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Robinson SR, Greenway FL, Deth RC, Fayet-Moore F. Effects of Different Cow-Milk Beta-Caseins on the Gut-Brain Axis: A Narrative Review of Preclinical, Animal, and Human Studies. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae099. [PMID: 39024213 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut and brain communicate through bidirectional neural, endocrine, and immune signals to coordinate central nervous system activity with gastrointestinal function. Dysregulated inflammation can promote immune cell activation and increase entero-endocrine signaling and intestinal permeability; hence, a functional gut-brain axis is necessary for a healthy digestive system. The consumption of milk products can lead to gut discomfort via effects on gastrointestinal tract function and the inflammatory state, which, in turn, affect the brain. A1 β-casein and A2 β-casein are major components of bovine-milk protein, and their digestion may result in different physiological effects following the consumption of milk products. Peptides derived from A1 β-casein, such as β-casomorphins, may increase gut dysfunction and inflammation, thereby modulating the availability of bioactive metabolites in the bloodstream and contribute to changes in cognitive function. This narrative review examines the functional interrelationships between the consumption of cow-milk-derived β-caseins and their effect on the brain, immune system, and the gut, which together comprise the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Robinson
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083 Victoria, Australia
| | - Frank L Greenway
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, United States
| | - Richard C Deth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, United States
| | - Flavia Fayet-Moore
- Department of Science, FOODiQ, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, 2258 New South Wales, Australia
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2
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Xie Y, Zhu H, Yuan Y, Guan X, Xie Q, Dong Z. Baseline gut microbiota profiles affect treatment response in patients with depression. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1429116. [PMID: 39021622 PMCID: PMC11251908 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1429116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of depression has been explored in numerous studies, which have confirmed that the baseline gut microbial profiles of patients with depression differ from those of healthy individuals. The gut microbiome affects metabolic activity in the immune and central nervous systems and regulates intestinal ecology through the neuroendocrine system. Additionally, baseline changes in the gut microbiota differed among patients with depression who demonstrated varying treatment response. Currently, probiotics are an emerging treatment for depression; however, the efficacy of modulating the gut microbiota in the treatment of depression remains uncertain. Additionally, the mechanisms by which changes in the gut microbiota affect treatment response in patients with depression remain unclear. In this review, we aimed to summarize the differences in the baseline gut microbiota between the remission and non-remission groups after antidepressant therapy. Additionally, we summarized the possible mechanisms that may contribute to antidepressant resistance through the effects of the gut microbiome on the immune and nervous systems, various enzymes, bioaccumulation, and blood-brain barrier, and provide a basis for treating depression by targeting the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjing Xie
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanwen Zhu
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuan Guan
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinglian Xie
- Department of Outpatient, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zaiquan Dong
- Department of Psychiatry and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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3
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Przewłócka K, Korewo-Labelle D, Berezka P, Karnia MJ, Kaczor JJ. Current Aspects of Selected Factors to Modulate Brain Health and Sports Performance in Athletes. Nutrients 2024; 16:1842. [PMID: 38931198 PMCID: PMC11206260 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review offers a comprehensive evaluation of current aspects related to nutritional strategies, brain modulation, and muscle recovery, focusing on their applications and the underlying mechanisms of physiological adaptation for promoting a healthy brain, not only in athletes but also for recreationally active and inactive individuals. We propose that applying the rule, among others, of good sleep, regular exercise, and a properly balanced diet, defined as "SPARKS", will have a beneficial effect on the function and regeneration processes of the gut-brain-muscle axis. However, adopting the formula, among others, of poor sleep, stress, overtraining, and dysbiosis, defined as "SMOULDER", will have a detrimental impact on the function of this axis and consequently on human health as well as on athletes. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for optimizing brain health and cognitive function. This review highlights the significance of these factors for overall well-being, suggesting that adopting the "SPARKS" approach may benefit not only athletes but also older adults and individuals with health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Przewłócka
- Division of Physiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Daria Korewo-Labelle
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Paweł Berezka
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland; (P.B.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Mateusz Jakub Karnia
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland; (P.B.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Jan Jacek Kaczor
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland; (P.B.); (M.J.K.)
