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Suglia SF, Appleton AA, Bleil ME, Campo RA, Dube SR, Fagundes CP, Heard-Garris NJ, Johnson SB, Slopen N, Stoney CM, Watamura SE. Timing, duration, and differential susceptibility to early life adversities and cardiovascular disease risk across the lifespan: Implications for future research. Prev Med 2021; 153:106736. [PMID: 34293381 PMCID: PMC8595689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early life adversities (ELA), include experiences such as child maltreatment, household dysfunction, bullying, exposure to crime, discrimination, bias, and victimization, and are recognized as social determinants of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Strong evidence shows exposure to ELA directly impacts cardiometabolic risk in adulthood and emerging evidence suggests there may be continuity in ELA's prediction of cardiometabolic risk over the life course. Extant research has primarily relied on a cumulative risk framework to evaluate the relationship between ELA and CVD. In this framework, risk is considered a function of the number of risk factors or adversities that an individual was exposed to across developmental periods. The cumulative risk exposure approach treats developmental periods and types of risk as equivalent and interchangeable. Moreover, cumulative risk models do not lend themselves to investigating the chronicity of adverse exposures or consider individual variation in susceptibility, differential contexts, or adaptive resilience processes, which may modify the impact of ELA on CVD risk. To date, however, alternative models have received comparatively little consideration. Overall, this paper will highlight existing gaps and offer recommendations to address these gaps that would extend our knowledge of the relationship between ELA and CVD development. We focus specifically on the roles of: 1) susceptibility and resilience, 2) timing and developmental context; and 3) variation in risk exposure. We propose to expand current conceptual models to incorporate these factors to better guide research that examines ELA and CVD risk across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakira F Suglia
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
| | - Allison A Appleton
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States of America
| | - Maria E Bleil
- Department of Child, Family, and Population Health Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A Campo
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Shanta R Dube
- Public Health Program, Levine College of Health Sciences, Wingate University, Wingate, NC, United States of America
| | - Christopher P Fagundes
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Nia J Heard-Garris
- Division of Advanced General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Mary Ann & J. Milburn Smith Child Health Research, Outreach, and Advocacy Center, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Sara B Johnson
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Natalie Slopen
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Catherine M Stoney
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Sarah E Watamura
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States of America
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2
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Wheater E, Shenkin SD, Muñoz Maniega S, Valdés Hernández M, Wardlaw JM, Deary IJ, Bastin ME, Boardman JP, Cox SR. Birth weight is associated with brain tissue volumes seven decades later but not with MRI markers of brain ageing. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 31:102776. [PMID: 34371238 PMCID: PMC8358699 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Larger birth weight is associated with larger brain tissue volumes at age 73. Birth weight is not associated with age-associated brain features. Effect of birth weight on brain volumes is independent of overall body size. Early life growth is likely to confer brain tissue reserve in later life.
Birth weight, an indicator of fetal growth, is associated with cognitive outcomes in early life (which are predictive of cognitive ability in later life) and risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disease across the life course. Brain health in older age, indexed by MRI features, is associated with cognitive performance, but little is known about how variation in normal birth weight impacts on brain structure in later life. In a community dwelling cohort of participants in their early seventies we tested the hypothesis that birth weight is associated with the following MRI features: total brain (TB), grey matter (GM) and normal appearing white matter (NAWM) volumes; whiter matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume; a general factor of fractional anisotropy (gFA) and peak width skeletonised mean diffusivity (PSMD) across the white matter skeleton. We also investigated the associations of birth weight with cortical surface area, volume and thickness. Birth weight was positively associated with TB, GM and NAWM volumes in later life (β ≥ 0.194), and with regional cortical surface area but not gFA, PSMD, WMH volume, or cortical volume or thickness. These positive relationships appear to be explained by larger intracranial volume, rather than by age-related tissue atrophy, and are independent of body height and weight in adulthood. This suggests that larger birth weight is linked to more brain tissue reserve in older life, rather than age-related brain structural features, such as tissue atrophy or WMH volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Wheater
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Susan D Shenkin
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Geriatric Medicine, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Muñoz Maniega
- Geriatric Medicine, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence Collaboration (SINAPSE), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Valdés Hernández
- Geriatric Medicine, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence Collaboration (SINAPSE), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Geriatric Medicine, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence Collaboration (SINAPSE), Edinburgh, United Kingdom; UK Dementia Research Institute Centre at the University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J Deary
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Geriatric Medicine, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence Collaboration (SINAPSE), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James P Boardman
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R Cox
