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Han J, Destouni G, Jarsjö J, Zhang Q, Cantoni J, Zhang C. Legacy sources determine current water quality: Nitrogen and phosphorus in streams of Australia, China, Sweden and USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 954:176407. [PMID: 39306130 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Waterborne nutrient loads to downstream ecosystems integrate contributions from both active and legacy sources. Effective mitigation of nutrient pollution and eutrophication around the world requires distinction of these, largely unknown, relative load contributions. Here, the active and legacy contributions to nitrogen and phosphorus loads are distinguished in numerous streams and associated hydrological catchments of Australia, China, Sweden, and USA. The legacy contributions overshadow the active ones in all countries during 2005-2020. China and USA, with higher population densities and related overall human-activity levels, also have substantial active contributions. The median values of legacy concentration contributions of total nitrogen range from 321 (in Sweden) to 1850 μg/L (in USA); whereas the active contributions range from 2.2 (in Australia) to 315 μg/L (in USA). In China, nitrogen data are available only for ammonia, with median concentration contributions of 294 μg/L for legacy and 352 μg/L for active sources. For total phosphorus, the median values of legacy concentration contributions range from 28.8 (in Sweden) to 270 μg/L (in USA), while the active ones range from 0.1 (in Australia) to 67.3 μg/L (in USA). For relatively fast mitigation responses, China and USA need to mitigate their current nutrient emissions, while Australia and Sweden need a shift in mitigation focus to targeting their dominant legacy source contributions. The data-driven method testing in this study supports the used source distinction-attribution approach. This enables consistent source identification and tailoring of targeted measures for effective nutrient load mitigation in various regional contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxu Han
- Faculty of Infrastructure Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Georgia Destouni
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden; Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jerker Jarsjö
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Qin Zhang
- Faculty of Infrastructure Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jacopo Cantoni
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Chi Zhang
- Faculty of Infrastructure Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Wang J, Xue B, Wang Y, A Y, Wang G, Han D. Identification of pollution source and prediction of water quality based on deep learning techniques. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2024; 261:104287. [PMID: 38219283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2023.104287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Semi-arid rivers are particularly vulnerable and responsive to the impacts of industrial contamination. Prompt identification and projection of pollutant dynamics are crucial in the accidental pollution incidents, therefore required the timely informed and effective management strategies. In this study, we collected water quality monitoring data from a typical semi-arid river. By water quality inter-correlation mapping, we identified the regularity and abnormal fluctuations of pollutant discharges. Combining the association rule method (Apriori) and characterized pollutants of different industries, we tracked major industrial pollution sources in the Dahei River Basin. Meanwhile, we deployed the integrated multivariate long and short-term memory network (LSTM) to forecast principal contaminants. Our findings revealed that (1) biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and ammonia nitrogen exhibited high inter-correlations in water quality mapping, with lead and cadmium also demonstrating a strong association; (2) The main point sources of contaminant were coking, metal mining, and smelting industries. The government should strengthen the regulation and control of these industries and prevent further pollution of the river; (3) We confirmed 4 key pollutants: COD, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. Our study accurately predicted the future changes in this water quality index. The best results were obtained when the prediction period was 1 day. The prediction accuracies reached 85.85%, 47.15%, 85.66%, and 89.07%, respectively. In essence, this research developed effective water quality traceability and predictive analysis methods in semi-arid river basins. It provided an effective tool for water quality surveillance in semi-arid river basins and imparts a scientific scaffold for the environmental stewardship endeavors of pertinent authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Wang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Baolin Xue