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4
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Khoo SC, Zhang N, Luang-In V, Goh MS, Sonne C, Ma NL. Exploring environmental exposomes and the gut-brain nexus: Unveiling the impact of pesticide exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 250:118441. [PMID: 38350544 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
This review delves into the escalating concern of environmental pollutants and their profound impact on human health in the context of the modern surge in global diseases. The utilisation of chemicals in food production, which results in residues in food, has emerged as a major concern nowadays. By exploring the intricate relationship between environmental pollutants and gut microbiota, the study reveals a dynamic bidirectional interplay, as modifying microbiota profile influences metabolic pathways and subsequent brain functions. This review will first provide an overview of potential exposomes and their effect to gut health. This paper is then emphasis the connection of gut brain function by analysing microbiome markers with neurotoxicity responses. We then take pesticide as example of exposome to elucidate their influence to biomarkers biosynthesis pathways and subsequent brain functions. The interconnection between neuroendocrine and neuromodulators elements and the gut-brain axis emerges as a pivotal factor in regulating mental health and brain development. Thus, manipulation of gut microbiota function at the onset of stress may offer a potential avenue for the prevention and treatment for mental disorder and other neurodegenerative illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing Ching Khoo
- Biological Security and Sustainability (BioSES) Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Nan Zhang
- Synerk Biotech, BioBay, Suzhou, 215000, China; Neuroscience Program, Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Vijitra Luang-In
- Natural Antioxidant Innovation Research Unit, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Khamriang, Kantharawichai, Mahasarakham, 44150, Thailand
| | - Meng Shien Goh
- Biological Security and Sustainability (BioSES) Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Danish Centre for Environment and Energy (DCE), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Nyuk Ling Ma
- Biological Security and Sustainability (BioSES) Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Center for Global Health Research (CGHR), Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
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5
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Sykes DJ, Solanki S, Chukkapalli S, Williams K, Newman EA, Resnicow K, Shah YM. Structural enrichment attenuates colitis-associated colon cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.13.580099. [PMID: 38405737 PMCID: PMC10888747 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.13.580099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major public health concern and disproportionately impacts racial/ethnic minority populations in the US. Animal models are helpful in examining human health disparities because many stress-induced human health conditions can be recapitulated using mouse models. Azoxymethane (AOM)/ dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treatment can be used to model colitis-associated cancers. While colitis-associated cancers account for only 2% of colon cancers, the AOM/DSS model is useful for examining links between inflammation, immunity, and colon cancer. Mice were housed in enriched and impoverished environments for 1-month prior to behavioral testing. Following behavioral testing the mice were subjected to the AOM/DSS model. While our analysis revealed no significant behavioral variances between the impoverished and enriched housing conditions, we found significant effects in tumorigenesis. Enriched mice had fewer tumors and smaller tumor volumes compared to impoverished mice. African Americans are at higher risk for early onset colorectal cancers in part due to social economic status. Furthermore, housing conditions and environment may reflect social economic status. Research aimed at understanding links between social economic status and colorectal cancer progression is important for eliminating disparities in health outcomes.
