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Hayes H, Meacock R, Stokes J, Sutton M. How do family doctors respond to reduced waiting times for cancer diagnosis in secondary care? THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS : HEPAC : HEALTH ECONOMICS IN PREVENTION AND CARE 2024; 25:813-828. [PMID: 37787842 PMCID: PMC11192671 DOI: 10.1007/s10198-023-01626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Reducing waiting times is a priority in public health systems. Efforts of healthcare providers to shorten waiting times could be negated if they simultaneously induce substantial increases in demand. However, separating out the effects of changes in supply and demand on waiting times requires an exogenous change in one element. We examine the impact of a pilot programme in some English hospitals to shorten waiting times for urgent diagnosis of suspected cancer on family doctors' referrals. We examine referrals from 6,666 family doctor partnerships to 145 hospitals between 1st April 2012 and 31st March 2019. Five hospitals piloted shorter waiting times initiatives in 2017. Using continuous difference-in-differences regression, we exploit the pilot as a 'supply shifter' to estimate the effect of waiting times on referral volumes for two suspected cancer types: bowel and lung. The proportion of referred patients breaching two-week waiting times targets for suspected bowel cancer fell by 3.9 percentage points in pilot hospitals in response to the policy, from a baseline of 4.8%. Family doctors exposed to the pilot increased their referrals (demand) by 10.8%. However, the pilot was not successful for lung cancer, with some evidence that waiting times increased, and a corresponding reduction in referrals of -10.5%. Family doctor referrals for suspected cancer are responsive at the margin to waiting times. Healthcare providers may struggle to achieve long-term reductions in waiting times if supply-side improvements are offset by increases in demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Hayes
- Office of Health Economics (OHE), London, UK.
- Health Organisation, Policy and Economics (HOPE), Centre for Primary Care & Health Services Research, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Rachel Meacock
- Health Organisation, Policy and Economics (HOPE), Centre for Primary Care & Health Services Research, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jonathan Stokes
- Health Organisation, Policy and Economics (HOPE), Centre for Primary Care & Health Services Research, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Matt Sutton
- Health Organisation, Policy and Economics (HOPE), Centre for Primary Care & Health Services Research, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Business and Economics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Kaplan S, White JS, Madsen KA, Basu S, Villas-Boas SB, Schillinger D. Evaluation of Changes in Prices and Purchases Following Implementation of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes Across the US. JAMA HEALTH FORUM 2024; 5:e234737. [PMID: 38180765 PMCID: PMC10770775 DOI: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2023.4737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes are promoted as key policies to reduce cardiometabolic diseases and other conditions, but comprehensive analyses of SSB taxes in the US have been difficult because of the absence of sufficiently large data samples and methods limitations. Objective To estimate changes in SSB prices and purchases following SSB taxes in 5 large US cities. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cross-sectional study with an augmented synthetic control analysis, changes in prices and purchases of SSBs were estimated following SSB tax implementation in Boulder, Colorado; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Oakland, California; Seattle, Washington; and San Francisco, California. Changes in SSB prices (in US dollars) and purchases (volume in ounces) in these cities in the 2 years following tax implementation were estimated and compared with control groups constructed from other cities. Changes in adjacent, untaxed areas were assessed to detect any increase in cross-border purchases. Data used for this analysis spanned from January 1, 2012, to February 29, 2020, and were analyzed between June 1, 2022, and September 29, 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcomes were the changes in SSB prices and volume purchased. Results Using nutritional information, 5500 unique universal product codes were classified as SSBs, according to tax designations. The sample included 26 338 stores-496 located in treated localities, 1340 in bordering localities, and 24 502 in the donor pool. Prices of SSBs increased by an average of 33.1% (95% CI, 14.0% to 52.2%; P < .001) during the 2 years following tax implementation, corresponding to an average price increase of 1.3¢ per oz and a 92% tax pass-through rate from distributors to consumers. SSB purchases declined in total volume by an average of 33.0% (95% CI, -2.2% to -63.8%; P = .04) following tax implementation, corresponding to a -1.00 price elasticity of demand. The observed price increase and corresponding volume decrease immediately followed tax implementation, and both outcomes were sustained in the months thereafter. No evidence of increased cross-border purchases following tax implementation was found. Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, SSB taxes led to substantial, consistent declines in SSB purchases across 5 taxed cities following price increases associated with those taxes. Scaling SSB taxes nationally could yield substantial public health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Kaplan
- Department of Economics, US Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland
| | - Justin S. White
- Department of Health Law, Policy & Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Sanjay Basu
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sofia B. Villas-Boas
- Department of Agricultural & Resource Economics, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Dean Schillinger
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Center for Vulnerable Populations, San Francisco General Hospital/University of California, San Francisco
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Cassou M, Mousquès J, Franc C. General Practitioners activity patterns: the medium-term impacts of Primary Care Teams in France. Health Policy 2023; 136:104868. [PMID: 37567092 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2023.104868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Faced with the fragmentation of the French primary care system, public policies aim to promote multiprofessional teamwork to improve both delivery efficiency and health professionals' working conditions. Thus, a practice-level add-on payment backed by cooperation commitments is implemented to foster and sustain the development of multiprofessional primary care groups (MPCGs). We study the impact of practising in MPCGs for general practitioners (GPs) in terms of the supply of care, practice patterns and income. Based on this quasiexperimental framework with a panel dataset covering the period 2005-2017, we account for the selection into MPCGs by combining a difference-in-differences design with propensity score matching to prebalance samples. We show that GPs in MPCGs increased their patient list more rapidly than control GPs (+10% increase of encountered patients) without increasing their provision of services (number of visits and drug prescriptions) more rapidly. Instead, compared to control GPs, MPCG GPs had a significantly faster reduction in the average number of visits (+5.5% reduction) and the euro-amounts of drug prescriptions per patient (+7.2% reduction) and other prescriptions. The growth of these effects between the short and medium term moreover suggests that the properties of multi-professional coordination and cooperation need time to develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Cassou
- Institute for Research and Information in Health Economics, (IRDES), 21 rue des Ardennes 75019 Paris, France.
| | - Julien Mousquès
- Institute for Research and Information in Health Economics, (IRDES), 21 rue des Ardennes 75019 Paris, France; EHESP, SHS department, ARENES - UMR 6051, 15 Av. du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France.
| | - Carine Franc
- Institute for Research and Information in Health Economics, (IRDES), 21 rue des Ardennes 75019 Paris, France; Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research, (INSERM U1018), Université Paris-Saclay, Université, Paris-Sud, UVSQ, 16 Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94807 Cedex Villejuif, France.
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Sidhu M, Saunders CL, Davies C, McKenna G, Wu F, Litchfield I, Olumogba F, Sussex J. Vertical integration of general practices with acute hospitals in England: rapid impact evaluation. HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE DELIVERY RESEARCH 2023; 11:1-114. [PMID: 37839807 DOI: 10.3310/prwq4012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Vertical integration means merging organisations that operate at different stages along the patient pathway. We focus on acute hospitals running primary care medical practices. Evidence is scarce concerning the impact on use of health-care services and patient experience. Objectives To assess the impact of vertical integration on use of hospital services, service delivery and patient experience and whether patients with multiple long-term conditions are affected differently from others. Design Rapid, mixed methods evaluation with four work packages: (1) review of NHS trust annual reports and other sources to understand the scale of vertical integration across England; (2) development of the statistical analysis; (3) analysis of national survey data on patient experience, and national data on use of hospital services over the 2 years preceding and following vertical integration, comparing vertically integrated practices with a variety of control practices; and (4) focus groups and interviews with staff and patients across three case study sites to explore the impact of vertical integration on patient experience of care. Results At 31 March 2021, 26 NHS trusts were in vertically integrated organisations, running 85 general practices across 116 practice sites. The earliest vertical integration between trusts and general practices was in 2015; a mean of 3.3 practices run by each trust (range 1-12). On average, integrated practices have fewer patients, are slightly more likely to be in the most deprived decile of areas, are more likely to hold an alternative provider medical services contract and have worse Quality and Outcomes Framework scores compared with non-integrated practices. Vertical integration is associated with statistically significant, modest reductions in rates of accident and emergency department attendances: 2% reduction (incidence rate ratio 0.98, 95% confidence interval 0.96 to 0.99; p < 0.0001); outpatient attendances: 1% reduction (incidence rate ratio 0.99, 95% confidence interval 0.99 to 1.00; p = 0.0061), emergency inpatient admissions: 3% reduction (incidence rate ratio 0.97, 95% confidence interval 0.95 to 0.99; p = 0.0062) and emergency readmissions: 5% reduction (incidence rate ratio 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.91 to 1.00; p = 0.039), with no impact on length of stay, overall inpatient admissions or inpatient admissions for ambulatory care sensitive conditions. The falls in accident and emergency department and outpatient attendance rates are temporary. Focus groups and interviews with staff (N = 22) and interviews with patients (N = 14) showed that with vertical integration, health service improvements are introduced following a period of cultural interchange. Patients with multiple long-term conditions continue to encounter 'navigation work' choosing and accessing health-care provision, with diminishing continuity of care. Limitations In the quantitative analysis, we could not replicate the counterfactual of what would have happened in those specific locations had practices not merged with trusts. There was imbalance across three case study sites with regard to staff and patients recruited for interview, and the latter were drawn from patient participation groups who may not be representative of local populations. Conclusions Vertical integration can lead to modest reductions in use of hospital services and has minor or no impact on patient experience of care. Our analysis does not reveal a case for widespread roll-out of the approach. Future research Further quantitative follow-up of the longer-term impact of vertical integration on hospital usage and more extensive interviewing of patients and their carers about patient experiences of navigating care. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme (BRACE Project no. 16/138/31) and will be published in full in Health and Social Care Delivery Research; Vol. 11, No. 17. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manbinder Sidhu
- University of Birmingham, Health Services Management Centre, Birmingham, UK
| | - Catherine L Saunders
- Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Gemma McKenna
- University of Birmingham, Health Services Management Centre, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Ian Litchfield
- University of Birmingham, Institute of Applied Health Research, Birmingham, UK
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Feltham E, Forastiere L, Alexander M, Christakis NA. Mass gatherings for political expression had no discernible association with the local course of the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA in 2020 and 2021. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:1708-1728. [PMID: 37524931 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01654-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Epidemic disease can spread during mass gatherings. We assessed the impact of a type of mass gathering about which comprehensive data were available on the local-area trajectory of the COVID-19 epidemic. Here we examined five types of political event in 2020 and 2021: the US primary elections, the US Senate special election in Georgia, the gubernatorial elections in New Jersey and Virginia, Donald Trump's political rallies and the Black Lives Matter protests. Our study period encompassed over 700 such mass gatherings during multiple phases of the pandemic. We used data from the 48 contiguous states, representing 3,108 counties, and we implemented a novel extension of a recently developed non-parametric, generalized difference-in-difference estimator with a (high-quality) matching procedure for panel data to estimate the average effect of the gatherings on local mortality and other outcomes. There were no statistically significant increases in cases, deaths or a measure of epidemic transmissibility (Rt) in a 40-day period following large-scale political activities. We estimated small and statistically non-significant effects, corresponding to an average difference of -0.0567 deaths (95% CI = -0.319, 0.162) and 8.275 cases (95% CI = -1.383, 20.7) on each day for counties that held mass gatherings for political expression compared to matched control counties. In sum, there is no statistical evidence of a material increase in local COVID-19 deaths, cases or transmissibility after mass gatherings for political expression during the first 2 years of the pandemic in the USA. This may relate to the specific manner in which such activities are typically conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Feltham