- Innovation Research Center of Satellite Application (IRCSA), Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yuntao Wang
- Innovation Research Center of Satellite Application (IRCSA), Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yinglan A
- Innovation Research Center of Satellite Application (IRCSA), Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Innovation Research Center of Satellite Application (IRCSA), Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dongqing Han
- Hohhot Environmental Monitoring Branch Station of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010030, China
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Ghafur PG, Abdulrahman RF. Evaluation of Darbandikhan Lake and its tributaries' water quality in the Sulaymaniyah Province in Iraqi Kurdistan, using the water quality index model and multivariate statistical analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:937. [PMID: 37436670 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11543-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the characteristics of the water in Darbandikhan Lake and its rivers in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. For this purpose, 25 samples were collected seasonally and analysed for 36 physiochemical parameters. The proportions of physiochemical parameters exceeding the WHO standards in the samples with their highest exceedances were 9894% for Al, 198% for Mn, 40% for Pb, 1.6% for pH, 3250% for PO4, 11.8% for Sr, 155% for T.Alk, 7813% for turbidity, 1188% for Ti, 1033% for Tl and 1293% for V in the river water and 120% for Co, 74% for Cr, 4485% for Fe and 9% for K in the lake water. The pollution sources were designated by multivariate statistical analysis as being related to industrial and domestic waste, solid waste disposal, fertilisers and organic contamination from agricultural and natural sources. The water quality index (WQI) results were 22.3 to 721.3 for drinking, 13.9 to 86.2 for irrigation, 1.4 to 299.5 for livestock, 71.5 to 1754.4 for the textile industry, 20.7 to 237.9 for recreation and 64.6 to 1867.4 for aquatic life. The irrigation water quality index (IWQI) results were excellent for sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and for the US salinity scale, all water samples fell into the medium salinity-low sodium category (C2-S1) in all seasons, except for all Chaqan River samples. The Tanjaro River sample in spring fell in the relatively high salinity-low sodium category (C3-S1), excellent and good for sodium percentage (Na%), suitable to moderate for permeability index (PI%), suitable to unsuitable for magnesium hazard percentage (MH%), suitable for Kelly Index (KI) and safe to unsuitable for residual sodium carbonates (RSC). The Sirwan River, Tanjaro River and Zmkan River took first to third place in both the annual average pollution share ratio and the discharge. While the Zalm River ranked fourth in discharge and fifth in pollution share ratio, the Chaqan River was the reverse. The highest pollution share ratio was 64.3 for the Sirwan River in summer, and the lowest was 0.7 for the Zalm River in autumn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pshtiwan Gharib Ghafur
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Kirkuk Road, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
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Yan T, Zhou A, Shen SL. Prediction of long-term water quality using machine learning enhanced by Bayesian optimisation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120870. [PMID: 36526051 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Water quality assessment is critical to better recognise the importance of water in human society. In this study, a new framework to predict long-term water quality is proposed by using Bayesian-optimised machine learning methods and key pollution indicators collected from monitoring stations in the Pearl River Estuary, Guangdong, China. The optimised stacked generalisation (SG-op) model achieved the best performance with the highest accuracy (0.992) and Kappa coefficient (0.987). Feature importance of the prediction model was consistent with key pollution indicators. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to determine the significance level of the variation trends of different pollution indicators. The results show that the total phosphorus (TOP), dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and petroleum (PET) among the key pollution indicators were on an upward trend in the study area. This framework can be applied to efficiently predict future water quality and to provide technical support for emergency pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China; Discipline of Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Victoria, 3001, Australia.
| | - Annan Zhou
- Discipline of Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Victoria, 3001, Australia.
| | - Shui-Long Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China.
