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Shah AU, Hemida MG. The Potential Roles of Host Cell miRNAs in Fine-Tuning Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV) Molecular Pathogenesis, Tissue Tropism, and Immune Regulation. Microorganisms 2024; 12:897. [PMID: 38792727 PMCID: PMC11124416 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) infection causes significant economic loss to the dairy and beef industries worldwide. BCoV exhibits dual tropism, infecting the respiratory and enteric tracts of cattle. The enteric BCoV isolates could also induce respiratory manifestations under certain circumstances. However, the mechanism of this dual tropism of BCoV infection has not yet been studied well. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and play a dual role in virus infection, mediating virus or modulating host immune regulatory genes through complex virus-host cell interactions. However, their role in BCoV infection remains unclear. This study aims to identify bovine miRNAs crucial for regulating virus-host interaction, influencing tissue tropism, and explore their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic agents against BCoV. We downloaded 18 full-length BCoV genomes (10 enteric and eight respiratory) from GenBank. We applied several bioinformatic tools to study the host miRNAs targeting various regions in the viral genome. We used the criteria of differential targeting between the enteric/respiratory isolates to identify some critical miRNAs as biological markers for BCoV infection. Using various online bioinformatic tools, we also searched for host miRNA target genes involved in BCoV infection, immune evasion, and regulation. Our results show that four bovine miRNAs (miR-2375, miR-193a-3p, miR-12059, and miR-494) potentially target the BCoV spike protein at multiple sites. These miRNAs also regulate the host immune suppressor pathways, which negatively impacts BCoV replication. Furthermore, we found that bta-(miR-2338, miR-6535, miR-2392, and miR-12054) also target the BCoV genome at certain regions but are involved in regulating host immune signal transduction pathways, i.e., type I interferon (IFN) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) pathways. Moreover, both miR-2338 and miR-2392 also target host transcriptional factors RORA, YY1, and HLF, which are potential diagnostic markers for BCoV infection. Therefore, miR-2338, miR-6535, miR-2392, and miR-12054 have the potential to fine-tune BCoV tropism and immune evasion and enhance viral pathogenesis. Our results indicate that host miRNAs play essential roles in the BCoV tissue tropism, pathogenesis, and immune regulation. Four bovine miRNAs (miR-2375, bta-miR-193a-3p, bta-miR-12059, and bta-miR-494) target BCoV-S glycoprotein and are potentially involved in several immune suppression pathways during the viral infection. These miRNA candidates could serve as good genetic markers for BCoV infection. However, further studies are urgently needed to validate these identified miRNAs and their target genes in the context of BCoV infection and dual tropism and as genetic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY 11548, USA;
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2
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Bandyszewska M, Ambrożek-Latecka M, Hoser G, Grzanka M, Hornung F, Deinhardt-Emmer S, Skirecki T. SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particle variants alpha and delta mimic the native viruses in their differential inflammasome activating potential. Antiviral Res 2024; 224:105857. [PMID: 38453031 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants are evolving to evade human immunity and differ in their pathogenicity. While evasion of the variants from adaptive immunity is widely investigated, there is a paucity of knowledge about their interactions with innate immunity. Inflammasome assembly is one of the most potent mechanisms of the early innate response to viruses, but when it is inappropriate, it can perpetuate tissue damage. In this study, we focused on the capacity of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Delta variants to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. We compared the macrophage activation, particularly the inflammasome formation, using Alpha- and Delta-spike virus-like particles (VLPs). We found that VLPs of both variants activated the inflammasome even without a priming step. Delta-spike VLPs had a significantly stronger effect on triggering pyroptosis and inflammasome assembly in THP-1 macrophages than did Alfa-spike VLPs. Cells treated with Delta VLPs showed greater cleavage of caspase-1 and IL-1β release. Furthermore, Delta VLPs induced stronger cytokine secretion from macrophages and caused essential impairment of mitochondrial respiration in comparison to Alpha VLPs. Additionally, infection of primary human monocyte-derived macrophages with the SARS-CoV-2 variants confirmed the observations in VLPs. Collectively, we revealed that SARS-CoV-2 Delta had a greater impact on the inflammasome activation, cell death and mitochondrial respiration in macrophages than did the Alpha variant. Importantly, the differential response to the SARS-CoV-2 variants can influence the efficacy of therapies targeting the host's innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bandyszewska
- Department of Translational Immunology and Experimental Intensive Care, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Ambrożek-Latecka
- Department of Translational Immunology and Experimental Intensive Care, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Hoser
- Department of Translational Immunology and Experimental Intensive Care, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Grzanka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Franziska Hornung
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, Germany
| | | | - Tomasz Skirecki
- Department of Translational Immunology and Experimental Intensive Care, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland.
