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Yu Y, Hossain MM, Sikder R, Qi Z, Huo L, Chen R, Dou W, Shi B, Ye T. Exploring the potential of machine learning to understand the occurrence and health risks of haloacetic acids in a drinking water distribution system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175573. [PMID: 39153609 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Determining the occurrence of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water distribution system (DWDS) remains challenging. Predicting DBPs using readily available water quality parameters can help to understand DBPs associated risks and capture the complex interrelationships between water quality and DBP occurrence. In this study, we collected drinking water samples from a distribution network throughout a year and measured the related water quality parameters (WQPs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). 12 machine learning (ML) algorithms were evaluated. Random Forest (RF) achieved the best performance (i.e., R2 of 0.78 and RMSE of 7.74) for predicting HAAs concentration. Instead of using cytotoxicity or genotoxicity separately as the surrogate for evaluating toxicity associated with HAAs, we created a health risk index (HRI) that was calculated as the sum of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of HAAs following the widely used Tic-Tox approach. Similarly, ML models were developed to predict the HRI, and RF model was found to perform the best, obtaining R2 of 0.69 and RMSE of 0.38. To further explore advanced ML approaches, we developed 3 models using uncertainty-based active learning. Our findings revealed that Categorical Boosting Regression (CAT) model developed through active learning substantially outperformed other models, achieving R2 of 0.87 and 0.82 for predicting concentration and the HRI, respectively. Feature importance analysis with the CAT model revealed that temperature, ions (e.g., chloride and nitrate), and DOC concentration in the distribution network had a significant impact on the occurrence of HAAs. Meanwhile, chloride ion, pH, ORP, and free chlorine were found as the most important features for HRI prediction. This study demonstrates that ML has the potential in the prediction of HAA occurrence and toxicity. By identifying key WQPs impacting HAA occurrence and toxicity, this research offers valuable insights for targeted DBP mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Water Resources Utilization and Protection, Xiamen city, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Md Mahjib Hossain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Rabbi Sikder
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Zhenguo Qi
- Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lixin Huo
- Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruya Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wenyue Dou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Pollution Control and Reuse of Jiangsu Province, College of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA.
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Rasheduzzaman M, O'Connell B, Krometis LA, Brown T, Cohen A. Point-of-use chlorine residuals and disinfection byproduct occurrences in rural households served by public water utilities in Appalachian Virginia. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:1064-1074. [PMID: 38935457 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
We characterized concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs), a measure of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), in tap water samples collected from households with utility-supplied water in two rural counties in Appalachian Virginia, and assessed associations with pH, free chlorine, and metal ions which can impact THM formation. Free chlorine concentrations in all samples (n = 27 homes) complied with EPA drinking water guidelines, though 7% (n = 2) of first draw samples and 11% (n = 3) of 5-min flushed-tap water samples exceeded the US Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) maximum contaminant level (MCL) for THM (80 ppb). Regression analyses showed that free chlorine and pH were positively associated with the formation of THM levels above SDWA MCLs (OR = 1.04, p = 0.97 and OR = 1.74, p = 0.79, respectively), while temperature was negatively associated (OR = 0.78, p = 0.38). Of the eight utilities serving study households, samples from water served by three different utilities exceeded the EPA MCL for THM. Overall, these findings do not indicate substantial exposures to DBPs for rural households with utility-supplied water in this region of southwest Virginia. However, given the observed variability in THM concentrations between and across utilities, and established adverse health impacts associated with chronic and acute DBP exposure, more research on DBPs in rural Central Appalachia is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rasheduzzaman
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Bethesda O'Connell
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, East Tennessee State University (ETSU), Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Leigh-Anne Krometis
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Teresa Brown
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Virginia's College at Wise, Wise, VA 24293, USA
| | - Alasdair Cohen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA E-mail:
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Shi Y, Xia W, Liu H, Liu J, Cao S, Fang X, Li S, Li Y, Chen C, Xu S. Trihalomethanes in global drinking water: Distributions, risk assessments, and attributable disease burden of bladder cancer. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133760. [PMID: 38522206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the global spatiotemporal variations of trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water, evaluate their cancer and non-cancer risks, and THM-attributable bladder cancer burden. THM concentrations in drinking water around fifty years on a global scale were integrated. Health risks were assessed using Monte Carlo simulations and attributable bladder cancer burden was estimated by comparative risk assessment methodology. The results showed that global mean THM concentrations in drinking water significantly decreased from 78.37 μg/L (1973-1983) to 51.99 μg/L (1984-2004) and to 21.90 μg/L (after 2004). The lifestage-integrative cancer risk and hazard index of THMs through all exposure pathways were acceptable with the average level of 6.45 × 10-5 and 7.63 × 10-2, respectively. The global attributable disability adjusted of life years (DALYs) and the age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) dropped by 16% and 56% from 1990-1994 to 2015-2019, respectively. A big decline in the attributable ASDR was observed in the United Kingdom (62%) and the United States (27%), while China experienced a nearly 3-fold increase due to the expanded water supply coverage and increased life expectancy. However, China also benefited from the spread of chlorination, which helped reduce nearly 90% of unsafe-water-caused mortality from 1998 to 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiangtao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuting Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xingjie Fang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shulan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China.
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China.