- Yale Institute for Network Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Sociology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Laura Forastiere
- Yale Institute for Network Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marcus Alexander
- Yale Institute for Network Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, North Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nicholas A Christakis
- Yale Institute for Network Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Sociology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Shen J, Wang J, Yang F, An R. Impact of soda tax on beverage price, sale, purchase, and consumption in the US: a systematic review and meta-analysis of natural experiments. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1126569. [PMID: 37808982 PMCID: PMC10556476 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1126569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As a primary source of added sugars in the US diet, sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption is presumed to contribute to obesity prevalence and poor oral health. We systematically synthesized and quantified evidence from US-based natural experiments concerning the impact of SSB taxes on beverage prices, sales, purchases, and consumption. Methods A keyword and reference search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and EconLit from the inception of an electronic bibliographic database to Oct 31, 2022. Meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the pooled effect of soda taxes on SSB consumption, prices, passthrough rate, and purchases. Results Twenty-six natural experiments, all adopting a difference-in-differences approach, were included. Studies assessed soda taxes in Berkeley, Oakland, and San Francisco in California, Philadelphia in Pennsylvania, Boulder in Colorado, Seattle in Washington, and Cook County in Illinois. Tax rates ranged from 1 to 2 ¢/oz. The imposition of the soda tax was associated with a 1.06 ¢/oz. (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.90, 1.22) increase in SSB prices and a 27.3% (95% CI = 19.3, 35.4%) decrease in SSB purchases. The soda tax passthrough rate was 79.7% (95% CI = 65.8, 93.6%). A 1 ¢/oz. increase in soda tax rate was associated with increased prices of SSBs by 0.84 ¢/oz (95% CI = 0.33, 1.35). Conclusion Soda taxes could be effective policy leverage to nudge people toward purchasing and consuming fewer SSBs. Future research should examine evidence-based classifications of SSBs, targeted use of revenues generated by taxes to reduce health and income disparities, and the feasibility of redesigning the soda tax to improve efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shen
- Department of Physical Education, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- School of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Public Administration, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Ruopeng An
- Brown School, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Wei Y, Anselmi L, Munford L, Sutton M. The impact of devolution on experienced health and well-being. Soc Sci Med 2023; 333:116139. [PMID: 37579557 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Devolution of health systems from national to local levels is a common focus of policymakers across the world. The overarching aim is to improve population health by better meeting the specific needs of local citizens. We examine the case of a coordinated devolution across several public service sectors in Greater Manchester, England, in 2016. We estimate the impact on experienced health and well-being using Short-Form 12 scores from 13,938 adult respondents to the UK Household Longitudinal Survey between 2012 and 2020. We use difference-in-differences and lagged-dependent variable regressions to compare Greater Manchester to the rest of England. We find no statistically significant changes in experienced health and well-being over the four years following the start of devolution. Our findings suggest that devolving population health management alone without budgetary powers and local accountability mechanisms may not be effective in improving experienced health and well-being in the relatively short-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wei
- Health Organisation, Policy and Economics, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Laura Anselmi
- Health Organisation, Policy and Economics, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Luke Munford
- Health Organisation, Policy and Economics, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Matt Sutton
- Health Organisation, Policy and Economics, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Centre for Health Economics, Monash University, Australia.
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Varga AN, Guevara Morel AE, Lokkerbol J, van Dongen JM, van Tulder MW, Bosmans JE. Dealing with confounding in observational studies: A scoping review of methods evaluated in simulation studies with single-point exposure. Stat Med 2023; 42:487-516. [PMID: 36562408 PMCID: PMC10107671 DOI: 10.1002/sim.9628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article was to perform a scoping review of methods available for dealing with confounding when analyzing the effect of health care treatments with single-point exposure in observational data. We aim to provide an overview of methods and their performance assessed by simulation studies indexed in PubMed. We searched PubMed for simulation studies published until January 2021. Our search was restricted to studies evaluating binary treatments and binary and/or continuous outcomes. Information was extracted on the methods' assumptions, performance, and technical properties. Of 28,548 identified references, 127 studies were eligible for inclusion. Of them, 84 assessed 14 different methods (ie, groups of estimators that share assumptions and implementation) for dealing with measured confounding, and 43 assessed 10 different methods for dealing with unmeasured confounding. Results suggest that there are large differences in performance between methods and that the performance of a specific method is highly dependent on the estimator. Furthermore, the methods' assumptions regarding the specific data features also substantially influence the methods' performance. Finally, the methods result in different estimands (ie, target of inference), which can even vary within methods. In conclusion, when choosing a method to adjust for measured or unmeasured confounding it is important to choose the most appropriate estimand, while considering the population of interest, data structure, and whether the plausibility of the methods' required assumptions hold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Natalia Varga
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandra Elizabeth Guevara Morel
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, The Netherlands
| | - Joran Lokkerbol
- Centre of Economic Evaluation, Trimbos Institute (Netherlands Institute of Mental Health), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Maria van Dongen
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, The Netherlands
| | - Maurits Willem van Tulder
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, The Netherlands.,Department Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Judith Ekkina Bosmans
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, The Netherlands
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Rahman MA, Ahmad R, Ismail I. Does the US regional greenhouse gas initiative affect green innovation? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:15689-15707. [PMID: 36173521 PMCID: PMC9520957 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study measures the impact of the implementation of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) on firms' green innovation initiatives. We used 20 years of panel data from the Fortune 500 list of the US largest companies. Based on DID, a benchmark regression, the RGGI has a significant adverse effect on the green innovation of Fortune 500 companies, and we verified these findings with multiple robustness tests. As we investigate how energy-intensive industries were affected by RGGI, we found that it slowed down green innovation, but it was not statistically significant. This study provides a novel perspective on how the RGGI influences green innovation in firms and how different types of sectors respond to the policy. The findings indicate that the "weak" Porter Hypothesis has not been confirmed in the present carbon trading market (particularly the RGGI) for Fortune 500 firms in the USA. In terms of policy, we believe that a well-covered and differentiated legislation that fosters green innovation while being realistic about the policy's goal and the firm's environmental attitude, like emissions reduction through green innovation, is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Azizur Rahman
- Department of Finance, Faculty of Business and Economics, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rubi Ahmad
- Department of Finance, Faculty of Business and Economics, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Izlin Ismail
- Department of Finance, Faculty of Business and Economics, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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McCann ZH, Szaflarski M. Differences in county-level cardiovascular disease mortality rates due to damage caused by hurricane Matthew and the moderating effect of social capital: a natural experiment. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:60. [PMID: 36624492 PMCID: PMC9830798 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14919-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the climate continues to warm, hurricanes will continue to increase in both severity and frequency. Hurricane damage is associated with cardiovascular events, but social capital may moderate this relationship. Social capital is a multidimensional concept with a rich theoretical tradition. Simply put, social capital refers to the social relationships and structures that provide individuals with material, financial, and emotional resources throughout their lives. Previous research has found an association between high levels of social capital and lower rates of cardiovascular (CVD) mortality. In post-disaster settings, social capital may protect against CVD mortality by improving access to life-saving resources. We examined the association between county-level hurricane damage and CVD mortality rates after Hurricane Matthew, and the moderating effect of several aspects of social capital and hurricane damage on this relationship. We hypothesized that (1) higher (vs. lower) levels of hurricane damage would be associated with increased CVD mortality rates and (2) in highly damaged counties, higher (vs. lower) levels of social capital would be associated with lower CVD mortality. METHODS Analysis used yearly (2013-2018) county-level sociodemographic and epidemiological data (n = 183). Sociodemographic data were compiled from federal surveys before and after Hurricane Matthew to construct, per prior literature, a social capital index based on four dimensions of social capital (sub-indices): family unity, informal civil society, institutional confidence, and collective efficacy. Epidemiological data comprised monthly CVD mortality rates constructed from monthly county-level CVD death counts from the CDC WONDER database and the US Census population estimates. Changes in CVD mortality based on level of hurricane damage were assessed using regression adjustment. We used cluster robust Poisson population average models to determine the moderating effect of social capital on CVD mortality rates in both high and low-damage counties. RESULTS We found that mean levels of CVD mortality increased (before and after adjustment for sociodemographic controls) in both low-damage counties (unadjusted. Mean = 2.50, 95% CI [2.41, 2.59], adjusted mean = 2.50, 95% CI [2.40, 2.72]) and high-damage counties (mean = 2.44, CI [2.29, 2.46], adj. Mean = 2.51, 95% CI [2.49, 2.84]). Among the different social capital dimensions, institutional confidence was associated with reduced initial CVD mortality in low-damage counties (unadj. IRR 1.00, 95% CI [0.90, 1.11], adj. IRR 0.91 CI [0.87, 0.94]), but its association with CVD mortality trends was null. The overall effects of social capital and its sub-indices were largely nonsignificant. CONCLUSION Hurricane damage is associated with increased CVD mortality for 18 months after Hurricane Matthew. The role of social capital remains unclear. Future research should focus on improving measurement of social capital and quality of hurricane damage and CVD mortality data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary H. McCann
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health-Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Magdalena Szaflarski
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Sociology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL United States
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Evaluating federal policies using Bayesian time series models: estimating the causal impact of the hospital readmissions reduction program. HEALTH SERVICES AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10742-022-00294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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12
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Macchioni Giaquinto A, Jones AM, Rice N, Zantomio F. Labor supply and informal care responses to health shocks within couples: Evidence from the UK. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2022; 31:2700-2720. [PMID: 36114626 PMCID: PMC9826460 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Shocks to health have been shown to reduce labor supply for the individual affected. Less is known about household self-insurance through a partner's response. Previous studies have presented inconclusive empirical evidence on the existence of a health-related Added Worker Effect, and results limited to labor and income responses. We use UK longitudinal data to investigate within households both the labor supply and informal care responses of an individual to the event of an acute health shock to their partner. Relying on the unanticipated timing of shocks, we combine Coarsened Exact Matching and Entropy Balancing algorithms with parametric analysis and exploit lagged outcomes to remove bias from observed confounders and time-invariant unobservables. We find no evidence of a health-related Added Worker Effect but a significant and sizable Informal Carer Effect. This holds irrespective of spousal labor market position or household financial status and ability to purchase formal care provision, suggesting that partners' substitute informal care provision for time devoted to leisure activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francesca Zantomio
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Health Econometrics and Data Group (University of York), CRIEP Interuniversity Research Centre on Public EconomicsVeniceItaly
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13
