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Yang Y, Zhou J, Xie C, Tian W, Xue M, Han T, Chen K, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Huang Y, Sun H, Liu C, Li SM. A New Methodology for High Spatiotemporal Resolution Measurements of Air Volatile Organic Compounds: From Sampling to Data Deconvolution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:12488-12497. [PMID: 38958408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c05669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air is crucial for understanding their atmospheric impacts and advancing their emission reduction plans. This study presents an innovative integrated methodology suitable for achieving semireal-time high spatiotemporal resolution three-dimensional measurements of VOCs from ground to hundreds of meters above ground. The methodology integrates an active AirCore sampler, custom-designed for deployment from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), a proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) for sample analysis, and a data deconvolution algorithm for improved time resolution for measurements of multiple VOCs in air. The application of the deconvolution technique significantly improves the signal strength of data from PTR-MS analysis of AirCore samples and enhances their temporal resolution by 4 to 8 times to 4-11 s. A case study demonstrates that the methodology can achieve sample collection and analysis of VOCs within 45 min, resulting in >120-360 spatially resolved data points for each VOC measured and achieving a horizontal resolution of 20-55 m at a UAV flight speed of 5 m/s and a vertical resolution of 5 m. This methodology presents new possibilities for acquiring 3-dimensional spatial distributions of VOC concentrations, effectively tackling the longstanding challenge of characterizing three-dimensional VOC distributions in the lowest portion of the atmospheric boundary layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jietao Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Conghui Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Laboratory of Gas Instrument Testing, Center for Environmental Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wang Tian
- PipeChina Institute of Science and Technology, PipeChina, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ming Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, CNPC Research Institute of Safety and Environmental Technology, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Tianran Han
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Keyu Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuheng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yayong Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haijiong Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shao-Meng Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Epping R, Koch M. On-Site Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Molecules 2023; 28:1598. [PMID: 36838585 PMCID: PMC9966347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are of interest in many different fields. Among them are food and fragrance analysis, environmental and atmospheric research, industrial applications, security or medical and life science. In the past, the characterization of these compounds was mostly performed via sample collection and off-site analysis with gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as the gold standard. While powerful, this method also has several drawbacks such as being slow, expensive, and demanding on the user. For decades, intense research has been dedicated to find methods for fast VOC analysis on-site with time and spatial resolution. We present the working principles of the most important, utilized, and researched technologies for this purpose and highlight important publications from the last five years. In this overview, non-selective gas sensors, electronic noses, spectroscopic methods, miniaturized gas chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry and direct injection mass spectrometry are covered. The advantages and limitations of the different methods are compared. Finally, we give our outlook into the future progression of this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Epping
- Division of Organic Trace and Food Analysis, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Koch
- Division of Organic Trace and Food Analysis, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Zhu R, Wen Y, Wu W, Zhang L, Salman Farid M, Shan S, Wen J, Farag MA, Zhang Y, Zhao C. The flavors of edible mushrooms: A comprehensive review of volatile organic compounds and their analytical methods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:5568-5582. [PMID: 36519553 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2155798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to their distinctive flavors, edible mushrooms have gained attention in flavor-related research, and the quality of their flavors determines their consumption. The odor is a vital element of food flavor that significantly impacts consumers' perceptions and purchase decisions. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of the odorant ingredient is the primary factors affecting scent characteristics. VOCs analysis and identification require technical assistance. The production and use of edible mushrooms can be aided by a broader examination of their volatile constituents. This review discusses the composition of VOCs in edible mushrooms and how they affect flavors. The principles, advantages, and disadvantages of various methods for extraction, isolation, and characterization of the VOCs of edible mushrooms are also highlighted. The numerous VOCs found in edible mushrooms such as primarily C-8 compounds, organic sulfur compounds, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and esters are summarized along with their effects on the various characteristics of scent. Combining multiple extraction, isolation, identification, and quantification technologies will facilitate rapid and accurate analysis of VOCs in edible mushrooms as proof of sensory attributes and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyu Zhu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxi Wen
- College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Ourense, Spain
| | - Weihao Wu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lizhu Zhang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Shuo Shan
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Wen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Mohd Hanif N, Limi Hawari NSS, Othman M, Abd Hamid HH, Ahamad F, Uning R, Ooi MCG, Wahab MIA, Sahani M, Latif MT. Ambient volatile organic compounds in tropical environments: Potential sources, composition and impacts - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131355. [PMID: 34710962 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are widely recognized to affect the environment and human health. This review provides a comprehensive presentation of the types and levels of VOCs, their sources and potential effects on human health and the environment based on past and current observations made at tropical sites. Isoprene was found to be the dominant biogenic VOC in the tropics. Tropical broad leaf evergreen trees are the main emitters of isoprene, making up more than 70% of the total emissions. The VOCs found in the tropical remote marine atmosphere included isoprene (>100 ppt), dimethyl sulfide (≤100 ppt) and halocarbons, i.e. bromoform (≤8.4 ppt), dibromomethane (≤2.7 ppt) and dibromochloromethane (≤1.6 ppt). VOCs such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) are the most monitored anthropogenic VOCs and are present mainly due to motor vehicles emissions. Additionally, biomass burning contributes to anthropogenic VOCs, especially high molecular weight VOCs, e.g. methanol and acetonitrile. The relative contributions of VOC species to ozone are determined through the level of the Ozone Formation Potential (OFP) of different species. Emissions of VOCs (e.g. very short-lived halogenated gases) in the tropics are capable of contributing to stratospheric ozone depletion. BTEX has been identified as the main types of VOCs that are associated with the cancer risk in urban areas in tropical regions. Finally, future studies related to VOCs in the tropics and their associated health risks are needed to address these concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norfazrin Mohd Hanif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nor Syamimi Sufiera Limi Hawari
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Murnira Othman
- Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Haris Hafizal Abd Hamid
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Ahamad
- AQ Expert Solutions, Jalan Dato Muda Linggi, Seremban, 70100, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Royston Uning
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Maggie Chel Gee Ooi
- Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ikram A Wahab
- Environmental Health and Industrial Safety Program, Center for Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 50300, Malaysia
| | - Mazrura Sahani
- Environmental Health and Industrial Safety Program, Center for Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 50300, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Small LJ, Schindelholz ME, Nenoff TM. Hold on Tight: MOF-Based Irreversible Gas Sensors. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leo J. Small
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | | | - Tina M. Nenoff
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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6
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Vallecillos L, Borrull A, Marcé RM, Borrull F. Presence of emerging organic contaminants and solvents in schools using passive sampling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142903. [PMID: 33757256 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report on the applicability of passive sampling with Carbopack X adsorbent tubes followed by thermal desorption gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) to monitor the concentrations of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) and solvents in ten indoor environments in a conventional and a vocational training school. However, if passive sampling is to be used as a reliable sampling technique, a specific diffusive uptake rate is required for each target compound. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was twofold. The first was to determine the experimental diffusive uptake rates of the target EOCs and solvents in one of the sampling sites of the vocational training school using Carbopack X adsorbent tubes and active sampling as the reference technique. The results showed experimental diffusive uptake rates between 0.46 mL min-1 and 0.94 mL min-1 with RSD % below 5% for the 28 target compounds. The second was to apply the uptake rates obtained experimentally to determine EOCs and solvents in schools. The monitoring results showed that solvents were ubiquitous throughout the conventional school with a concentrations range between 51.93 μg m-3 and 164.6 μg m-3, while EOCs were detected to a lesser extent. Moreover, the concentrations of EOCs in the vocational training school were much higher than those in the conventional school with concentrations of up to 562.9 μg m-3 for solvents and 344.3 μg m-3 for acrylate polymer monomers. After actively sampling for seven days in each school, we concluded that the concentrations of EOCs and solvents found are mostly linked to cleaning products (conventional school) and the activities carried out in the classroom (vocational training school).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vallecillos