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Gao M, Guo H, Han J, Liu J, Hou Y, Wang Z, Yang Z, Wang Q. Bromoform exposure is associated with non-melanoma skin cancer: evidence from NHANES 2011-2020. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1191881. [PMID: 37927885 PMCID: PMC10624123 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1191881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is a prevalent skin malignancy. It has been indicated in many studies that trihalomethanes (THMs) exposure has a strong association with tumors but has not been associated with NMSC. Our investigation aims to explore the association between THMs exposure and NMSC. Methods Cross-sectional data from the 2011 to 2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was collected. Poisson regression and subgroup analyses were performed to evaluate the association between individual THMs components and NMSC. Fitted smoothing curves and generalized additive models were also used. Results This study involved 5,715 individuals, 98 (1.7%) of whom self-reported NMSC. After adjusting for covariates, Poisson regression showed that higher blood TBM levels were associated with an increased likelihood of NMSC (OR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.05, p = 0.002). However, the correlation between the blood levels of TCM, DBCM, and BDCM and the likelihood of NMSC was not statistically significant (all p > 0.05). Subgroup analysis and interaction tests showed no significant differences between blood TBM concentration and the likelihood of NMSC, indicating that age, gender, and race were significantly independent of this positive association (all p < 0.05). Conclusions Our results implied that among adults older than 65 years old in the U.S., elevated blood TBM concentrations were positively associated with NMSC. More prospective investigations are required to validate this relationship with the early prevention of NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qiying Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Zhao S, Gong Y, Yang S, Chen S, Huang D, Yang K, Cheng H. Health risk assessment of heavy metals and disinfection by-products in drinking water in megacities in China: A study based on age groups and Monte Carlo simulations. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115330. [PMID: 37572625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) and disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water pose risks to human health and jeopardize drinking water. Water-related behaviors vary significantly among different age groups and regions. In this study, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of HMs (As, Cd, Cr6+, Cu, Pb, and Zn) and DBPs (bromodichloromethane (BDCM), bromoform, chloroform, dibromochloromethane (DBCM), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA)) in drinking water in two Chinese megacities (Beijing in North China and Guangzhou in South China) via multiple exposure pathways were assessed. The results showed that children aged 9 months to 2 years had a total carcinogenic risk (TCR) and hazard index (HI) above acceptable levels, indicating that despite the drinking water quality in the selected megacities meeting the current Chinese national standards (GB 5749-2022), the health risks of exposure to HMs and DBPs in drinking water for local young children should not be neglected. Specifically, the carcinogenic risk (CR) of exposure to As in drinking water for children < 18-years-old, who were divided into different age groups, was 1.5-2.0- and 4.5-5.9-times higher than the TCR of exposure to DBPs in Beijing and Guangzhou, respectively. Regarding children aged 9 months to 2 years, the exposure to TCAA accounted for the largest proportion (35.6 %) of the TCR of exposure to DBPs in Beijing drinking water, 5.4-times higher than that in Guangzhou; whereas, the TCR of exposure to DBPs in Guangzhou drinking water was predominantly caused by exposure to chloroform, accounting for 40.6 % of the TCR and 1.5-times higher than that in Beijing. In addition, the CR of exposure to DCAA in drinking water in both megacities accounted for a large proportion of the TCR for children aged 9 months to 2 years. Monte Carlo simulations showed that 62.2 % and 42.6 % of the TCR of simultaneous exposure to As and DBPs in drinking water exceeded the acceptable level for sensitive populations, that is, children aged 1-2 years in Beijing (95th percentile = 4.2 × 10-4) and children aged 9-12 months in Guangzhou (95th percentile = 5.2 × 10-4), respectively. This elaborate health risk assessment sheds light on improving the water quality indices to guarantee drinking water safety in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoudao Zhao
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5C8
| | - Yiwei Gong
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuwen Yang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shaoyang Chen
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5C8
| | - Di Huang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Kai Yang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Hongguang Cheng
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Chen X, Huang S, Chen X, Du L, Wang Z, Liang Y, Zhang W, Feng J. Novel insights into impacts of the "7.20" extreme rainstorm event on water supply security of Henan Province, China: Levels and health risks of tap water disinfection by-products. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131323. [PMID: 37004439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spatial distributions, levels, and comprehensive assessments of post-flood tap water disinfection by-products (DBPs) were first studied in Henan Province after the "7.20" Extreme Rainstorm Event in 2021. DBPs levels and health risks in tap water were higher in areas flooded (waterlogged) by storm or upstream flood discharge (WA) and rainstorm-affected areas (RA) compared with other areas (OA), suggesting that extreme rainstorm and flooding events may somehow exacerbate DBPs contamination of tap water through disinfection. WA sites were characterized as contamination hotspots. The results revealed high haloacetic acids (HAAs) levels in WA (Avg: 57.79 μg·L-1) and RA (Avg: 32.63 μg·L-1) sites. Compared with normal period, DBPs-caused cancer risk increased by 3 times, exceeding the negligible risk level. Cancer risk came primarily from the ingestion of trihalomethanes (THMs) (>80%), children were the sensitive group. Those between 30 and 69 showed approximately 1.7 times higher disability-adjusted life yearsper person-yearthan other age groups. Apart from regulated DBPs, bromochloracetic acid (BCAA) and dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN) appear to be the main toxicity contributors in these samples. Our results provide a scientific basis for preventing and controlling health risks from tap water DBPs and for assessing the social benefits and burdens of emergency disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- School of Environmental Engineering, Yellow River Conservancy Technical Institute, Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Coating Materials, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Food Compositionand Quality Assessment, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, PR China
| | - Shuai Huang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Yellow River Conservancy Technical Institute, Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Coating Materials, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Food Compositionand Quality Assessment, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, PR China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Lingnan Du
- School of Environmental Engineering, Yellow River Conservancy Technical Institute, Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Coating Materials, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Food Compositionand Quality Assessment, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, PR China
| | - Zongwu Wang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Yellow River Conservancy Technical Institute, Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Coating Materials, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Food Compositionand Quality Assessment, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, PR China
| | - Yingying Liang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Yellow River Conservancy Technical Institute, Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Coating Materials, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Food Compositionand Quality Assessment, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, PR China
| | - Wan Zhang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Yellow River Conservancy Technical Institute, Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Coating Materials, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Food Compositionand Quality Assessment, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, PR China
| | - Jinglan Feng
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China.