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Valentelyte G, Keegan C, Sorensen J. A comparison of four quasi-experimental methods: an analysis of the introduction of activity-based funding in Ireland. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:1311. [PMID: 36329423 PMCID: PMC9635092 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08657-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health services research often relies on quasi-experimental study designs in the estimation of treatment effects of a policy change or an intervention. The aim of this study is to compare some of the commonly used non-experimental methods in estimating intervention effects, and to highlight their relative strengths and weaknesses. We estimate the effects of Activity-Based Funding, a hospital financing reform of Irish public hospitals, introduced in 2016. Methods We estimate and compare four analytical methods: Interrupted time series analysis, Difference-in-Differences, Propensity Score Matching Difference-in-Differences and the Synthetic Control method. Specifically, we focus on the comparison between the control-treatment methods and the non-control-treatment approach, interrupted time series analysis. Our empirical example evaluated the length of stay impact post hip replacement surgery, following the introduction of Activity-Based Funding in Ireland. We also contribute to the very limited research reporting the impacts of Activity-Based-Funding within the Irish context. Results Interrupted time-series analysis produced statistically significant results different in interpretation, while the Difference-in-Differences, Propensity Score Matching Difference-in-Differences and Synthetic Control methods incorporating control groups, suggested no statistically significant intervention effect, on patient length of stay. Conclusion Our analysis confirms that different analytical methods for estimating intervention effects provide different assessments of the intervention effects. It is crucial that researchers employ appropriate designs which incorporate a counterfactual framework. Such methods tend to be more robust and provide a stronger basis for evidence-based policy-making. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-022-08657-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gintare Valentelyte
- Structured Population and Health services Research Education (SPHeRE) Programme, School of Population Health, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mercer Street Lower, Dublin, Ireland. .,Healthcare Outcome Research Centre (HORC), School of Population Health, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Conor Keegan
- Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), Whitaker Square, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jan Sorensen
- Healthcare Outcome Research Centre (HORC), School of Population Health, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Zhang Z, Akinci B, Qian S. Inferring heterogeneous treatment effects of work zones on crashes. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2022; 177:106811. [PMID: 36099682 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The increasing number of work zone crashes has been a significant concern for road users, transportation agencies, and researchers. Crashes can be caused by work zones, and this effect changes across different work zone configurations, traffic volumes, roadway functional classifications, and weather conditions. This is typically represented by Crash Modification Functions (CMFunctions). However, current methods for developing work zone CMFunctions have two major limitations: (1) They focus on analyzing statistical associations and fail to mitigate the confounding bias due to possible unobservable roadway characteristics; and (2) They cannot address CMFunctions of multiple variables simultaneously, such as weather and traffic conditions, since they are represented using mixed data types (continuous and categorical) that could potentially affect the causal effect of work zones on crashes. In this study, we develop a method that utilizes causal forest with fixed-effect modeling to mitigate the confounding bias while identifying CMFunctions conditioning on various environmental characteristics, including work zone configurations, traffic volume, roadway functional classification, and weather conditions. The developed method was applied to 3378 work zones that occurred in Pennsylvania between 2015 and 2017. The results were validated via a series of robustness tests. The validations demonstrate that this method can mitigate the confounding bias and identify CMFunctions of multiple variables. The results also show that the causal effect of a work zone on crash occurrence is significantly positive (p<0.05) on roadways with high traffic volumes (e.g., > 20,000 vehicles per day) and on medium length (e.g., 2000 to 5000 m) work zones. It appears that having medium-long (e.g., between 6000 and 8000 m) work zones or long duration (e.g., longer than 4 h) work zones do not necessarily lead to extra crashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| | - Burcu Akinci
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| | - Sean Qian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Heinz College, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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15
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Deeg DJH, Blekesaune M, de Wind A. Employment trends at older ages: policy impact or secular change? Eur J Ageing 2022; 19:689-698. [PMID: 36052188 PMCID: PMC9424366 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-021-00664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Observed increases in retirement age are generally attributed to policies to extend working lives (PEW). In a quasi-experimental design, we examine to what extent increases in employment of older workers can be attributed to secular changes in individual characteristics as opposed to PEW. We compare two countries: one with clear PEW (the Netherlands) and one without PEW (Norway). Data come from the Dutch Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam and the NORwegian Longitudinal study on Aging and Generations. From each study, two same-age (55-64 years) samples are selected, one recruited in 2002-03, and one recruited after five (Norway) and ten years (Netherlands). In pooled regression analysis, paid work is the outcome variable, and time of measurement, the main independent variable. Individual characteristics include age, sex, educational level, self-perceived health, functional limitations, sense of mastery, and work status of partner. Employment rose in both countries, faster in the Netherlands than in Norway. Of the rise in employment, individual characteristics explained less in the Netherlands than in Norway. Accounting for these, the interaction country*time was significant, indicating an extra rise in employment of 5.2 and 7.5% points for Dutch men and women, net of individual characteristics and unobserved factors that are assumed to be similar in both countries. The extra rise in the Netherlands represents 57% of the total rise for both sexes. Thus, secular change in individual characteristics explains part of the rise in employment in both countries. In the Netherlands, other factors such as PEW may additionally explain the rise in employment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10433-021-00664-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorly J. H. Deeg
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Morten Blekesaune
- Department of Sociology and Social Work, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Astrid de Wind
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Birkner B, Blankart KE. The Effect of Biosimilar Prescription Targets for Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents on the Prescribing Behavior of Physicians in Germany. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2022; 25:1528-1538. [PMID: 35525830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to aid decision makers by analyzing the impact of introducing biosimilar prescription targets on physician prescribing behavior in the prescription of biologic erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in Germany. METHODS We combined secondary data of regional level biosimilar prescription targets and secondary data of routinely collected claims data of dispensed prescriptions by physicians operating within the statutory health insurance system in ambulatory care across 7 German regions from 2009 to 2015. Two-way fixed-effects regression analysis was used to identify the average treatment effect of introducing biosimilar prescription targets at the physician level. The main outcome of interest was the share of biosimilar prescriptions on all prescriptions within the substance group. We compared 6 regions that introduced biosimilar prescription targets with 1 region without any prescription target policy. RESULTS Introducing biosimilar prescription targets increased the average share of biosimilars between 6 percentage points (P < .05) in Hamburg and up to 20 percentage points (P < .001) in Saxony-Anhalt. Stratification of specialists by prescription volume and adoption status indicated heterogeneous effects. We identified similar but higher effects for high-volume prescribers. Disentangling of effects with regard to the composition of biosimilar share suggested that the increase in biosimilar share was driven by increased biosimilar use accompanied by a nonsignificant decrease in original biologics prescriptions. CONCLUSIONS Prescription targets to alter physician prescribing behavior meet their intended goals by increasing biosimilar share. Physicians partly responded to the policy by decreasing overall prescriptions of the target substance. Prescription targets might be a useful tool, but decision makers need to consider all aspects of potential responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Birkner
- Hamburg Center for Health Economics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Katharina E Blankart
- Faculty of Business Administration and Economics/CINCH Health Economics Research Center, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
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17
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Pandey V, Singh S, Kumar D. COVID-19, information management by local governments, and food consumption. FOOD POLICY 2022; 110:102278. [PMID: 35638083 PMCID: PMC9132884 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2022.102278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Federal and state governments in developing countries have tasked local governments with managing COVID-19 on the ground. The bottom-up approach is critical to ensuring household food security, especially in rural areas. We have utilized data from a panel of Indian households that participated in two rounds of a livelihoods survey. While the first round was fielded before COVID-19, the second round was conducted telephonically after the COVID-19-lockdown. We developed an Information Management Response Index (IMRI) to measure the strength of local governments' information management initiatives. The difference-in-difference estimates show that local governments could partially mitigate the pandemic's adverse effects on (a) level and distribution (adult-equivalent per-capita) of food and nutrition expenditure and (b) household vulnerability to food and nutrition poverty. For landless households, IMRI led to statistically significant and additional welfare effects. Three channels explain our empirical findings: (a) maintenance of essential commodities through fair-price shops, (b) access to paid employment and cash (income effect), and (c) disease management (substitution effect). The estimates have been adjusted for sample attrition and multiple-hypothesis correction. We conducted robustness checks with respect to index construction, instrumental variable estimation, and sub-group analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Pandey
- Institute of Rural Management Anand, India
- Verghese Kurien Policy Lab, IRMA, India
| | - Shyam Singh
- Institute of Rural Management Anand, India
- Verghese Kurien Policy Lab, IRMA, India
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18
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Fardousi N, Nunes da Silva E, Kovacs R, Borghi J, Barreto JOM, Kristensen SR, Sampaio J, Shimizu HE, Gomes LB, Russo LX, Gurgel GD, Powell-Jackson T. Performance bonuses and the quality of primary health care delivered by family health teams in Brazil: A difference-in-differences analysis. PLoS Med 2022; 19:e1004033. [PMID: 35797409 PMCID: PMC9262241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pay-for-performance (P4P) programmes to incentivise health providers to improve quality of care have been widely implemented globally. Despite intuitive appeal, evidence on the effectiveness of P4P is mixed, potentially due to differences in how schemes are designed. We exploited municipality variation in the design features of Brazil's National Programme for Improving Primary Care Access and Quality (PMAQ) to examine whether performance bonuses given to family health team workers were associated with changes in the quality of care and whether the size of bonus mattered. METHODS AND FINDINGS For this quasi-experimental study, we used a difference-in-differences approach combined with matching. We compared changes over time in the quality of care delivered by family health teams between (bonus) municipalities that chose to use some or all of the PMAQ money to provide performance-related bonuses to team workers with (nonbonus) municipalities that invested the funds using traditional input-based budgets. The primary outcome was the PMAQ score, a quality of care index on a scale of 0 to 100, based on several hundred indicators (ranging from 598 to 660) of health care delivery. We did one-to-one matching of bonus municipalities to nonbonus municipalities based on baseline demographic and economic characteristics. On the matched sample, we used ordinary least squares regression to estimate the association of any bonus and size of bonus with the prepost change over time (between November 2011 and October 2015) in the PMAQ score. We performed subgroup analyses with respect to the local area income of the family health team. The matched analytical sample comprised 2,346 municipalities (1,173 nonbonus municipalities; 1,173 bonus municipalities), containing 10,275 family health teams that participated in PMAQ from the outset. Bonus municipalities were associated with a 4.6 (95% CI: 2.7 to 6.4; p < 0.001) percentage point increase in the PMAQ score compared with nonbonus municipalities. The association with quality of care increased with the size of bonus: the largest bonus group saw an improvement of 8.2 percentage points (95% CI: 6.2 to 10.2; p < 0.001) compared with the control. The subgroup analysis showed that the observed improvement in performance was most pronounced in the poorest two-fifths of localities. The limitations of the study include the potential for bias from unmeasured time-varying confounding and the fact that the PMAQ score has not been validated as a measure of quality of care. CONCLUSIONS Performance bonuses to family health team workers compared with traditional input-based budgets were associated with an improvement in the quality of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Fardousi
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roxanne Kovacs