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Water, Air and Soil Unit, Marcel·lí Domingo n 2, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Anna Borrull
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel∙lí Domingo n 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel∙lí Domingo n 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel∙lí Domingo n 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
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Bouchra L, Szopa C, Buch A, Coscia D. Thermal stability of adsorbents used for gas chromatography in space exploration. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1644:462087. [PMID: 33819678 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
For analytical purpose, thermal desorption is now used in gas chromatographs developed to analyse the chemical composition of planetary environments. Due to technical constraints, the thermal desorption cannot be as finely controlled as in the laboratory resulting in possible thermal alteration of the adsorbents used. For these reasons, the influence of heat on physical and chemical properties of various adsorbents, either used or that could be used in gas chromatographs for space exploration, is studied. If the adsorbents made of carbon molecular sieves and graphitised carbon black that were tested show a very high thermal stability up to 800°C, the porous polymers tested are highly degraded from a minimum temperature that depends on the nature of the polymer. Poly-2,6-diphenylphenylene oxide is shown to be the more thermally robust as it is degraded at higher temperatures, confirming it is currently the best choice for analysing organic molecules with a space instrument. Finally, the products of degradation of the porous polymers tested were analysed after heating the porous polymers at 400 °C and 800 °C. They were identified and listed as potential contaminants of analyses performed with this type of adsorbent. If the exposure to the higher temperature produces numerous organic compounds, mainly aromatic ones, a few ones are also detected at the lower temperature tested, meaning they should be considered as potential contaminants. Again poly-2,6-diphenylphenylene oxide should be preferred because it releases less organic compounds, the structure of which is completely specific to the adsorbent composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bouchra
- Laboratoire Atmosphère, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, CNES, 11 Bd d'Alembert, 78280 Guyancourt, France
| | - C Szopa
- Laboratoire Atmosphère, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, CNES, 11 Bd d'Alembert, 78280 Guyancourt, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
| | - A Buch
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupelec, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - D Coscia
- Laboratoire Atmosphère, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, CNES, 11 Bd d'Alembert, 78280 Guyancourt, France
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8
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Scortichini S, Boarelli MC, Castello M, Chiavarini F, Gabrielli S, Marcantoni E, Fiorini D. Development and application of a solid-phase microextraction gas cromatography mass spectrometry method for analysing volatile organic compounds produced during cooking. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4534. [PMID: 32368848 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, there is more awareness on the impact on human health of pollutants emitted during cooking processes, both from commercial and from domestic activities. In this study, a new method exploiting solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) was developed to analyse the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted during cooking. The air above the cooking plate was sampled using a polyethylene terephthalate olfactometric bag that allows to transport the sample to the instrument location and to perform the SPME extraction of the sampled air. The efficiency of different extraction systems and different extraction times (1, 8, 16, and 24 h) was evaluated in order to obtain sufficient sensitivity. Thus, the proposed system, combining the use of olfactometric bags and SPME-GC-MS, was applied for the first time to study VOCs emitted during cooking allowing to perform the analysis, even on samples produced in sites far from the instrument location, in an easy way and with instrumentations available in most of laboratories. Then, the method was applied to assess the efficiency of odour filters used in common kitchen hoods, using deep frying of potatoes in sunflower oil as cooking model system. VOCs were analysed in the air before and after passage through the filter, calculating then percentages of dejection for the different classes of VOCs that resulted to be in the range 31-77%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Scortichini
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Castello
- Elica S.p.A., Via Ermanno Casoli 2, Fabriano, 60044, Italy
| | | | - Serena Gabrielli
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - Enrico Marcantoni
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, Camerino, 62032, Italy
| | - Dennis Fiorini
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, Camerino, 62032, Italy
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Hamid HHA, Latif MT, Uning R, Nadzir MSM, Khan MF, Ta GC, Kannan N. Observations of BTEX in the ambient air of Kuala Lumpur by passive sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:342. [PMID: 32382809 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) are well known hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) due to their human health risks and photochemical effects. The main objective of this study was to estimate BTEX levels and evaluate interspecies ratios and ozone formation potentials (OFP) in the ambient air of urban Kuala Lumpur (KL) based on a passive sampling method with a Tenax® GR adsorbent tube. Analysis of BTEX was performed using a thermal desorption (TD)-gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GCMS). OFP was calculated based on the Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR). Results from this study showed that the average total BTEX during the sampling period was 66.06 ± 2.39 μg/m3. Toluene (27.70 ± 0.97 μg/m3) was the highest, followed by m,p-xylene (13.87 ± 0.36 μg/m3), o-xylene (11.49 ± 0.39 μg/m3), ethylbenzene (8.46 ± 0.34 μg/m3) and benzene (3.86 ± 0.31 μg/m3). The ratio of toluene to benzene (T:B) is > 7, suggesting that VOCs in the Kuala Lumpur urban environment are influenced by vehicle emissions and other anthropogenic sources. The average of ozone formation potential (OFP) value from BTEX was 278.42 ± 74.64 μg/m3 with toluene and xylenes being the major contributors to OFP. This study also indicated that the average of benzene concentration in KL was slightly lower than the European Union (EU)-recommended health limit value for benzene of 5 μg/m3 annual exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Hafizal Abd Hamid
- Institute for Environmental and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Royston Uning
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre for Tropical Climate Change System, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Md Firoz Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Goh Choo Ta
- Institute for Environmental and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Narayanan Kannan
- Smart Green Consultancy Sdn Bhd, 20A Jalan Ipoh Kecil, Off Jalan Ipoh, 50350, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Sekar A, Varghese GK, Ravi Varma M. Analysis of benzene air quality standards, monitoring methods and concentrations in indoor and outdoor environment. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02918. [PMID: 31844766 PMCID: PMC6895577 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzene is a proven carcinogen. Its synergistic action with other pollutants can damage different components of the biosphere. Literature comparing the air quality standards of benzene, its monitoring methods and global concentrations are sparse. This study compiles the worldwide available air quality standards for benzene and highlights the importance of strict and uniform standards all over the world. It was found that out of the 193 United Nation member states, only 53 countries, including the European Union member states, have ambient air quality standard for benzene. Even where standards were available, in most cases, they were not protective of public health. An extensive literature review was conducted to compile the available monitoring and analysis methods for benzene, and found that the most preferred method, i.e, analyzing by Gas Chromatography and Mass spectroscopy is not cost effective and not suitable for real-time continuous monitoring. The study compared the concentrations of benzene in the indoor and outdoor air reported from different countries. Though the higher concentrations of benzene noticed in the survey were mostly from Asian countries, both in the case of indoor and outdoor air, the concentrations were not statistically different across the various continents. Based on the analyzed data, the average benzene level in the ambient air of Asian countries (371 μg/m3) was approximately 3.5 times higher than the indoor benzene levels (111 μg/m3). Similarly, the outdoor to the indoor ratio of benzene level in European and North American Countries were found to be 1.2 and 7.7, respectively. This compilation will help the policymakers to include/revise the standards for benzene in future air quality guideline amendments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinaya Sekar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering Lab, National Institute of Technology Calicut, 673601, India
| | - George K. Varghese
- Department of Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering Lab, National Institute of Technology Calicut, 673601, India