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3
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Song MS, Lee DK, Lee CY, Park SC, Yang J. Host Subcellular Organelles: Targets of Viral Manipulation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1638. [PMID: 38338917 PMCID: PMC10855258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to manipulate host cell processes and utilize intracellular organelles to facilitate their replication. These complex interactions between viruses and cellular organelles allow them to hijack the cellular machinery and impair homeostasis. Moreover, viral infection alters the cell membrane's structure and composition and induces vesicle formation to facilitate intracellular trafficking of viral components. However, the research focus has predominantly been on the immune response elicited by viruses, often overlooking the significant alterations that viruses induce in cellular organelles. Gaining a deeper understanding of these virus-induced cellular changes is crucial for elucidating the full life cycle of viruses and developing potent antiviral therapies. Exploring virus-induced cellular changes could substantially improve our understanding of viral infection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seok Song
- Department of Physiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kun Lee
- Department of Physiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Cheol Park
- Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Laboratory, Myongji Hospital, Goyang 10475, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsung Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
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4
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Lyoo KS, Kim HM, Lee B, Che YH, Kim SJ, Song D, Hwang W, Lee S, Park JH, Na W, Yun SP, Kim YJ. Direct neuronal infection of SARS-CoV-2 reveals cellular and molecular pathology of chemosensory impairment of COVID-19 patients. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:406-411. [PMID: 34962444 PMCID: PMC8803065 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2024095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Patients with recent pandemic coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) complain of neurological abnormalities in sensory functions such as smell and taste in the early stages of infection. Determining the cellular and molecular mechanism of sensory impairment is critical to understand the pathogenesis of clinical manifestations, as well as in setting therapeutic targets for sequelae and recurrence. The absence of studies utilizing proper models of human peripheral nerve hampers an understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis. Here, we report that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) directly infects human peripheral sensory neurons, leading to molecular pathogenesis for chemosensory impairments. An in vitro system utilizing human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived peripheral neurons was used to model the cellular and molecular pathologies responsible for symptoms that most COVID-19 patients experience early in infection or may develop as sequelae. Peripheral neurons differentiated from hESCs expressed viral entry factor ACE2, and were directly infected with SARS-CoV-2 via ACE2. Human peripheral neurons infected with SARS-CoV-2 exhibited impaired molecular features of chemosensory function associated with abnormalities in sensory neurons of the olfactory or gustatory organs. Our results provide new insights into the pathogenesis of chemosensory dysfunction in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Soo Lyoo
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Hyeon Myeong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bina Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Young Hyun Che
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Jae Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Daesub Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Woochang Hwang
- Biostatistical Consulting and Research Lab, Medical Research Collaborating Center, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Lee
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Park
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woonsung Na
- Department of Veterinary Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seung Pil Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Yong Jun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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5
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Aloor A, Aradhya R, Venugopal P, Gopalakrishnan Nair B, Suravajhala R. Glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2 variants: A path to infection and recovery. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115335. [PMID: 36328134 PMCID: PMC9621623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Glycan is an essential molecule that controls and drives life in a precise direction. The paucity of research in glycobiology may impede the significance of its role in the pandemic guidelines. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is heavily glycosylated, with 22 putative N-glycosylation sites and 17 potential O-glycosylation sites discovered thus far. It is the anchor point to the host cell ACE2 receptor, TMPRSS2, and many other host proteins that can be recognized by their immune system; hence, glycosylation is considered the primary target of vaccine development. Therefore, it is essential to know how this surface glycan plays a role in viral entry, infection, transmission, antigen, antibody responses, and disease progression. Although the vaccines are developed and applied against COVID-19, the proficiency of the immunizations is not accomplished with the current mutant variations. The role of glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2 and its receptor ACE2 with respect to other putative cell glycan receptors and the significance of glycan in host cell immunity in COVID-19 are discussed in this paper. Hence, the molecular signature of the glycan in the coronavirus infection can be incorporated into the mainstream therapeutic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Aloor
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Clappana 690525, Kerala, India.
| | - Rajaguru Aradhya
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Clappana 690525, Kerala, India.
| | - Parvathy Venugopal
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Clappana 690525, Kerala, India.
| | | | - Renuka Suravajhala
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Clappana 690525, Kerala, India.