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Ramos-Nascimento A, Grenga L, Haange SB, Himmelmann A, Arndt FS, Ly YT, Miotello G, Pible O, Jehmlich N, Engelmann B, von Bergen M, Mulder E, Frings-Meuthen P, Hellweg CE, Jordan J, Rolle-Kampczyk U, Armengaud J, Moeller R. Human gut microbiome and metabolite dynamics under simulated microgravity. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2259033. [PMID: 37749878 PMCID: PMC10524775 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2259033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Artificial Gravity Bed Rest - European Space Agency (AGBRESA) study was the first joint bed rest study by ESA, DLR, and NASA that examined the effect of simulated weightlessness on the human body and assessed the potential benefits of artificial gravity as a countermeasure in an analog of long-duration spaceflight. In this study, we investigated the impact of simulated microgravity on the gut microbiome of 12 participants during a 60-day head-down tilt bed rest at the :envihab facilities. Over 60 days of simulated microgravity resulted in a mild change in the gut microbiome, with distinct microbial patterns and pathway expression in the feces of the countermeasure group compared to the microgravity simulation-only group. Additionally, we found that the countermeasure protocols selectively increased the abundance of beneficial short-chain fatty acids in the gut, such as acetate, butyrate, and propionate. Some physiological signatures also included the modulation of taxa reported to be either beneficial or opportunistic, indicating a mild adaptation in the microbiome network balance. Our results suggest that monitoring the gut microbial catalog along with pathway clustering and metabolite profiling is an informative synergistic strategy to determine health disturbances and the outcome of countermeasure protocols for future space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ramos-Nascimento
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Cologne, Germany
| | - Lucia Grenga
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Sven-Bastiaan Haange
- Department of Metabolomics, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexandra Himmelmann
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Cologne, Germany
| | - Franca Sabine Arndt
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Cologne, Germany
| | - Yen-Tran Ly
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Cologne, Germany
| | - Guylaine Miotello
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Olivier Pible
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Department of Metabolomics, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beatrice Engelmann
- Department of Metabolomics, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Metabolomics, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Edwin Mulder
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Cologne, Germany
| | - Petra Frings-Meuthen
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Jens Jordan
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrike Rolle-Kampczyk
- Department of Metabolomics, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Ralf Moeller
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Cologne, Germany
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7
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Vitetta L, Bambling M, Strodl E. Probiotics and Commensal Bacteria Metabolites Trigger Epigenetic Changes in the Gut and Influence Beneficial Mood Dispositions. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1334. [PMID: 37317308 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of the intestinal microbiome on the gut-brain axis has received considerable attention, strengthening the evidence that intestinal bacteria influence emotions and behavior. The colonic microbiome is important to health and the pattern of composition and concentration varies extensively in complexity from birth to adulthood. That is, host genetics and environmental factors are complicit in shaping the development of the intestinal microbiome to achieve immunological tolerance and metabolic homeostasis from birth. Given that the intestinal microbiome perseveres to maintain gut homeostasis throughout the life cycle, epigenetic actions may determine the effect on the gut-brain axis and the beneficial outcomes on mood. Probiotics are postulated to exhibit a range of positive health benefits including immunomodulating capabilities. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are genera of bacteria found in the intestines and so far, the benefits afforded by ingesting bacteria such as these as probiotics to people with mood disorders have varied in efficacy. Most likely, the efficacy of probiotic bacteria at improving mood has a multifactorial dependency, relying namely on several factors that include the agents used, the dose, the pattern of dosing, the pharmacotherapy used, the characteristics of the host and the underlying luminal microbial environment (e.g., gut dysbiosis). Clarifying the pathways linking probiotics with improvements in mood may help identify the factors that efficacy is dependent upon. Adjunctive therapies with probiotics for mood disorders could, through DNA methylation molecular mechanisms, augment the intestinal microbial active cohort and endow its mammalian host with important and critical co-evolutionary redox signaling metabolic interactions, that are embedded in bacterial genomes, and that in turn can enhance beneficial mood dispositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Vitetta
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2005, Australia
| | - Matthew Bambling
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Esben Strodl
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4058, Australia