| | - M.K. Ravi Varma
- Department of Physics, Applied Optics and Instrumentation Lab, National Institute of Technology Calicut, 673601, India
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11
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Dieu Hien VT, Lin C, Thanh VC, Kim Oanh NT, Thanh BX, Weng CE, Yuan CS, Rene ER. An overview of the development of vertical sampling technologies for ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 247:401-412. [PMID: 31254756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are harmful to human health and the environment, and are precursors of other toxic air pollutants, e.g. ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). In recent years, due to scientific and technological advancements, vertical VOC profile in the atmosphere has been increasingly studied since it plays an essential role in the atmospheric research by providing multilevel three-dimensional data. Such information will improve the predictive ability of existing air quality models. This review summarizes the latest development of vertical VOC sampling technologies, highlighting the technical and non-technical challenges with possible solutions and future applications of vertical VOC sampling technologies. Further, other important issues concerning ambient VOCs have also been discussed, e.g. emission sources, VOC air samplers, VOC monitoring strategies, factors influencing airborne VOC measurement, the use of VOC data in air quality models and future smart city air quality management. Since ambient VOC levels can fluctuate significantly with altitude, technologies for vertical VOC profiling have been developed from building/tower-based measurements and tethered balloons to aircrafts, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and satellites in order to improve the temporal-spatial capacity and accuracy. Between the existing sampling methods, so far, UAVs are capable of providing more reliable VOC measurements and better temporal-spatial capacities. Heretofore, their disadvantages and challenges, e.g. sampling height, sampling time, sensitivity of the sensors and interferences from other chemical species, have limited the application of UAV for vertical VOC profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vo Thi Dieu Hien
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chitsan Lin
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Vu Chi Thanh
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh
- Environmental Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
| | - Bui Xuan Thanh
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Technology, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Chien-Erh Weng
- Department of Electronic Communication Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, 2601DA Delft, the Netherlands
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12
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Walton KS. 110th Anniversary: Commentary: Perspectives on Adsorption of Complex Mixtures. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krista S. Walton
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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13
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Vallecillos L, Espallargas E, Allo R, Marcé RM, Borrull F. Passive sampling of volatile organic compounds in industrial atmospheres: Uptake rate determinations and application. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 666:235-244. [PMID: 30798234 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the implementation of a passive sampling-based method followed by thermal desorption gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) for the monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in industrial atmospheres. However, in order to employ passive sampling as a reliable sampling technique, a specific diffusive uptake rate is required for each compound. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was twofold. First, the experimental diffusive uptake rates of the target VOCs were determined under real industrial air conditions using Carbopack X thermal desorption tubes, and active sampling as reference method. The sampling campaigns carried out between October 2017 and May 2018 provided us of experimental diffusive uptake rates between 0.40 mL min-1 and 0.70 mL min-1 and stable over time (RSD % < 8%) for up to 41 VOCs. Secondly, the uptake rates obtained experimentally were applied for the determination of VOCs concentrations at 16 sampling sites in the North Industrial Complex of Tarragona. The results showed i-pentane, n-pentane and the compounds known as BTEX as the most representative ones. Moreover, some sporadic peaks of 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, ethylbenzene and styrene resulting from certain industrial activities were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vallecillos
- Centre Tecnològic de la Química-Eurecat, Marcel·lí Domingo n° 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
| | - Enedina Espallargas
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente Repsol Química, Complejo Industrial Repsol Química, Avenida de la Químca s/n, 43080 La Pobla de Mafumet, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Román Allo
- Departamento de Calidad y Medio Ambiente Repsol Petróleo, Complejo Industrial Repsol Petróleo, Camí les Hortes n° 2, 43120 Constantí, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel∙lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Centre Tecnològic de la Química-Eurecat, Marcel·lí Domingo n° 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel∙lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
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14
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Vo TDH, Lin C, Weng CE, Yuan CS, Lee CW, Hung CH, Bui XT, Lo KC, Lin JX. Vertical stratification of volatile organic compounds and their photochemical product formation potential in an industrial urban area. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 217:327-336. [PMID: 29614481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the petrochemical industry and vehicle exhaust may contribute to high ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP). In this study, the vertical profiles of VOCs were created for the southern Taiwan industrial city of Kaohsiung. Vertical air samples were collected up to 1000 m using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). In Renwu District, VOC distribution was affected by the inversion layer up to 200 m height. Total VOCs (36-327 ppbv), OFP (66-831 ppbv) and SOAFP (0.12-5.55 ppbv) stratified by height were the highest values at 300 m. The VOCs originated from both local and long-distance transport sources. These findings can be integrated into Kaohsiung's future air quality improvement plans and serve as a reference for other industrialized areas worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Dieu-Hien Vo
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chitsan Lin
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Erh Weng
- Department of Electronic Communication Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Lee
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsuang Hung
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Xuan-Thanh Bui
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Technology, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lo
- Department of Military Meteorology, Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaohsiung 82047, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Xian Lin
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
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15
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Maceira A, Vallecillos L, Borrull F, Marcé RM. New approach to resolve the humidity problem in VOC determination in outdoor air samples using solid adsorbent tubes followed by TD-GC-MS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:1718-1727. [PMID: 28535600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the humidity effect in the sampling process by adsorbent tubes followed by thermal desorption and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air samples and evaluates possible solutions to this problem. Two multi-sorbent bed tubes, Tenax TA/Carbograph 1TD and Carbotrap B/Carbopack X/Carboxen 569, were tested in order to evaluate their behaviour in the presence of environmental humidity. Humidity problems were demonstrated with carbon-based tubes, while Tenax-based tubes did not display any influence. Silica gel, a molecular sieve and CaCl2 were tried out as materials for drying tube to remove air humidity, placed prior to the sampling tube to prevent water from entering. The pre-tubes filled with 0.5g of CaCl2 showed the best results with respect to their blanks, the analytes recoveries and their ability to remove ambient humidity. To avoid the possible agglomeration of CaCl2 during the sampling process in high relative humidity atmospheres, 0.1g of diatomaceous earth were mixed with the desiccant agent. The applicability of the CaCl2 pre-tube as drying agent prior to Carbotrap B/Carbopack X/Carboxen 569 tubes was tested in urban and industrial locations with samplings of air at high relative humidity. In addition, the results were compared with those obtained using Tenax TA/Carbograph 1TD tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Maceira
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Campus Sescelades, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel∙lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Laura Vallecillos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Campus Sescelades, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel∙lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain; Centre Tecnològic de la Química, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Campus Sescelades, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel∙lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain; Centre Tecnològic de la Química, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Campus Sescelades, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel∙lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
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16