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine Borghi
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Juliana Sampaio
- Department of Health Promotion, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano B. Gomes
- Department of Health Promotion, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Timothy Powell-Jackson
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Kahmann S, Hartman E, Leap J, Brantingham PJ. Impact evaluation of the LAPD community safety partnership. Ann Appl Stat 2022. [DOI: 10.1214/21-aoas1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Kahmann
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Erin Hartman
- Department of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Jorja Leap
- Department of Social Welfare, University of California, Los Angeles
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20
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Chiappini R, Montmartin B, Pommet S, Demaria S. Can direct innovation subsidies relax SMEs’ financial constraints? RESEARCH POLICY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2022.104493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Tao D, Sun Y. Association of Rural Hospital Admissions with Access, Treatment, and Mortality for Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction in Shanxi, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116382. [PMID: 35681965 PMCID: PMC9180441 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
China recently launched healthcare reforms to reduce disparities in healthcare resources between urban and rural areas. However, few studies have determined how admission to rural hospitals has affected patient care and outcomes. This study aims to determine whether admission to a rural hospital is associated with changes in treatment and outcomes. Using a province-wide, administrative database of 62,380 patients (51,355 urban patients vs. 11,025 rural patients) with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Shanxi from 2015 to 2017, we identified the differential distance from the patient’s residential address to the nearest hospital and the nearest percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)-capable hospital as instrumental variables. We estimated the risk-adjusted differences in outcomes and treatments for patients admitted to rural hospitals versus urban hospitals using a two-stage least squares instrumental variable analysis method. Based on instrumental variable analysis, admission to a rural hospital was associated with a 5.3% (95% CI, 0.012 to 0.093; p = 0.011) increase in mortality. There was a 59.8% (95% CI, −0.733 to −0.463; p-values < 0.0001) decrease in receiving PCI, an 18.8% (95% CI, −0.231 to −0.146; p-values < 0.0001) decrease in receiving fibrinolysis, and a 71.8% (95% CI, 0.586 to 0.849; p-values < 0.0001) increase in receiving medication-only treatment for patients admitted to rural hospitals. Rural hospitals in China thus offer relatively poor care for myocardial infarction. Hospital facilities and reperfusion therapies must be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Tao
- School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China;
| | - Ya Sun
- School of Economics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-131-2992-0903
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22
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Craig P, Barr B, Baxter AJ, Brown H, Cheetham M, Gibson M, Katikireddi SV, Moffatt S, Morris S, Munford LA, Richiardi M, Sutton M, Taylor-Robinson D, Wickham S, Xiang H, Bambra C. Evaluation of the mental health impacts of Universal Credit: protocol for a mixed methods study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e061340. [PMID: 35396318 PMCID: PMC8996017 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The UK social security system is being transformed by the implementation of Universal Credit (UC), which combines six existing benefits and tax credits into a single payment for low-income households. Despite extensive reports of hardship associated with the introduction of UC, no previous studies have comprehensively evaluated its impact on mental health. Because payments are targeted at low-income households, impacts on mental health will have important consequences for health inequalities. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will conduct a mixed methods study. Work package (WP) 1 will compare health outcomes for new recipients of UC with outcomes for legacy benefit recipients in two large population surveys, using the phased rollout of UC as a natural experiment. We will also analyse the relationship between the proportion of UC claimants in small areas and a composite measure of mental health. WP2 will use data collected by Citizen's Advice to explore the sociodemographic and health characteristics of people who seek advice when claiming UC and identify features of the claim process that prompt advice-seeking. WP3 will conduct longitudinal in-depth interviews with up to 80 UC claimants in England and Scotland to explore reasons for claiming and experiences of the claim process. Up to 30 staff supporting claimants will also be interviewed. WP4 will use a dynamic microsimulation model to simulate the long-term health impacts of different implementation scenarios. WP5 will undertake cost-consequence analysis of the potential costs and outcomes of introducing UC and cost-benefit analyses of mitigating actions. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION We obtained ethical approval for the primary data gathering from the University of Glasgow, College of Social Sciences Research Ethics Committee, application number 400200244. We will use our networks to actively disseminate findings to UC claimants, the public, practitioners and policy-makers, using a range of methods and formats. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER The study is registered with the Research Registry: researchregistry6697.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Craig
- MRC/CO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Benjamin Barr
- Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Andrew J Baxter
- MRC/CO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Heather Brown
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mandy Cheetham
- Nursing, Midwifery and Health, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- North East and North Cumbria Applied Research Collaboration, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Marcia Gibson
- MRC/CO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Suzanne Moffatt
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Steph Morris
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Luke Aaron Munford
- Health Organisation, Policy and Economics, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Matteo Richiardi
- Centre for Microsimulation and Policy Analysis, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, UK
| | - Matt Sutton
- Health Organisation, Policy and Economics, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Taylor-Robinson
- Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Sophie Wickham
- Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Huasheng Xiang
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Clare Bambra
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Yang J, Yockey RA, Chu Y, Lee JGL. The Influence of Loneliness on the Smoking and Physical Activity of Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Results from the Health and Retirement Study. Am J Health Promot 2022; 36:959-966. [PMID: 35325583 DOI: 10.1177/08901171221081136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To use the loneliness model in examining the influence of loneliness on the number cigarettes smoked per day and the different intensity levels of physical activity among community-dwelling older Americans in the United States. DESIGN, SETTING, SAMPLE This study analyzed a nationally representative sample of older adults aged 65+ in two waves (2010 and 2012) of data from the Health and Retirement Study. Response rates for the two waves were 81% and 89.1%. The sample size for smoking model was 199, and for physical activity models was 3018. MEASURES Outcomes included number of cigarettes smoked per day and physical activity at three intensity levels: light, moderate, and vigorous. Independent variable was the UCLA loneliness scale. ANALYSIS A lagged dependent approach for modeling longitudinal data was adopted. Models controlled for outcomes at the first timepoint (Wave 1), health/physical functioning, and demographic variables. RESULTS Loneliness was associated with an increased number of cigarettes smoked per day (β = 2.93, P < .05) and decreased engagement in moderate and vigorous physical activity for older adults (β = .12, P < .05; β = .12, P <. 05), after controlling for these behaviors at baseline and other covariates. CONCLUSION The findings call for smoking reduction and physical activity enhancement interventions targeting older adults who have high levels of loneliness. Efforts to enhance social support will be crucial to eradicating the harmful health impact of loneliness. Critical limitations include self-reported measures and unobserved confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- School of Social Work, 3627East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - R Andrew Yockey
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, 12376University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Yoosun Chu
- Department of Social Welfare, 26722Keimyung University University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Joseph G L Lee
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, 3627East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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24
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Menchetti F, Bojinov I. Estimating the effectiveness of permanent price reductions for competing products using multivariate Bayesian structural time series models. Ann Appl Stat 2022. [DOI: 10.1214/21-aoas1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Iavor Bojinov
- Technology and Operations Management, Harvard Business School
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25
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Newsome SJ, Daniel RM, Carr SB, Bilton D, Keogh RH. Using Negative Control Outcomes and Difference-in-Differences Analysis to Estimate Treatment Effects in an Entirely Treated Cohort: The Effect of Ivacaftor in Cystic Fibrosis. Am J Epidemiol 2022; 191:505-515. [PMID: 34753177 PMCID: PMC8914944 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwab263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
When an entire cohort of patients receives a treatment, it is difficult to estimate the treatment effect in the treated because there are no directly comparable untreated patients. Attempts can be made to find a suitable control group (e.g., historical controls), but underlying differences between the treated and untreated can result in bias. Here we show how negative control outcomes combined with difference-in-differences analysis can be used to assess bias in treatment effect estimates and obtain unbiased estimates under certain assumptions. Causal diagrams and potential outcomes are used to explain the methods and assumptions. We apply the methods to UK Cystic Fibrosis Registry data to investigate the effect of ivacaftor, introduced in 2012 for a subset of the cystic fibrosis population with a particular genotype, on lung function and annual rate (days/year) of receiving intravenous (IV) antibiotics (i.e., IV days). We consider 2 negative control outcomes: outcomes measured in the pre-ivacaftor period and outcomes among persons ineligible for ivacaftor because of their genotype. Ivacaftor was found to improve lung function in year 1 (an approximately 6.5–percentage-point increase in ppFEV1), was associated with reduced lung function decline (an approximately 0.5–percentage-point decrease in annual ppFEV1 decline, though confidence intervals included 0), and reduced the annual rate of IV days (approximately 60% over 3 years).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ruth H Keogh
- Correspondence to Dr. Ruth H. Keogh, Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom (e-mail: )
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26
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Griffin BA, Schuler MS, Stuart EA, Patrick S, McNeer E, Smart R, Powell D, Stei BD, Schell TL, Pacula RL. Moving beyond the classic difference-in-differences model: a simulation study comparing statistical methods for estimating effectiveness of state-level policies. BMC Med Res Methodol 2021; 21:279. [PMID: 34895172 PMCID: PMC8666265 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-021-01471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reliable evaluations of state-level policies are essential for identifying effective policies and informing policymakers’ decisions. State-level policy evaluations commonly use a difference-in-differences (DID) study design; yet within this framework, statistical model specification varies notably across studies. More guidance is needed about which set of statistical models perform best when estimating how state-level policies affect outcomes. Methods Motivated by applied state-level opioid policy evaluations, we implemented an extensive simulation study to compare the statistical performance of multiple variations of the two-way fixed effect models traditionally used for DID under a range of simulation conditions. We also explored the performance of autoregressive (AR) and GEE models. We simulated policy effects on annual state-level opioid mortality rates and assessed statistical performance using various metrics, including directional bias, magnitude bias, and root mean squared error. We also reported Type I error rates and the rate of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis (e.g., power), given the prevalence of frequentist null hypothesis significance testing in the applied literature. Results Most linear models resulted in minimal bias. However, non-linear models and population-weighted versions of classic linear two-way fixed effect and linear GEE models yielded considerable bias (60 to 160%). Further, root mean square error was minimized by linear AR models when we examined crude mortality rates and by negative binomial models when we examined raw death counts. In the context of frequentist hypothesis testing, many models yielded high Type I error rates and very low rates of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis (< 10%), raising concerns of spurious conclusions about policy effectiveness in the opioid literature. When considering performance across models, the linear AR models were optimal in terms of directional bias, root mean squared error, Type I error, and correct rejection rates. Conclusions The findings highlight notable limitations of commonly used statistical models for DID designs, which are widely used in opioid policy studies and in state policy evaluations more broadly. In contrast, the optimal model we identified--the AR model--is rarely used in state policy evaluation. We urge applied researchers to move beyond the classic DID paradigm and adopt use of AR models. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12874-021-01471-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Ann Griffin
- RAND Corporation, 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA, 22202, USA.
