxic (33.3%), whereas 87.5% of the conventional HCPs demonstrated decreased toxicity. The present study demonstrates that green HCPs are not necessarily less toxic and/or more degradable than their conventional counterparts. These results also suggest that the toxicity and degradability of end-product formulations need to be considered in the overall framework for green product evaluation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2444-2453. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin D. Gray
- Department of Biological ScienceVirginia Polytechnical Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
- Department of BiologyThe Citadel, Military College of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jonté A. Miller
- Department of BiologyThe Citadel, Military College of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - John E. Weinstein
- Department of BiologyThe Citadel, Military College of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
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Zhu H, Huang ZY, Jiang S, Pan L, Xi YL. Rapid adaptation of Brachionus dorcas (Rotifera) to tetracycline antibiotic stress. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 245:106126. [PMID: 35228124 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although natural populations can rapidly adapt to selection pressures, the fitness consequences of selection are controversial. In this study, a selection experiment was conducted with replicate populations of Brachionus dorcas that were exposed to two sublethal concentrations (26.8 and 78.3 mg/L) of oxytetracycline (OTC), followed by two common garden experiments (population growth and life table experiments). During the 102-day (approximately 36 asexual generations) selection experiment, a markedly increased growth rate but a significantly decreased mictic ratio over time in the populations exposed to OTC when compared to the control populations suggested that the former adapted to the selection pressures and that a trade-off exists between asexual and sexual reproduction. The high and stable population growth rates after 90 days of OTC selection illustrate an example of evolutionary rescue. After 102 days of selection, OTC-selected populations showed higher population growth rates than the control populations when exposed to OTC, indicating significantly increased tolerance. OTC-selected populations showed a lower average growth rate, longer average generation time and life expectancy at hatching, and higher average net reproduction rate and proportion of mictic offspring than the control populations in the absence of OTC, which indicate that OTC selection results in two fitness costs and three fitness gains and that the effect of OTC selection on fitness differs with the measured fitness variables. Both the evolutionary potential of populations under the stress of higher concentrations of OTC and the fitness costs and gains of selection in the absence of OTC indicate that past exposures to pollutants cannot be neglected when evaluating the effects of current stressors on natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-funded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-funded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-funded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ling Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-funded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yi-Long Xi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-funded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui Province, China.
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Ishimota M, Kodama M, Tomiyama N. Possible enzymatic mechanism underlying chemical tolerance and characteristics of tolerant population in Scapholeberis kingi. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:18989-19002. [PMID: 34705208 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To determine the potential effects of pesticides on aquatic organisms inhabiting a realistic environment, we explored the characteristics and mechanisms of chemical tolerance in Scapholeberis kingi(Cladocera). We established a chemical-tolerant population via continuous exposure to pirimicarb, an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, and examined the effects of pirimicarb concentration on the intrinsic growth rates (r) of tolerant cladocerans. We also explored the association between r and feeding rate and tested the involvement of antioxidant enzymes [peroxidase (PO) and superoxide dismutase] and AChE in pirimicarb sensitivity. S. kingi was continuously exposed to lethal and sublethal pirimicarb concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 µg/L) for 15 generations, and changes (half maximal effective concentration at 48 h, 48 h-EC50) in chemical sensitivity were investigated. In the F14 generation, the sensitivity of the 10 µg/L group was three times lower than that of the control group, suggesting the acquisition of chemical tolerance. Moreover, r was significantly and negatively correlated with 48 h-EC50, suggesting a fitness cost for tolerance. Surprisingly, there was no significant correlation between r and feeding rate. There was a weak but significant positive correlation between each enzyme activity and the 48 h-EC50 value (p < 0.05). Thus, oxidative stress regulation and enhanced AChE may be involved in the acquisition of chemical tolerance in cladocerans. These findings will help elucidate the characteristics and mechanisms of chemical tolerance in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ishimota
- Laboratory of Residue Analysis II, Chemistry Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, 4321, Ibaraki, 303-0043, Japan.