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Sadiek I, Shi Q, Wallace DWR, Friedrichs G. Quantitative Mid-Infrared Cavity Ringdown Detection of Methyl Iodide for Monitoring Applications. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8445-8452. [PMID: 28737378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methyl iodide is a toxic halocarbon with diverse industrial and agricultural applications, and it is an important ocean-derived trace gas that contributes to the iodine burden of the atmosphere. Quantitative analysis of CH3I is mostly based on gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry or electron capture detection (GC-MS/ECD) as of yet, which often limits the ability to conduct in situ high-frequency monitoring studies. This work presents an alternative detection scheme based on mid-infrared continuous wave cavity ringdown spectroscopy (mid-IR cw-CRDS). CH3I was detected at the RR2(15) rovibrational absorption transition at ṽ = 3090.4289 cm-1; part of the corresponding v4 vibration band has been measured with Doppler-limited resolution for the first time. A line strength of S(T = 295 K) = (545 ± 20) cm/mol, corresponding to a line center absorption cross-section σc(p = 0 bar) = (1.60 ± 0.06) × 105 cm2/mol, and pressure-broadening coefficients γp(Ar) = (0.094 ± 0.002) cm-1/bar and γp(N2) = (0.112 ± 0.003) cm-1/bar have been determined. The performance of the detection system has been demonstrated with a tank-purging experiment and has been directly compared with a conventional GC-MS/ECD detection system. Quantitative detection with high reproducibility and continuous sampling is possible with a current noise-equivalent limit of detection of 15 ppb at 20 mbar absorption-cell pressure and 70 s averaging time. This limit of detection is suitable for practical applications in the ppm mixing ratio level range such as workplace monitoring, leak detection, and process studies. Natural environmental abundances are much lower, therefore possibilities for future improvement of the detection limit are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiang Shi
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS 15000, Canada
| | - Douglas W R Wallace
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS 15000, Canada
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17
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Külah E, Marot L, Steiner R, Romanyuk A, Jung TA, Wäckerlin A, Meyer E. Surface chemistry of rare-earth oxide surfaces at ambient conditions: reactions with water and hydrocarbons. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43369. [PMID: 28327642 PMCID: PMC5361147 DOI: 10.1038/srep43369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare-earth (RE) oxide surfaces are of significant importance for catalysis and were recently reported to possess intrinsic hydrophobicity. The surface chemistry of these oxides in the low temperature regime, however, remains to a large extent unexplored. The reactions occurring at RE surfaces at room temperature (RT) in real air environment, in particular, in presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were not addressed until now. Discovering these reactions would shed light onto intermediate steps occurring in automotive exhaust catalysts before reaching the final high operational temperature and full conversion of organics. Here we first address physical properties of the RE oxide, nitride and fluoride surfaces modified by exposure to ambient air and then we report a room temperature reaction between PAH and RE oxide surfaces, exemplified by tetracene (C18H12) on a Gd2O3. Our study evidences a novel effect – oxidation of higher hydrocarbons at significantly lower temperatures (~300 K) than previously reported (>500 K). The evolution of the surface chemical composition of RE compounds in ambient air is investigated and correlated with the surface wetting. Our surprising results reveal the complex behavior of RE surfaces and motivate follow-up studies of reactions between PAH and catalytic surfaces at the single molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elçin Külah
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Marot
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Steiner
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andriy Romanyuk
- Glas Trösch AG, Industriestrasse 29, 4922 Bützberg, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Jung
- Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Aneliia Wäckerlin
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Galvão ES, Santos JM, Reis Junior NC, Stuetz RM. Volatile organic compounds speciation and their influence on ozone formation potential in an industrialized urban area in Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2016; 37:2133-2148. [PMID: 26776458 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1142001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Speciation and the influence on the ozone formation potential (OFP) from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been studied between February June 2013 in Vitória, ES, Brazil. Passive samplers were installed at three air-quality monitoring stations and a total of 96 samplings were collected. A total of 78 VOCs were characterized by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The predominant group was organic acids, followed by alcohols and substituted aromatics and 14 precursor species were quantified. An analysis correlating concentrations with wind direction was conducted to identify possible sources. The OFP was calculated applying the scale of maximum incremental reactivity proposed by Carter.[ 23 ] Ozone precursors with the greatest OFP such as undecane, toluene, ethylbenzene and m, p-xylene compounds were the most abundant with means of 0.855, 0.365, 0.259 and 0.289 µg m(-3), respectively. The benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) group was found below the limits considered harmful to the health of the population living in Vitória. The OFP calculated for the precursors group was 22.55 µg m(-3) for the rainy season and 32.11 µg m(-3) for the dry season. The VOC/NOx ratio in Vitória is approximately 1.71, indicating that the region has a VOC-limiting condition for the production of ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elson Silva Galvão
- a Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental , Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo , Vitória , ES , Brazil
| | - Jane Meri Santos
- a Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental , Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo , Vitória , ES , Brazil
| | - Neyval Costa Reis Junior
- a Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental , Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo , Vitória , ES , Brazil
| | - Richard Michael Stuetz
- b School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , The University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW , Australia
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19
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Mukerjee S, Smith LA, Thoma ED, Oliver KD, Whitaker DA, Wu T, Colon M, Alston L, Cousett TA, Stallings C. Spatial analysis of volatile organic compounds in South Philadelphia using passive samplers. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2016; 66:492-8. [PMID: 26828464 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2016.1147505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Select volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured in the vicinity of a petroleum refinery and related operations in South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, using passive air sampling and laboratory analysis methods. Two-week, time-integrated samplers were deployed at 17 sites, which were aggregated into five site groups of varying distances from the refinery. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (BTEX) and styrene concentrations were higher near the refinery's fenceline than for groups at the refinery's south edge, mid-distance, and farther removed locations. The near fenceline group was significantly higher than the refinery's north edge group for benzene and toluene but not for ethylbenzene or xylene isomers; styrene was lower at the near fenceline group versus the north edge group. For BTEX and styrene, the magnitude of estimated differences generally increased when proceeding through groups ever farther away from the petroleum refining. Perchloroethylene results were not suggestive of an influence from refining. These results suggest that emissions from the refinery complex contribute to higher concentrations of BTEX species and styrene in the vicinity of the plant, with this influence declining as distance from the petroleum refining increases. IMPLICATIONS Passive sampling methodology for VOCs as discussed here is employed in recently enacted U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Methods 325A/B for determination of benzene concentrations at refinery fenceline locations. Spatial gradients of VOC concentration near the refinery fenceline were discerned in an area containing traffic and other VOC-related sources. Though limited, these findings can be useful in application of the method at such facilities to ascertain source influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaibal Mukerjee
- a National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - Luther A Smith
- b Alion Science and Technology , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Eben D Thoma
- c National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - Karen D Oliver
- a National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - Donald A Whitaker
- a National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - Tai Wu
- c National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - Maribel Colon
- a National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - Lillian Alston
- a National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
- d Senior Environmental Employment Program, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
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20
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21
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Buckley PI, Bowdle DA, Newchurch MJ, Sive BC, Mount GH. Extractive FTIR spectroscopy with cryogen-free low-temperature inert preconcentration for autonomous measurements of atmospheric organics: 1: Instrument development and preliminary performance. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:2908-2921. [PMID: 25967207 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.002908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In collaboration with the Jefferson County Department of Health and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the University of Alabama in Huntsville developed a novel sensor for detecting very low levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This sensor uses a commercial Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, a commercial long-path IR gas cell, a commercial acoustic Stirling cyrocooler, and a custom cryogen-free cryotrap to improve sensitivity in an autonomous system with on-board quality control and quality assurance. Laboratory and initial field results show this methodology is sensitive to and well-suited for a wide variety of VOC atmospheric research and monitoring applications, including EPA National Air Toxics Trends Stations and the National Core monitoring network.