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence Collaboration (SINAPSE), Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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3
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Fukunaga H. Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number and Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126634. [PMID: 34205712 PMCID: PMC8235559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is known to contribute to mitochondrial diseases, as well as to a variety of aging-based pathologies. Mitochondria have their own genomes (mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)) and the abnormalities, such as point mutations, deletions, and copy number variations, are involved in mitochondrial dysfunction. In recent years, several epidemiological studies and animal experiments have supported the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DOHaD) theory, which states that the environment during fetal life influences the predisposition to disease and the risk of morbidity in adulthood. Mitochondria play a central role in energy production, as well as in various cellular functions, such as apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and calcium metabolism. In terms of the DOHaD theory, mtDNA copy number may be a mediator of health and disease. This paper summarizes the results of recent epidemiological studies on the relationship between environmental factors and mtDNA copy number during pregnancy from the perspective of DOHaD theory. The results of these studies suggest a hypothesis that mtDNA copy number may reflect environmental influences during fetal life and possibly serve as a surrogate marker of health risks in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Fukunaga
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, N12 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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4
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Beck JJ, Pool R, van de Weijer M, Chen X, Krapohl E, Gordon SD, Nygaard M, Debrabant B, Palviainen T, van der Zee MD, Baselmans B, Finnicum CT, Yi L, Lundström S, van Beijsterveldt T, Christiansen L, Heikkilä K, Kittelsrud J, Loukola A, Ollikainen M, Christensen K, Martin NG, Plomin R, Nivard M, Bartels M, Dolan C, Willemsen G, de Geus E, Almqvist C, Magnusson PKE, Mbarek H, Ehli EA, Boomsma DI, Hottenga JJ. Genetic Meta-Analysis of Twin Birth Weight Shows High Genetic Correlation with Singleton Birth Weight. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:1894-1905. [PMID: 33955455 PMCID: PMC8444448 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Birth weight (BW) is an important predictor of newborn survival and health and has associations with many adult health outcomes, including cardio-metabolic disorders, autoimmune diseases, and mental health. On average, twins have a lower BW than singletons as a result of a different pattern of fetal growth and shorter gestational duration. Therefore, investigations into the genetics of BW often exclude data from twins, leading to a reduction in sample size and remaining ambiguities concerning the genetic contribution to BW in twins. In this study, we carried out a genome-wide association meta-analysis of BW in 42 212 twin individuals and found a positive correlation of beta values (Pearson's r = 0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.47-0.77) with 150 previously reported genome-wide significant variants for singleton BW. We identified strong positive genetic correlations between BW in twins and numerous anthropometric traits, most notably with BW in singletons (genetic correlation [rg] = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.66-1.18). Genetic correlations of BW in twins with a series of health-related traits closely resembled those previously observed for BW in singletons. Polygenic scores constructed from a genome-wide association study on BW in UK Biobank demonstrated strong predictive power in a target sample of Dutch twins and singletons. Together, our results indicate that a similar genetic architecture underlies BW in twins and singletons and that future genome-wide studies might benefit from including data from large twin registers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Beck
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital and University Health Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - René Pool
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margot van de Weijer
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatististics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Krapohl
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Scott D Gordon
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marianne Nygaard
- The Danish Twin Registry, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Birgit Debrabant
- The Danish Twin Registry, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Teemu Palviainen
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthijs D van der Zee
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Baselmans
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Casey T Finnicum
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital and University Health Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Lu Yi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatististics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Lundström
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Toos van Beijsterveldt
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lene Christiansen
- The Danish Twin Registry, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kauko Heikkilä
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julie Kittelsrud
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital and University Health Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Anu Loukola
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miina Ollikainen
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaare Christensen
- The Danish Twin Registry, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert Plomin
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michel Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Conor Dolan
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eco de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Catarina Almqvist
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatististics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatististics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik A Ehli