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6
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Galectin-3 binding protein stimulated IL-6 expression is impeded by antibody intervention in SARS-CoV-2 susceptible cell lines. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17047. [PMID: 36220879 PMCID: PMC9553085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20852-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is the global pandemic that affected our population in the past 2 years. Considerable research has been done to better understand the pathophysiology of this disease and to identify new therapeutic targets, especially for severe cases. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a receptor present at the surface of different cell types, namely epithelial and inflammatory cells, which has been described as a severity marker in COVID-19. The activation of Gal-3 through its binding protein (Gal-3BP) is directly linked to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute for the cytokine storm (CS) observed in severe COVID-19 patients. Here, we show that D2, a recombinant fragment of the lectin-binding region of Gal-3BP was able to stimulate the expression of IL-6 in colon and lung epithelial cell lines in β-galactoside dependent manner. We further show that D2-induced IL-6 augmentation was reduced by the anti-Gal-3BP monoclonal antibody 1959. Our data confirm and extend prior findings of Gal-3BP mediated IL-6 induction, enlightening the potential of its antibody-mediated s blockage for the prevention and treatment of CS and severe disease in COVID-19 patients.
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Banerjee S, Wang X, Du S, Zhu C, Jia Y, Wang Y, Cai Q. Comprehensive role of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein in regulating host signaling pathway. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4071-4087. [PMID: 35488404 PMCID: PMC9348444 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, global public health and the economy have suffered unprecedented damage. Based on the increasing related literature, the characteristics and pathogenic mechanisms of the virus, and epidemiological and clinical features of the disease are being rapidly discovered. The spike glycoprotein (S protein), as a key antigen of SARS-CoV-2 for developing vaccines, antibodies, and drug targets, has been shown to play an important role in viral entry, tissue tropism, and pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of interaction between S protein and host factors, especially receptor-mediated viral modulation of host signaling pathways, and highlight the progression of potential therapeutic targets, prophylactic and therapeutic agents for prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvomoy Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology and BioengineeringKoba Institutional AreaGandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Xinyu Wang
- MOE&NHC&CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, & School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shujuan Du
- MOE&NHC&CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, & School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Caixia Zhu
- MOE&NHC&CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, & School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yuping Jia
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical SciencesJinanChina
| | - Yuyan Wang
- MOE&NHC&CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, & School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qiliang Cai
- MOE&NHC&CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, & School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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8
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Schöning V, Hammann F. Drug-Disease Severity and Target-Disease Severity Interaction Networks in COVID-19 Patients. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091828. [PMID: 36145576 PMCID: PMC9504398 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug interactions with other drugs are a well-known phenomenon. Similarly, however, pre-existing drug therapy can alter the course of diseases for which it has not been prescribed. We performed network analysis on drugs and their respective targets to investigate whether there are drugs or targets with protective effects in COVID-19, making them candidates for repurposing. These networks of drug-disease interactions (DDSIs) and target-disease interactions (TDSIs) revealed a greater share of patients with diabetes and cardiac co-morbidities in the non-severe cohort treated with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors. A possible protective effect of DPP4 inhibitors is also plausible on pathophysiological grounds, and our results support repositioning efforts of DPP4 inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2. At target level, we observed that the target location might have an influence on disease progression. This could potentially be attributed to disruption of functional membrane micro-domains (lipid rafts), which in turn could decrease viral entry and thus disease severity.