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Ullah H, Khan A, Rengasamy KRR, Di Minno A, Sacchi R, Daglia M. The Efficacy of S-Adenosyl Methionine and Probiotic Supplementation on Depression: A Synergistic Approach. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132751. [PMID: 35807931 PMCID: PMC9268496 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common and serious health issue affecting around 280 million people around the world. Suicidal ideation more frequently occurs in people with moderate to severe depression. Psychotherapy and pharmacological drugs are the mainstay of available treatment options for depressive disorders. However, pharmacological options do not offer complete cure, especially in moderate to severe depression, and are often seen with a range of adverse events. S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) supplementation has been widely studied, and an impressive collection of literature published over the last few decades suggests its antidepressant efficacy. Probiotics have gained significant attention due to their wide array of clinical uses, and multiple studies have explored the link between probiotic species and mood disorders. Gut dysbiosis is one of the risk factors in depression by inducing systemic inflammation accompanied by an imbalance in neurotransmitter production. Thus, concomitant administration of probiotics may be an effective treatment strategy in patients with depressed mood, particularly in resistant cases, as these can aid in dysbiosis, possibly resulting in the attenuation of systemic inflammatory processes and the improvement of the therapeutic efficacy of SAMe. The current review highlights the therapeutic roles of SAMe and probiotics in depression, their mechanistic targets, and their possible synergistic effects and may help in the development of food supplements consisting of a combination of SAMe and probiotics with new dosage forms that may improve their bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (H.U.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Ayesha Khan
- Department of Medicine, Combined Military Hospital Nowshera, Nowshera 24110, Pakistan;
| | - Kannan R. R. Rengasamy
- Centre for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600077, India;
| | - Alessandro Di Minno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (H.U.); (A.D.M.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Sacchi
- Applied Statistic Unit, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 24, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (H.U.); (A.D.M.)
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-678644
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9
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Farooq RK, Alamoudi W, Alhibshi A, Rehman S, Sharma AR, Abdulla FA. Varied Composition and Underlying Mechanisms of Gut Microbiome in Neuroinflammation. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040705. [PMID: 35456757 PMCID: PMC9032006 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome has been implicated in a host of bodily functions and their regulation, including brain development and cognition. Neuroinflammation is a relatively newer piece of the puzzle and is implicated in the pathogenesis of many neurological disorders. The microbiome of the gut may alter the inflammatory signaling inside the brain through the secretion of short-chain fatty acids, controlling the availability of amino acid tryptophan and altering vagal activation. Studies in Korea and elsewhere highlight a strong link between microbiome dynamics and neurocognitive states, including personality. For these reasons, re-establishing microbial flora of the gut looks critical for keeping neuroinflammation from putting the whole system aflame through probiotics and allotransplantation of the fecal microbiome. However, the numerosity of the microbiome remains a challenge. For this purpose, it is suggested that wherever possible, a fecal microbial auto-transplant may prove more effective. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of the microbiome in neuroinflammation and the various mechanism involved in this process. As an example, we have also discussed the autism spectrum disorder and the implication of neuroinflammation and microbiome in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rai Khalid Farooq
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (W.A.); (A.A.); (F.A.A.)
- Correspondence: (R.K.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Widyan Alamoudi
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (W.A.); (A.A.); (F.A.A.)
| | - Amani Alhibshi
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (W.A.); (A.A.); (F.A.A.)
| | - Suriya Rehman
- Department of Epidemic Diseases Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (R.K.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si 24252, Gangwon-do, Korea;
| | - Fuad A. Abdulla
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (W.A.); (A.A.); (F.A.A.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 2435, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Kobek-Kjeldager C, Schönherz AA, Canibe N, Pedersen LJ. Diet and microbiota-gut-brain axis in relation to tail biting in pigs: A review. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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11
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Exploring the Role of Nutraceuticals in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): Rationale, State of the Art and Future Prospects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080821. [PMID: 34451918 PMCID: PMC8399392 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex and common disorder, with many factors involved in its onset and development. The clinical management of this condition is frequently based on the use of some pharmacological antidepressant agents, together with psychotherapy and other alternatives in most severe cases. However, an important percentage of depressed patients fail to respond to the use of conventional therapies. This has created the urgency of finding novel approaches to help in the clinical management of those individuals. Nutraceuticals are natural compounds contained in food with proven benefits either in health promotion or disease prevention and therapy. A growing interest and economical sources are being placed in the development and understanding of multiple nutraceutical products. Here, we summarize some of the most relevant nutraceutical agents evaluated in preclinical and clinical models of depression. In addition, we will also explore less frequent but interest nutraceutical products which are starting to be tested, also evaluating future roads to cover in order to maximize the benefits of nutraceuticals in MDD.