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital and University Health Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital and University Health Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America.,Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Bai W, Suzuki H, Huang J, Francis C, Wang S, Tarroni G, Guitton F, Aung N, Fung K, Petersen SE, Piechnik SK, Neubauer S, Evangelou E, Dehghan A, O'Regan DP, Wilkins MR, Guo Y, Matthews PM, Rueckert D. A population-based phenome-wide association study of cardiac and aortic structure and function. Nat Med 2020; 26:1654-1662. [PMID: 32839619 PMCID: PMC7613250 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-1009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Differences in cardiac and aortic structure and function are associated with cardiovascular diseases and a wide range of other types of disease. Here we analyzed cardiovascular magnetic resonance images from a population-based study, the UK Biobank, using an automated machine-learning-based analysis pipeline. We report a comprehensive range of structural and functional phenotypes for the heart and aorta across 26,893 participants, and explore how these phenotypes vary according to sex, age and major cardiovascular risk factors. We extended this analysis with a phenome-wide association study, in which we tested for correlations of a wide range of non-imaging phenotypes of the participants with imaging phenotypes. We further explored the associations of imaging phenotypes with early-life factors, mental health and cognitive function using both observational analysis and Mendelian randomization. Our study illustrates how population-based cardiac and aortic imaging phenotypes can be used to better define cardiovascular disease risks as well as heart-brain health interactions, highlighting new opportunities for studying disease mechanisms and developing image-based biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Bai
- Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Hideaki Suzuki
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan.,Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jian Huang
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Catherine Francis
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Shuo Wang
- Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Giacomo Tarroni
- Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK.,CitAI Research Centre, Department of Computer Science, City University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Nay Aung
- NIHR Barts Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Kenneth Fung
- NIHR Barts Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Steffen E Petersen
- NIHR Barts Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Stefan K Piechnik
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stefan Neubauer
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Declan P O'Regan
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Martin R Wilkins
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yike Guo
- Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul M Matthews
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Rueckert
- Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
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6
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Pawlak JB, Caron KM. Lymphatic Programing and Specialization in Hybrid Vessels. Front Physiol 2020; 11:114. [PMID: 32153423 PMCID: PMC7044189 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Building on a large body of existing blood vascular research, advances in lymphatic research have helped kindle broader investigations into vascular diversity and endothelial plasticity. While the endothelium of blood and lymphatic vessels can be distinguished by a variety of molecular markers, the endothelia of uniquely diverse vascular beds can possess distinctly heterogeneous or hybrid expression patterns. These expression patterns can then provide further insight on the development of these vessels and how they perform their specialized function. In this review we examine five highly specialized hybrid vessel beds that adopt partial lymphatic programing for their specialized vascular functions: the high endothelial venules of secondary lymphoid organs, the liver sinusoid, the Schlemm’s canal of the eye, the renal ascending vasa recta, and the remodeled placental spiral artery. We summarize the morphology and endothelial expression pattern of these vessels, compare them to each other, and interrogate their specialized functions within the broader blood and lymphatic vascular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Pawlak
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kathleen M Caron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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7
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Middeldorp CM, Felix JF, Mahajan A, McCarthy MI. The Early Growth Genetics (EGG) and EArly Genetics and Lifecourse Epidemiology (EAGLE) consortia: design, results and future prospects. Eur J Epidemiol 2019; 34:279-300. [PMID: 30887376 PMCID: PMC6447695 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-019-00502-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The impact of many unfavorable childhood traits or diseases, such as low birth weight and mental disorders, is not limited to childhood and adolescence, as they are also associated with poor outcomes in adulthood, such as cardiovascular disease. Insight into the genetic etiology of childhood and adolescent traits and disorders may therefore provide new perspectives, not only on how to improve wellbeing during childhood, but also how to prevent later adverse outcomes. To achieve the sample sizes required for genetic research, the Early Growth Genetics (EGG) and EArly Genetics and Lifecourse Epidemiology (EAGLE) consortia were established. The majority of the participating cohorts are longitudinal population-based samples, but other cohorts with data on early childhood phenotypes are also involved. Cohorts often have a broad focus and collect(ed) data on various somatic and psychiatric traits as well as environmental factors. Genetic variants have been successfully identified for multiple traits, for example, birth weight, atopic dermatitis, childhood BMI, allergic sensitization, and pubertal growth. Furthermore, the results have shown that genetic factors also partly underlie the association with adult traits. As sample sizes are still increasing, it is expected that future analyses will identify additional variants. This, in combination with the development of innovative statistical methods, will provide detailed insight on the mechanisms underlying the transition from childhood to adult disorders. Both consortia welcome new collaborations. Policies and contact details are available from the corresponding authors of this manuscript and/or the consortium websites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel M Middeldorp