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Shaaban NA. Water quality and trophic status of Lake Mariut in Egypt and its drainage water after 8-year diversion. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:392. [PMID: 35478058 PMCID: PMC9046344 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water resource management and lake rehabilitation are global interest, to overcome the acute water scarcity facing most urban areas, especially in developing countries. Lake Mariut (LM) is an Egyptian lake that lies south of the Mediterranean Sea, and its management had a great interest in Alexandria's future development and as a part of the environmental sustainability of the Mediterranean basin. LM consists of 4 major basins, namely, main (MB), northwest (NWB), southwest (SWB), and fishery (FB). The MB has deteriorated as it consistently received (sewage and industrial) wastewaters till 2010. This was the date of diversion of the polluting sources as a rehabilitation step. The present work is made after elapsing 8 years from the diversion and aims at monitoring and assessing the status of the water quality not only of MB but also for the other 3 basins too. This was carried out twice, one in cold winter and the other in warm summer. The parameters studied were physico-chemical including water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen/hydrogen sulfide (DO/H2S), salinity, and chlorophyll a besides nutrient salts (nitrogen, N and phosphorus, P compounds). The results revealed that the waters of both MB and SWB basins were depleted in DO to a level difficult to sustain fish life and showed elevated levels of most nutrient salts. Trophically, all the studied basins were in eutrophic-hypereutrophic condition. As a result of pollution source diversion away from MB to be discharged in the downstream part of Umum Drain (UD), the levels of TN and TP entering Mex Bay through UD were slightly higher than the permissible limit and lower than dangerous loading. The applying of principle component analysis (PCA)-based classification approach, for obtaining the WQI on the current study, revealed that the FB, NWB, and SWB2000 showed a relatively good water quality when compared with MB. The depletion in the vital DO is catastrophic and needs urgent solution/s. One of the proposed solutions is the dredging of bottom spoiled organic-rich sediments. This and other suggested solutions are, however, discussed, evaluated, and presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashwa A Shaaban
- Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Utami RR, Geerling GW, Salami IRS, Notodarmojo S, Ragas AMJ. Environmental prioritization of pesticide in the Upper Citarum River Basin, Indonesia, using predicted and measured concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:140130. [PMID: 32806383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel screening method was developed to prioritize aquatic and human health risks of pesticides based on usage data, runoff modelling and effect prediction. An important asset of this new method is that it does not require measured concentration data, which are often unavailable or difficult to obtain in low- and middle-income countries like Indonesia. The method was applied to prioritize 31 agricultural pesticides used in the Upper Citarum River Basin in West Java, Indonesia. Ranking of pesticides based on predicted concentrations generally showed good agreement with ranking based on concentrations measured by passive sampling. The individual pesticide intake through the consumption of river water was predicted to cause negligible human health risks, but substantial aquatic risks (i.e. PEC/PNEC >1) were predicted for profenofos (5.2.E+01), propineb (3.6.E+01), chlorpyrifos (2.6.E+01), carbofuran (1.7.E+01), imidacloprid (9.4.E+00), methomyl (7.6.E+00) and chlorantraniliprole (3.6.E+00). In order to protect the aquatic environment, water managers are advised to take measures to reduce the use and runoff of these pesticides in the UCRB. The screening assessment can be further refined by performing additional effect studies for some pesticides, pesticide mixtures and validation of the predicted water concentrations by targeted measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosetyati R Utami
- Institute for Science in Society, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia.
| | - Gertjan W Geerling
- Institute for Science in Society, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Deltares, P.O. Box 177, 2600 MH Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Indah R S Salami
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Suprihanto Notodarmojo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Ad M J Ragas
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Science, Faculty of Management, Science & Technology, Open University, 6419 AT Heerlen, the Netherlands
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Water quality trend assessment in Jakarta: A rapidly growing Asian megacity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219009. [PMID: 31295261 PMCID: PMC6623954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Megacities are facing serious water pollution problems due to urbanization, rapid population growth and economic development. Water is an essential resource for human activities and socio-economic development and water quality in urban settings has important implications for human and environmental health. Urbanization and lack of sewerage has left the water in Jakarta, Indonesia in a heavily polluted condition. Rigorous assessment of urban water quality is necessary to understand the factors controlling water quality conditions. We use trend analysis to assess the current water quality conditions in Jakarta, focusing on Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). In most monitoring stations analyzed, BOD and TSS concentrations have decreased over time, but from large starting concentrations. DO in most monitoring stations has increased. Although Jakarta’s water quality has shown some improvement, it remains heavily impaired. The average value of BOD is low in upper stream stations compared to middle and lower stream stations. BOD and TSS trends of some water quality stations in middle and lower streams show increasing trends. Cluster analysis results suggest three groups for BOD and TSS, and four groups for DO. Understanding water quality conditions and factors that control water quality suggest strategies for improving water quality given current trends in climate, population growth and urban development. Results from this study suggest research directions and management strategies to address water quality challenges.