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LC R, EM B, DB H, H S, AR P. A pilot randomized controlled trial testing supplements of omega-3 fatty acids, probiotics, combination or placebo on symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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13
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Scassellati C, Marizzoni M, Cattane N, Lopizzo N, Mombelli E, Riva MA, Cattaneo A. The Complex Molecular Picture of Gut and Oral Microbiota-Brain-Depression System: What We Know and What We Need to Know. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:722335. [PMID: 34819883 PMCID: PMC8607517 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.722335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex mental disorder where the neurochemical, neuroendocrine, immune, and metabolic systems are impaired. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a bidirectional network where the central and enteric nervous systems are linked through the same endocrine, immune, neural, and metabolic routes dysregulated in MDD. Thus, gut-brain axis abnormalities in MDD patients may, at least in part, account for the symptomatic features associated with MDD. Recent investigations have suggested that the oral microbiome also plays a key role in this complex molecular picture of relationships. As on one hand there is a lot of what we know and on the other hand little of what we still need to know, we structured this review focusing, in the first place, on putting all pieces of this complex puzzle together, underlying the endocrine, immune, oxidative stress, neural, microbial neurotransmitters, and metabolites molecular interactions and systems lying at the base of gut microbiota (GM)-brain-depression interphase. Then, we focused on promising but still under-explored areas of research strictly linked to the GM and potentially involved in MDD development: (i) the interconnection of GM with oral microbiome that can influence the neuroinflammation-related processes and (ii) gut phageome (bacteria-infecting viruses). As conclusions and future directions, we discussed potentiality but also pitfalls, roadblocks, and the gaps to be bridged in this exciting field of research. By the development of a broader knowledge of the biology associated with MDD, with the inclusion of the gut/oral microbiome, we can accelerate the growth toward a better global health based on precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Scassellati
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, Istituto di Recupero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Moira Marizzoni
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, Istituto di Recupero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,Laboratory of Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Epidemiology, Istituto di Recupero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nadia Cattane
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, Istituto di Recupero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Lopizzo
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, Istituto di Recupero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Mombelli
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, Istituto di Recupero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Andrea Riva
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, Istituto di Recupero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cattaneo
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, Istituto di Recupero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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14
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Bloomer RJ, Butawan M, van der Merwe M, Keating FH. An Assessment of the Glyconutrient Ambrotose™ on Immunity, Gut Health, and Safety in Men and Women: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061751. [PMID: 32545396 PMCID: PMC7353283 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Certain dietary fibers have been reported to improve gut health and cellular immunity. Ambrotose is a glyconutrient supplement that contains mannose-rich polysaccharides (acemannan), reported to improve immune function. A more nutrient-dense version of this dietary supplement has been developed recently, with added aloe leaf gel powder (acemannan). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the traditional and newly developed Ambrotose products on immunity, gut health, and psychological well-being in healthy men and women. Methods: Seventy-five men and women were randomly assigned in double-blind manner to one of five treatments, as follows: Ambrotose Advanced (AA) at 2 or 4 g daily, Ambrotose LIFE (AL) at 2 or 4 g daily, or placebo. Subjects ingested their assigned treatment daily for eight weeks. Resting heart rate, blood pressure, and measures of psychological well-being were analyzed before and after four and eight weeks of supplementation. Blood samples were collected at the same times and analyzed for zonulin, hematology measures, and cytokines—IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, and TNF-α (analyzed both with and without stimulation via lipopolysaccharide [LPS]). Results: All Ambrotose treatments were well-tolerated. There were no differences among treatments in heart rate or blood pressure across time. Self-reported well-being scores were generally higher for the Ambrotose treatments but there were no changes of statistical significance across time (p > 0.05). Differences of statistical significance were noted for select biochemical variables, the most notable being a dramatic decrease in monocytes in the Ambrotose groups. No change was noted in the cytokine response to LPS stimulation in all groups, indicating a maintenance of a healthy immune response. Conclusion:Regular supplementation with Ambrotose is safe and can improve subclinical cellular adversity (as evidenced by a decrease in monocytes), without unnecessary activation of an immune response.