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
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8
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Barjaktarovic M, Korevaar TIM, Gaillard R, de Rijke YB, Visser TJ, Jaddoe VWV, Peeters RP. Childhood thyroid function, body composition and cardiovascular function. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 177:319-327. [PMID: 28724570 DOI: 10.1530/eje-17-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cardiovascular system is a known target for thyroid hormone. Early-life cardiovascular alterations may lead to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Little is known about the effects of thyroid hormone on cardiovascular function during childhood, including the role of body composition in this association. DESIGN Population-based prospective cohort of children (n = 4251, median age 6 years, 95% range: 5.7-8.0 years). METHODS Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) concentrations were measured to assess thyroid function. Left ventricular (LV) mass was assessed with echocardiography. Arterial stiffness was assessed with carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (CFPWV). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) was measured. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. RESULTS FT4 was inversely associated with LV mass (P = 0.002), and with lean body mass (P < 0.0001). The association of FT4 with LV mass was partially mediated through variability in lean body mass (55% mediated effect). TSH was inversely associated with LV mass (P = 0.010), predominantly in boys. TSH was positively associated with systolic and diastolic BP (both P < 0.001). FT4 was positively associated with CFPWV and diastolic BP (P < 0.0001, P = 0.008, respectively), and the latter association attenuated after adjustment for CFPWV. CONCLUSIONS At the age of 6 years, higher FT4 is associated with lower LV mass (partially through effects on lean body mass) and with higher arterial stiffness, which may lead to higher BP. Our data also suggest different mechanisms via which TSH and FT4 are associated with cardiovascular function during early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim I M Korevaar
- The Generation R Study Group
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Rotterdam Thyroid Center
| | - Romy Gaillard
- The Generation R Study Group
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Theo J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Rotterdam Thyroid Center
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Juriol LV, Gobetto MN, Mendes Garrido Abregú F, Dasso ME, Pineda G, Güttlein L, Carranza A, Podhajcer O, Toblli JE, Elesgaray R, Arranz CT, Tomat AL. Cardiac changes in apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and nitric oxide system induced by prenatal and postnatal zinc deficiency in male and female rats. Eur J Nutr 2016; 57:569-583. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Tomat AL, Salazar FJ. Mechanisms involved in developmental programming of hypertension and renal diseases. Gender differences. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 18:63-77. [PMID: 25390003 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2013-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial body of epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests that a poor fetal and neonatal environment may "program" susceptibility in the offspring to later development of cardiovascular, renal and metabolic diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review focuses on current knowledge from the available literature regarding the mechanisms linking an adverse developmental environment with an increased risk for cardiovascular, renal and metabolic diseases in adult life. Moreover, this review highlights important sex-dependent differences in the adaptation to developmental insults. RESULTS Developmental programming of several diseases is secondary to changes in different mechanisms inducing important alterations in the normal development of several organs that lead to significant changes in birth weight. The different diseases occurring as a consequence of an adverse environment during development are secondary to morphological and functional cardiovascular and renal changes, to epigenetic changes and to an activation of several hormonal and regulatory systems, such as angiotensin II, sympathetic activity, nitric oxide, COX2-derived metabolites, oxidative stress and inflammation. The important sex-dependent differences in the developmental programming of diseases seem to be partly secondary to the effects of sex hormones. Recent studies have shown that the progression of these diseases is accelerated during aging in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS The cardiovascular, renal and metabolic diseases during adult life that occur as a consequence of several insults during fetal and postnatal periods are secondary to multiple structural and functional changes. Future studies are needed in order to prevent the origin and reduce the incidence and consequences of developmental programmed diseases.
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Exercise-induced cardiac fatigue in low and normal birth weight young black adults. Cardiol Young 2015; 25:481-4. [PMID: 24713506 PMCID: PMC4192105 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951114000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to compare the change in diastolic function, E/A ratio, in response to prolonged exercise in low birth weight and normal birth weight individuals. Using a case-control study design, 23 students of the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences who had neonatal clinic cards as proof of birth weight were recruited into the study. Measurements of diastolic function, E/A ratio, were obtained using an echocardiogram before and after 75 minutes of exercise. Among the cohort, seven had low birth weight - <2500 g, three female patients and four male patients - and 16 had normal birth weight - six female patients and 10 male patients). The mean age was 20.7±3.3 years. After prolonged exercise for 75 minutes of running on a treadmill, decreases in diastolic function, E/A ratio, were significantly greater in low birth weight than in normal birth weight individuals (0.48±0.27 versus 0.19±0.18 p<0.05, respectively). There was a significant association between low birth weight and exercise-induced cardiac fatigue (the χ2 test p<0.05, odds ratio 4.64, 95% confidence interval 1.19-18.1). We conclude that low birth weight is associated with exercise-induced diastolic dysfunction in young adults.
