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Lee J, Hong S, An SA, Khim JS. Methodological advances and future directions of microalgal bioassays for evaluation of potential toxicity in environmental samples: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 173:107869. [PMID: 36905773 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal bioassays are widely applied to evaluate the potential toxicity of various persistent toxic substances in environmental samples due to multiple advantages, including high sensitivity, short test duration, and cost-effectiveness. Microalgal bioassay is gradually developing in method, and the scope of application to environmental samples is also expanding. Here, we reviewed the published literature on microalgal bioassays for environmental assessments, focusing on types of samples, sample preparation methods, and endpoints, and highlighted key scientific advancements. Bibliographic analysis was performed with the keywords 'microalgae' and 'toxicity' or 'bioassay', and 'microalgal toxicity'; 89 research articles were selected and reviewed. Traditionally, most studies implementing microalgal bioassays focused on water samples (44%) with passive samplers (38%). Studies using the direct exposure method (41%) of injecting microalgae into sampled water mainly evaluated toxic effects by growth inhibition (63%). Recently, various automated sampling techniques, in situ bioanalytical methods with multiple endpoints, and targeted and non-targeted chemical analyses have been applied. More research is needed to identify causative toxicants affecting microalgae and to quantify the cause-effect relationships. This study provides the first comprehensive overview of recent advances in microalgal bioassays performed with environmental samples, suggesting future research directions based on current understanding and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Ah An
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Parveen N, Chowdhury S, Goel S. Environmental impacts of the widespread use of chlorine-based disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:85742-85760. [PMID: 35091954 PMCID: PMC8799444 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated disinfectants are widely used in hospitals, COVID-19 quarantine facilities, households, institutes, and public areas to combat the spread of the novel coronavirus as they are effective against viruses on various surfaces. Medical facilities have enhanced their routine disinfection of indoors, premises, and in-house sewage. Besides questioning the efficiency of these compounds in combating coronavirus, the impacts of these excessive disinfection efforts have not been discussed anywhere. The impacts of chlorine-based disinfectants on both environment and human health are reviewed in this paper. Chlorine in molecular and in compound forms is known to pose many health hazards. Hypochlorite addition to soil can increase chlorine/chloride concentration, which can be fatal to plant species if exposed. When chlorine compounds reach the sewer/drainage system and are exposed to aqueous media such as wastewater, many disinfection by-products (DBPs) can be formed depending on the concentrations of natural organic matter, inorganics, and anthropogenic pollutants present. Chlorination of hospital wastewater can also produce toxic drug-derived disinfection by-products. Many DBPs are carcinogenic to humans, and some of them are cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic. DBPs can be harmful to the flora and fauna of the receiving water body and may have adverse effects on microorganisms and plankton present in these ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseeba Parveen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Shamik Chowdhury
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Sudha Goel
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
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Kesar S, Bhatti MS. Chlorination of secondary treated wastewater with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl): An effective single alternate to other disinfectants. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11162. [PMID: 36387561 PMCID: PMC9647433 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study provides details about the usefulness of chlorination in the recovery effluents of sewage, and to make it useable for irrigation purposes. Chlorination is one of the effective simplified, and cost-effective traditional methods for disinfection. The study was done for the period of March, 2019 to February, 2020. The disinfection process was optimized by adding sodium hypochlorite to the secondary treated effluents with the help of jar apparatus at a mixing speed of 100 rpm. To optimize the various process variables such as dose, and contact time, several concentrations of NaOCl (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3.0) ppm were carefully chosen at different time intervals of 15, 30, and 60 min respectively, which were centered on the foregoing studies. The factors like seasonal variation on MPN index of total coliforms (TCs), CR ∗ T concept, and effect of pH on log elimination of TCs, outcome of pH with rate constant (k), and results of pH against dilution coefficient (n) was also studied. The Chick–Watson, Rennecker–Marinas, Collin–Selleck, and modified Selleck models have shown good reliability to the experimental data of chlorine disinfection to be fit into these kinetic models for the treatment of sewage wastewater. The upgraded CR ∗ T values were attained by using disinfection models. Among these four models, the kinetic modeling by Collin–Selleck, and Selleck–White was investigated as the best modeling to be fitted more finely to the chlorination experimental data to count for the effectiveness of NaOCl. The selected indicator organism in the optimization process of chlorine was