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Tafesse N, Porcelli M, Hirpessa BB, Gasana J, Padhi RK, Garie SR, Ambelu A. Exposure and carcinogenic risk assessment of trihalomethanes (THMs) for water supply consumers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:261-268. [PMID: 36876027 PMCID: PMC9976571 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Trihalomethanes (THMs), a class of DBPs (disinfection byproducts) that includes chloroform, bromodichloromethane (BDCM), chlorodibromomethane (CDBM), and bromoform. To the best of authors' knowledge, no study has addressed the relationship between the concentration of THMs and lifetime cancer risks (LCR) in drinking water supply system in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the lifetime cancer risks of exposure to THMs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method A total of 120 duplicate water samples were collected from 21 sampling points in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The THMs were separated by a DB-5 capillary column and detected by an electron capture detector (ECD). Cancer and non-cancer risk assessments were performed. Results The average total THMs (TTHMs)concentration in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, was 76.3 μg/L. Chloroform was the most dominant THM species identified. The total cancer risk for males was higher than that for females. The average LCR for TTHMs via ingestion in drinking water in this study was unacceptably high risk 93.4 × 10 - 2 . An average LCR through dermal routes was also of unacceptably high risk 4.3 × 10 - 2 . The LCR by chloroform contributes the highest (72%) of the total risk, followed by BDCM (14%), DBCM (10%) and bromoform (4%). Conclusions The cancer risk of drinking water due to THMs in Addis Ababa was higher than the level recommended by the USEPA. The total LCR from the targeted THMs was higher via the three exposure routes. Males were at higher THM cancer risk than females. The hazard index (HI) indicated that the dermal route caused higher HI values than the ingestion route. It is essential to apply alternatives to chlorine, i.e., chlorine dioxide (ClO2), ozone and ultraviolet radiation, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The monitoring and regulation of the THMs is required on a regular basis to analyse the trends and guide the water treatment and distribution system. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated for this analysis are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebiyou Tafesse
- Department of Water and Public Health , Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 56402, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Massimiliano Porcelli
- Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Quality, Health, Safety & Work Environment Department, P.O. Box: 2622, Safat 13136, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Belachew Bacha Hirpessa
- Ethiopian Agricultural Authority (EAA), Animal products and Inputs Quality Testing Center, physicochemical Lab. Services division, P.O. Box: 31303, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Janvier Gasana
- Past Inaugural Head of the Dept. of Environmental & Occupational Health (EOH), Director of Postgraduate Programme & MPH-EOH Advisor, College of Public Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, Shadadiya, Kuwait
| | - R K Padhi
- Materials Chemistry and Metal Fuel Cycle Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, India
| | - Sirak Robele Garie
- Department of Water and Public Health , Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 56402, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Department of Water and Public Health , Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 56402, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Determining haloacetic acids in drinking water by one-pump column-switching ion chromatography: An online and cost-effective tool for matrix removal and sample enrichment. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mishaqa ESI, Radwan EK, Ibrahim MBM, Hegazy TA, Ibrahim MS. Multi-exposure human health risks assessment of trihalomethanes in drinking water of Egypt. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 207:112643. [PMID: 34973941 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to assess the probable lifetime cancer and non-cancer risks of exposure to the trihalomethanes in Egypt's drinking water through ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation. A total of 1667 drinking water samples were collected from twenty-three Egyptian governorates over a three-years period. The concentrations of total trihalomethanes ranged between 29.07 and 86.01 μg/L and were always below the maximum contamination level recommended by the Egyptian standards (100 μg/L). Chloroform was the most prominent trihalomethanes species, while bromoform was rarely detected. The cancer risk study revealed that, among the investigated paths, inhalation poses the greatest risk. And bromodichloromethane had the highest impact to cancer (69%), followed by chlorodibromomethane (28%). Geographically, the highest cancer risk value was found in Matruh governorate (42.2 × 10-6) and the lowest was in Minya governorate (1.0 × 10-6). The cancer risk for the studied governorates, except Minya governorate, was higher than the level recommended by the USEPA (1.0 × 10-6). Hazard index (HI) study revealed that the ingestion pathway caused higher HI values than the dermal pathway and that chloroform had the highest contribution to HI value. However, the values of HI were below unity in all studied governorates demonstrating that there would be negligible non-cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Sayed I Mishaqa
- Reference Laboratory for Drinking Water, Holding Company for Water and Wastewater, Shubra El-Khima Water Treatment Plant, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Emad K Radwan
- Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
| | - M B M Ibrahim
- Reference Laboratory for Drinking Water, Holding Company for Water and Wastewater, Shubra El-Khima Water Treatment Plant, Cairo, Egypt; Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Talaat A Hegazy
- Environmental Science Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud S Ibrahim
- Environmental Science Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, Egypt
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Kujlu R, Mahdavianpour M, Ghanbari F. Multi-route human health risk assessment from trihalomethanes in drinking and non-drinking water in Abadan, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:42621-42630. [PMID: 32712937 PMCID: PMC7603476 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter reacted with chlorine used for disinfection, and finally, trihalomethanes (THMs) are formatted. The main purpose of this study was to determine four THM concentrations and human health cancer risk and non-cancer risk assessment from exposure through oral ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation for males and females in Abadan. Two sampling sites were selected, and five samples before and after treatment by two different water treatment systems (RO and ion exchange) were collected every week. Results showed that total THM concentrations before and after treatment by RO were 98.1 and 8.88 μg/L, and ion exchange ranged between 101.9 and 14.96 μg/L, respectively, that before treatment was upper than the maximum of 80 mg/L recommended by USEPA. Inhalation was the primary route of exposure by around 80-90% of cancer risk. Total cancer risk was higher than the USEPA acceptable limit of 10-6 via three exposure routes. Oral route has the higher hazard index values than dermal ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Kujlu
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Mahdavianpour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Farshid Ghanbari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
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Kargaki S, Iakovides M, Stephanou EG. Study of the occurrence and multi-pathway health risk assessment of regulated and unregulated disinfection by-products in drinking and swimming pool waters of Mediterranean cities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139890. [PMID: 32554116 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of a wide variety of regulated (four trihalomethanes (THM(4)), five haloacetic acids (HAA(5))) and unregulated (haloacetonitriles (HANs), halogenated ketones, chloropicrin, carbon tetrachloride, and other haloacetic acids) disinfection by-products (DBPs) was studied, in two hundred twenty-six finished drinking water samples collected in Barcelona (Spain, between 2008 and 2009), Athens (Greece, 2009-2010), Heraklion (Greece, 2009-2010), Nicosia (Cyprus, 2012-2013), and Limassol (Cyprus, 2011). The samples were analyzed by using liquid-liquid extraction, gas chromatography coupled with an electron capture detector or negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. In addition, fourteen swimming pool water samples (from Heraklion and Athens) were also investigated regarding their DBPs content. The studied DBPs were determined concurrently with pH, total organic carbon (TOC), and bromide. Spearman's statistical analysis has shown statistically significant (p < 0.001) weak correlations between TOC, THM(4), HANs and HAA(5) but a strong correlation between THM(4) and HANs. Principal component analysis (PCA) on THM(4), HANs and HAA(5) provided a clear differentiation between the examined drinking waters, on the basis of their DBPs content. In the drinking water of coastal cities, the brominated DBPs dominated over the chlorinated ones, due to the higher bromide concentrations occurring in the corresponding raw waters. Lifetime cancer risk and hazard quotient by exposure to four THMs, dichlorocetic acid and trichloroacetic acid in drinking water and indoor swimming pools through multiple pathways were estimated. Total cancer unit risks in drinking water for Nicosia, Barcelona, Limassol and Athens exceeded in most cases the US EPA's regulatory threshold (1.0E-06). The total lifetime cancer risk evaluated for the studied indoor swimming pools was above the US EPA's negligible level for male, female, and junior swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Kargaki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Panepistimioupoli Voutes, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Euripides G Stephanou
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Panepistimioupoli Voutes, 70013 Heraklion, Greece.