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15
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Wang HW, Miao CY, Liu J, Zhang Y, Zhu SQ, Zhou BH. Fluoride-induced rectal barrier damage and microflora disorder in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:7596-7607. [PMID: 31885060 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal microflora plays a key role in maintaining the homeostasis between immune and host health. Here, we reported the fluoride-induced changes of rectal structure and microflora in mice. The morphology of rectal tissue was observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The rectal development parameters (the thickness of mucosa, intestinal gland and muscle layer) were evaluated. The proliferation of rectal epithelial cells was evaluated via BrdU labeling. The distribution of goblet, glycoprotein and mast cell were evaluated by specific staining. Rectal microflora was detected using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the rectal structure was seriously damaged and the proliferation of rectal epithelial cells was significantly inhibited by fluoride. The distribution of goblet cells, glycoprotein and mast cells decreased significantly after fluoride exposure. The relative richness of microfloras was changed after fluoride treatment, such as increased Bacteroidetes and decreased Firmicutes. In summary, this study indicated that excessive fluoride damages the intestinal structure, disturbs the intestinal micro-ecology and causes intestinal microflora disorder in mice. Findings mentioned in the present study enrich a new scope for elucidating fluoride toxicity from intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Yi Miao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Quan Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bian-Hua Zhou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Jäger R, Mohr AE, Carpenter KC, Kerksick CM, Purpura M, Moussa A, Townsend JR, Lamprecht M, West NP, Black K, Gleeson M, Pyne DB, Wells SD, Arent SM, Smith-Ryan AE, Kreider RB, Campbell BI, Bannock L, Scheiman J, Wissent CJ, Pane M, Kalman DS, Pugh JN, ter Haar JA, Antonio J. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Probiotics. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:62. [PMID: 31864419 PMCID: PMC6925426 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Position statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review of the mechanisms and use of probiotic supplementation to optimize the health, performance, and recovery of athletes. Based on the current available literature, the conclusions of the ISSN are as follows: 1)Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host (FAO/WHO).2)Probiotic administration has been linked to a multitude of health benefits, with gut and immune health being the most researched applications.3)Despite the existence of shared, core mechanisms for probiotic function, health benefits of probiotics are strain- and dose-dependent.4)Athletes have varying gut microbiota compositions that appear to reflect the activity level of the host in comparison to sedentary people, with the differences linked primarily to the volume of exercise and amount of protein consumption. Whether differences in gut microbiota composition affect probiotic efficacy is unknown.5)The main function of the gut is to digest food and absorb nutrients. In athletic populations, certain probiotics strains can increase absorption of key nutrients such as amino acids from protein, and affect the pharmacology and physiological properties of multiple food components.6)Immune depression in athletes worsens with excessive training load, psychological stress, disturbed sleep, and environmental extremes, all of which can contribute to an increased risk of respiratory tract infections. In certain situations, including exposure to crowds, foreign travel and poor hygiene at home, and training or competition venues, athletes' exposure to pathogens may be elevated leading to increased rates of infections. Approximately 70% of the immune system is located in the gut and probiotic supplementation has been shown to promote a healthy immune response. In an athletic population, specific probiotic strains can reduce the number of episodes, severity and duration of upper respiratory tract infections.7)Intense, prolonged exercise, especially in the heat, has been shown to increase gut permeability which potentially can result in systemic toxemia. Specific probiotic strains can improve the integrity of the gut-barrier function in athletes.8)Administration of selected anti-inflammatory probiotic strains have been linked to improved recovery from muscle-damaging exercise.9)The minimal effective dose and method of administration (potency per serving, single vs. split dose, delivery form) of a specific probiotic strain depends on validation studies for this particular strain. Products that contain probiotics must include the genus, species, and strain of each live microorganism on its label as well as the total estimated quantity of each probiotic strain at the end of the product's shelf life, as measured by colony forming units (CFU) or live cells.10)Preclinical and early human research has shown potential probiotic benefits relevant to an athletic population that include improved body composition and lean body mass, normalizing age-related declines in testosterone levels, reductions in cortisol levels indicating improved responses to a physical or mental stressor, reduction of exercise-induced lactate, and increased neurotransmitter synthesis, cognition and mood. However, these potential benefits require validation in more rigorous human studies and in an athletic population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex E. Mohr