Total coliforms (TCs). The residual chlorine and most probable number per log unit (Log) for TCs were measured before the start and after the termination of the disinfection process. The World Health Organization (WHO) standard for pathogenic removal from wastewater, and to irrigate the crops is 3- to 4-log and the chlorine residual under 1 mg/l limit was accomplished. Efficient removal of total coliforms (TCs) with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at 1.5 ppm concentrations during the time period of 15 min. with one-step chlorination. The chlorine residual maintenance under target value 1 mg/l. CR∗ T concept studied in detail. The effect of pH on log removal rate of TCs, on rate of constant (k), and on dilution coefficient (n) was evaluated. Seasonal variations of MPN discussed. The Chick–Watson, Rennecker–Marinas, Collin–selleck, and Whites’ modified kinetic modeling was applied to the secondary treated wastewater data for coliform removals, and to determine the effectiveness of the disinfectant.
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4
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Removal of malachite green by electrochemical oxidation polymerization and electrochemical reduction precipitation: its kinetics and intermediates. J Solid State Electrochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-022-05242-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Noh JH, Park JW, Choi S, Kim S, Maeng SK. Effects of powdered activated carbon and calcium on trihalomethane toxicity of zebrafish embryos and larvae in hybrid membrane bioreactors. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124530. [PMID: 33243649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of powdered activated carbon and calcium on trihalomethane toxicity in zebrafish embryos and larvae in hybrid membrane bioreactors. Two hybrid membrane bioreactors were configured with the addition of powdered activated carbon or calcium to reduce the trihalomethane formation potential. Trihalomethane formation decreased by approximately 37.2% and 30.3% in membrane bioreactor-powdered activated carbon and membrane bioreactor-calcium, respectively. Additionally, the toxic effect of trihalomethane formation was examined on zebrafish embryos and larvae. About 35% of the embryos exposed to trihalomethanes (800 ppb) showed signs of deformation, with the majority displaying coagulation within 24 h after exposure. Color preference tests, which were conducted to identify any abnormal activities of the embryos, showed an increase in preference from short to longer wavelengths upon exposure to high levels of trihalomethanes. This may indicate damage to the optical organs in zebrafish when exposed to trihalomethanes. Behavioral analysis showed reduced mobility of zebrafish larvae under different trihalomethane concentrations, indicating a decrease in the average activity time with an increasing trihalomethane concentration. The membrane bioreactor effluents were toxic to zebrafish embryos and larvae in the presence of high trihalomethane concentrations. To understand the mechanism behind trihalomethane toxicity, further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyung Noh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohoon Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chungnam University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungpyo Kim
- Bio Monitoring Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City, Chungnam 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kyu Maeng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
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Kozari A, Paloglou A, Voutsa D. Formation potential of emerging disinfection by-products during ozonation and chlorination of sewage effluents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 700:134449. [PMID: 31639540 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the formation potential of emerging DBPs (haloacetonitriles, halonitromethanes and halopropanones) during ozonation and ozonation/hydrogen peroxide treatment and subsequent chlorination of sewage effluent under various experimental conditions. Estimation of possible risk due to DBPs by calculation of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity was attempted. The studied DBPs showed different formation behavior during chlorination, with maximum yields within 0.5-48 h. Maximum cytotoxicity and genotoxicity was observed after 4 h of chlorination with dibromoacetonitrile being the major contributor. Ozonation and O3/H2O2 treatment resulted in increase of trichloronitromethane followed by a decline at higher doses, and reduction of haloacetonitriles. High ozone doses reduced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of treated effluents. The presence of bromide shifted to bromo-DBPs formation and enhanced both cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Particulate fraction in effluents significantly contributed to the formation of DBPs and consequently to the their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kozari