| | - Mebuki Kodama
- Laboratory of Residue Analysis II, Chemistry Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, 4321, Ibaraki, 303-0043, Japan
| | - Naruto Tomiyama
- Laboratory of Residue Analysis II, Chemistry Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, 4321, Ibaraki, 303-0043, Japan
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López-Valcárcel ME, Parra G, Del Arco A. Environmental disturbance history undermines population responses to cope with anthropogenic and environmental stressors. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:128373. [PMID: 33182143 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since aquatic ecosystems receive runoff of most anthropogenic pollutants, risk assessment tools and protocols have been developed in order to protect them. However, most ecological risk assessments focus on the study of single species exposed to a single chemical, overlooking the environmental reality of multiple chemical exposures and stresses over generations. To advance in realistic predictions of population and community changes, the environmental disturbance history should be considered. The aim of this study was to evaluate how environmental disturbance history (continuous expected sublethal exposure to one chemical for several generations) determines populations' responses to another stressors. The experiments were performed with Daphnia magna as model organisms. To create a disturbance history, dimethoate was used as first stressor at two different concentrations: medium (0.089 mg·L-1) and high (0.89 mg·L-1). The population exposed to medium concentration ("vulnerable population") showed no differences from the control population in the selected parameters (body size and reproductive success). Our interest in the vulnerable population was to determine whether, after a first stressor, the detected non-effect hides a population impairment, which might undermine populations' responses to future stressors. After 4 generations under dimethoate exposure, the vulnerable D. magna population was exposed to a second chemical stressor (glyphosate) and an environmental stressor (food scarcity) as compared to control. The vulnerable population showed both less resistance to glyphosate and less resistance to starvation, corroborating the hypothesis that a disturbance history of continuous expected sublethal chemical exposures undermines populations' responses to further chemical and environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia López-Valcárcel
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus de Las Lagunillas S/n, E-23071, Jaén, Spain.
| | - Gema Parra
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus de Las Lagunillas S/n, E-23071, Jaén, Spain.
| | - Ana Del Arco
- Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, Mainaustraße 252, 78464, Konstanz, Egg, Germany.
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7
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Simão FCP, Gravato C, Machado AL, Soares AMVM, Pestana JLT. Toxicity of different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to the freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115185. [PMID: 32777698 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater planarians have been gaining relevance as experimental animals for numerous research areas given their interesting features, such as high regeneration potential, shared features with the vertebrates' nervous system or the range of endpoints that can be easily evaluated in response to contaminants. Ecotoxicological research using these animals has been steadily increasing in the past decades, as planarians' potentialities for this research area are being recognized. In this work, we used polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as model contaminants and evaluated effects of exposure to phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in planarians. The freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina was chosen and mortality, cephalic regeneration (during and post-exposure), behavioral endpoints and presence of PAHs in tissues, were evaluated. Mortality was only observed in planarians exposed to phenanthrene, with an estimated LC50 of 830 μg L-1. Results indicate that planarian behavioral endpoints were very sensitive in response to sub-lethal concentrations of PAHs, showing a greater sensitivity towards B[a]P and pyrene. Briefly, post-exposure locomotion and post-exposure feeding were significantly impaired by sub-lethal concentrations of all compounds, whereas regeneration of photoreceptors was only significantly delayed in planarians exposed to pyrene. Moreover, levels of PAH-type compounds in planarian tissues followed a concentration-dependent increase, showing uptake of compounds from experimental solutions. The present results highlight the importance of studying alternative and complementary endpoints, such as behavior, not only because these may be able to detect effects at lower levels of contamination, but also due to their ecological relevance. The simplicity of evaluating a wide range of responses to contaminants further demonstrates the utility of freshwater planarians for ecotoxicological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima C P Simão
- CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Gravato
- Faculdade de Ciências & CESAM, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Machado
- CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João L T Pestana
- CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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8