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Wang Y, Zhu G, Engel B, Wu Y. Probabilistic human health risk assessment of arsenic under uncertainty in drinking water sources in Jiangsu Province, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:2023-2037. [PMID: 31745673 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of arsenic (As) in 65 drinking water sources in Jiangsu Province of China were analyzed from January 2013 to December 2015. The drinking water sources are classified into five water systems of the Yangze River, the Taihu Lake, the Huai River, the Yishusi River, and other lakes or reservoirs, which are termed as WS-A, WS-B, WS-C, WS-D, and WS-E, respectively. Health risk assessments associated with As in terms of total carcinogenic risk and total hazard index were performed for children (0-5 years), teenagers (6-17 years), and adults (≥ 18 years), respectively. Probabilistic risk assessments were obtained by applying Monte Carlo approach with consideration of uncertainty. The results indicated that in drinking water sources of WS-A, WS-C, and WS-D, maximum concentrations of As were 28 μg/L, 40 μg/L, and 17 μg/L, respectively, which were higher than 10 μg/L recommended by the World Health Organization occurred. Based on the samples investigated in this study, the mean health risks are the highest in drinking water source WS-D and lowest in WS-E for both male and female children, teenagers, and adults. For drinking water source WS-A, the health risks of male children, male teenagers, and female adults are higher than female children and female teenagers, and male adults. However, for drinking water sources WS-B, WS-C, WS-D, and WS-E, the health risks of female children, male teenagers, and female adults are higher than male children, female teenagers, and male adults. The highest health risks occurred in female children consuming drinking water from WS-D. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the concentration of As is the primary factor for carcinogenic risk of all the five water systems. The results obtained can provide meaningful information for risk managers in Jiangsu Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangcan Zhu
- School of Energy and Environmental, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Bernard Engel
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Yifeng Wu
- School of Energy and Environmental, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Chen YJ, Duan P, Meng TQ, Chen HG, Chavarro JE, Xiong CL, Pan A, Wang YX, Lu WQ, Messerlian C. Associations of blood trihalomethanes with semen quality among 1199 healthy Chinese men screened as potential sperm donors. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105335. [PMID: 31783240 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trihalomethanes (THMs) have demonstrated adverse effects on male reproductive systems in experimental animals, but human evidence has been inconsistent. Prior researches have been limited by small sample sizes and inadequate exposure assessment. OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between blood THMs and repeated measurements of semen quality parameters among 1199 healthy men screened as potential sperm donors. METHODS We recruited healthy men presenting to the Hubei Province Human Sperm Bank from April to December 2017. At study entry, each participant provided a spot blood sample which was used to quantify blood concentrations of four THMs: chloroform (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and bromoform (TBM). The summary measures of exposure for brominated THMs (Br-THMs; molar sum of BDCM, DBCM and TBM) and total THMs (TTHMs; molar sum of TCM and Br-THMs) were also calculated. We used multivariable linear regression models to estimate the cross-sectional associations of tertiles of blood THM concentrations with semen quality parameters measured at study entry, and mixed-effect models to estimate the longitudinal associations accounting for repeated measures of semen quality, adjusting for relevant confounding factors. RESULTS In the cross-sectional analysis, several inverse dose-response relationships were observed across tertiles of blood TCM concentrations and sperm count, total motility and progressive motility, and between blood DBCM, and Br-THMs, and TTHMs and sperm count and concentration. The inverse associations of blood TCM, DBCM, Br-THMs and TTHMs with sperm count were confirmed in the longitudinal, repeated measure analysis. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that exposure to THMs from drinking water may be related to decreased semen quality in young healthy men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jun Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Peng Duan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei, PR China
| | - Tian-Qing Meng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Hubei Province Human Sperm Bank, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Heng-Gui Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jorge E Chavarro
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cheng-Liang Xiong
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Hubei Province Human Sperm Bank, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - An Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Yi-Xin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Wen-Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Carmen Messerlian
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Wang YX, Liu C, Chen YJ, Duan P, Wang Q, Chen C, Sun Y, Huang LL, Wang L, Chen C, Li J, Ai SH, Huang Z, Sun L, Wan ZZ, Pan A, Meng TQ, Lu WQ. Profiles, variability and predictors of concentrations of blood trihalomethanes and urinary haloacetic acids along pregnancy among 1760 Chinese women. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 172:665-674. [PMID: 30878738 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Blood trihalomethanes (THMs) and urinary haloacetic acids (HAAs) are the leading candidate biomarkers for disinfection byproduct (DBP) exposure. However, no studies have assessed the exposure profiles, temporal variability, and potential predictors of these biomarkers during pregnancy. Here we collected blood (n = 4304) and urine samples (n = 4165) from 1760 Chinese pregnant women during early, mid-, and late pregnancy, which were separately analyzed for 4 THMs and 2 HAAs. We calculated the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) to assess the variability of these biomarkers and estimated their correlations with sociodemographic, water-use behavioral, dietary and sample collection factors using mixed models. The median concentrations of TCM, BDCM, Br-THMs [sum of BDCM, dibromochloromethane (DBCM), bromoform (TBM)], total THMs (TTHMs, sum of TCM and Br-THMs), DCAA and TCAA in the water distribution system were 4.2 μg/L, 1.7 μg/L, 2.9 μg/L, 7.1 μg/L, 3.4 μg/L and 8.2 μg/L, respectively. Chloroform (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) were detected