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Saville JW, Berezuk AM, Srivastava SS, Subramaniam S. Three-Dimensional Visualization of Viral Structure, Entry, and Replication Underlying the Spread of SARS-CoV-2. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14066-14084. [PMID: 35863749 PMCID: PMC9344915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
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The global spread
of SARS-CoV-2 has proceeded at an unprecedented
rate. Remarkably, characterization of the virus using modern tools
in structural biology has also progressed at exceptional speed. Advances
in electron-based imaging techniques, combined with decades of foundational
studies on related viruses, have enabled the research community to
rapidly investigate structural aspects of the novel coronavirus from
the level of individual viral proteins to imaging the whole virus
in a native context. Here, we provide a detailed review of the structural
biology and pathobiology of SARS-CoV-2 as it relates to all facets
of the viral life cycle, including cell entry, replication, and three-dimensional
(3D) packaging based on insights obtained from X-ray crystallography,
cryo-electron tomography, and single-particle cryo-electron microscopy.
The structural comparison between SARS-CoV-2 and the related earlier
viruses SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV is a common thread throughout this review.
We conclude by highlighting some of the outstanding unanswered structural
questions and underscore areas that are under rapid current development
such as the design of effective therapeutics that block viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Saville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - Alison M Berezuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - Shanti S Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z3
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z3.,Gandeeva Therapeutics Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5C 6N5
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Petrović T, Vijay A, Vučković F, Trbojević-Akmačić I, Ollivere BJ, Marjanović D, Bego T, Prnjavorac B, Đerek L, Markotić A, Lukšić I, Jurin I, Valdes AM, Hadžibegović I, Lauc G. IgG N-glycome changes during the course of severe COVID-19: An observational study. EBioMedicine 2022; 81:104101. [PMID: 35773089 PMCID: PMC9234382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a respiratory illness named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is one of the main global health problems since 2019. Glycans attached to the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (IgG) are important modulators of IgG effector functions. Fc region binds to different receptors on the surface of various immune cells, dictating the type of immune response. Here, we performed a large longitudinal study to determine whether the severity and duration of COVID-19 are associated with altered IgG glycosylation. METHODS Using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of released glycans, we analysed the composition of the total IgG N-glycome longitudinally during COVID-19 from four independent cohorts. We analysed 77 severe COVID-19 cases from the HR1 cohort (74% males, median age 72, age IQR 25-80); 31 severe cases in the HR2 cohort (77% males, median age 64, age IQR 41-86), 18 mild COVID-19 cases from the UK cohort (17% males, median age 50, age IQR 26-71) and 28 mild cases from the BiH cohort (71% males, median age 60, age IQR 12-78). FINDINGS Multiple statistically significant changes in IgG glycome composition were observed during severe COVID-19. The most statistically significant changes included increased agalactosylation of IgG (meta-analysis 95% CI [0.03, 0.07], adjusted meta-analysis P= <0.0001), which regulates proinflammatory actions of IgG via complement system activation and indirectly as a lack of sialylation and decreased presence of bisecting N-acetylglucosamine on IgG (meta-analysis 95% CI [-0.11, -0.08], adjusted meta-analysis P= <0.0001), which indirectly affects antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. On the contrary, no statistically significant changes in IgG glycome composition were observed in patients with mild COVID-19. INTERPRETATION The IgG glycome in severe COVID-19 patients is statistically significantly altered in a way that it indicates decreased immunosuppressive action of circulating immunoglobulins. The magnitude of observed changes is associated with the severity of the disease, indicating that aberrant IgG glycome composition or changes in IgG glycosylation may be an important molecular mechanism in COVID-19. FUNDING This work has been supported in part by Croatian Science Foundation under the project IP-CORONA-2020-04-2052 and Croatian National Centre of Competence in Molecular Diagnostics (The European Structural and Investment Funds grant #KK.01.2.2.03.0006), by the UKRI/MRC (Cov-0331 - MR/V027883/1) and by the National Institutes for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre and by Ministry Of Science, Higher Education and Youth Of Canton Sarajevo, grant number 27-02-11-4375-10/21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Petrović
- Genos Ltd, Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Amrita Vijay
- Injury, Inflammation and Recovery Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Frano Vučković
- Genos Ltd, Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Benjamin J Ollivere
- Injury, Inflammation and Recovery Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Damir Marjanović
- International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Center for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tamer Bego
- University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical biochemistry and Laboratory diagnostics, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | | | - Lovorka Đerek
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alemka Markotić
- University Hospital for infectious diseases "Fran Mihaljević", Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of Medicine of the University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia; Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Lukšić
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jurin
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana M Valdes
- Injury, Inflammation and Recovery Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Irzal Hadžibegović
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Ltd, Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Croatia.