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Intriago JC, López-Gálvez F, Allende A, Vivaldi GA, Camposeo S, Nicolás Nicolás E, Alarcón JJ, Pedrero Salcedo F. Agricultural reuse of municipal wastewater through an integral water reclamation management. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 213:135-141. [PMID: 29494929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The DESERT-prototype, a state-of-the-art compact combination of water treatment technologies based on filtration and solar-based renewable energy, was employed to reclaim water for agricultural irrigation. Water reclaimed through the DESERT-prototype (PW) from a secondary effluent of a wastewater treatment plant, as well as conventional irrigation water (CW) and the secondary effluent (SW) itself, were employed to cultivate baby romaine lettuces in a greenhouse in Murcia (Spain), by means of drip and sprinkler irrigation methods, thus establishing six treatments. Assessments of physicochemical and microbiological quality of irrigation water, as well as agronomic and microbiological quality of crops from all treatments, showed that results associated to PW complied in all cases with relevant standards and guidelines. In contrast, results linked to SW and CW presented certain non-compliance cases of water and crop microbiological quality. These assessments lead to conclude that the DESERT-prototype is an appropriate technology for safe water reclamation oriented to agricultural production, that can be complemented by a proper irrigation method in reaching safety targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlo Intriago
- Sub-Department of Environmental Technology (ETE), Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Francisco López-Gálvez
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Allende
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Gaetano Alessandro Vivaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Ambientali e Territoriali, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Camposeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Ambientali e Territoriali, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Nicolás Nicolás
- Department of Irrigation, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan José Alarcón
- Department of Irrigation, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Pedrero Salcedo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Ambientali e Territoriali, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy; Department of Irrigation, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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Sutadian AD, Muttil N, Yilmaz AG, Perera BJC. Development of river water quality indices-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:58. [PMID: 26707404 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-5050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of water quality indices (WQIs) as a tool to evaluate the status of water quality in rivers has been introduced since the 1960s. The WQI transforms selected water quality parameters into a dimensionless number so that changes in river water quality at any particular location and time could be presented in a simple and easily understandable manner. Although many WQIs have been developed, there is no worldwide accepted method for implementing the steps used for developing a WQI. Thus, there is a continuing interest to develop accurate WQIs that suit a local or regional area. This paper aimed to provide significant contribution to the development of future river WQIs through a review of 30 existing WQIs based on the four steps needed to develop a WQI. These steps are the selection of parameters, the generation of sub-indices, the generation of parameter weights and the aggregation process to compute the final index value. From the 30 reviewed WQIs, 7 were identified as most important based on their wider use and they were discussed in detail. It was observed that a major factor that influences wider use of a WQI is the support provided by the government and authorities to implement a WQI as the main tool to evaluate the status of rivers. Since there is a lot of subjectivity and uncertainty involved in the steps for developing and applying a WQI, it is recommended that the opinion of local water quality experts is taken, especially in the first three steps (through techniques like Delphi method). It was also observed that uncertainty and sensitivity analysis was rarely undertaken to reduce uncertainty, and hence such an analysis is recommended for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arief Dhany Sutadian
- College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia.