| | - Megan S Schuler
- RAND Corporation, 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA, 22202, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Stuart
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Stephen Patrick
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center and School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Elizabeth McNeer
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center and School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | | | - David Powell
- RAND Corporation, 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA, 22202, USA
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Effects of Patent Policy on Outputs and Commercialization of Academic Patents in China: A Spatial Difference-in-Differences Analysis. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132313459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of a difference-in-differences estimator is a new move in patent policy evaluation research. However, such an estimator neglects the possibility that academic patent activities follow a spatial autoregressive process with respect to the dependent variable. The objective of this study was to propose a spatial difference-in-differences estimator accounting for possible spatial spillover effects. In this study, an empirical analysis of a sample of 31 Chinese provinces from 2010 to 2019 indicates that an incentive patent policy has a positive impact on the output and commercialization of academic patents, with positive effects also spilling over into neighboring provinces. This study further found that incentive patent policies play a placebo role in academic patent activities. Provincial patent policies are merely a proxy for other variables that characterize the systemic differences between provinces that implement patent policies and those that do not. Therefore, the promotion of academic patent activities cannot be attributed to policy incentives.
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Korsholm M, Gyrd-Hansen D, Mogensen O, Möller S, Joergensen SL, Jensen PT. Post robotic investment: Cost consequences and impact on length of stay for obese women with endometrial cancer. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2021; 100:1830-1839. [PMID: 34322867 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.14237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the study was to investigate whether robotic-assisted surgery is associated with lower incremental resource use among obese patients relative to non-obese patients after a Danish nationwide adoption of robotic-assisted surgery in women with early-stage endometrial cancer. This is a population-based cohort study based on registers and clinical data. MATERIAL AND METHODS All women who underwent surgery (robotic, laparoscopic and laparotomy) from 2008 to 2015 were included and divided according to body mass index (<30 and ≥30). Robotic-assisted surgery was gradually introduced in Denmark (2008-2013). We compared resource use post-surgery in obese vs non-obese women who underwent surgery before and after a nationwide adoption of robotic-assisted surgery. The key exposure variable was exposure to robotic-assisted surgery. Clinical and sociodemographic data were linked with national register data to determine costs and bed days 12 months before and after surgery applying difference-in-difference analyses. RESULTS In total, 3934 women were included. The adoption of robotic-assisted surgery did not demonstrate statistically significant implications for total costs among obese women (€3,417; 95% confidence interval [CI] -€854 to €7,688, p = 0.117). Further, for obese women, a statistically significant reduction in bed days related to the index hospitalization was demonstrated (-1.9 bed days; 95% CI -3.6 to -0.2, p = 0.025). However, for non-obese women, the adoption of robotic-assisted surgery was associated with statistically significant total costs increments of €9,333 (95% CI €3,729-€1,4936, p = 0.001) and no reduction in bed days related to the index hospitalization was observed (+0.9 bed days; 95% CI -0.6 to 2.3, p = 0.242). CONCLUSIONS The national investment in robotic-assisted surgery for endometrial cancer seems to have more modest cost implications post-surgery for obese women. This may be partly driven by a significant reduction in bed days related to the index hospitalization among obese women, as well as reductions in subsequent hospitalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Korsholm
- Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Research unit for ORL - Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Danish Center for Health Economics (DaCHE), Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dorte Gyrd-Hansen
- Danish Center for Health Economics (DaCHE), Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ole Mogensen
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sören Möller
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Open Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Siv L Joergensen
- Research Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Open Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Pernille T Jensen
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Yu C, Kang J, Teng J, Long H, Fu Y. Does coal-to-gas policy reduce air pollution? Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:144645. [PMID: 33582329 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Whether the use of cleaner energy can reduce air pollution is the focus of debate among scholars, but there is still no unanimous conclusion. This study seeks to explore the net impact of coal-to-gas policy, an energy transition policy in China, on air pollution. Utilizing prefecture-level city data from 2003 to 2016, we apply the PSM-DID method to estimate the policy's net impact. Further, we examine the dynamic effects of coal-to-gas policy and its impact mechanism on air pollution. The results show that 1) The coal-to-gas policy has an average reduction effect of 31.3%, 36%, 0.3%, and 33.1% on industrial sulfur dioxide (SO2), industrial Smoke (dust), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and air quality index (AQI). After eliminating the spreading interference of PM2.5 in surrounding areas, the effect of this policy on PM2.5 reduction is 7%; 2) the impact of the coal-to-gas policy is significant in 2012 and 2013, i.e. the second and third years after the implementation of the policy. Then, the reduction effect of the policy on air pollution began to decrease; 3) the coal-to-gas policy has led to the increase in the proportion of the tertiary industry and the decrease in the degree of industrialization. Since the development of the tertiary industry and the reduction of industrialization also led to a reduction in air pollution, the coal-to-gas policy can reduce air pollution through industrial structure upgrading and de-industrialization. The robustness test results support the above conclusions. Practicable policies to reduce air pollution in China are suggested and applicable to other developing countries with resource-scarce and serve air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Yu
- School of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Shazheng Street 174, 400044, Chongqing, China
| | - Jijun Kang
- School of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Shazheng Street 174, 400044, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jing Teng
- School of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Shazheng Street 174, 400044, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyu Long
- School of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Shazheng Street 174, 400044, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunying Fu
- School of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Shazheng Street 174, 400044, Chongqing, China
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Valentelyte G, Keegan C, Sorensen J. Analytical methods to assess the impacts of activity-based funding (ABF): a scoping review. HEALTH ECONOMICS REVIEW 2021; 11:17. [PMID: 34003386 PMCID: PMC8132407 DOI: 10.1186/s13561-021-00315-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activity-Based Funding (ABF) has been implemented across many countries as a means to incentivise efficient hospital care delivery and resource use. Previous reviews have assessed the impact of ABF implementation on a range of outcomes across health systems. However, no comprehensive review of the methods used to generate this evidence has been undertaken. The aim of this review is to identify and assess the analytical methods employed in research on ABF hospital performance outcomes. METHODS We conducted a scoping review in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews. Five academic databases and reference lists of included studies were used to identify studies assessing the impact of ABF on hospital performance outcomes. Peer-reviewed quantitative studies published between 2000 and 2019 considering ABF implementation outside the U.S. were included. Qualitative studies, policy discussions and commentaries were excluded. Abstracts and full text studies were double screened to ensure consistency. All analytical approaches and their relative strengths and weaknesses were charted and summarised. RESULTS We identified 19 studies that assessed hospital performance outcomes from introduction of ABF in England, Korea, Norway, Portugal, Israel, the Netherlands, Canada, Italy, Japan, Belgium, China, and Austria. Quasi-experimental methods were used across most reviewed studies. The most commonly used assessment methods were different forms of interrupted time series analyses. Few studies used difference-in-differences or similar methods to compare outcome changes over time relative to comparator groups. The main hospital performance outcome measures examined were case numbers, length of stay, mortality and readmission. CONCLUSIONS Non-experimental study designs continue to be the most widely used method in the assessment of ABF impacts. Quasi-experimental approaches examining the impact of ABF implementation on outcomes relative to comparator groups not subject to the reform should be applied where possible to facilitate identification of effects. These approaches provide a more robust evidence-base for informing future financing reform and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gintare Valentelyte
- Structured Population and Health services Research Education (SPHeRE) Programme, Division of Population Health Sciences, Mercer Street Lower, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Healthcare Outcome Research Centre (HORC), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor Keegan
- Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), Whitaker Square, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jan Sorensen
- Healthcare Outcome Research Centre (HORC), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Zeldow B, Hatfield LA. Confounding and regression adjustment in difference-in-differences studies. Health Serv Res 2021; 56:932-941. [PMID: 33978956 PMCID: PMC8522571 DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To define confounding bias in difference‐in‐difference studies and compare regression‐ and matching‐based estimators designed to correct bias due to observed confounders. Data sources We simulated data from linear models that incorporated different confounding relationships: time‐invariant covariates with a time‐varying effect on the outcome, time‐varying covariates with a constant effect on the outcome, and time‐varying covariates with a time‐varying effect on the outcome. We considered a simple setting that is common in the applied literature: treatment is introduced at a single time point and there is no unobserved treatment effect heterogeneity. Study design We compared the bias and root mean squared error of treatment effect estimates from six model specifications, including simple linear regression models and matching techniques. Data collection Simulation code is provided for replication. Principal findings Confounders in difference‐in‐differences are covariates that change differently over time in the treated and comparison group or have a time‐varying effect on the outcome. When such a confounding variable is measured, appropriately adjusting for this confounder (ie, including the confounder in a regression model that is consistent with the causal model) can provide unbiased estimates with optimal SE. However, when a time‐varying confounder is affected by treatment, recovering an unbiased causal effect using difference‐in‐differences is difficult. Conclusions Confounding in difference‐in‐differences is more complicated than in cross‐sectional settings, from which techniques and intuition to address observed confounding cannot be imported wholesale. Instead, analysts should begin by postulating a causal model that relates covariates, both time‐varying and those with time‐varying effects on the outcome, to treatment. This causal model will then guide the specification of an appropriate analytical model (eg, using regression or matching) that can produce unbiased treatment effect estimates. We emphasize the importance of thoughtful incorporation of covariates to address confounding bias in difference‐in‐difference studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret Zeldow
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Colby College, Waterville, Maine, USA
| | - Laura A Hatfield