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ USA
| | | | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO USA
| | | | - Adel Moussa
- University of Münster, Department of Physics Education, Münster, Germany
| | - Jeremy R. Townsend
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Manfred Lamprecht
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nicholas P. West
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute of QLD, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Katherine Black
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael Gleeson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - David B. Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617 Australia
| | | | - Shawn M. Arent
- UofSC Sport Science Lab, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC USA
| | - Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Bill I. Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Douglas S. Kalman
- Scientific Affairs. Nutrasource Diagnostics, Inc. Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada
| | - Jamie N. Pugh
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Jose Antonio
- Exercise and Sport Science, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL USA
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17
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Altered gut microbiota and intestinal permeability in Parkinson’s disease: Pathological highlight to management. Neurosci Lett 2019; 712:134516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Chen J, Vitetta L. Mitochondria could be a potential key mediator linking the intestinal microbiota to depression. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:17-24. [PMID: 31385365 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota has been reported to affect depression, a common mental condition with severe health-related consequences. However, what mediates the effect of the intestinal microbiota on depression has not been well elucidated. We summarize the roles of the mitochondria in eliciting beneficial effects on the gut microbiota to ameliorate symptoms of depression. It is well known that mitochondria play a key role in depression. An important pathogenic factor, namely inflammatory response, may adversely impact mitochondrial functionality to maintain cellular homeostasis. Dysfunction of mitochondria not only affects neuronal function but also reduces neuron cell numbers. We posit that the intestinal microbiota could affect neuronal mitochondrial function through short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate. Brain inflammatory processes could also be affected through the modulation of gut permeability and blood lipopolysaccharide levels. Aberrant mitochondria functionality coupled to adverse cellular homeostasis could be a key mediator for the effect of the intestinal microbiota on the progression of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Vitetta
- Medlab Clinical Ltd, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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19
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Ludwig RJ, Welch MG. Darwin's Other Dilemmas and the Theoretical Roots of Emotional Connection. Front Psychol 2019; 10:683. [PMID: 31031667 PMCID: PMC6473325 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern scientific theories of emotional behavior, almost without exception, trace their origin to Charles Darwin, and his publications On the Origin of Species (1859) and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). The most famous dilemma Darwin acknowledged as a challenge to his theory of evolution through natural selection was the incomplete Sub-Cambrian fossil record. However, Darwin struggled with two other rarely referenced theoretical and scientific dilemmas that confounded his theories about emotional behavior. These included (1) the origin of social instincts (e.g., altruism, empathy, reciprocity and cooperation) and the reasons for their conservation in evolution and (2) the peripheral control of heart rate vis-à-vis emotional behavior outside of consciousness. Darwin acknowledged that social instincts are critical to the survival of some species, but had difficulty aligning them with his theory of natural selection in humans. Darwin eventually proposed that heart rate and emotions are controlled via one's intellect and cortical mechanisms, and that instinctive behavior is genetically programmed and inherited. Despite ongoing efforts, these two theoretical