in > 75% of the biospecimens. Repeated measurements of blood TCM, BDCM, Br-THMs and TTHMs and urinary DCAA and TCAA uniformly exhibited high variability (ICCs = 0.01-0.13); the use of a single measurement to classify gestational average exposure resulted in a high degree of exposure misclassification. The sampling season was a strong predictor of all analyzed DBPs. Additionally, we detected a positive association of blood TCM and BDCM with household income, urinary DCAA with age, and urinary TCAA with tap water usage, education level and amount of tap water consumed. Inverse associations were found between blood BDCM and vegetable consumption, and between blood Br-THM and TTHM and time interval since the last bathing/showering. Afternoon samples had lower DCAA concentrations than did early morning samples. Our results indicate that blood THM and urinary HAA concentrations vary greatly over the course of pregnancy and are affected by sampling season, time of day of blood/urine collection, sociodemographic factors, recent water-use activities and dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Chong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ying-Jun Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Peng Duan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, PR China; Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province Human Sperm Bank, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, PR China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Joint Key-Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Li-Li Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jin Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Song-Hua Ai
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wan
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - An Pan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Tian-Qing Meng
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province Human Sperm Bank, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Wen-Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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Zhou X, Zheng L, Chen S, Du H, Gakoko Raphael BM, Song Q, Wu F, Chen J, Lin H, Hong H. Factors influencing DBPs occurrence in tap water of Jinhua Region in Zhejiang Province, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:813-822. [PMID: 30660975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the occurrence of disinfection by-products (DBPs) and identify the related influencing factors in drinking water is essentially important to control DBPs risk. In this study, 64 tap water samples were collected from 8 counties (or county level cities) in Jinhua Region of Zhejiang Province, China. Results showed that the median (range) of trihalomethane (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloketones (HKs) and halonitromethanes (HNMs) were 23.2 (9.1-40.9), 15.3 (5.8-38.6), 2.2 (0.7-7.6), 2.1 (0.2-6.4) and 0.7 (0.2-2.9) µg/L, respectively. HAAs, HANs, HKs and HNMs levels were generally higher in summer than in winter or spring, while for THMs in most counties, higher levels occurred in winter than in summer or spring. Spatially, Yongkang, Yiwu and Dongyang had higher DBPs levels than Pujiang, Pan'an, Lanxi, Wuyi and Jinhua, which was generally consistent with their economy development (GDP). Correlation analysis showed that DBPs occurrence in tap water was significantly related with physicochemical parameters. Principle component analysis further suggested that organic matter (DOC and UVA254) are the major factors influencing the occurrence of THMs, HAAs, HANs and HKs in tap water, while for HNMs, both the organic (DOC and UVA254) and inorganic factors (e.g. Temp, NO2--N, pH, Br- and NH4+-N) played important role in its formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhou
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Lili Zheng
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Shiyan Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Hongwei Du
- Jinhua Municipal Center Hospital, Jinhua 321000, PR China
| | | | - Qianyun Song
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Fuyong Wu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Jianrong Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Hongjun Lin
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Huachang Hong
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China.
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16
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Wang Y, Zhu G, Engel B. Health risk assessment of trihalomethanes in water treatment plants in Jiangsu Province, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 170:346-354. [PMID: 30544095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Probabilistic lifetime cancer risks and non-cancer risks of trihalomethanes (THMs) through ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation exposure in 88 drinking water treatment plants (WTPs) with raw waters from five water systems (WSs) in Jiangsu Province were analyzed and compared. Concentrations of THMs in finished water of study WTPs varied, ranging from 18.81 to 38.96 μg/L, which are lower than the maximum of 80 μg/L recommended by USEPA. The results of health risk assessment indicated that cancer risk as well as non-cancer risks of THMs in WTPs sourced from five water systems decreased in the order of WS3 > WS5 > WS2 > WS1 > WS4. The comparison among multiple exposure routes indicated that when non-boiled drinking water is consumed, ingestion has the highest exposure route, with exposure values greater than dermal contact and inhalation for WTPs with raw water from all five water systems. However, when drinking boiled water, dermal contact is the major risk source for WTPs with raw water from WS1 and WS2, instead of dermal contact, inhalation becomes the major risk source for WTPs with raw water from WS3, WS4, and WS5. In WTPs with raw water from water systems WS1, WS3, WS4, and WS5, dibromochloromethane (DBCM) in THMs has the highest contribution to cancer risk, while chloroform in THMs has the highest contribution to non-cancer risk. However, in WTPs with raw water from water system WS2, bromodichloromethane (BDCM) has the highest contribution to both cancer risk and non-cancer risk. The results also indicated that females are prone to cancer risk induced by THMs since Chinese people are accustomed to drinking boiled water. The results supply valuable information for health departments to put forward more specific and efficient policies to control water borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, 2#, Sipailou Street, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province 210096, China.
| | - Guangcan Zhu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, 2#, Sipailou Street, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province 210096, China.
| | - Bernard Engel
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 S. University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2093, US.