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Hasoon MSR, Plaistow SJ. Embryogenesis plasticity and the transmission of maternal effects in Daphnia pulex. Evol Dev 2020; 22:345-357. [PMID: 32579775 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how genetic, nongenetic, and environmental cues are integrated during development may be critical in understanding if, and how, organisms will respond to rapid environmental change. Normally, only post-embryonic studies are possible. But in this study, we developed a real-time, high-throughput confocal microscope assay that allowed us to link Daphnia embryogenesis to offspring life history variation at the individual level. Our assay identified eight clear developmental phenotypes linked by seven developmental stages, the duration of which were correlated with the expression of specific offspring life history traits. Daphnia embryogenesis varied not only between clones reared in the same environment, but also within a single clone when mothers were of different ages or reared in different food environments. Our results support the hypothesis that Daphnia embryogenesis is plastic and can be altered by changes in maternal state or maternal environment. As well as furthering our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning parental effects, our assay may also have an industrial application if it can be used as a rapid ecotoxicological prescreen for testing the effect that pollutant doses have on offspring life histories traditionally assayed with a 21-day Daphnia reproduction test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S R Hasoon
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Stewart J Plaistow
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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9
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Major KM, Brander SM. The Ecological and Evolutionary Implications of Pyrethroid Exposure: A New Perspective on Aquatic Ecotoxicity. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2019_432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Silva ARR, Cardoso DN, Cruz A, Mendo S, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S. Long-term exposure of Daphnia magna to carbendazim: how it affects toxicity to another chemical or mixture. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:16289-16302. [PMID: 30980366 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms might be exposed episodically or continuously to chemicals for long-term periods throughout their life span. Pesticides are one example of widely used chemicals and thus represent a potential hazard to aquatic organisms. In addition, these chemicals may be present simultaneously in the environment or as pulses, being difficult to predict accurately how their joint effects will take place. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate how Daphnia magna (clone k6) exposed throughout generations to a model pesticide (the fungicide carbendazim) would react upon an exposure to another chemical compound (triclosan) and to a mixture of both chemicals (carbendazim and triclosan). Responses of daphnids continuously exposed to carbendazim and kept in clean medium will be compared using immobilization tests and the comet assay (DNA integrity). The results showed that triclosan presented similar toxicity to daphnids exposed for 12 generations (F12) to carbendazim (similar 48-h-LC50 values for immobilization data), when compared with daphnids kept in clean medium. However, at subcellular level, daphnids previously exposed to carbendazim for 12 generations (F12) showed different responses than those from clean medium, presenting a higher toxicity; a general higher percentage of DNA damage was observed, after exposure to a range of concentrations of triclosan and to the binary combination of triclosan + carbendazim. The patterns of toxicity observed for the binary mixture triclosan + carbendazim were generally similar for daphnids in clean medium and daphnids exposed to carbendazim, with a dose level deviation with antagonism observed at low doses of the chemical mixture for the immobilization data and a dose ratio deviation with synergism mainly caused by triclosan for DNA damage. With this study, we contributed to the knowledge on long-term induced effects of carbendazim exposure, while looking at the organismal sensitivity to another chemical (triclosan) and to a mixture of carbendazim and triclosan using lethality as an endpoint at the individual level and DNA damage as a subcellular endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita R Silva
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Diogo N Cardoso
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Andreia Cruz
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Mendo
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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11
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Nikinmaa M, Suominen E, Anttila K. Water-soluble fraction of crude oil affects variability and has transgenerational effects in Daphnia magna. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 211:137-140. [PMID: 30978588 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The importance of interindividual variability in environmental responses has been little studied, although the available information suggests that, e.g., changes in environmental temperature may be associated with changes in variability. We studied, if exposure to water-soluble fraction (WSF) of crude oil can be associated with changes in interindividual variability in phenotype in Daphnia magna, which reproduces parthenogenetically. By using these clonal organisms, we could exclude the possibility that the observed changes were caused by genetic variability. The results show that the variability of oxygen consumption rate decreased in 48 h 30% WSF-exposed animals as compared to 10% WSF-exposed or control animals without a change in the mean of oxygen consumption rate. The clonal Daphnia magna could also be used to study transgenerational effects without genetic contribution, as the different generations are genetically identical. We observed that the oxygen consumption rates in F1 and F2 generations of unexposed and 10% WSF-exposed Daphnia had decreased from parental F0 generation and were also lower than in offspring of 30% WSF-exposed specimens. The studies did not aim at environmental realism but were designed to show the possibility of variability changes without changes in the mean value of a parameter, and transgenerational effects as a result of environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Nikinmaa
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Emilie Suominen
- Department of Biology, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500 Turku, Finland.