| | - Nitin Muttil
- College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
- Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Abdullah Gokhan Yilmaz
- College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
- Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - B J C Perera
- College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
- Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
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Kerstens SM, Leusbrock I, Zeeman G. Feasibility analysis of wastewater and solid waste systems for application in Indonesia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 530-531:53-65. [PMID: 26026409 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Indonesia is one of many developing countries with a backlog in achieving targets for the implementation of wastewater and solid waste collection, treatment and recovery systems. Therefore a technical and financial feasibility analysis of these systems was performed using Indonesia as an example. COD, BOD, nitrogen, phosphorus and pathogen removal efficiencies, energy requirements, sludge production, land use and resource recovery potential (phosphorus, energy, duckweed, compost, water) for on-site, community based and off-site wastewater systems were determined. Solid waste systems (conventional, centralized and decentralized resource recovery) were analyzed according to land requirement, compost and energy production and recovery of plastic and paper. In the financial analysis, investments, operational costs & benefits and Total Lifecycle Costs (TLC) of all investigated options were compared. Technical performance and TLC were used to guide system selection for implementation in different residential settings. An analysis was undertaken to determine the effect of price variations of recoverable resources and land prices on TLC. A 10-fold increase in land prices for land intensive wastewater systems resulted in a 5 times higher TLC, whereas a 4-fold increase in the recovered resource selling price resulted in maximum 1.3 times higher TLC. For solid waste, these impacts were reversed - land price and resource selling price variations resulted in a maximum difference in TLC of 1.8 and 4 respectively. Technical and financial performance analysis can support decision makers in system selection and anticipate the impact of price variations on long-term operation. The technical analysis was based on published results of international research and the approach can be applied for other tropical, developing countries. All costs were converted to per capita unit costs and can be updated to assess other countries' estimated costs and benefits. Consequently, the approach can be used to guide wastewater and solid waste system planning in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kerstens
- Royal HaskoningDHV, P.O. Box 1132, 3800 BC Amersfoort, The Netherlands.
| | - I Leusbrock
- Wageningen University, Sub-department of Environmental Technology, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - G Zeeman
- Wageningen University, Sub-department of Environmental Technology, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Genetic Algorithm-Based Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation of Water Quality in Dongzhaigang. WATER 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/w7094821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mohamed I, Othman F, Ibrahim AIN, Alaa-Eldin ME, Yunus RM. Assessment of water quality parameters using multivariate analysis for Klang River basin, Malaysia. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:4182. [PMID: 25433545 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4182-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This case study uses several univariate and multivariate statistical techniques to evaluate and interpret a water quality data set obtained from the Klang River basin located within the state of Selangor and the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The river drains an area of 1,288 km(2), from the steep mountain rainforests of the main Central Range along Peninsular Malaysia to the river mouth in Port Klang, into the Straits of Malacca. Water quality was monitored at 20 stations, nine of which are situated along the main river and 11 along six tributaries. Data was collected from 1997 to 2007 for seven parameters used to evaluate the status of the water quality, namely dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, ammoniacal nitrogen, pH, and temperature. The data were first investigated using descriptive statistical tools, followed by two practical multivariate analyses that reduced the data dimensions for better interpretation. The analyses employed were factor analysis and principal component analysis, which explain 60 and 81.6% of the total variation in the data, respectively. We found that the resulting latent variables from the factor analysis are interpretable and beneficial for describing the water quality in the Klang River. This study presents the usefulness of several statistical methods in evaluating and interpreting water quality data for the purpose of monitoring the effectiveness of water resource management. The results should provide more straightforward data interpretation as well as valuable insight for managers to conceive optimum action plans for controlling pollution in river water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Mohamed
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,
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14
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Fulazzaky MA. Assessing the suitability of stream water for five different uses and its aquatic environment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:523-535. [PMID: 22373956 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2572-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Surface water is one of the essential resources for supporting sustainable development. The suitability of such water for a given use depends both on the available quantity and tolerable quality. Temporary status for a surface water quality has been identified extensively. Still the suitability of the water for different purposes needs to be verified. This study proposes a water quality evaluation system to assess the aptitude of the Selangor River water for aquatic biota, drinking water production, leisure and aquatic sport, irrigation use, livestock watering, and aquaculture use. Aptitude of the water has been classified in many parts of the river segment as unsuitable for aquatic biota, drinking water production, leisure and aquatic sport as well as aquaculture use. The water quality aptitude classes of the stream water for nine locations along the river are evaluated to contribute to decision support system. The suitability of the water for five different uses and its aquatic ecosystem are verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Ali Fulazzaky
- Institute of Environmental and Water Resources Management, Water Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
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A Proposed Model to Assess and Map Irrigation Water Well Suitability Using Geospatial Analysis. WATER 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/w4030545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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