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González MB, Brugnoni LI, Flamini DO, Quinzani LM, Saidman SB. Removal of Escherichia coli from well water using continuous laminar flow in a channel system containing PPy/Cu modified electrodes. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2018; 16:921-929. [PMID: 30540266 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2018.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polypyrrole (PPy) films modified with copper species were used for disinfection of well water contaminated with Escherichia coli (E. coli). For that purpose a laboratory-scale continuous flow system with a parallel plate flow chamber configuration was implemented operating under laminar flow. Three flow rates were considered. The testing conditions did not affect the morphology of the modified PPy films, even after 5 h of continuous use at the largest flow rate examined. The results show that the bacteria killing process can be described by a first-order kinetic law at all Reynolds numbers. As the flow rate increases, the concentration of Cu species released from the electrodes enhances, accelerating the disinfection process. Re-inoculation and Cu-recharging tests showed bactericidal effects very similar to those displayed by the freshly prepared electrodes. It is concluded that PPy/Cu-modified electrodes installed in the laboratory-scale continuous flow system are effective for the water disinfection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B González
- Instituto de Ingeniería Electroquímica y Corrosión (INIEC), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur - CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Argentina E-mail:
| | - L I Brugnoni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - D O Flamini
- Instituto de Ingeniería Electroquímica y Corrosión (INIEC), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur - CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Argentina E-mail:
| | - L M Quinzani
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI), Universidad Nacional del Sur - CONICET, Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - S B Saidman
- Instituto de Ingeniería Electroquímica y Corrosión (INIEC), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur - CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Argentina E-mail:
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18
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Wang Y, Zhu G, Engel B. Variation and relationship of THMs between tap water and finished water in Yancheng City, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:517. [PMID: 30109505 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6909-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, spatial and temporal variations of trihalomethane (THM) concentrations were analyzed including chloroform trichloromethane (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and tribromomethane (TBM) in Yancheng City in Jiangsu Province, China. The water samples were collected monthly from January 2014 to January 2017 from four tap water sampling sites (S1, S2, S3, and S4) and two finished water sampling sites (WTP1 and WTP2) for THM analysis. The results showed that the mean concentrations during the study period for TCM, BDCM, DBCM, and TBM were 7, 15.9, 21, and 10.4 μg/L in tap water samples and 3.2, 17.2, 22.7, and 10 μg/L in finished water samples, which indicated that brominated THM concentrations were higher than chlorinated THM concentrations. The results of spatial analysis showed that THM concentrations in WTP1 were related to those in S1 and S4 and THM concentrations in WTP2 were related to those in S2 and S3. The concentrations of TCM, BDCM, and TBM have significant spatial variance, while DBCM and THM concentrations do not. The temporal analysis revealed that the highest THM concentration occurred in April, both in tap water and in finished water, which was also shown by temporal cluster analysis. The lowest THM concentration occurred in seasons with relatively lower temperature in all sampling sites. The results provide important information for environmental protection agencies and health care centers with emphasis on months with higher THM risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental, Southeast University, sipailou 2#, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Guangcan Zhu
- School of Energy and Environmental, Southeast University, sipailou 2#, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Bernard Engel
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 S. University Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2093, USA
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Liu J, Chen H, Yao L, Wei Z, Lou L, Shan Y, Endalkachew SD, Mallikarjuna N, Hu B, Zhou X. The spatial distribution of pollutants in pipe-scale of large-diameter pipelines in a drinking water distribution system. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 317:27-35. [PMID: 27244696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In large-diameter drinking water pipelines, spatial differences in hydraulic and physiochemical conditions may also result in spatial variations in pipe corrosion, biofilm growth and pollutant accumulation. In this article, the spatial distributions of various metals and organic contaminants in two 19-year-old grey cast iron pipes which had an internal diameter of 600mm (DN600), were investigated and analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Energy Dispersive Spectrometer, X-ray Diffraction, etc. The spatial distribution of heavy metals varied significantly across the pipe section, and iron, manganese, lead, copper, and chromium were highest in concentration in the upper portion pipe-scales. However, the highest aluminum and zinc content was detected in the lower portion pipe-scales. Apart from some common types of hydrocarbons formed by microbial metabolites, there were also some microalgae metabolites and exogenous contaminants accumulated in pipe-scale, which also exhibited high diversity between different spatial locations. The spatial distributions of the physical and chemical properties of pipe-scale and contaminants were quite different in large-diameter pipes. The finding put forward higher requirements on the research method about drinking water distribution system chemical safety. And the scientific community need understand trend and dynamics of drinking water pipe systems better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqing Liu
- College of Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huanyu Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Binhai Industrial Technology Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Tianjin 300000, China
| | - Lingdan Yao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zongyuan Wei
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liping Lou
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yonggui Shan
- Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | | | - Nadagouda Mallikarjuna
- Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Baolan Hu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Shaoxing Water Environmental Science Institute Co. Ltd, Zhejiang 312000, China
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20
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Melo A, Faria MA, Pinto E, Mansilha C, Ferreira IMPLVO. In vitro bioacessibility and transport across Caco-2 monolayers of haloacetic acids in drinking water. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 161:19-26. [PMID: 27411032 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Water disinfection plays a crucial role in water safety but it is also a matter of concern as the use of disinfectants promotes the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are one of the major classes of DBPs since they are frequently found in treated water, are ubiquitous, pervasive and have high water solubility, so a great concern emerged about their formation, occurrence and toxicity. Exposure to HAAs is influenced by consumption patterns and diet of individuals thus their bioavailability is an important parameter to the overall toxicity. In the current study the bioacessibility of the most representative HAAs (chloroacetic acid - MCAA, bromoacetic acid - MBAA, dichloroacetic acid - DCAA, dibromoacetic acid - DBAA, and trichloroacetic acid - TCAA) after simulated in vitro digestion (SIVD) in tap water and transport across Caco-2 monolayers was evaluated. Compounds were monitored in 8 points throughout the digestion phases by an optimized LC-MS/MS methodology. MCAA and MBAA were not bioaccessible after SIVD whereas DCAA, DBAA and TCAA are highly bioaccessible (85 ± 4%, 97 ± 4% and 106 ± 7% respectively). Concerning transport assays, DCAA and DBAA were highly permeable throughout the Caco-2 monolayer (apparent permeability and calculated fraction absorbed of 13.62 × 10(-6) cm/s and 90% for DCAA; and 8.82 × 10(-6) cm/s and 84% for DBAA), whereas TCAA showed no relevant permeability. The present results may contribute to efficient risk analysis studies concerning HAAs oral exposure from tap water taking into account the different biological behaviour of these chemically similar substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Melo
- LAQV/REQUIMTE/ Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia - Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
| | - M A Faria
- LAQV/REQUIMTE/ Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia - Universidade do Porto, Portugal.
| | - E Pinto
- LAQV/REQUIMTE/ Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia - Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - C Mansilha
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; LAQV/REQUIMTE, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - I M P L V O Ferreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE/ Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia - Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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21
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El-Tawil AM. Colorectal cancers and chlorinated water. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 8:402-9. [PMID: 27096035 PMCID: PMC4824718 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v8.i4.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Published reports have revealed increased risk of colorectal cancers in people exposed to chlorinated drinking water or chemical derivatives of chlorination. Oestrogen plays a dual positive functions for diminishing the possibilities of such risk by reducing the entrance, and increasing the excretion, of these chemicals. In addition, there are supplementary measures that could be employed in order to reduce this risk further, such as boiling the drinking water, revising the standard concentrations of calcium, magnesium and iron in the public drinking water and prescribing oestrogen in susceptible individuals. Hypo-methylation of genomic DNA could be used as a biological marker for screening for the potential development of colorectal cancers.