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11
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Gal-3BP in Viral Infections: An Emerging Role in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137314. [PMID: 35806317 PMCID: PMC9266551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 binding protein (Gal-3BP) is a multifunctional glycoprotein involved in cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions known to be upregulated in cancer and various viral infections, including HIV-1, HCV, and SARS-CoV-2, with a key role in regulating the antiviral immune response. Studies have identified a direct correlation between circulating levels of Gal-3BP and the severity of disease and/or disease progression for some viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2, suggesting a role of Gal-3BP in these processes. Due to Gal-3BP’s complex biology, the molecular mechanisms underlying its role in viral diseases have been only partially clarified. Gal-3BP induces the expression of interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), mainly interacting with galectin-3, targeting the TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAF-6 and TRAF-3) complex, thus having a putative role in the modulation of TGF-β signaling. In addition, an antiviral activity of Gal-3BP has been ascribed to a direct interaction of the protein with virus components. In this review, we explored the role of Gal-3BP in viral infections and the relationship between Gal-3BP upregulation and disease severity and progression, mainly focusing on SARS-CoV-2. Augmented knowledge of Gal-3BP’s role in virus infections can be useful to evaluate its possible use as a prognostic biomarker and as a putative target to block or attenuate severe disease.
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12
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Paidas MJ, Sampath N, Schindler EA, Cosio DS, Ndubizu CO, Shamaladevi N, Kwal J, Rodriguez S, Ahmad A, Kenyon NS, Jayakumar AR. Mechanism of Multi-Organ Injury in Experimental COVID-19 and Its Inhibition by a Small Molecule Peptide. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:864798. [PMID: 35712703 PMCID: PMC9196045 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.864798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe disease from SARS-CoV-2 infection often progresses to multi-organ failure and results in an increased mortality rate amongst these patients. However, underlying mechanisms of SARS- CoV-2-induced multi-organ failure and subsequent death are still largely unknown. Cytokine storm, increased levels of inflammatory mediators, endothelial dysfunction, coagulation abnormalities, and infiltration of inflammatory cells into the organs contribute to the pathogenesis of COVID-19. One potential consequence of immune/inflammatory events is the acute progression of generalized edema, which may lead to death. We, therefore, examined the involvement of water channels in the development of edema in multiple organs and their contribution to organ dysfunction in a Murine Hepatitis Virus-1 (MHV-1) mouse model of COVID-19. Using this model, we recently reported multi-organ pathological abnormalities and animal death similar to that reported in humans with SARS-CoV-2 infection. We now identified an alteration in protein levels of AQPs 1, 4, 5, and 8 and associated oxidative stress, along with various degrees of tissue edema in multiple organs, which correlate well with animal survival post-MHV-1 infection. Furthermore, our newly created drug (a 15 amino acid synthetic peptide, known as SPIKENET) that was designed to prevent the binding of spike glycoproteins with their receptor(s), angiotensin- converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) (SARS-CoV-2 and MHV-1, respectively), ameliorated animal death and reversed altered levels of AQPs and oxidative stress post-MHV-1 infection. Collectively, our findings suggest the possible involvement of altered aquaporins and the subsequent edema, likely mediated by the virus-induced inflammatory and oxidative stress response, in the pathogenesis of COVID- 19 and the potential of SPIKENET as a therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Paidas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Michael J. Paidas, ; Arumugam R. Jayakumar,
| | - Natarajan Sampath
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Emma A. Schindler
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Daniela S. Cosio
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Chima Obianuju Ndubizu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | | | - Jaclyn Kwal
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Suset Rodriguez
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Anis Ahmad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sylvester Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Norma Sue Kenyon
- Microbiology & Immunology and Biomedical Engineering, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Arumugam R. Jayakumar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Michael J. Paidas, ; Arumugam R. Jayakumar,
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13