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Tomat AL, Juriol LV, Gobetto MN, Veiras LC, Mendes Garrido Abregú F, Zilberman J, Fasoli H, Elesgaray R, Costa MÁ, Arranz CT. Morphological and functional effects on cardiac tissue induced by moderate zinc deficiency during prenatal and postnatal life in male and female rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H1574-83. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00578.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether moderate zinc restriction in rats throughout fetal life, lactation, and/or postweaning growth results in early changes in cardiac morphology predisposing the onset of cardiac dysfunction in adult life as well as sex-related differences in the adaptation to this nutritional injury. Female Wistar rats received low or control zinc diets from the beginning of pregnancy up to offspring weaning. After being weaned, offspring were fed either a low or control zinc diet until 81 days. Systolic blood pressure was measured. Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic examinations, morphological experiments, and apoptosis by TUNEL assay were performed in the left ventricle. In the early stages, zinc-deficient male and female offspring showed an increase in cardiomyocyte diameter, probably associated with an increase in cardiac apoptotic cells, but smaller myocyte diameters in adulthood. In adult males, this nutritional injury induced decreased contractility and dilatation of the left ventricle, not allowing the heart to compensate the higher levels of blood pressure, and hypertrophic remodeling of coronary arteries associated with increased blood pressure. Adequate zinc intake during postweaning life did not overcome blood pressure levels but reversed some of the detrimental effects of earlier zinc deficiency in cardiac morphology and function. Females were less sensitive to this deficiency, exhibiting normal levels of blood pressure and no structural or functional heart alterations in adult life. The present study demonstrates that the effects of zinc deficiency on blood pressure, cardiac morphology, and function differ between sexes, with males more predisposed to develop cardiovascular diseases in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analia Lorena Tomat
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Lorena Vanesa Juriol
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - María Natalia Gobetto
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Luciana Cecilia Veiras
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Facundo Mendes Garrido Abregú
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Judith Zilberman
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Héctor Fasoli
- Laboratorio de Química y Ciencia Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Fisicomatemáticas e Ingeniería, Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosana Elesgaray
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - María Ángeles Costa
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Cristina Teresa Arranz
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
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Tomat AL, Veiras LC, Aguirre S, Fasoli H, Elesgaray R, Caniffi C, Costa MÁ, Arranz CT. Mild zinc deficiency in male and female rats: Early postnatal alterations in renal nitric oxide system and morphology. Nutrition 2013; 29:568-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jaddoe VWV, van Duijn CM, Franco OH, van der Heijden AJ, van Iizendoorn MH, de Jongste JC, van der Lugt A, Mackenbach JP, Moll HA, Raat H, Rivadeneira F, Steegers EAP, Tiemeier H, Uitterlinden AG, Verhulst FC, Hofman A. The Generation R Study: design and cohort update 2012. Eur J Epidemiol 2012. [PMID: 23086283 DOI: 10.1007/s10654‐012‐9735‐1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Generation R Study is a population-based prospective cohort study from fetal life until adulthood. The study is designed to identify early environmental and genetic causes and causal pathways leading to normal and abnormal growth, development and health during fetal life, childhood and adulthood. The study focuses on six areas of research: (1) maternal health; (2) growth and physical development; (3) behavioural and cognitive development; (4) respiratory health and allergies; (5) diseases in childhood; and (6) health and healthcare for children and their parents. Main exposures of interest include environmental, endocrine, genetic and epigenetic, lifestyle related, nutritional and socio-demographic determinants. In total, n = 9,778 mothers with a delivery date from April 2002 until January 2006 were enrolled in the study. Response at baseline was 61 %, and general follow-up rates until the age of 6 years exceed 80 %. Data collection in mothers, fathers and children include questionnaires, detailed physical and ultrasound examinations, behavioural observations, and biological samples. A genome and epigenome wide association screen is available in the participating children. From the age of 5 years, regular detailed hands-on assessments are performed in a dedicated research center including advanced imaging facilities such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Eventually, results forthcoming from the Generation R Study contribute to the development of strategies for optimizing health and healthcare for pregnant women and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Jaddoe VWV, van Duijn CM, Franco OH, van der Heijden AJ, van IIzendoorn MH, de Jongste JC, van der Lugt A, Mackenbach JP, Moll HA, Raat H, Rivadeneira F, Steegers EAP, Tiemeier H, Uitterlinden AG, Verhulst FC, Hofman A. The Generation R Study: design and cohort update 2012. Eur J Epidemiol 2012; 27:739-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10654-012-9735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Fanni D, Gerosa C, Nemolato S, Mocci C, Pichiri G, Coni P, Congiu T, Piludu M, Piras M, Fraschini M, Zaffanello M, Iacovidou N, Van Eyken P, Monga G, Faa G, Fanos V. “Physiological” renal regenerating medicine in VLBW preterm infants: could a dream come true? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25 Suppl 3:41-8. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.712339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Janssen BG, Munters E, Pieters N, Smeets K, Cox B, Cuypers A, Fierens F, Penders J, Vangronsveld J, Gyselaers W, Nawrot TS. Placental mitochondrial DNA content and particulate air pollution during in utero life. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:1346-52. [PMID: 22626541 PMCID: PMC3440109 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies emphasize the importance of particulate matter (PM) in the formation of reactive oxygen species and inflammation. We hypothesized that these processes can influence mitochondrial function of the placenta and fetus. OBJECTIVE We investigated the influence of PM₁₀ exposure during pregnancy on the mitochondrial DNA content (mtDNA content) of the placenta and umbilical cord blood. METHODS DNA was extracted from placental tissue (n = 174) and umbilical cord leukocytes (n = 176). Relative mtDNA copy numbers (i.e., mtDNA content) were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Multiple regression models were used to link mtDNA content and in utero exposure to PM₁₀ over various time windows during pregnancy. RESULTS In multivariate-adjusted analysis, a 10-µg/m³ increase in PM₁₀ exposure during the last month of pregnancy was associated with a 16.1% decrease [95% confidence interval (CI): -25.2, -6.0%, p = 0.003] in placental mtDNA content. The corresponding effect size for average PM₁₀ exposure during the third trimester was 17.4% (95% CI: -31.8, -0.1%, p = 0.05). Furthermore, we found that each doubling in residential distance to major roads was associated with an increase in placental mtDNA content of 4.0% (95% CI: 0.4, 7.8%, p = 0.03). No association was found between cord blood mtDNA content and PM₁₀ exposure. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal PM₁₀ exposure was associated with placental mitochondrial alterations, which may both reflect and intensify oxidative stress production. The potential health consequences of decreased placental mtDNA content in early life must be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram G Janssen
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Robson A, Harris LK, Innes BA, Lash GE, Aljunaidy MM, Aplin JD, Baker PN, Robson SC, Bulmer JN. Uterine natural killer cells initiate spiral artery remodeling in human pregnancy. FASEB J 2012; 26:4876-85. [PMID: 22919072 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-210310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Uterine spiral artery remodeling is required for successful human pregnancy; impaired remodeling is associated with pregnancy complications, including late miscarriage, preeclampsia, and fetal growth restriction. The molecular triggers of remodeling are not known, but it is now clear that there are "trophoblast-independent" and "trophoblast-dependent" stages. Uterine natural killer (uNK) cells are abundant in decidualized endometrium in early pregnancy; they surround spiral arteries and secrete a range of angiogenic growth factors. We hypothesized that uNK cells mediate the initial stages of spiral artery remodeling. uNK cells and extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells were isolated from early pregnancy decidua and placenta. Chorionic plate arteries from full-term placentas and spiral arteries from nonpregnant myometrium were cultured with angiogenic growth factors or conditioned medium (CM) from uNK cells or EVT or uNK cell/EVT cocultures. In both vessel models, uNK cell CM induced disruption of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and breakdown of extracellular matrix components. Angiopoietin (Ang)-1, Ang-2, interferon-γ, and VEGF-C also disrupted VSMC integrity with an Ang-2 inhibitor abrogating the effect of uNK cell CM. These results provide compelling evidence that uNK cells contribute to the early stages of spiral artery remodeling; failure of this process could contribute to pregnancy pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Robson
- Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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Arranz CT, Costa MÁ, Tomat AL. Orígenes fetales de las enfermedades cardiovasculares en la vida adulta por deficiencia de micronutrientes. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that asthma, like other common diseases, has at least part of its origin early in life. Low birth weight has been shown to be associated with increased risks of asthma, chronic obstructive airway disease, and impaired lung function in adults, and increased risks of respiratory symptoms in early childhood. The developmental plasticity hypothesis suggests that the associations between low birth weight and diseases in later life are explained by adaptation mechanisms in fetal life and infancy in response to various adverse exposures. Various pathways leading from adverse fetal and infant exposures to growth adaptations and respiratory health outcomes have been studied, including fetal and early infant growth patterns, maternal smoking and diet, children's diet, respiratory tract infections and acetaminophen use, and genetic susceptibility. Still, the specific adverse exposures in fetal and early postnatal life leading to respiratory disease in adult life are not yet fully understood. Current studies suggest that both environmental and genetic factors in various periods of life, and their epigenetic mechanisms may underlie the complex associations of low birth weight with respiratory disease in later life. New well-designed epidemiological studies are needed to identify the specific underlying mechanisms. This review is focused on specific adverse fetal and infant growth patterns and exposures, genetic susceptibility, possible respiratory adaptations and perspectives for new studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Duijts
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Gaillard R, de Ridder MAJ, Verburg BO, Witteman JCM, Mackenbach JP, Moll HA, Hofman A, Steegers EAP, Jaddoe VWV. Individually customised fetal weight charts derived from ultrasound measurements: the Generation R Study. Eur J Epidemiol 2011; 26:919-26. [PMID: 22083366 PMCID: PMC3253277 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-011-9629-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Maternal and fetal characteristics are important determinants of fetal growth potential, and should ideally be taken into consideration when evaluating fetal growth variation. We developed a model for individually customised growth charts for estimated fetal weight, which takes into account physiological maternal and fetal characteristics known at the start of pregnancy. We used fetal ultrasound data of 8,162 pregnant women participating in the Generation R Study, a prospective, population-based cohort study from early pregnancy onwards. A repeated measurements regression model was constructed, using backward selection procedures for identifying relevant maternal and fetal characteristics. The final model for estimating expected fetal weight included gestational age, fetal sex, parity, ethnicity, maternal age, height and weight. Using this model, we developed individually customised growth charts, and their corresponding standard deviations, for fetal weight from 18 weeks onwards. Of the total of 495 fetuses who were classified as small size for gestational age (<10th percentile) when fetal weight was evaluated using the normal population growth chart, 80 (16%) were in the normal range when individually customised growth charts were used. 550 fetuses were classified as small size for gestational age using individually customised growth charts, and 135 of them (25%) were classified as normal if the unadjusted reference chart was used. In conclusion, this is the first study using ultrasound measurements in a large population-based study to fit a model to construct individually customised growth charts, taking into account physiological maternal and fetal characteristics. These charts might be useful for use in epidemiological studies and in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Gaillard
- The Generation R Study Group (AE006), Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Fogo AB. Relativity and the kidney: observations regarding glomerular density. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26:3425-6. [PMID: 21945945 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Hofman A, van Duijn CM, Franco OH, Ikram MA, Janssen HLA, Klaver CCW, Kuipers EJ, Nijsten TEC, Stricker BHC, Tiemeier H, Uitterlinden AG, Vernooij MW, Witteman JCM. The Rotterdam Study: 2012 objectives and design update. Eur J Epidemiol 2011; 26:657-86. [PMID: 21877163 PMCID: PMC3168750 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-011-9610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Rotterdam Study is a prospective cohort study ongoing since 1990 in the city of Rotterdam in The Netherlands. The study targets cardiovascular, endocrine, hepatic, neurological, ophthalmic, psychiatric, dermatological, oncological, and respiratory diseases. As of 2008, 14,926 subjects aged 45 years or over comprise the Rotterdam Study cohort. The findings of the Rotterdam Study have been presented in over a 1,000 research articles and reports (see www.erasmus-epidemiology.nl/rotterdamstudy ). This article gives the rationale of the study and its design. It also presents a summary of the major findings and an update of the objectives and methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Consequences in infants that were intrauterine growth restricted. J Pregnancy 2011; 2011:364381. [PMID: 21547088 PMCID: PMC3087146 DOI: 10.1155/2011/364381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction is a condition fetus does not reach its growth potential and associated with perinatal mobility and mortality. Intrauterine growth restriction is caused by placental insufficiency, which determines cardiovascular abnormalities in the fetus. This condition, moreover, should prompt intensive antenatal surveillance of the fetus as well as follow-up of infants that had intrauterine growth restriction as short and long-term sequele should be considered.
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