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22
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Miska ME, Shouakar-Stash O, Holmstrand H. Stable chlorine isotope analysis of chlorinated acetic acids using gas chromatography/quadrupole mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:2341-2348. [PMID: 26563705 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The environmental occurrence of chlorinated acetic acids (CAAs) has been extensively studied, but the sources and transport are still not yet fully understood. A promising approach for source apportionment and process studies is the isotopic characterization of target compounds. We present the first on-line stable chlorine isotope analysis of CAAs by use of gas chromatography/quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/qMS). METHODS Following approved procedures for concentration analysis, CAAs extracted into MTBE were methylated to GC-amenable methyl esters (mCAAs). These mCAAs were then analyzed by GC/qMS for their stable chlorine isotope composition using a sample/standard-bracketing approach (CAA standards in the range δ(37) Cl -6.3 to -0.2 ‰, Standard Mean Ocean Chloride). RESULTS Cross-calibration of the herein presented method with off-line reference methods (thermal ionization and continuous-flow GC isotope ratio mass spectrometry; TI-MS and CF-GC/IRMS, respectively) shows good agreement between the methods (regression slope for GC/qMS vs reference method data sets: 0.92 ± 0.29). Sample amounts as small as 10 pmol Cl can herewith be analyzed with a precision of 0.1 to 0.4 ‰. CONCLUSIONS This method should be useful for environmental studies of CAAs at ambient concentrations in precipitations (<0.06 to 100 nmol L(-1) ), surface waters (<0.2 to 5 nmol L(-1) ) and soil (<0.6 to 2000 nmol kg(-1) dry soil) where conventional off-line methods cannot be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena E Miska
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Orfan Shouakar-Stash
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Isotope Tracer Technologies Inc, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henry Holmstrand
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Domínguez-Tello A, Arias-Borrego A, García-Barrera T, Gómez-Ariza JL. Seasonal and spatial evolution of trihalomethanes in a drinking water distribution system according to the treatment process. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:662. [PMID: 26431706 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4885-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper comparatively shows the influence of four water treatment processes on the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) in a water distribution system. The study was performed from February 2005 to January 2012 with analytical data of 600 samples taken in Aljaraque water treatment plant (WTP) and 16 locations along the water distribution system (WDS) in the region of Andévalo and the coast of Huelva (southwest Spain), a region with significant seasonal and population changes. The comparison of results in the four different processes studied indicated a clear link of the treatment process with the formation of THM along the WDS. The most effective treatment process is preozonation and activated carbon filtration (P3), which is also the most stable under summer temperatures. Experiments also show low levels of THMs with the conventional process of preoxidation with potassium permanganate (P4), delaying the chlorination to the end of the WTP; however, this simple and economical treatment process is less effective and less stable than P3. In this study, strong seasonal variations were obtained (increase of THM from winter to summer of 1.17 to 1.85 times) and a strong spatial variation (1.1 to 1.7 times from WTP to end points of WDS) which largely depends on the treatment process applied. There was also a strong correlation between THM levels and water temperature, contact time and pH. On the other hand, it was found that THM formation is not proportional to the applied chlorine dose in the treatment process, but there is a direct relationship with the accumulated dose of chlorine. Finally, predictive models based on multiple linear regressions are proposed for each treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Domínguez-Tello
- Department of Chemistry and CC.MM, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain
- International Agrofood Campus of Excellence International CeiA3, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- Research Center of Health and Environment (CYSMA), University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - A Arias-Borrego
- Department of Chemistry and CC.MM, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain
- International Agrofood Campus of Excellence International CeiA3, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- Research Center of Health and Environment (CYSMA), University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - Tamara García-Barrera
- Department of Chemistry and CC.MM, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain.
- International Agrofood Campus of Excellence International CeiA3, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain.
- Research Center of Health and Environment (CYSMA), University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain.
| | - J L Gómez-Ariza
- Department of Chemistry and CC.MM, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain
- International Agrofood Campus of Excellence International CeiA3, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- Research Center of Health and Environment (CYSMA), University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain
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Wang H, Zhu Y, Hu C, Hu X. Treatment of NOM fractions of reservoir sediments: Effect of UV and chlorination on formation of DBPs. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Grellier J, Rushton L, Briggs DJ, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. Assessing the human health impacts of exposure to disinfection by-products--a critical review of concepts and methods. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 78:61-81. [PMID: 25765762 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the public health implications of chemical contamination of drinking water is important for societies and their decision-makers. The possible population health impacts associated with exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) are of particular interest due to their potential carcinogenicity and their widespread occurrence as a result of treatments employed to control waterborne infectious disease. We searched the literature for studies that have attempted quantitatively to assess population health impacts and health risks associated with exposure to DBPs in drinking water. We summarised and evaluated these assessments in terms of their objectives, methods, treatment of uncertainties, and interpretation and communication of results. In total we identified 40 studies matching our search criteria. The vast majority of studies presented estimates of generic cancer and non-cancer risks based on toxicological data and methods that were designed with regulatory, health-protective purposes in mind, and therefore presented imprecise and biased estimates of health impacts. Many studies insufficiently addressed the numerous challenges to DBP risk assessment, failing to evaluate the evidence for a causal relationship, not appropriately addressing the complex nature of DBP occurrence as a mixture of chemicals, not adequately characterising exposure in space and time, not defining specific health outcomes, not accounting for characteristics of target populations, and not balancing potential risks of DBPs against the health benefits related with drinking water disinfection. Uncertainties were often poorly explained or insufficiently accounted for, and important limitations of data and methods frequently not discussed. Grave conceptual and methodological limitations in study design, as well as erroneous use of available dose-response data, seriously impede the extent to which many of these assessments contribute to understanding the public health implications of exposure to DBPs. In some cases, assessment results may cause unwarranted alarm among the public and potentially lead to poor decisions being made in sourcing, treatment, and provision of drinking water. We recommend that the assessment of public health impacts of DBPs should be viewed as a means of answering real world policy questions relating to drinking water quality, including microbial contaminants; that they should be conducted using the most appropriate and up-to-date data and methods, and that associated uncertainties and limitations should be accounted for using quantitative methods where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Grellier
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Lesley Rushton
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J Briggs