| | - Katja Anttila
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
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12
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Silva ARR, Santos CSA, Ferreira NGC, Morgado R, Cardoso DN, Cruz A, Mendo S, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S. Multigenerational effects of carbendazim in Daphnia magna: From a subcellular to a population level. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:412-422. [PMID: 30508263 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities such as the use of pesticides may affect aquatic biota populations, due to potential agricultural runoffs or disposals. Carbendazim is one example of a widely used fungicide with a high potential to end up in aquatic ecosystems through runoff. Deleterious effects observed at the individual level are possibly explained by changes in homeostasis at the cellular level, and both factors can then be used to predict effects at the population level. In the present study, an isoclonal population of Daphnia magna (clone K6) was exposed to a concentration that mimics relevant levels of carbendazim in the environment over 12 generations. The effects of carbendazim were assessed in some generations using the following endpoints: biochemical biomarkers (cholinesterase, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase), lipid peroxidation and energy-related parameters (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins along with available energy and energy consumption), parental longevity, and population growth (r). Long-term exposure to carbendazim had no effect on the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) of adult D. magna, but longevity was decreased at the F12 generation compared to that of control. Differences between the exposed and nonexposed populations were found for cholinesterase, glutathione-S-transferase, and lipid peroxidation. However, for catalase and energy-related parameters, no differences were observed between these 2 populations. Natural variability was seen throughout the test period, under control conditions, within the 12 generations. Overall, carbendazim induced some effects at the subcellular level that translated into changes in longevity but these later vanished in terms of population effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:412-422. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita R Silva
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cátia S A Santos
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nuno G C Ferreira
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Morgado
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diogo N Cardoso
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Andreia Cruz
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Mendo
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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13
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and female reproductive health: A scoping review. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 73:61-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Dutilleul M, Réale D, Goussen B, Lecomte C, Galas S, Bonzom J. Adaptation costs to constant and alternating polluted environments. Evol Appl 2017; 10:839-851. [PMID: 29151875 PMCID: PMC5680423 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Some populations quickly adapt to strong and novel selection pressures caused by anthropogenic stressors. However, this short-term evolutionary response to novel and harsh environmental conditions may lead to adaptation costs, and evaluating these costs is important if we want to understand the evolution of resistance to anthropogenic stressors. In this experimental evolution study, we exposed Caenorhabditis elegans populations to uranium (U populations), salt (NaCl populations) and alternating uranium/salt treatments (U/NaCl populations) and to a control environment (C populations), over 22 generations. In parallel, we ran common-garden and reciprocal-transplant experiments to assess the adaptive costs for populations that have evolved in the different environmental conditions. Our results showed rapid evolutionary changes in life history characteristics of populations exposed to the different pollution regimes. Furthermore, adaptive costs depended on the type of pollutant: pollution-adapted populations had lower fitness than C populations, when the populations were returned to their original environment. Fitness in uranium environments was lower for NaCl populations than for U populations. In contrast, fitness in salt environments was similar between U and NaCl populations. Moreover, fitness of U/NaCl populations showed similar or higher fitness in both the uranium and the salt environments compared to populations adapted to constant uranium or salt environments. Our results show that adaptive evolution to a particular stressor can lead to either adaptive costs or benefits once in contact with another stressor. Furthermore, we did not find any evidence that adaptation to alternating stressors was associated with additional adaption costs. This study highlights the need to incorporate adaptive cost assessments when undertaking ecological risk assessments of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Dutilleul
- Laboratoire d’écotoxicologie des radionucléidesInstitut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, CadaracheSaint‐Paul‐lez‐Durance CedexFrance