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Paloglou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - D Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Luja-Mondragón M, Gómez-Oliván LM, SanJuan-Reyes N, Islas-Flores H, Orozco-Hernández JM, Heredia-García G, Galar-Martínez M, Dublán-García O. Alterations to embryonic development and teratogenic effects induced by a hospital effluent on Cyprinus carpio oocytes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:751-764. [PMID: 30743961 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hospital functioning generates a great quantity of contaminants, among which organic materials, heavy metals, and diverse pharmaceuticals are noteworthy that can affect organisms if they are not properly removed from the effluents. The hospital effluent evaluated in the present study came from IMSS (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social) Clinic 221 in downtown Toluca, State of Mexico, a secondary care facility. The contaminants identified in hospitals have been associated with deleterious effects on aquatic organisms; however, it is necessary to continue with more studies in order to be able to regulate the production of said contaminants which are generally dumped into the city sewage system. The present study had the purpose of evaluating the alterations to embryonic development and teratogenic effects on oocytes Cyprinus carpio after exposure to different proportions of hospital effluent. For said purpose, the physicochemical properties of the effluent were determined. Concentrations of the main microcontaminants were also determined. An embryolethality study out and the determination of the main alterations to embryonic development and teratogenic effects produced, due to exposure of C. carpio at different proportions of the effluent, were carried out. The results showed that the physicochemical properties were within the values permitted by Mexican regulation; however, the presence of contaminants such as NaClO, metals, anti-biotics, anti-diabetics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hormones and beta-blockers, was detected. Lethal concentration 50 was 5.65% and the effective concentration for malformations was 3.85%, with a teratogenic index of 1.46. The main teratogenic alterations were yolk deformation, scoliosis, modified chorda structure, tail malformation, fin deformity and mouth hyperplasia. A high rate of hatching delay was observed. The results suggest that the hospital effluent under study is capable of inducing embryotoxicity and teratogenicity in oocytes of C. carpio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlenne Luja-Mondragón
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Intersection of Paseo Colón and Paseo Tollocan, Residencial Colón neighborhood, 50120 Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Intersection of Paseo Colón and Paseo Tollocan, Residencial Colón neighborhood, 50120 Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Nely SanJuan-Reyes
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Pharmacy Department, National Institute of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Adolfo López Mateos Professional Unit, Wilfrido Massieu Ave., Gustavo A. Madero District, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Intersection of Paseo Colón and Paseo Tollocan, Residencial Colón neighborhood, 50120 Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Orozco-Hernández
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Intersection of Paseo Colón and Paseo Tollocan, Residencial Colón neighborhood, 50120 Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Heredia-García
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Intersection of Paseo Colón and Paseo Tollocan, Residencial Colón neighborhood, 50120 Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Marcela Galar-Martínez
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Pharmacy Department, National Institute of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Adolfo López Mateos Professional Unit, Wilfrido Massieu Ave., Gustavo A. Madero District, Mexico City 07738, Mexico
| | - Octavio Dublán-García
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Intersection of Paseo Colón and Paseo Tollocan, Residencial Colón neighborhood, 50120 Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico
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Wagner ND, Helm PA, Simpson AJ, Simpson MJ. Metabolomic responses to pre-chlorinated and final effluent wastewater with the addition of a sub-lethal persistent contaminant in Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:9014-9026. [PMID: 30719660 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Consumer products such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and pharmaceuticals (PCPPs) enter aquatic ecosystems through inefficient removal during wastewater treatment. Often, the sterilization process of wastewater includes the addition of sodium hypochlorite that can react with PCPPs and other organic matter (i.e., dissolve organic matter) to generate disinfection by-products and can cause the final effluent to be more harmful to aquatic organisms. Here, we exposed Daphnia magna to two stages of wastewater, the pre-chlorinated wastewater (PreCl) and the final effluent. In addition, we exposed D. magna, to the final effluent with a concentration gradient of added PFOS, to investigate if this persistent contaminant altered the toxicity of the final effluent. After 48 h of contaminant exposure, we measured the daphnids metabolic responses to the different stages of wastewater treatment, and with the addition of PFOS, utilizing proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We found few significant changes to the metabolic profile of animals exposed to the PreCl wastewater; however, animals exposed to the final effluent displayed increases in many amino acids and decreases in some sugar metabolites. With the addition of PFOS to the final effluent, the metabolic profile shifted from increased amino acids and decreased sugar metabolites and energy molecules especially at the low and high concentrations of PFOS. Overall, our results demonstrate the metabolome is sensitive to changes in the final effluent that are caused by sterilization, and with the addition of a persistent contaminant, the metabolic profile is further altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Wagner
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Paul A Helm
- Environmental Monitoring & Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation, and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - André J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada.