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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Abbas S, Hashmi I, Rehman MSU, Qazi IA, Awan MA, Nasir H. Monitoring of chlorination disinfection by-products and their associated health risks in drinking water of Pakistan. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2015; 13:270-84. [PMID: 25719485 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2014.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the baseline data of chlorination disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and their associated health risks in the water distribution network of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. THM monitoring was carried out at 30 different sampling sites across the twin cities for 6 months. The average concentration of total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) and chloroform ranged between 575 and 595 μg/L which exceeded the permissible US (80 μg/L) and EU (100 μg/L) limits. Chloroform was one of the major contributors to the TTHMs concentration (>85%). The occurrence of THMs was found in the following order: chloroform, bromodichloromethane > dibromochloromethane > bromoform. Lifetime cancer risk assessment of THMs for both males and females was carried out using prediction models via different exposure routes (ingestion, inhalation, and dermal). Total lifetime cancer risk assessment for different exposure routes (ingestion, inhalation, and skin) was carried out. The highest cancer risk expected from THMs seems to be from the inhalation route followed by ingestion and dermal contacts. The average lifetime cancer risk for males and females was found to be 0.51 × 10⁻³ and 1.22 × 10⁻³, respectively. The expected number of cancer risks per year could reach two to three cases for each city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Abbas
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan E-mail:
| | - Imran Hashmi
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan E-mail:
| | - Muhammad Saif Ur Rehman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ishtiaq A Qazi
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan E-mail:
| | - Mohammad A Awan
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan E-mail:
| | - Habib Nasir
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Charisiadis P, Andra SS, Makris KC, Christophi CA, Skarlatos D, Vamvakousis V, Kargaki S, Stephanou EG. Spatial and seasonal variability of tap water disinfection by-products within distribution pipe networks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 506-507:26-35. [PMID: 25460936 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Gradually-changing shocks associated with potable water quality deficiencies are anticipated for urban drinking-water distribution systems (UDWDS). The impact of structural UDWDS features such as, the number of pipe leaking incidences on the formation of water trihalomethanes (THM) at the geocoded household level has never been studied before. The objectives were to: (i) characterize the distribution of water THM concentrations in households from two district-metered areas (DMAs) with contrasting UDWDS characteristics sampled in two seasons (summer and winter), and (ii) assess the within- and between-household, spatial variability of water THM accounting for UDWDS characteristics (household distance from chlorination tank and service pipe leaking incidences). A total of 383 tap water samples were collected from 193 households located in two DMAs within the UDWDS of Nicosia city, Cyprus, and analyzed for the four THM species. The higher intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values for water tribromomethane (TBM) (0.75) followed by trichloromethane (0.42) suggested that the two DMAs differed with respect to these analytes. On the other hand, the low ICC values for total THM levels between the two DMAs suggested a large variance between households. The effect of households nested under each DMA remained significant (p<0.05) for TBM (not for the rest of the THM species) in the multivariate mixed-effect models, even after inclusion of pipe network characteristics. Our results could find use by water utilities in overcoming techno-economic difficulties associated with the large spatiotemporal variability of THM, while accounting for the influence of UDWDS features at points of water use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis Charisiadis
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Syam S Andra
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus; Harvard-Cyprus Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Konstantinos C Makris
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus.
| | - Costas A Christophi
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Dimitrios Skarlatos
- Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Vasilis Vamvakousis
- Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Sophia Kargaki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Euripides G Stephanou
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
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Zhao C, Fujii Y, Yan J, Harada KH, Koizumi A. Pentafluorobenzyl esterification of haloacetic acids in tap water for simple and sensitive analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119:711-718. [PMID: 25180822 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine is the most widely used disinfectant for control of waterborne diseases in drinking water treatment. It can react with natural organic matter in water and form haloacetic acids (HAAs). For analysis of HAA levels, derivatization with diazomethane is commonly recommended as the standard methodology in Japan. However, diazomethane is a carcinogenic alkylating agent. Therefore, in this study, a safe, simple, and sensitive quantification method was developed to monitor HAAs in drinking water. Pentafluorobenzyl esterification was used for pretreatment. The pentafluorobenzyl-ester derivative was detected by gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization-mass spectrometry analysis with very high sensitivity for HAAs analysis. The method has low detection limits (8-94 ng L(-1)) and good recovery rates (89-99%) for HAAs. The method was applied to 30 tap water samples from 15 cities in the Kansai region of Japan. The levels of HAAs detected were in the range 0.54-7.83 μg L(-1). Dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, and bromochloroacetic acid were the major HAAs detected in most of the tap water, and accounted for 29%, 20% and 19% of the total HAAs, respectively. This method could be used for routine monitoring of HAAs in drinking water without exposure of workers to occupational hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhao
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yukiko Fujii
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Junxia Yan
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Mishra BK, Gupta SK, Sinha A. Human health risk analysis from disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking and bathing water of some Indian cities. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2014; 12:73. [PMID: 24872885 PMCID: PMC4020354 DOI: 10.1186/2052-336x-12-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human health risk assessment from exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) during drinking and bathing water vary from country to country as per life expectancy, body mass index, water consumption pattern and individual concentration of DBPs component, etc. METHODS Present study considered average direct water intake per person for adult males and females as 4 & 3 L/day, respectively as per Indian literature for risk evaluation from another component of pollutant. While other important factor like average life expectancy, body weight & body surface area for male and female were considered 64 & 67 years, 51.9 & 45.4 Kg and 1.54 & 1.38 m(2) respectively as per Indian Council of Medical Research and WHO report. The corresponding lifetime cancer risk of the formed THMs to human beings was estimated by the USEPA and IRIS method as per Indian population. RESULTS The total cancer risk reached 8.99 E-04 and 8.92 E-04 for males and females, respectively, the highest risk from THMs seems to be from the inhalation route followed by ingestion and dermal contacts. CONCLUSIONS The multipath way evaluations of lifetime cancer risks for THMs exposure through ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation exposure were examined at the highest degree of danger. Results reveals that water containing THMs of the selected water treatment plant of the eastern part of India was unsafe in terms of risk evaluation through inhalation and ingestion, while dermal route of risk was found very close to permissible limit of USEPA. Sensitivity analysis shows that every input parameter is sole responsible for total risk potential, whereas exposure duration playing important role for estimation of total risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad 826004, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Gupta
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad 826004, India
| | - Alok Sinha
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad 826004, India
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Verrey D, Louyer MV, Thomas O, Baurès E. Direct determination of trace-level haloacetic acids in drinking water by two-dimensional ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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