- Département des Sciences BiologiquesUniversité du Québec À MontréalMontréalQCCanada
- Faculté de pharmacieLaboratoire de ToxicologieUniversité de Montpellier 1Montpellier Cedex 5France
- Present address:
Environment DepartmentUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkUK
| | - Denis Réale
- Département des Sciences BiologiquesUniversité du Québec À MontréalMontréalQCCanada
| | - Benoit Goussen
- Laboratoire d’écotoxicologie des radionucléidesInstitut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, CadaracheSaint‐Paul‐lez‐Durance CedexFrance
- Unit “Models for ecotoxicology and toxicology” (METO) INERIS Parc ALATAVerneuil‐en‐HalatteFrance
- Present address:
Environment DepartmentUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkUK
- Present address:
Safety and Environmental Assurance CentreUnileverSharnbrookBedfordshireUK
| | - Catherine Lecomte
- Laboratoire d’écotoxicologie des radionucléidesInstitut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, CadaracheSaint‐Paul‐lez‐Durance CedexFrance
| | - Simon Galas
- Faculté de pharmacieLaboratoire de ToxicologieUniversité de Montpellier 1Montpellier Cedex 5France
| | - Jean‐Marc Bonzom
- Laboratoire d’écotoxicologie des radionucléidesInstitut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, CadaracheSaint‐Paul‐lez‐Durance CedexFrance
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15
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Silva ARR, Cardoso DN, Cruz A, Pestana JLT, Mendo S, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S. Multigenerational effects of carbendazim in Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:383-394. [PMID: 27349362 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbendazim is a fungicide largely used in agriculture as a plant protection product. As a result of agricultural runoffs, drainage, and leaching, it reaches surface waters at concentrations possibly hazardous to aquatic communities. Because of potential and continuous release of carbendazim to aquatic systems, long-term exposure to aquatic organisms should be addressed. To fill the knowledge gap, the present study evaluated the responses of multiple generations of Daphnia magna (clone K6) to an environmentally relevant concentration of carbendazim (5 μg/L). Twelve successive generations were evaluated, and the effects in these offspring were compared with those from a control population. Neonates' fitness was assessed through immobilization, reproduction, and feeding activity tests, along with the comet assay for in vivo DNA damage evaluation. Recovery from long-term exposure was also assessed. In the F5 generation, the results revealed that when daphnids were re-exposed to carbendazim, DNA damage was higher in daphnids continuously exposed to carbendazim than those from clean medium. After daphnids were moved to a clean medium, a low recovery potential was observed for DNA damage. Daphnids exposed continuously for 6 generations (F6) to carbendazim displayed an increase in feeding rates when re-exposed to carbendazim compared with F6 daphnids reared in clean medium. Continuous exposure of daphnids to carbendazim induced a significant increase in DNA damage from the F0 to the F12 generation. Deleterious effects of the multigenerational exposure to carbendazim were more prominent at a subcellular level (DNA damage) compared with the individual level. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:383-394. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita R Silva
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diogo N Cardoso
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Andreia Cruz
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João L T Pestana
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Mendo
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology and Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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16
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Bendis RJ, Relyea RA. If you see one, have you seen them all?: Community-wide effects of insecticide cross-resistance in zooplankton populations near and far from agriculture. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 215:234-246. [PMID: 27208756 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide use of pesticides has led to increases in agricultural yields by reducing crop losses. However, increased pesticide use has resulted in pesticide-resistant pest species and recent studies have discovered pesticide-resistance in non-target species living close to farms. Such increased tolerance not only affects the species, but can alter the entire food web. Given that some species can evolve not only resistance to a single pesticide, but also cross-resistance to other pesticides that share the same mode of action, one would predict that cross-resistance to pesticides would also have effects on the entire community and affect community stability. To address this hypothesis, we conducted an outdoor mesocosm experiment comprised of 200 identical aquatic communities with phytoplankton, periphyton, and leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens) tadpoles. To these communities, we added one of four Daphnia pulex populations that we previously discovered were either resistant or sensitive to the insecticide of chlorpyrifos as a result of living close to or far from agriculture, respectively. We then exposed the communities to either