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Nozière B, Kalberer M, Claeys M, Allan J, D'Anna B, Decesari S, Finessi E, Glasius M, Grgić I, Hamilton JF, Hoffmann T, Iinuma Y, Jaoui M, Kahnt A, Kampf CJ, Kourtchev I, Maenhaut W, Marsden N, Saarikoski S, Schnelle-Kreis J, Surratt JD, Szidat S, Szmigielski R, Wisthaler A. The molecular identification of organic compounds in the atmosphere: state of the art and challenges. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3919-83. [PMID: 25647604 DOI: 10.1021/cr5003485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nozière
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Barbara D'Anna
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Irena Grgić
- ○National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Yoshiteru Iinuma
- ¶Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Kourtchev
- ‡University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- §University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.,□Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jason D Surratt
- ▼University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Wang T, Bo P, Bing T, Zhaoyun Z, Liyu D, Yonglong L. Benzene homologues in environmental matrixes from a pesticide chemical region in China: Occurrence, health risk and management. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 104:357-364. [PMID: 24736026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The contamination status and health risks of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) in air, soil, dust and groundwater were evaluated in a pesticide chemical region located in Hebei province, China. The concentrations of BTEX in air ranged from 7.80 to 238ug/m(3) and those in soil and dust ranged from lower than limit of detection (LOD) to 32,360ng/g dw, and those in groundwater varied from 2.68 to 98.6ug/L. Generally, the levels of BTEX in multimedia matrixes were all below the standards established in China. Health risk assessment was performed based on the monitoring data via inhalation, dermal contact and ingestion pathways and hazard quotient (HQ) was calculated to be on the order of 10(-7), below 10(-6), and Hazard index (HI) levels of BTEX were lower than 1.0. However, both HQ and HI ascended with an increase in work experience/exposure. Integrated risk management was proposed to eliminate BTEX pollution and to protect occupational health of workers in those industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Pang Bo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Tan Bing
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China
| | - Zhu Zhaoyun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Du Liyu
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lu Yonglong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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25
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A review of sampling and pretreatment techniques for the collection of airborne amines. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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An exploration on the suitability of airborne carbonyl compounds analysis in relation to differences in instrumentation (GC-MS versus HPLC-UV) and standard phases (gas versus liquid). ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:308405. [PMID: 24719571 PMCID: PMC3956549 DOI: 10.1155/2014/308405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative performance figure of merits was investigated for the two most common analytical methods employed for carbonyl compounds (CC), for example, between high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV detector (with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivatization) and thermal desorption (TD)-gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) (without derivatization). To this end, the suitability of each method is assessed by computing the relative recovery (RR) between the gas- and liquid-phase standards containing a suite of CC such as formaldehyde (FA), acetaldehyde (AA), propionaldehyde (PA), butyraldehyde (BA), isovaleraldehyde (IA), and valeraldehyde (VA) along with benzene (B) as a recovery reference for the GC method. The results confirm that a TD-GC-MS is advantageous to attain the maximum recovery for the heavier CCs (i.e., with molecular weights (MW) above BA−MW ≥ 74). On the other hand, the HPLC-UV is favorable for the lighter CCs (like FA and AA) with the least bias. Such compound-specific responses for each platform are validated by relative ordering of CCs as a function of response factor (RF), method detection limit (MDL), and recovery pattern. It is thus desirable to understand the advantages and limitations of each method to attain the CC data with the least experimental bias.