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de Castro Medeiros L, de Alencar FLS, Navoni JA, de Araujo ALC, do Amaral VS. Toxicological aspects of trihalomethanes: a systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:5316-5332. [PMID: 30607849 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3949-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine is considered the most used chemical agent for water disinfection worldwide. However, water chlorination can lead to by-product generation which can be toxic to humans. The present study aimed to perform a systematic review on the toxicity of trihalomethanes (THMs) through bioindicators of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity. The results showed that studies on the effects of THMs on DNA are a current research concern for evaluating the toxicity of the pure compounds and real samples involving several types including water for recreational use, reused water, and drinking water. THMs deleterious effects have been assessed using several biosystems, where the Ames test along with experimental animal models were the most cited. A wide range of THM concentrations have been tested. Nevertheless, DNA damage was demonstrated, highlighting the potential human health risk. Among the studied THMs, chloroform presented a different action mechanism when compared with brominated THMs, with the former being cytotoxic while brominated THMs (bromodichloromethane, bromoform, and dibromochloromethane) were cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic. The described evidence in this research highlights the relevance of this topic as a human health issue. Nevertheless, research aimed to represent THMs current exposure conditions in a more accurate way would be needed to understand the real impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana de Castro Medeiros
- Development and Environment, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), University Campus, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Feliphe Lacerda Souza de Alencar
- Development and Environment, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), University Campus, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Julio Alejandro Navoni
- Development and Environment, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), University Campus, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil
- Department of Natural Resources, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - André Luis Calado de Araujo
- Department of Natural Resources, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Viviane Souza do Amaral
- Development and Environment, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), University Campus, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil.
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), University Campus, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil.
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Manasfi T, Lebaron K, Verlande M, Dron J, Demelas C, Vassalo L, Revenko G, Quivet E, Boudenne JL. Occurrence and speciation of chlorination byproducts in marine waters and sediments of a semi-enclosed bay exposed to industrial chlorinated effluents. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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11
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González MB, Brugnoni LI, Flamini DO, Quinzani LM, Saidman SB. Removal of Escherichia coli from well water using continuous laminar flow in a channel system containing PPy/Cu modified electrodes. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2018; 16:921-929. [PMID: 30540266 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2018.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polypyrrole (PPy) films modified with copper species were used for disinfection of well water contaminated with Escherichia coli (E. coli). For that purpose a laboratory-scale continuous flow system with a parallel plate flow chamber configuration was implemented operating under laminar flow. Three flow rates were considered. The testing conditions did not affect the morphology of the modified PPy films, even after 5 h of continuous use at the largest flow rate examined. The results show that the bacteria killing process can be described by a first-order kinetic law at all Reynolds numbers. As the flow rate increases, the concentration of Cu species released from the electrodes enhances, accelerating the disinfection process. Re-inoculation and Cu-recharging tests showed bactericidal effects very similar to those displayed by the freshly prepared electrodes. It is concluded that PPy/Cu-modified electrodes installed in the laboratory-scale continuous flow system are effective for the water disinfection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B González
- Instituto de Ingeniería Electroquímica y Corrosión (INIEC), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur - CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Argentina E-mail:
| | - L I Brugnoni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - D O Flamini