no insecticide or three different concentrations of AChE-inhibiting insecticides (chlorpyrifos, malathion or carbaryl) or sodium channel-inhibiting insecticides (permethrin or cypermethrin). We discovered that communities containing sensitive Daphnia pulex experienced phytoplankton blooms and subsequent cascades through all trophic groups including amphibians at moderate to high concentrations of all five insecticides. However, communities containing resistant D. pulex were buffered from these effects at low to moderate concentrations of all AChE-inhibiting insecticides, but were not buffered against the pyrethroid insecticides. These data suggest that a simple change in the population-level resistance of zooplankton to a single insecticide can have widespread consequences for community stability and that the effects can be extrapolated to a wide variety of pesticides that share the same mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall J Bendis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Rick A Relyea
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, NY, USA
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17
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Reynolds A, Lindström J, Johnson PCD, Mable BK. Evolution of drug-tolerant nematode populations in response to density reduction. Evol Appl 2016; 9:726-38. [PMID: 27247622 PMCID: PMC4869413 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to xenobiotics remains a pressing issue in parasite treatment and global agriculture. Multiple factors may affect the evolution of resistance, including interactions between life‐history traits and the strength of selection imposed by different drug doses. We experimentally created replicate selection lines of free‐living Caenorhabditis remanei exposed to Ivermectin at high and low doses to assess whether survivorship of lines selected in drug‐treated environments increased, and if this varied with dose. Additionally, we maintained lines where mortality was imposed randomly to control for differences in density between drug treatments and to distinguish between the evolutionary consequences of drug‐treatment versus ecological processes due to changes in density‐dependent feedback. After 10 generations, we exposed all of the selected lines to high‐dose, low‐dose and drug‐free environments to evaluate evolutionary changes in survivorship as well as any costs to adaptation. Both adult and juvenile survival were measured to explore relationships between life‐history stage, selection regime and survival. Intriguingly, both drug‐selected and random‐mortality lines showed an increase in survivorship when challenged with Ivermectin; the magnitude of this increase varied with the intensity of selection and life‐history stage. Our results suggest that interactions between density‐dependent processes and life history may mediate evolved changes in susceptibility to control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Reynolds
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Jan Lindström
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Paul C D Johnson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Barbara K Mable
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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18
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Clark SL, Scott R, Hall LW, Mitchell G, Giddings J, Dobbs M, McCoole M, Henry K, Valenti T. The authors' reply. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:2191-2193. [PMID: 26414545 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R Scott
- Pacific EcoRisk Fairfield, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael Dobbs
- Bayer Crop Science Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew McCoole
- Bayer Crop Science Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Ted Valenti
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Greensboro, North Carolina,, USA
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19
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Bendis RJ, Relyea RA. Living on the edge: populations of two zooplankton species living closer to agricultural fields are more resistant to a common insecticide. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:2835-2841. [PMID: 25220688 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ecological communities across the globe are exposed to diverse natural and anthropogenic stressors and disturbances that can lead to community-wide impacts. Contaminants are a group of anthropogenic disturbances that are ubiquitous in the environment and can trigger trophic cascades, increased susceptibility to pathogens, reduced biodiversity, and altered ecosystems. In these ecosystems, substantial attention has been given to evolved resistance in targeted pest species, but little attention has been given to the evolution of resistance in nontarget species in nature. For the present study, the authors used laboratory toxicity tests to determine if 2 common, co-occurring species of freshwater zooplankton (Simocephalus vetulus and Daphnia pulex) showed population-level variation in sensitivity to a common insecticide (chlorpyrifos). For both species, it was found that populations living near agricultural fields--a proxy for pesticide use--were more resistant to chlorpyrifos than populations collected from ponds far from agriculture. This finding is consistent with the evolution of resistance to pesticides. To the authors' knowledge, only 1 previous study (using Daphnia magna) has demonstrated this relationship. Collectively, these results suggest that evolved resistance may be common in zooplankton populations located near agriculture. Moreover, because zooplankton play a key role in aquatic food webs, it is expected that population variation in resistance would dramatically alter aquatic food webs, particularly with exposure to low concentrations of insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall J Bendis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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20