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Dela Cruz M, Müller R, Svensmark B, Pedersen JS, Christensen JH. Assessment of volatile organic compound removal by indoor plants--a novel experimental setup. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:7838-7846. [PMID: 24638833 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2695-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Indoor plants can remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the air. The majority of knowledge comes from laboratory studies where results cannot directly be transferred to real-life settings. The aim of this study was to develop an experimental test system to assess VOC removal by indoor plants which allows for an improved real-life simulation. Parameters such as relative humidity, air exchange rate and VOC concentration are controlled and can be varied to simulate different real-life settings. For example, toluene diffusion through a needle gave concentrations in the range of 0.10-2.35 μg/L with deviations from theoretical values of 3.2-10.5%. Overall, the system proved to be functional for the assessment of VOC removal by indoor plants with Hedera helix reaching a toluene removal rate of up to 66.5 μg/m(2)/h. The mode of toluene exposure (semi-dynamic or dynamic) had a significant influence on the removal rate obtained by H. helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majbrit Dela Cruz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Allé 30, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark,
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Linear and cyclic methylsiloxanes in air by concurrent solvent recondensation–large volume injection–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Talanta 2014; 118:245-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Dewangan S, Chakrabarty R, Zielinska B, Pervez S. Emission of volatile organic compounds from religious and ritual activities in India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:9279-9286. [PMID: 23709262 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Worshipping activity is a customary practice related with many religions and cultures in various Asian countries, including India. Smoke from incense burning in religious and ritual places produces a large number of health-damaging and carcinogenic air pollutants include volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as formaldehyde, benzene, 1,3 butadiene, styrene, etc. This study evaluates real-world VOCs emission conditions in contrast to other studies that examined emissions from specific types of incense or biomass material. Sampling was conducted at four different religious places in Raipur City, District Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India: (1) Hindu temples, (2) Muslim graveyards (holy shrines), (3) Buddhist temples, and (4) marriage ceremony. Concentrations of selected VOCs, respirable particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter, <5 μm), carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide were sampled from the smoke plumes. Benzene has shown highest emission factor (EF) among selected volatile organic compounds in all places. All the selected religious and ritual venues have shown different pattern of VOC EFs compared to laboratory-based controlled chamber studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shippi Dewangan
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, CG, 492010, India
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Kim S, Guenther A, Apel E. Quantitative and qualitative sensing techniques for biogenic volatile organic compounds and their oxidation products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:1301-1314. [PMID: 23748571 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00040k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The physiological production mechanisms of some of the organics in plants, commonly known as biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), have been known for more than a century. Some BVOCs are emitted to the atmosphere and play a significant role in tropospheric photochemistry especially in ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) productions as a result of interplays between BVOCs and atmospheric radicals such as hydroxyl radical (OH), ozone (O3) and NOX (NO + NO2). These findings have been drawn from comprehensive analysis of numerous field and laboratory studies that have characterized the ambient distribution of BVOCs and their oxidation products, and reaction kinetics between BVOCs and atmospheric oxidants. These investigations are limited by the capacity for identifying and quantifying these compounds. This review highlights the major analytical techniques that have been used to observe BVOCs and their oxidation products such as gas chromatography, mass spectrometry with hard and soft ionization methods, and optical techniques from laser induced fluorescence (LIF) to remote sensing. In addition, we discuss how new analytical techniques can advance our understanding of BVOC photochemical processes. The principles, advantages, and drawbacks of the analytical techniques are discussed along with specific examples of how the techniques were applied in field and laboratory measurements. Since a number of thorough review papers for each specific analytical technique are available, readers are referred to these publications rather than providing thorough descriptions of each technique. Therefore, the aim of this review is for readers to grasp the advantages and disadvantages of various sensing techniques for BVOCs and their oxidation products and to provide guidance for choosing the optimal technique for a specific research task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saewung Kim
- Department of Earth System Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Miñarro MD, Terrés IMM, Egea JA, Ferradás EG, Aznar AM. Vertical concentration gradients of volatile organic compounds in two NS-oriented street canyons. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:7353-7364. [PMID: 22314482 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2504-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Diffusive samplers were used to measure the vertical concentrations of benzene, toluene, n-hexane, cyclohexane, ethylbenzene and o-, m- and p-xylenes on both sides of two NS-oriented street canyons in Murcia (Spain) during a 5-day period. Non-dimensional relationships of concentration and height were calculated in order to study the behaviour of their concentration vertical profiles. The results show that the vertical profiles of benzene, toluene, n-hexane and cyclohexane concentrations were similar in both streets and on both sides of each street. Some differences were found in vertical profiles between streets and sides for ethylbenzene and xylenes, probably due to their higher affinity for adsorption into building materials. The similarities found for the first set of VOCs suggest that the dynamics of the dispersion was the same for both streets and was mainly influenced by microscale thermal effects. Finally, the concentration measurements of benzene, toluene, n-hexane, cyclohexane, and ethylbenzene were adjusted to expressions in the form c = c 0(h/h 0) A , and a regression coefficient R 2 = 0.962 (p = 0.0000) was obtained. The decreasing concentration of these compounds with height should be taken into account when assessing population exposure to these pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Doval Miñarro
- Chemical Engineering Department, School of Chemistry, University of Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain.
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Yılmaz Civan M, Yurdakul S, Tuncel G. Improvement of uptake rate equations depending on meteorological conditions for 25 volatile organic compounds. Talanta 2012; 99:720-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Wang Y, Ren X, Ji D, Zhang J, Sun J, Wu F. Characterization of volatile organic compounds in the urban area of Beijing from 2000 to 2007. J Environ Sci (China) 2012; 24:95-101. [PMID: 22783619 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(11)60732-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Beijing is one of the most polluted cities in the world. In this study, the long-term and continuous measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the urban area of Beijing, specifically at Beijing 325 m Meteorological Tower, were conducted from 2000 to 2007. The annual record of VOC trends exhibited in two different phases was separated in 2003. Records show that VOC concentrations increased from 2000 to 2003 due to the abrupt increase in vehicle number. Contrarily, since 2003, there had been a decrease in VOCs concentrations as the policy on gasoline and air pollution was implemented. Toluene, benzene, and i-pentane are the chemicals that abound in and are directly related to vehicle activity, such as in vehicle exhaust and gasoline evaporation. Furthermore, records indicate that there had been seasonal variation in VOCs levels in that VOCs level in summer is higher than that in winter. As such, temperature is considered to significantly contribute to VOCs in Beijing. Records also show that VOCs level was high in the morning and during rush hours in the evening. In contrast, VOCs level was low during midday due to photochemical destruction with OH radical and dilution effect. In this study, a particular benzene to toluene ratio range (0.4-1.0) was used as the indicator of air propelled by vehicular exhaust. We also applied the correlation coefficients between BTEX and i-pentane to evaluate evaporation influence to ambient BTEX in the Beijing urban area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10083, China.