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Fazel M, Rocks S, Glogowska M, Stepney M, Tsiachristas A. How does reorganisation in child and adolescent mental health services affect access to services? An observational study of two services in England. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250691. [PMID: 33951078 PMCID: PMC8099077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) in England are making significant changes to improve access and effectiveness. This 'transformation' variously involves easier access to services through a Single Point of Access (SPA), more integrated services within CAMHS and enhanced co-provision across education and third sector or non-profit organisations. METHODS A mixed-methods observational study was conducted to explore the process and impact of transformation over four years in two services. Ethnographic observations and in-depth interviews were conducted and Electronic Patient Records with over one million contacts analysed. Difference-in-differences analysis with propensity score matching to estimate the causal impact of the transformation on patient access was utilised. OUTCOMES Spend and staffing increased across both CAMHS. The SPA had growing rates of self-referral and new care pathways were seeing patients according to expected degree of psychopathology. Third sector partners were providing increasing numbers of low-intensity interventions. Although the majority of staff were supportive of the changes, the process of transformation led to service tensions. In the first year after transformation there was no change in the rate of new patients accessing services or new spells (episodes of care) in the services. However, by year three, the number of new patients accessing CAMHS was 19% higher (Incidence Rate Ratio: 1·19, CI: 1·16, 1·21) and the rate of new spells was 12% higher (Incidence Rate Ratio: 1·12, CI: 1·05, 1·20). INTERPRETATION Transformation investment, both financial and intellectual, can help to increase access to CAMHS in England, but time is needed to realise the benefits of reorganisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Rocks
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, Health Economics Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Glogowska
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Stepney
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Apostolos Tsiachristas
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, Health Economics Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Riganti A. Containing costs in the Italian local healthcare market. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2021; 30:1001-1014. [PMID: 33638596 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We aim to investigate the cost containment effects of the creation in 2005 of agencies specifically responsible for all technical and administrative services within the regional healthcare system of the Tuscany region of Italy. We seek to contribute to the existing literature on the centralization and decentralization of purchases and technical services by assessing the amount of savings produced by these agencies at the intermediate level between local authorities and hospitals and the regional administration. We use the balances of all Italian local health authorities and hospital trusts combined with the synthetic control procedure to create from a donor pool of untreated units a weighted average of observations resembling the exposed units before and after the policy change in 2005. The magnitude of the effect is significant as the creation of these agencies is estimated to have reduced expenditures on auxiliary goods and contracted services by 6% in the period from 2006-2014. Moreover, we find that the cost reduction is not associated with a decrease in the provision of healthcare services and procedures to the general population or in the quality or efficiency of the regional healthcare system itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Riganti
- Departments of Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
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Francetic I, Fink G, Tediosi F. Impact of social accountability monitoring on health facility performance: Evidence from Tanzania. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2021; 30:766-785. [PMID: 33458910 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Social accountability programs are increasingly used to improve the performance of public service providers in low-income settings. Despite their growing popularity, evidence on the effectiveness of social accountability programs remains mixed. In this manuscript, we assess the impact of a social accountability intervention on health facility management exploring quasiexperimental variation in program exposure in Tanzania. We find that the social accountability intervention resulted in a 1.8 SD reduction in drug stockouts relative to the control group, but did not improve facility infrastructure maintenance. The results of this study suggest that social accountability programs may be effective in areas of health service provision that are responsive to changes in provider behavior but may not work in settings where improvements in outcomes are conditional on larger health systems features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Francetic
- Health Organization, Policy and Economics (HOPE) Group, Centre for Primary Care and Health Services Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland
| | - Günther Fink
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Tediosi
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Pylypchuk Y, Parasrampuria S, Smiley C, Searcy T. Impact of Electronic Prescribing of Controlled Substances on Opioid Prescribing: Evidence From I-STOP Program in New York. Med Care Res Rev 2021; 79:114-124. [PMID: 33703961 DOI: 10.1177/1077558721994994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
New York's Internet System for Tracking Over-Prescribing (I-STOP) Act, requires prescribers in the state to electronically prescribe controlled substances (EPCS). We examine the effects of this mandate on prescribing patterns of opioids for Medicare Part D beneficiaries. Using 2014-2017 CMS Medicare Part D Prescriber Data, we apply a lagged dependent variable regression approach to identify the impact of I-STOP on the prescription of opioids. In the first year of implementation, the number of opioid prescriptions per prescriber decreased by 5.7 per year. The policy had a larger effect on the prescription of short-acting opioids and on prescribers prescribing medication for predominantly younger beneficiaries. Overall, I-STOP resulted in a reduction in the number of beneficiaries being prescribed opioids and in the number of opioid claims in the state of New York, suggesting positive implications for other states intending to curtail opioid overprescribing and misuse through the use of EPCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Pylypchuk
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Carmen Smiley
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Talisha Searcy
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
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Loussouarn C, Franc C, Videau Y, Mousquès J. Can General Practitioners Be More Productive? The Impact of Teamwork and Cooperation with Nurses on GP Activities. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2021; 30:680-698. [PMID: 33377283 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The integration of primary care organizations and interprofessional cooperation is encouraged in many countries to both improve the productive and allocative efficiency of care provision and address the unequal geographical distribution of general practitioners (GPs). In France, a pilot experiment promoted the vertical integration of and teamwork between GPs and nurses. This pilot experiment relied on the staffing and training of nurses; skill mixing, including the authorization to shift tasks from GPs to nurses; and new remuneration schemes. This article evaluates the overall impact of this pilot experiment over the period 2010-2017 on GP activities based on the following indicators: number of working days, patients seen at least once, patients registered, and visits delivered. We control for endogeneity and reduce selection bias by using a case-control design combining coarsened exact matching and difference-in-differences estimates on panel data. We find a small positive impact on the number of GP working days (+1.2%) following enrollment and a more pronounced effect on the number of patients seen (+7.55%) or registered (+6.87%). However, we find no effect on the number of office and home visits. In this context, cooperation and teamwork between GPs and nurses seem to improve access to care for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Loussouarn
- ERUDITE (EA 437), FR TEPP CNRS 3435, University Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
- Institute for Research and Information in Health Economics (Irdes), Paris, France
| | - Carine Franc
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM U1018), Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, Villejuif, France
- Institute for Research and Information in Health Economics (Irdes), Paris, France
| | - Yann Videau
- ERUDITE (EA 437), FR TEPP CNRS 3435, University Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Julien Mousquès
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM U1018), Université Paris Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, Villejuif, France
- Institute for Research and Information in Health Economics (Irdes), Paris, France
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Samartsidis P, Martin NN, De Gruttola V, De Vocht F, Hutchinson S, Lok JJ, Puenpatom A, Wang R, Hickman M, De Angelis D. Evaluating the power of the causal impact method in observational studies of HCV treatment as prevention. STATISTICAL COMMUNICATIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 13:20200005. [PMID: 35880998 PMCID: PMC9204771 DOI: 10.1515/scid-2020-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The causal impact method (CIM) was recently introduced for evaluation of binary interventions using observational time-series data. The CIM is appealing for practical use as it can adjust for temporal trends and account for the potential of unobserved confounding. However, the method was initially developed for applications involving large datasets and hence its potential in small epidemiological studies is still unclear. Further, the effects that measurement error can have on the performance of the CIM have not been studied yet. The objective of this work is to investigate both of these open problems. METHODS Motivated by an existing dataset of HCV surveillance in the UK, we perform simulation experiments to investigate the effect of several characteristics of the data on the performance of the CIM. Further, we quantify the effects of measurement error on the performance of the CIM and extend the method to deal with this problem. RESULTS We identify multiple characteristics of the data that affect the ability of the CIM to detect an intervention effect including the length of time-series, the variability of the outcome and the degree of correlation between the outcome of the treated unit and the outcomes of controls. We show that measurement error can introduce biases in the estimated intervention effects and heavily reduce the power of the CIM. Using an extended CIM, some of these adverse effects can be mitigated. CONCLUSIONS The CIM can provide satisfactory power in public health interventions. The method may provide misleading results in the presence of measurement error.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Frank De Vocht
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sharon Hutchinson
- Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Judith J. Lok
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | | | - Rui Wang
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Matthew Hickman
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Bilgrami A, Sinha K, Cutler H. The impact of introducing a national scheme for paid parental leave on maternal mental health outcomes. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2020; 29:1657-1681. [PMID: 32935432 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Paid maternity leave is an essential component of a progressive society. It can enhance postnatal health, improve mother and child wellbeing, and deliver better labor market outcomes for mothers. We evaluate the impact of the introduction of Australia's national Paid Parental Leave (PPL) scheme in 2011 and complementary Dad and Partner Pay (DAPP) in 2013 on maternal mental health. Using a sample of 1480 births to eligible, partnered women between 2004 and 2016 and examining a range of mental health outcomes from the Household, Income, andLabour Dynamics in Australia survey, we find depression likelihood reduced significantly in post-reform years. When focusing on post-DAPP years and women whose partners had concurrent access to DAPP, significant mental health improvements were found across a wider range of measures including the Mental Component Summary score and specific Short Form-36 items with a high sensitivity for detecting major depression. Subgroup analysis suggests significant improvements applied specifically to first-time mothers and mothers with employer-paid maternity leave and unpaid leave entitlements. These results suggest that an increase in PPL and DAPP entitlements for mothers without access to employer-paid and unpaid leave entitlements, particularly those in less secure employment, may further reduce postnatal depression and improve health equity in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Bilgrami
- Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kompal Sinha
- Department of Economics, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Henry Cutler
- Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