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Nabi-Afjadi M, Heydari M, Zalpoor H, Arman I, Sadoughi A, Sahami P, Aghazadeh S. Lectins and lectibodies: potential promising antiviral agents. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:37. [PMID: 35562647 PMCID: PMC9100318 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00338-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, lectins are widely dispersed proteins that selectively recognize and bind to carbohydrates and glycoconjugates via reversible bonds at specific binding sites. Many viral diseases have been treated with lectins due to their wide range of structures, specificity for carbohydrates, and ability to bind carbohydrates. Through hemagglutination assays, these proteins can be detected interacting with various carbohydrates on the surface of cells and viral envelopes. This review discusses the most robust lectins and their rationally engineered versions, such as lectibodies, as antiviral proteins. Fusion of lectin and antibody’s crystallizable fragment (Fc) of immunoglobulin G (IgG) produces a molecule called a “lectibody” that can act as a carbohydrate-targeting antibody. Lectibodies can not only bind to the surface glycoproteins via their lectins and neutralize and clear viruses or infected cells by viruses but also perform Fc-mediated antibody effector functions. These functions include complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), and antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP). In addition to entering host cells, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein S1 binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and downregulates it and type I interferons in a way that may lead to lung disease. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope are heavily glycosylated, which could make them a major target for developing vaccines, diagnostic tests, and therapeutic drugs. Lectibodies can lead to neutralization and clearance of viruses and cells infected by viruses by binding to glycans located on the envelope surface (e.g., the heavily glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike protein).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Heydari
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, 13145-1384, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Zalpoor
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,American Association of Kidney Patients, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ibrahim Arman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Arezoo Sadoughi
- Department of Immunology, International Campus, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Parisa Sahami
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technologies Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Safiyeh Aghazadeh
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, 5756151818, Iran.
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14
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Proteome-wide Mendelian randomization identifies causal links between blood proteins and severe COVID-19. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010042. [PMID: 35239653 PMCID: PMC8893330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In November 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic death toll surpassed five million individuals. We applied Mendelian randomization including >3,000 blood proteins as exposures to identify potential biomarkers that may indicate risk for hospitalization or need for respiratory support or death due to COVID-19, respectively. After multiple testing correction, using genetic instruments and under the assumptions of Mendelian Randomization, our results were consistent with higher blood levels of five proteins GCNT4, CD207, RAB14, C1GALT1C1, and ABO being causally associated with an increased risk of hospitalization or respiratory support/death due to COVID-19 (ORs = 1.12-1.35). Higher levels of FAAH2 were solely associated with an increased risk of hospitalization (OR = 1.19). On the contrary, higher levels of SELL, SELE, and PECAM-1 decrease risk of hospitalization or need for respiratory support/death (ORs = 0.80-0.91). Higher levels of LCTL, SFTPD, KEL, and ATP2A3 were solely associated with a decreased risk of hospitalization (ORs = 0.86-0.93), whilst higher levels of ICAM-1 were solely associated with a decreased risk of respiratory support/death of COVID-19 (OR = 0.84). Our findings implicate blood group markers and binding proteins in both hospitalization and need for respiratory support/death. They, additionally, suggest that higher levels of endocannabinoid enzymes may increase the risk of hospitalization. Our research replicates findings of blood markers previously associated with COVID-19 and prioritises additional blood markers for risk prediction of severe forms of COVID-19. Furthermore, we pinpoint druggable targets potentially implicated in disease pathology.
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WEI HF, ANCHIPOLOVSKY S, VERA R, LIANG G, CHUANG DM. Potential mechanisms underlying lithium treatment for Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19. EUROPEAN REVIEW FOR MEDICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2022; 26:2201-2214. [PMID: 35363371 PMCID: PMC9173589 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202203_28369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis plays an important role as an upstream pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and correction of Ca2+ dysregulation has been increasingly proposed as a target of future effective disease-modified drugs for treating AD. Calcium dysregulation is also an upstream pathology for the COVID-19 virus SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication, leading to host cell damage. Clinically available drugs that can inhibit the disturbed intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis have been repurposed to treat COVID-19 patients. This narrative review aims at exploring the underlying mechanism by which lithium, a first line drug for the treatment of bipolar disorder, inhibits Ca2+ dysregulation and associated downstream pathology in both AD and COVID-19. It is suggested that lithium can be repurposed to treat AD patients, especially those afflicted with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.-F. WEI
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S. ANCHIPOLOVSKY
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R. VERA
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - G. LIANG
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D.-M. CHUANG
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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