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Baltrėnas P, Baltrėnaitė E, Serevičienė V, Pereira P. Atmospheric BTEX concentrations in the vicinity of the crude oil refinery of the Baltic region. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 182:115-127. [PMID: 21243423 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Among chemical industries, petroleum refineries have been identified as large emitters of a wide variety of pollutants. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) form an important group of aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) because of their role in the troposphere chemistry and the risk posed to human health. A very large crude oil refinery of the Baltic States (200,000 bbl/day) is situated in the northern, rural part of Lithuania, 10 km from the town of Mažeikiai (Lithuania). The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine of atmospheric levels of BTEX in the region rural and urban parts at the vicinity of the crude oil refinery; and (2) to investigate the effect of meteorological parameters (wind speed, wind direction, temperature, pressure, humidity) on the concentrations measured. The averaged concentration of benzene varied from 2.12 ppbv in the rural areas to 2.75 ppbv in the urban areas where the traffic was determined to be a dominant source of BTEX emissions. Our study showed that concentration of benzene, as strictly regulated air pollutant by EU Directive 2008/50/EC, did not exceed the limit of 5 ppbv in the region in the vicinity of the crude oil refinery during the investigated period. No significant change in air quality in the vicinity of the oil refinery was discovered, however, an impact of the industry on the background air quality was detected. The T/B ratio (0.50-0.81) that was much lower than 2.0, identified other sources of pollution than traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranas Baltrėnas
- Department of Environmental Protection, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio al. 11, 10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Kumar A, Howard CJ, Derrick D, Malkina IL, Mitloehner FM, Kleeman MJ, Alaimo CP, Flocchini RG, Green PG. Determination of volatile organic compound emissions and ozone formation from spraying solvent-based pesticides. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2011; 40:1423-1431. [PMID: 21869504 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2009.0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale agricultural activities have come under scrutiny for possible contributions to the emission of ozone precursors. The San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California is an area with intense agricultural activity that exceeds the federal ozone standards for more than 30 to 40 d yr(-1) and the more stringent state standards for more than 100 d yr(-1). Pesticides are used widely in both agricultural and residential subregions of the SJV, but the largest use, by weight of "active ingredient," is in agriculture. The objective of the study was to determine the role of pesticide application on airborne volatile organic compounds (VOC) concentrations and ozone formation in the SJV. The ozone formation from the pesticide formulation sprayed on commercial orchards was studied using two transportable smog chambers at four application sites during the summers of 2007 and 2008. In addition to the direct measurements of ozone formation, airborne VOC concentrations were measured before and after pesticide spraying using canister and sorbent tube sampling techniques. Soil VOC concentrations were also measured to understand the distribution of VOCs between different environmental compartments. Numerous VOCs were detected in the air and soil samples throughout the experiment but higher molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons were the primary compounds observed in elevated concentrations immediately after pesticide spraying. Measurements indicate that the ozone concentration formed by VOC downwind of the orchard may increase up to 15 ppb after pesticide application, with a return back to prespray levels after 1 to 2 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Kumar
- Croker Lab, Univ. of California Davis, Ca 95616, USA
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Brattoli M, de Gennaro G, de Pinto V, Loiotile AD, Lovascio S, Penza M. Odour detection methods: olfactometry and chemical sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2011; 11:5290-322. [PMID: 22163901 PMCID: PMC3231359 DOI: 10.3390/s110505290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of the odours issue arises from the sensory nature of smell. From the evolutionary point of view olfaction is one of the oldest senses, allowing for seeking food, recognizing danger or communication: human olfaction is a protective sense as it allows the detection of potential illnesses or infections by taking into account the odour pleasantness/unpleasantness. Odours are mixtures of light and small molecules that, coming in contact with various human sensory systems, also at very low concentrations in the inhaled air, are able to stimulate an anatomical response: the experienced perception is the odour. Odour assessment is a key point in some industrial production processes (i.e., food, beverages, etc.) and it is acquiring steady importance in unusual technological fields (i.e., indoor air quality); this issue mainly concerns the environmental impact of various industrial activities (i.e., tanneries, refineries, slaughterhouses, distilleries, civil and industrial wastewater treatment plants, landfills and composting plants) as sources of olfactory nuisances, the top air pollution complaint. Although the human olfactory system is still regarded as the most important and effective "analytical instrument" for odour evaluation, the demand for more objective analytical methods, along with the discovery of materials with chemo-electronic properties, has boosted the development of sensor-based machine olfaction potentially imitating the biological system. This review examines the state of the art of both human and instrumental sensing currently used for the detection of odours. The olfactometric techniques employing a panel of trained experts are discussed and the strong and weak points of odour assessment through human detection are highlighted. The main features and the working principles of modern electronic noses (E-Noses) are then described, focusing on their better performances for environmental analysis. Odour emission monitoring carried out through both the techniques is finally reviewed in order to show the complementary responses of human and instrumental sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Brattoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, via E.Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; E-Mails: (M.B.); (V.P.); (A.D.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Gianluigi de Gennaro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, via E.Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; E-Mails: (M.B.); (V.P.); (A.D.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Valentina de Pinto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, via E.Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; E-Mails: (M.B.); (V.P.); (A.D.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Annamaria Demarinis Loiotile
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, via E.Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; E-Mails: (M.B.); (V.P.); (A.D.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Sara Lovascio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, via E.Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; E-Mails: (M.B.); (V.P.); (A.D.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Michele Penza
- Brindisi Technical Unit for Technologies of Materials, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, P.O. Box 51 Br-4, I-72100 Brindisi, Italy; E-Mail:
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Solbu K, Daae HL, Olsen R, Thorud S, Ellingsen DG, Lindgren T, Bakke B, Lundanes E, Molander P. Organophosphates in aircraft cabin and cockpit air—method development and measurements of contaminants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:1393-403. [DOI: 10.1039/c0em00763c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Malkina IL, Kumar A, Green PG, Mitloehner FM. Identification and quantitation of volatile organic compounds emitted from dairy silages and other feedstuffs. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2011; 40:28-36. [PMID: 21488490 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2010.0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
High ground-level ozone continues to be an important human, animal, and plant health impediment in the United States and especially in California's San Joaquin Valley (SJV). According to California state and regional air quality agencies, dairies are one of the major sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the SJV. A number of recently conducted studies reported emissions data from different dairy sources. However, limited data are currently available for silage and otherfeed storages on dairies, which could potentially contribute to ozone formation. Because the impact of different VOCs on ozone formation varies significantly from one molecular species to another, detailed characterization of VOC emissions is essential to include all the important contributors to atmospheric chemistry and especially atmospheric reactivity. The present research study identifies and quantifies the VOCs emitted from various silages and other feedstuffs. Experiments were conducted in an environmental chamber under controlled conditions. Almost 80 VOCs were identified and quantified from corn (Zea mays L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.),and cereal (wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] and oat [Avena sativava L.] grains) silages, total mixed ration (TMR), almond (Amygdalus communis L.) shells and hulls using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. The results revealed high concentrations of emitted alcohols and other oxygenated species. Lower concentrations of highly reactive alkenes and aldehydes were also detected. Additional quantitation and monitoring of these emissions are essential for assessment of and response to the specific needs of the regional air quality in the SJV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina L Malkina