- Instituto de Ingeniería Electroquímica y Corrosión (INIEC), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur - CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Argentina E-mail:
| | - L M Quinzani
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI), Universidad Nacional del Sur - CONICET, Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - S B Saidman
- Instituto de Ingeniería Electroquímica y Corrosión (INIEC), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur - CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Argentina E-mail:
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12
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Disinfection in Wastewater Treatment Plants: Evaluation of Effectiveness and Acute Toxicity Effects. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9101704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Owoseni M, Okoh A. Assessment of chlorine tolerance profile of Citrobacter species recovered from wastewater treatment plants in Eastern Cape, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:201. [PMID: 28364327 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5900-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This present study assessed the chlorine tolerance of some Citrobacter species recovered from secondary effluents from the clarifiers of two wastewater treatment plants in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The bacterial survival, chlorine lethal dose and inactivation kinetics at lethal doses were examined. Inactivation of the test bacteria (n = 20) at the recommended dose of 0.5 mg/l for 30 min exposure showed a progressive reduction in bacterial population from 4 to 5 log reduction and residuals ranged between 0.12 and 0.46 mg/l. The bactericidal activity of chlorine increased at higher dosages with a substantial reduction in viability of the bacteria and complete inactivation of the bacterial population at a lethal dose of 0.75 and 1.0 mg/l in 30 min. For the inactivation kinetics, bactericidal activity of chlorine increased with time showing a 3.67-5.4 log reduction in 10 min, 4.0-5.6 log reduction in 20 min and above 6.3 log reductions to complete sterilization of bacterial population over 30 min for all the entire test Citrobacter isolates used in this study. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation (R 2 > 0.84) between bacteria inactivation and increase in contact time. This study appears to have provided support for laboratory evidence of bacterial tolerance to chlorine disinfection at current recommended dose (0.5 mg/l for 30 min), and chlorine concentration between 0.75 and 1.0 mg/l was found to have a better disinfecting capacity to check tolerance of Citrobacter species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojisola Owoseni
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
| | - Anthony Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
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Park KY, Choi SY, Lee SH, Kweon JH, Song JH. Comparison of formation of disinfection by-products by chlorination and ozonation of wastewater effluents and their toxicity to Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 215:314-321. [PMID: 27213572 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the two most frequently used disinfectants (i.e., chlorine and ozone) to understand their efficiency in wastewater effluents and the ecotoxicity of disinfection by-products created during chlorination and ozonation. Four trihalomethanes (THMs) and nine haloacetic acids (HAAs) were measured from a chlorine-disinfected sample and two aldehydes (i.e., formaldehydes and acetaldehydes) were analyzed after ozonation. Chlorination was effective for total coliform removal with Ct value in the range of 30-60 mg-min/L. Over 1.6 mg/L of ozone dose and 0.5 min of the contact time presented sufficient disinfection efficiency. The concentration of THMs increased with longer contact time (24 h), but that of HAAs showed little change with contact time. The measured concentration of formaldehyde at the ozone dose of 1.6 mg/L and the contact time of 9 min showed the greatest value in this study, approximately 330 μg L(-1), from which the corresponding ecotoxicity was determined using an indicator species, Daphnia magna. The ecotoxicity results were consistent with the toxicological features judged by occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Both the disinfection efficiency as well as the DBP formation potential should therefore be considered to avoid harmful impacts on aquatic environments when a disinfection method is used for wastewater effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun-Young Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Su-Young Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea; Youngsin Metal Industrial Co., LTD., Electricity Business Division, 593 Manho-ri, Poseung-myun, Pyongtaek-si, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hyang Kweon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea.