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Özçelik EA, Massuda A, McConnell M, Castro MC. Impact of Brazil's More Doctors Program on hospitalizations for primary care sensitive cardiovascular conditions. SSM Popul Health 2020; 12:100695. [PMID: 33319027 PMCID: PMC7725939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of disease burden and death. Timely and appropriate provision of primary care may lead to sizeable reductions in hospitalizations for a range of chronic and acute health conditions. In this paper, we study the impact of Brazil's More Doctors Program (MDP) on hospitalizations due to cerebrovascular disease and hypertension. We exploit the geographic variation in the uptake of the MPD and combine coarsened exact matching and difference-in-difference methods to construct valid counterfactual estimates. We use data from the Hospital Information System in Unified Health System, the MDP administrative records, the Brazilian Regulatory Agency, the Ministry of Health, and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, covering the years from 2009 to 2017. Our analysis resulted in estimated coefficients of -1.47 (95%CI: -4.04,1.10) for hospitalizations for cerebrovascular disease and -1.20 (95%CI: -5.50,3.11) for hypertension, suggesting an inverse relationship between the MDP and hospitalizations. For cerebrovascular disease, the estimated MDP coefficient was -0.50 (95%CI: -2.94,1.95) in the year of program introduction, -5.21 (95%CI: -9.43,-0.99) and -8.21 (95%CI: -13.68,-2.75) in its third and fourth year of implementation, respectively. Our results further suggest that the beneficial impact of MDP on hospitalizations due to cerebrovascular disease became discernable in urban municipalities starting from the fourth year of implementation. We found no evidence that the MDP led to reductions in hospitalizations due to hypertension. Our results highlight that increased investment in resources devoted to primary care led to improvements in hospitalizations for selected cardiovascular conditions. However, it took time for the beneficial effects of the MDP to become discernable and the Program did not guarantee declines in hospitalizations for all cardiovascular conditions, suggesting that further improvements may be needed to enhance the beneficial impact of the MDP on the level and distribution of population health in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece A. Özçelik
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Adriano Massuda
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- São Paulo School of Business Administration, Fundação Getulio Vargas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Margaret McConnell
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Marcia C. Castro
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Ride J, Huang L, Mulraney M, Hiscock H, Coghill D, Sawyer M, Sciberras E, Dalziel K. Is 'minimally adequate treatment' really adequate? investigating the effect of mental health treatment on quality of life for children with mental health problems. J Affect Disord 2020; 276:327-334. [PMID: 32871663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minimally adequate treatment (MAT) is intended to represent treatment minimally sufficient for common mental health problems. For children, MAT has been defined over a twelve-month period as either eight or more mental health visits, or four to seven visits plus relevant medication. MAT is used to identify those missing out on adequate care, but it is unknown whether MAT improves children's outcomes. METHODS This paper examines whether MAT is associated with improved outcomes for children. It uses survey data from the nationally representative Longitudinal Study of Australian children on 596 children with mental health problems based on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire at ages 8-15 years, linked to health service administrative data from 2012 to 2016. Statistical analysis examines the association of MAT with later quality of life (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory), using a lagged dependent variable model to account for time-varying unobserved confounding. RESULTS Compared to children with lower levels of treatment, those who received MAT between baseline and follow up had no statistically significant improvement in either quality of life or mental health symptoms. LIMITATIONS The observational data provide insight into real-world practice but require statistical methods to account for selection into treatment. CONCLUSIONS While clinical trials show mental health treatments can be efficacious, this study shows no evidence that children receiving MAT in routine practice have better outcomes. These findings demonstrate the need for better understanding of the nature and impact of children's mental health care as it is delivered and received in routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemimah Ride
- Health Economics Unit, Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Li Huang
- Health Economics Unit, Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa Mulraney
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Harriet Hiscock
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Australia; Health Services Research Unit, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia
| | - David Coghill
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Kim Dalziel
- Health Economics Unit, Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
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Al-Hanawi MK, Chirwa GC, Kamninga TM, Manja LP. Effects of Financial Inclusion on Access to Emergency Funds for Healthcare in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J Multidiscip Healthc 2020; 13:1157-1167. [PMID: 33116561 PMCID: PMC7575034 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s277357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Having access to convenient and quality healthcare at all times is not only a human right but also a goal that many countries strive to achieve for their population. However, access to healthcare might face blocks in the presence of financial exclusions. Saudi Arabia has, over the years, continued to pursue policy and system reforms to enhance its population’s access to financial inclusion, as well as proper health coverage to improve health outcomes. This study seeks to estimate the effects of financial inclusion on the financial hardships in accessing healthcare in Saudi Arabia. Methods This study uses a nationally representative survey conducted with 1009 adults, using the 2017 World Bank Global Findex Study data. The study estimates the conditional probability of coming up with emergency funds and the conditional probability of borrowing for medical purposes to understand access to healthcare. A composite value is created for financial inclusion using several variables for individuals’ interactions with financial institutions, such as access to financial services and loans. Results The results revealed that financially included individuals have a higher conditional probability of both borrowing for medical purposes and coming up with emergency funds, compared to those who are financially excluded. Additionally, the study showed that individuals in low-income brackets are more likely to be financially excluded and have a reduced chance of coming up with emergency funds and borrowing for medical purposes. Conclusion These findings indicate that there is need for authorities to roll out a financial inclusion drive that will not only incentivise the financially excluded population to become included but that will also aim at promoting various financial products so that those who are already financially included have a wide range from which they can choose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi
- Department of Health Services and Hospital Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80200, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Tony Mwenda Kamninga
- Research and Policy Department, African Institute for Development Policy, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Laston Petro Manja
- Economics Department, Chancellor College, University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi
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Hetschko C, Schöb R, Wolf T. Income support, employment transitions and well-being. LABOUR ECONOMICS 2020; 66:101887. [PMID: 32834522 PMCID: PMC7363631 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2020.101887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Using specific panel data of German welfare benefit recipients, we investigate the non-pecuniary life satisfaction effects of in-work benefits. Our empirical strategy combines difference-in-difference designs with synthetic control groups to analyse transitions of workers between unemployment, regular employment and employment accompanied by welfare receipt. Working makes people generally better off than being unemployed but employed welfare recipients do not reach the life satisfaction level of regular employees. This implies that welfare receipt entails non-compliance with the norm to make one's own living. Our findings allow us to draw cautious conclusions on employment subsidies paid as welfare benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Hetschko
- University of Leeds, Economics Division, Maurice Keyworth Building, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Ronnie Schöb
- Freie Universität Berlin, School of Business & Economics, Boltzmannstraße 20, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Wolf
- Freie Universität Berlin, School of Business & Economics, Boltzmannstraße 20, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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Evaluation of an Implementation Intervention to Increase Reach of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies for PTSD in US Veterans Health Administration PTSD Clinics. ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2020; 48:450-463. [PMID: 32944814 DOI: 10.1007/s10488-020-01086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate an implementation intervention to increase the uptake, referred to as reach, of two evidence-based psychotherapies (EBP) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Veterans Health Administration (VHA) PTSD specialty clinics. The implementation intervention was external facilitation guided by a toolkit that bundled strategies associated with high EBP reach in prior research. We used a prospective quasi-experimental design. The facilitator worked with local champions at two low-reach PTSD clinics. Each intervention PTSD clinic was matched to three control clinics. We compared the change in EBP reach from 6-months pre- to post-intervention using Difference-in-Difference (DID) effect estimation. To incorporate possible clustering effects and adjust for imbalanced covariates, we used mixed effects logistic regression to model the probability of EBP receipt. Analyses were conducted separately for PTSD and other mental health clinics. 29,446 veterans diagnosed with PTSD received psychotherapy in the two intervention and six control sites in the two 6-month evaluation periods. The proportion of therapy patients with PTSD receiving an EBP increased by 16.98 percentage points in the intervention PTSD clinics compared with .45 percentage points in the control PTSD clinics (DID = 16.53%; SE = 2.26%). The adjusted odd ratio of a patient receiving an EBP from pre to post intervention was almost three times larger in the intervention than in the control PTSD clinics (RoR 2.90; 95% CI 2.22-3.80). EBP reach was largely unchanged in other (not PTSD specialty) mental health clinics within the same medical centers. Toolkit-guided external facilitation is a promising intervention to improve uptake of EBPs in VHA. Toolkits that pre-specify targets for clinic change based on prior research may enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of external facilitation. Trial registration ISRCTN registry identifier: ISRCTN65119065. Available at https://www.isrctn.com/search?q=ISRCTN65119065 .
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Berlin NL, Gulseren B, Nuliyalu U, Ryan AM. Target Prices Influence Hospital Participation And Shared Savings In Medicare Bundled Payment Program. Health Aff (Millwood) 2020; 39:1479-1485. [DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L. Berlin
- Nicholas L. Berlin is a National Clinician Scholar in the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation at the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Baris Gulseren
- Baris Gulseren is a health policy analyst in the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan
| | - Ushapoorna Nuliyalu
- Ushapoorna Nuliyalu is a statistician in the Center for Healthcare Outcomes and Policy, Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan
| | - Andrew M. Ryan
- Andrew M. Ryan is the UnitedHealthcare Professor of Health Care Management, Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan School of Public Health, and director of the Center for Evaluating Health Reform, University of Michigan
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Effects of Point-Of-Care Testing in General Practice for Type 2 Diabetes Patients on Ambulatory Visits and Hospitalizations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176185. [PMID: 32858923 PMCID: PMC7504504 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Point-of-care testing (POCT) of HbA1c means instant test results and more coherent counseling that is expected to improve diabetes management and affect ambulatory visits and hospitalizations. From late 2008, POCT has been implemented and adopted by a segment of the general practices in the capital region of Denmark. The aim of this study is to assess whether the introduction of POCT of HbA1c in general practice (GP) has affected patient outcomes for T2 diabetes patients in terms of hospital activity. We apply difference-in-differences models at the GP clinic level to assess the casual effects of POCT on the following hospital outcomes: (1) admissions for diabetes, (2) admissions for ambulatory care sensitive diabetes conditions (ACSCs), (3) ambulatory visits for diabetes. The use of POCT is remunerated by a fee, and registration of this fee is used to measure the GP’s use of POCT. The control group includes clinics from the same region that did not use POCT. The sensitivity of our results is assessed by an event study approach and a range of robustness tests. The panel data set includes 553 GP clinics and approximately 30,000 diabetes patients from the capital region of Denmark, observed in the years 2004–2012. We find that voluntary adoption of POCT of HbA1c in GP has no effect on hospital admissions and diabetes-related hospital ambulatory visits. Event study analysis and different treatment definitions confirm the robustness of these results. If implementation of POCT of HbA1c improves other parts of diabetes management as indicated in the literature, it seems worthwhile to implement POCT of HbA1c in the capital region of Denmark. However, doubts around the quality of POCT of HbA1c testing and a desire to capture data at central labs may prevent implementation of more value based HbA1c testing.