- Dep. of Animal Science, Univ. of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Howard CJ, Kumar A, Mitloehner F, Stackhouse K, Green PG, Flocchini RG, Kleeman MJ. Direct measurements of the ozone formation potential from livestock and poultry waste emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:2292-2298. [PMID: 20199064 DOI: 10.1021/es901916b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The global pattern of expanding urban centers and increasing agricultural intensity is leading to more frequent interactions between air pollution emissions from urban and agricultural sources. The confluence of these emissions that traditionally have been separated by hundreds of kilometers is creating new air quality challenges in numerous regions across the United States. An area of particular interest is California's San Joaquin Valley (SJV), which has an agricultural output higher than many countries, a rapidly expanding human population, and ozone concentrations that are already higher than many dense urban areas. New regulations in the SJV restrict emissions of reactive organic gases (ROGs) from animal sources in an attempt to meet Federal and State ozone standards designed to protect human health. The objective of this work is to directly measure the ozone formation potential (OFP) of agricultural animal plus waste sources in representative urban and rural atmospheres using a transportable "smog" chamber. Four animal types were examined: beef cattle, dairy cattle, swine, and poultry. Emissions from each animal plus waste type were captured in a 1 m(3) Teflon bag, mixed with representative background NO(x) and ROG concentrations, and then exposed to UV radiation so that ozone formation could be quantified. The emitted ROG composition was also measured so that the theoretical incremental reactivity could be calculated for a variety of atmospheres and directly compared with the measured OFP under the experimental conditions. The results demonstrate that OFP associated with waste ROG emissions from swine (0.39 +/- 0.04 g-O(3) per g-ROG), beef cattle (0.51 +/- 0.10 g-O(3) per g-ROG), and dairy cattle (0.42 +/- 0.07 g-O(3) per g-ROG) are lower than OFP associated with ROG emissions from gasoline powered light-duty vehicles (LDV) (0.69 +/- 0.05 g-O(3) per g-ROG). The OFP of ROG emitted from poultry waste (1.35 +/- 0.73 g-O(3) per g-ROG) is approximately double the LDV OFP. The measured composition of ROG emitted from animal plus waste sources is nine times less reactive than the current regulatory profiles that are based on dated measurements. The new animal waste ROG OFP measurements combined with adjusted animal waste ROG emissions inventory estimates predict that actual ozone production in the SJV from livestock and poultry (5.7 +/- 1.3 tons O(3) day(-1)) is 40 +/- 10% of the ozone produced by light duty gasoline vehicles (14.3 +/- 1.4 tons O(3) day(-1)) under constant NO(x) conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J Howard
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Crocker Nuclear Laboratory, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Howard CJ, Kumar A, Malkina I, Mitloehner F, Green PG, Flocchini RG, Kleeman MJ. Reactive organic gas emissions from livestock feed contribute significantly to ozone production in central California. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:2309-14. [PMID: 20192169 DOI: 10.1021/es902864u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The San Joaquin Valley (SJV) in California currently experiences some of the highest surface ozone (O(3)) concentrations in the United States even though it has a population density that is an order of magnitude lower than many urban areas with similar ozone problems. Previously unrecognized agricultural emissions may explain why O(3) concentrations in the SJV have not responded to traditional emissions control programs. In the present study, the ozone formation potentials (OFP) of livestock feed emissions were measured on representative field samples using a transportable smog chamber. Seven feeds were considered: cereal silage (wheat grain and oat grain), alfalfa silage, corn silage, high moisture ground corn (HMGC), almond shells, almond hulls, and total mixed ration (TMR = 55% corn silage, 16% corn grain, 8% almond hulls, 7% hay, 7% bran + seeds, and 5% protein + vitamins + minerals). The measured short-term OFP for each gram of reactive organic gas (ROG) emissions from all livestock feed was 0.17-0.41 g-O(3) per g-ROG. For reference, OFP of exhaust from light duty gasoline powered cars under the same conditions is 0.69 +/- 0.15 g-O(3) per g-ROG. Model calculations were able to reproduce the ozone formation from animal feeds indicating that the measured ROG compounds account for the observed ozone formation (i.e., ozone closure was achieved). Ethanol and other alcohol species accounted for more than 50% of the ozone formation for most types of feed. Aldehydes were also significant contributors for cereal silage, high moisture ground corn, and total mixed ration. Ozone production calculations based on feed consumption rates, ROG emissions rates, and OFP predict that animal feed emissions dominate the ROG contributions to ozone formation in the SJV with total production of 25 +/- 10 t O(3) day(-1). The next most significant ROG source of ozone production in the SJV is estimated to be light duty vehicles with total production of 14.3 +/- 1.4 t O(3) day(-1). The majority of the animal feed ozone formation is attributed to corn silage. Future work should be conducted to reduce the uncertainty of ROG emissions from animal feeds in the SJV and to include this significant source of ozone formation in regional airshed models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J Howard
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Ras MR, Marcé RM, Borrull F. Volatile organic compounds in air at urban and industrial areas in the Tarragona region by thermal desorption and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2010; 161:389-402. [PMID: 19238572 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-0755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Annual trends of a group of 66 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), containing 20 ozone precursors, were the aim of a sampling campaign carried out for a year in air at urban and industrial areas from Tarragona region. VOCs were determined by active collection on multisorbent tubes, followed by thermal desorption and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The analytical method was developed and validated, showing good levels of detection and quantification, recoveries, precision, and linearity for all the compounds in the range being studied. All the industrial and urban samples taken during the sampling campaign were similar in their qualitative composition. The most abundant compound in all urban and industrial sites was i-pentane, with concentrations between 15.2 and 202.1 microg m(-3) in urban sites and between 1.3 and 98.6 microg m(-3) in industrial sites. In urban sites, the following compounds in order of abundance were toluene, n-pentane, m,p-xylene, and o-xylene, with maximum levels of 150.6, 45.8, 42.3, and 31.7 microg m(-3), respectively. In industrial sites, the most abundant compounds depended on the sampled site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosa Ras
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, Marcel.lí Domingo, s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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Widegren JA, Bruno TJ. Vapor pressure measurements on low-volatility terpenoid compounds by the concatenated gas saturation method. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:388-393. [PMID: 20000397 DOI: 10.1021/es9026216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric oxidation of monoterpenes plays a central role in the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), which have important effects on the weather and climate. However, models of SOA formation have large uncertainties. One reason for this is that SOA formation depends directly on the vapor pressures of the monoterpene oxidation products, but few vapor pressures have been reported for these compounds. As a result, models of SOA formation have had to rely on estimated values of vapor pressure. To alleviate this problem, we have developed the concatenated gas saturation method, which is a simple, reliable, high-throughput method for measuring the vapor pressures of low-volatility compounds. The concatenated gas saturation method represents a significant advance over traditional gas saturation methods. Instead of a single saturator and trap, the concatenated method uses several pairs of saturators and traps linked in series. Consequently, several measurements of vapor pressure can be made simultaneously, which greatly increases the rate of data collection. It also allows for the simultaneous measurement of a control compound, which is important for ensuring data quality. In this paper we demonstrate the use of the concatenated gas saturation method by determination of the vapor pressures of five monoterpene oxidation products and n-tetradecane (the control compound) over the temperature range 283.15-313.15 K. Over this temperature range, the vapor pressures ranged from about 0.5 Pa to about 70 Pa. The standard molar enthalpies of vaporization or sublimation were determined by use of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Widegren
- Thermophysical Properties Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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Ras MR, Marcé RM, Borrull F. Characterization of ozone precursor volatile organic compounds in urban atmospheres and around the petrochemical industry in the Tarragona region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:4312-4319. [PMID: 19423150 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the results of an assessment of volatile organic compound (VOCs) levels in ambient air in samples collected at urban and industrial sites in southern Catalonia, which is home to one of the most important petrochemical complexes in southern Europe. This study contains data from a total of 192 samples collected in 2007, from May to October, at six air pollution measurement stations within the area of influence of several chemical and petrochemical industrial plants. The ambient air concentrations of a group of 65 VOCs, some of them ozone precursors, were determined by active sampling into sorbent tubes, thermal desorption and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. At the same time, several meteorological parameters were also recorded, and levels of NO, NO(2) and O(3) measured by the automatic stations, have been included in the study as well. Ambient air profiles of the different areas were studied, and the ozone formation dependent on VOCs and NO(2) levels was also analysed, taking into account the photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) for different groups of VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosa Ras
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, Marcellí Domingo s/n, Tarragona, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Rubio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Edificio Anexo Marie Curie, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Bendito
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Edificio Anexo Marie Curie, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Ras MR, Borrull F, Marcé RM. Sampling and preconcentration techniques for determination of volatile organic compounds in air samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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