| | - Ji-Hyeon Song
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
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Boudjellaba D, Dron J, Revenko G, Démelas C, Boudenne JL. Chlorination by-product concentration levels in seawater and fish of an industrialised bay (Gulf of Fos, France) exposed to multiple chlorinated effluents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:391-399. [PMID: 26410714 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlorination is one of the most widely used techniques for biofouling control in large industrial units, leading to the formation of halogenated chlorination by-products (CBPs). This study was carried out to evaluate the distribution and the dispersion of these compounds within an industrialised bay hosting multiple chlorination discharges issued from various industrial processes. The water column was sampled at the surface and at 7 m depth (or bottom) in 24 stations for the analysis of CBPs, and muscle samples from 15 conger eel (Conger conger) were also investigated. Temperature and salinity profiles supported the identification of the chlorination releases, with potentially complex patterns. Chemical analyses showed that bromoform was the most abundant CBP, ranging from 0.5 to 2.2 μg L(-1) away from outlets (up to 10 km distance), and up to 18.6 μg L(-1) in a liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification plume. However, CBP distributions were not homogeneous, halophenols being prominent in a power station outlet and dibromoacetonitrile in more remote stations. A seasonal effect was identified as fewer stations revealed CBPs in summer, probably due to the air and water temperatures increases favouring volatilisation and reactivity. A simple risk assessment of the 11 identified CBPs showed that 7 compounds concentrations were above the potential risk levels to the local marine environment. Finally, conger eel muscles presented relatively high levels of 2,4,6-tribromophenol, traducing a generalised impregnation of the Gulf of Fos to CBPs and a global bioconcentration factor of 25 was determined for this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boudjellaba
- Institut Ecocitoyen Pour la Connaissance des Pollutions, Centre de vie la Fossette RD 268, 13270 Fos-sur-Mer, France
| | - J Dron
- Institut Ecocitoyen Pour la Connaissance des Pollutions, Centre de vie la Fossette RD 268, 13270 Fos-sur-Mer, France.
| | - G Revenko
- Institut Ecocitoyen Pour la Connaissance des Pollutions, Centre de vie la Fossette RD 268, 13270 Fos-sur-Mer, France
| | - C Démelas
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE FRE 3416, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - J-L Boudenne
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE FRE 3416, 13331 Marseille, France
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16
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Prasse C, Stalter D, Schulte-Oehlmann U, Oehlmann J, Ternes TA. Spoilt for choice: A critical review on the chemical and biological assessment of current wastewater treatment technologies. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 87:237-70. [PMID: 26431616 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge we have gained in recent years on the presence and effects of compounds discharged by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) brings us to a point where we must question the appropriateness of current water quality evaluation methodologies. An increasing number of anthropogenic chemicals is detected in treated wastewater and there is increasing evidence of adverse environmental effects related to WWTP discharges. It has thus become clear that new strategies are needed to assess overall quality of conventional and advanced treated wastewaters. There is an urgent need for multidisciplinary approaches combining expertise from engineering, analytical and environmental chemistry, (eco)toxicology, and microbiology. This review summarizes the current approaches used to assess treated wastewater quality from the chemical and ecotoxicological perspective. Discussed chemical approaches include target, non-target and suspect analysis, sum parameters, identification and monitoring of transformation products, computational modeling as well as effect directed analysis and toxicity identification evaluation. The discussed ecotoxicological methodologies encompass in vitro testing (cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, endocrine disruption, adaptive stress response activation, toxicogenomics) and in vivo tests (single and multi species, biomonitoring). We critically discuss the benefits and limitations of the different methodologies reviewed. Additionally, we provide an overview of the current state of research regarding the chemical and ecotoxicological evaluation of conventional as well as the most widely used advanced wastewater treatment technologies, i.e., ozonation, advanced oxidation processes, chlorination, activated carbon, and membrane filtration. In particular, possible directions for future research activities in this area are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Prasse
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Department of Aquatic Chemistry, Koblenz, Germany; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.