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Nazif-Munoz JI, Puello A, Williams A, Nandi A. Can a new emergency response system reduce traffic fatalities? The case of the 911-emergency response system in the Dominican Republic. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2020; 143:105513. [PMID: 32470640 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In May 2014, the Dominican Republic introduced the 911-emergency response system (ERS) in Santo Domingo. Before its introduction, more than 40 phone numbers were available to report emergencies. The objective of this work is to assess whether this new emergency response system was effective in reducing traffic fatalities. METHODS Weekly numbers of traffic fatalities per population and per vehicle fleet from January 2013 to December 2015 were obtained from the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Statistics. A hybrid time-series difference-in-difference analysis using multivariable negative binomial regression models were used to compare trends in rates of traffic fatalities in Santo Domingo to La Romana and Santiago, before and after the introduction of the 911-ERS. RESULTS Estimates from negative binomial models suggest that the introduction of the 911-ERS in Santo Domingo relative to Santiago-La Romana was associated with a 17% reduction in the Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) of traffic fatalities per 1 000 000 population (IRR = 0.83, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.67; 1.03) and with a 20% reduction in the IRR of weekly traffic fatalities per 1 000 000 vehicle fleet (IRR = 0.80, 95% CI:0.67; 0.99). DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that transitioning from multiple to one unique emergency phone number should be considered more attentively. Furthermore, the case of the Dominican Republic calls for more theoretical and methodological research to understand how to assess these road safety policies more accurately. Since various studies suggest that 911-ERS mature in the long run, how these systems evolve over time and other related variables should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Nazif-Munoz
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Canada; Department of Environmental Health-T. H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA.
| | - Adrián Puello
- Escuela De Salud Pública, Universidad Autónoma De Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Augusta Williams
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Canada
| | - Arijit Nandi
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Price S, Zhang X, Spencer A. Measuring the impact of national guidelines: What methods can be used to uncover time-varying effects for healthcare evaluations? Soc Sci Med 2020; 258:113021. [PMID: 32502834 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We examine the suitability of three methods using patient-level data to evaluate the time-varying impacts of national healthcare guidelines. Such guidelines often codify progressive change and are implemented gradually; for example, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) suspected-cancer referral guidelines. These were revised on June 23, 2015, to include more cancer symptoms and test results ("features"), partly reflecting changing practice. We explore the time-varying impact of guideline revision on time to colorectal cancer diagnosis, which is linked to improved outcomes in decision-analytic models. We included 11,842 patients diagnosed in 01/01/2006-31/12/2017 in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink with England cancer registry data linkage. Patients were classified by whether their first pre-diagnostic cancer feature was in the original guidelines (NICE-2005) or was added during the revision (NICE-2015-only). Outcome was diagnostic interval: time from first cancer feature to diagnosis. All analyses adjusted for age and sex. Two difference-in-differences analyses used either a Pre (01/08/2012-31/12/2014, n = 2243) and Post (01/08/2015-31/12/2017, n = 1017) design, or event-study cohorts (2006-2017 vs 2015) to estimate change in diagnostic interval attributable to official implementation of the revised guidelines. A semiparametric varying-coefficient model analysed the difference in diagnostic interval between the NICE groups over time. After model estimation, primary and broader treatment effects of guideline content and implementation were measured. The event-study difference-in-differences and the semiparametric varying-coefficient methods showed that shorter diagnostic intervals were attributable to official implementation of the revised guidelines. This impact was only detectable by pre-to-post difference-in-differences when the pre/post periods were selected according to the estimation results from the varying-coefficient model. Formal tests of the parametric models, which are special cases of the semiparametric model, suggest that they are misspecified. We conclude that the semiparametric method is well suited to explore the time-varying impacts of guidelines codifying progressive change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Price
- Cancer Diagnosis (DISCO) Group, College of Medicine and Health, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK.
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Economics, Exeter Business School, University of Exeter, Rennes Drives, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4PU, UK
| | - Anne Spencer
- Health Economics Group, College of Medicine and Health, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
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Liu L, Hou L, Yu Y, Liu X, Sun X, Yang F, Wang Q, Jing M, Xu Y, Li H, Xue F. A novel method for controlling unobserved confounding using double confounders. BMC Med Res Methodol 2020; 20:195. [PMID: 32698801 PMCID: PMC7374896 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-020-01049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controlling unobserved confounding still remains a great challenge in observational studies, and a series of strict assumptions of the existing methods usually may be violated in practice. Therefore, it is urgent to put forward a novel method. METHODS We are interested in the causal effect of an exposure on the outcome, which is always confounded by unobserved confounding. We show that, the causal effect of an exposure on a continuous or categorical outcome is nonparametrically identified through only two independent or correlated available confounders satisfying a non-linear condition on the exposure. Asymptotic theory and variance estimators are developed for each case. We also discuss an extension for more than two binary confounders. RESULTS The simulations show better estimation performance by our approach in contrast to the traditional regression approach adjusting for observed confounders. A real application is separately applied to assess the effects of Body Mass Index (BMI) on Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), Triglyceride (TG), Total Cholesterol (TC), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) with individuals in Shandong Province, China. Our results suggest that SBP increased 1.60 (95% CI: 0.99-2.93) mmol/L with per 1- kg/m2 higher BMI and DBP increased 0.37 (95% CI: 0.03-0.76) mmol/L with per 1- kg/m2 higher BMI. Moreover, 1- kg/m2 increase in BMI was causally associated with a 1.61 (95% CI: 0.96-2.97) mmol/L increase in TC, a 1.66 (95% CI: 0.91-55.30) mmol/L increase in TG and a 2.01 (95% CI: 1.09-4.31) mmol/L increase in LDL. However, BMI was not causally associated with HDL with effect value - 0.20 (95% CI: - 1.71-1.44). And, the effect value of FBG per 1- kg/m2 higher BMI was 0.56 (95% CI: - 0.24-2.18). CONCLUSIONS We propose a novel method to control unobserved confounders through double binary confounders satisfying a non-linear condition on the exposure which is easy to access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Hou
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhui Liu
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoru Sun
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Jing
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yeping Xu
- Synthesis Electronic Technology Co.Ltd, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongkai Li
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fuzhong Xue
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Boettiger DC, White JS. Cigarette Pack Prices and Sales Following Policy Changes in California, 2011-2018. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:1002-1005. [PMID: 32437272 PMCID: PMC7287537 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2020.305647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To estimate the combined effect of California's Tobacco 21 law (enacted June 2016) and $2-per-pack cigarette excise tax increase (enacted April 2017) on cigarette prices and sales, compared with matched comparator states.Methods. We used synthetic control methods to compare cigarette prices and sales after the policies were enacted, relative to what we would have expected without the policy reforms. To estimate the counterfactual, we matched pre-reform covariate and outcome trends between California and control states to construct a "synthetic" California.Results. Compared with the synthetic control in 2018, cigarette prices in California were $1.89 higher ($7.86 vs $5.97; P < .001), and cigarette sales were 16.6% lower (19.9 vs 16.6 packs per capita; P < .001). This reduction in sales equates to 153.9 million fewer packs being sold between 2017 and 2018.Conclusions. California's new cigarette tax was largely passed on to consumers. The new cigarette tax, combined with the Tobacco 21 law, have contributed to a rapid and substantial reduction in cigarette consumption in California.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Boettiger
- David C. Boettiger is with the Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, and the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. Justin S. White is with the Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Justin S White
- David C. Boettiger is with the Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, and the Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. Justin S. White is with the Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
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Krijestorac H, Garg R, Mahajan V. Cross-Platform Spillover Effects in Consumption of Viral Content: A Quasi-Experimental Analysis Using Synthetic Controls. INFORMATION SYSTEMS RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1287/isre.2019.0897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To inform product release and distribution strategies, research has analyzed cross-market spillovers in new product adoption. However, models that examine these effects for digital and viral media are still evolving. Given resistance to advertising, firms often seek to promote their own viral content to boost brand awareness. However, a key shortcoming of virality is its ephemeral nature. To gain insight into sustaining virality, we develop a quasi-experimental approach that estimates the backward spillover onto a focal platform by introducing a piece of content onto a new platform. We posit that introducing content to the audience of a new platform can generate word of mouth, which may affect its consumption within an earlier platform. We estimate these spillovers using data on 381 viral videos on 26 platforms (e.g., YouTube, Vimeo) and observe how consumption of videos on an initial “lead” platform is affected by their subsequent introduction onto “lag” platforms. This spillover is estimated as follows: for each multiplatform video, we compare its view growth after being introduced onto a new platform to that of a synthetic control based on similar single-platform videos. Analysis of 275 such spillover scenarios reveals that introducing a video onto a lag platform roughly doubles its subsequent view growth in the lead platform. This positive cross-platform spillover is persistent, bursty, and strongest in the first 42 days. We find that spillover is boosted when the video is consumed more in the lag platform, when the consumption rate peaks earlier in the lag platform, and when the lag platform targets a foreign market. Our findings suggest that firms can sustain the popularity of their viral content by introducing it onto additional platforms (e.g., Vimeo) after posting it on a focal platform (e.g., YouTube). As a result of their posting on the latter platforms, firms can expect subsequent view growth on the focal platform to roughly double. The aforementioned benefits persists for up to five lag platforms. Platforms should also consider that a positive cross-platform spillover may help platforms reinforce each other’s usage, rather than cannibalize each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Krijestorac
- McCombs School of Business, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78705
| | - Rajiv Garg
- McCombs School of Business, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78705
| | - Vijay Mahajan
- McCombs School of Business, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78705
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