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Chung PP, Ballard JWO, Hyne RV. Differential survival and reproductive performance across three mitochondrial lineages in Melita plumulosa following naphthalene exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:1064-1069. [PMID: 23800590 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Populations subject to anthropogenic contaminants often display altered patterns of genetic variation, including decreased genetic variability. Selective pressures of contaminant exposure are also reflected in differential tolerance between genotypes. An industrial chemical spill in a major eastern Australian waterway in July 2006 resulted in altered patterns of genetic variability in a nearby population of the amphipod, Melita plumulosa for up to one year post-spill, despite the site being declared clean after 48 h. Here, we investigate the toxicant response of three mitochondrial lines naturally occurring at the impacted site by comparing survivorship and life-history trait variables following naphthalene exposure. Overall, M. plumulosa demonstrated differential survivorship between mitochondrial lines under exposure to high concentrations of naphthalene. In addition, we identified differential fecundity and frequencies of gravidity in female amphipods between the mitochondrial haplotypes examined. These findings suggest that the patterns of genetic variability previously identified may be linked with differential tolerance and/or reproductive performance between mitochondrial lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pann Pann Chung
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia.
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21
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Fojut TL, Palumbo AJ, Tjeerdema RS. Aquatic life water quality criteria derived via the UC Davis method: II. Pyrethroid insecticides. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 216:51-103. [PMID: 22298113 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2260-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic life water quality criteria were derived for five pyrethroids using a new methodology developed by the University of California, Davis (TenBrook et al.2010). This methodology was developed to provide an updated, flexible, and robust water quality criteria derivation methodology specifically for pesticides. To derive the acute criteria, log-logistic SSDs were fitted to the medium-sized bifenthrin,cyfluthrin, and cypermethrin acute toxicity data sets while the X-cyhalothrin and permethrin acute data sets were larger, and Burr Type III SSDs could be fitted to these data sets. A review of the cyfluthrin acute criterion revealed that it was not protective of the most sensitive species in the data set, H. azteca, so the acute value was adjusted downward to calculate a more protective criterion. Similarly, the cypermethrin criteria were adjusted downward to be protective of H. azteca.Criteria for bifenthrin, X-cyhalothrin, and permethrin were calculated using the median fifth percentile acute values while the cyfluthrin and cypermethrin criteria were calculated with the next lowest acute value (median first percentile). Chronic data sets were limited in all cases, so ACRs were used for chronic criteria calculations, instead of statistical distributions. Sufficient corresponding acute and chronic data were not available for bifenthrin, cypermethrin, or permethrin, so a default ACR was used to calculate these chronic criteria while measured ACRs were used for cyfluthrin and X-cyhalothrin. A numeric scoring system was used to sort the acute and chronic data, based on relevance and reliability, and the individual study scores are included in the Supporting Information.According to the USEPA (1985) method, the data sets gathered for these five pyrethroids would not be sufficient to calculate criteria because they were each missing at least one of the eight taxa required by that method. The USEPA (1985)method generates robust and reliable criteria, and the goal of creating the UCDM was to create a method that also yields statistically robust criteria, but with more flexible calculation methods to accommodate pesticide data sets of varied sizes and diversities. Using the UCDM, acute and chronic water quality criteria were derived for bifenthrin (4 and 0.6 ng/L, respectively), cyfluthrin (0.3 and 0.05 ng/L, respectively), cypermethrin (1 and 0.2 ng/L, respectively), X-cyhalothrin (1 and 0.5 ng/L,respectively), and permethrin (10 and 2 ng/L, respectively). Water quality criteria for these five pyrethroids can be used by environmental managers to control the increasing problem of surface water contamination by pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa L Fojut
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8588, USA.