| | - Daniel Stalter
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Department of Aquatic Chemistry, Koblenz, Germany
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17
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da Costa JB, Rodgher S, Daniel LA, Espíndola ELG. Toxicity on aquatic organisms exposed to secondary effluent disinfected with chlorine, peracetic acid, ozone and UV radiation. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:1803-1813. [PMID: 25213288 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1346-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The toxic potential of four disinfectant agents (chlorine, ozone, peracetic acid and UV radiation), used in the disinfection of urban wastewater, was evaluated with respect to four aquatic organisms. Disinfection assays were carried out with wastewater from the city of Araraquara (São Paulo State, Brazil), and subsequently, toxicity bioassays were applied in order to verify possible adverse effects to the cladocerans (Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Daphnia similis), midge larvae Chironomus xanthus and fish (Danio rerio). Under the experimental conditions tested, all the disinfectants were capable of producing harmful effects on the test organisms, except for C. xanthus. The toxicity of the effluent to C. silvestrii was observed to increase significantly as a result of disinfection using 2.5 mg L(-1) chlorine and 29.9 mg L(-1) ozone. Ozonation and chlorination significantly affected the survival of D. similis and D. rerio, causing mortality of 60 to 100 % in comparison to the non-disinfected effluent. In experiments with effluent treated with peracetic acid (PAA) and UV radiation, a statistically significant decrease in survival was only detected for D. rerio. This investigation suggested that the study of the ideal concentrations of disinfectants is a research need for ecologically safe options for the treatment of wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Berninger da Costa
- Oceanography and Environmental Impacts Coordination Program, COIAM, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), SHIS Quadra 01, Conjunto B - Bloco A - Edifício Santos Dumont, Lago Sul, Brasília, DF, CEP 71605-160, Brazil
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18
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Ma XY, Wang XC, Ngo HH, Guo W, Wu MN, Wang N. Bioassay based luminescent bacteria: interferences, improvements, and applications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 468-469:1-11. [PMID: 23999158 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to the merits of being time-saving, cost effective and simple operation, the luminescent bacteria toxicity assay (LBTA) has been widely used for environmental pollution monitoring. Based on numerous studies since 2007, this critical review aims to give an overview on the mechanisms, developments and applications of LBTA. Firstly, based on the introduction of the mechanisms of LBTA, this review shows the interferences from the characteristics of testing samples (such as inorganic nutrients, color, turbidity) and summarizes the improvements on pretreatment method, test methods and test systems in recent years. Regarding the factors that affect the toxicity prediction of single chemicals, the correlation between the toxicity index expressed as median effective concentration (EC50) and characters (such as Kow, the alkyl chain length, the anion and the cation) of known chemicals, especially the emerging ionic liquids (ILs), were given an in-depth discussion. The models for predicting the joint effect of mixtures to luminescent bacteria were also presented. For the factors that affect the toxicity of actual waters, the correlation of toxicity of actual samples to luminescent bacteria and their conventional indexes were discussed. Comparing the sensitivity of the LBTA with other bioassays could indicate the feasibility of the LBTA applied on specific samples. The summary on the application of LBTA to environmental samples has been made to find the future research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Y Ma
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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19
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Wu MN, Wang XC, Ma XY. Characteristics of THMFP increase in secondary effluent and its potential toxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 261:325-331. [PMID: 23959252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chlorination of the secondary effluent from domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) is suspicious of toxic effects due to the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs). In order to clarify this mechanism, samples were collected from the inlet and outlet of a WWTP, and a series of analyses were conducted on the relationship between THMs formation and the toxicity of the secondary effluent after chlorination. By three-dimensional fluorescence spectrometry it was clarified that the biological wastewater treatment process was accompanied with the formation of humic- and fulvic-like substances which were typical THMs precursors as shown by their high thihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) as well as high specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA). As a result of bioassay using a freshwater luminescent bacterium Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67, a linear relationship was obtained between the concentration of THMs after chlorinating the effluent and its toxicity expressed as the inhibition of the luminescent light. The effective THMs concentration corresponding to a 50% inhibition was 318 μg/L at a chlorine dose of 19.6 mg/L as Cl2. THMs formation may be the direct reason for the increase of toxicity in the secondary effluent when chlorine was used as disinfectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoni N Wu
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
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Jin W, Zhou J, Chen B, Zhu X, Cui C. Modeling volatilization and adsorption of disinfection byproducts in natural watersheds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:2990-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2em30617d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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