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22
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Brausch JM, Salice CJ. Effects of an environmentally realistic pesticide mixture on Daphnia magna exposed for two generations. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 61:272-279. [PMID: 21069312 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-010-9617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Daphnia magna were exposed under semistatic conditions (i.e., conditions taking natural degradation into account) to a pesticide mixture consisting of a pyrethroid insecticide (cyfluthrin) and a pre-emergent herbicide (diuron) as well as pesticides individually using a full life cycle exposure (21 days). Subsequently, offspring from the second reproductive brood were used to continue exposure for a second generation. Survival, time to first brood, total number of offspring produced, number of broods produced, growth rate, and population growth rate were recorded for each generation and concentration. Significant differences existed between F0 and F1 D. magna for survival, in which F1 were less sensitive to pesticide mixtures than F0. In addition, F1 D. magna were significantly smaller than F0, which resulted in longer time to first brood. There were no differences in any end point examined between D. magna exposed to the pesticide mixture and diuron alone, although differences existed in survival, total number of offspring, total number of broods, and population growth rate when F0 D. magna were exposed to cyfluthrin alone. This study illustrates the utility of a two-generation study design that may more fully reflect, and more accurately predict, population level effects of pesticide exposures to short-lived aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Brausch
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA.
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Jansen M, Coors A, Stoks R, De Meester L. Evolutionary ecotoxicology of pesticide resistance: a case study in Daphnia. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2011; 20:543-551. [PMID: 21380529 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0627-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Natural populations that are exposed to pesticides in their environment may at the same time be exposed to natural stressors like parasites and predators, which may interact with pesticide exposure. This may not only impact target pest species but also a wide variety of non-target species. This review reports on a joint research program in the water flea Daphnia magna, a non-target species often used as model organism in ecology and ecotoxicology. The focus is on different aspects that are of key importance to understand the evolutionary ecology of pesticide exposure: (1) the capacity of natural populations to genetically adapt to pesticide exposure (2) the added complexity of synergistic effects caused by simultaneous exposure to natural stressors, and (3) the potential interference of evolutionary costs of adaptation to pesticide exposure. Our results showed that natural populations were able to rapidly evolve resistance to the pesticide carbaryl but at the expense of fitness costs. Individuals selected for carbaryl resistance had higher survival rates when exposed to the pesticide but also a greater susceptibility to the challenge imposed by the bacterial endoparasite Pasteuria ramosa. The evolved resistance to carbaryl was in some cases only expressed in the absence of fish kairomones. Further, it became clear that the responses to both exposure to single and combined stressors was for several life history variables strongly dependent upon past exposure to carbaryl. This indicates that past exposures to pesticides are important and can not be neglected when evaluating responses to current stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Jansen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Kramer VJ, Etterson MA, Hecker M, Murphy CA, Roesijadi G, Spade DJ, Spromberg JA, Wang M, Ankley GT. Adverse outcome pathways and ecological risk assessment: bridging to population-level effects. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:64-76. [PMID: 20963853 DOI: 10.1002/etc.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining the viability of populations of plants and animals is a key focus for environmental regulation. Population-level responses integrate the cumulative effects of chemical stressors on individuals as those individuals interact with and are affected by their conspecifics, competitors, predators, prey, habitat, and other biotic and abiotic factors. Models of population-level effects of contaminants can integrate information from lower levels of biological organization and feed that information into higher-level community and ecosystem models. As individual-level endpoints are used to predict population responses, this requires that biological responses at lower levels of organization be translated into a form that is usable by the population modeler. In the current study, we describe how mechanistic data, as captured in adverse outcome pathways (AOPs), can be translated into modeling focused on population-level risk assessments. First, we describe the regulatory context surrounding population modeling, risk assessment and the emerging role of AOPs. Then we present a succinct overview of different approaches to population modeling and discuss the types of data needed for these models. We describe how different key biological processes measured at the level of the individual serve as the linkage, or bridge, between AOPs and predictions of population status, including consideration of community-level interactions and genetic adaptation. Several case examples illustrate the potential for use of AOPs in population modeling and predictive ecotoxicology. Finally, we make recommendations for focusing toxicity studies to produce the quantitative data needed to define AOPs and to facilitate their incorporation into population modeling.
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