dilemmas are debated to this day. Simple testable hypotheses have yet to emerge for the biological mechanisms underlying instinctive behavior or the way heart rate is controlled in infants. In this paper, we review attempts to resolve these issues over the past 160 years. We posit that research and theories that supported Darwin's individualistic brain-centric and genetic model have become an "orthodox" Western view of emotional behavior, one that produced the prevailing behavioral construct of attachment as developed by John Bowlby. We trace research and theories that challenged this orthodoxy at various times, and show how these challenges were repeatedly overlooked, rejected, or misinterpreted. We review two new testable theories, emotional connection theory and calming cycle theory, which we argue resolve the two dilemmas We show emerging scientific evidence from physiology and a wide variety of other fields, as well from clinical trials among prematurely born infants, that supports the two theories. Clinical implications of the new theories and possible new ways to assess risk and intervene in emotional, behavioral and developmental disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Ludwig
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Martha G. Welch
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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20
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Smith-Ryan AE, Mock MG, Trexler ET, Hirsch KR, Blue MNM. Influence of a multistrain probiotic on body composition and mood in female occupational shift workers. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 44:765-773. [PMID: 30566363 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to investigate the effects of a multistrain probiotic on body composition, regional adiposity, and a series of associated metabolic health outcomes. Female health care workers employed on a rotating-shift schedule (n = 41) completed baseline anthropometric assessments; a fasted blood draw; questionnaires to assess anxiety, depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), and fatigue (Chalder Fatigue Survey); and an exercise fatigue test. Identical post-tests occurred following 6 weeks of daily supplementation with placebo (PLA) or probiotics (2.5 × 109 CFU/g) containing 9 bacterial strains (PRO; Ecologic Barrier) combined with a prebiotic carrier matrix. PRO attenuated fat mass increases (change (Δ), 0.14 kg; confidence interval (CI) -0.46 to 0.75 kg) compared with PLA (Δ, 0.79 kg; CI 0.03-1.54 kg), whereas modest reductions in visceral adiposity resulted for both PRO and PLA. Metabolic biomarkers (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, glucose, adiponectin, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, leptin) were not influenced by either treatment (p > 0.05). Nonsignificant, but potentially clinically relevant, improvements in anxiety (Δ, -2.3 ± 2.63) and fatigue (Δ, -4.8 ± 5.5) were observed with PRO; exercise performance was unaffected. Results indicate a potential protective effect of probiotics against fat mass gain. Probiotics may alleviate anxiety and fatigue in shift-working females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- a Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,b Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Meredith G Mock
- a Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eric T Trexler
- a Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,b Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Katie R Hirsch
- a Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,b Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Malia N M Blue
- a Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,b Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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21
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Farioli Vecchioli S, Sacchetti S, Nicolis di Robilant V, Cutuli D. The Role of Physical Exercise and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Depressive Illness in the Elderly. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:308-326. [PMID: 28901279 PMCID: PMC5843982 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170912113852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In adulthood, depression is the most common type of mental illness and will be the second leading cause of disease by 2020. Major depression dramatically affects the function of the central nervous system and degrades the quality of life, especially in old age. Several mechanisms underlie the pathophysiology of depressive illness, since it has a multifactorial etiology. Human and an-imal studies have demonstrated that depression is mainly associated with imbalances in neurotransmitters and neurotrophins, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis alterations, brain volume changes, neurogenesis dysfunction, and dysregulation of in-flammatory pathways. Also the gut microbiota may influence mental health outcomes. Although depression is not a consequence of normal aging, depressive disorders are common in later life, even if often undi-agnosed or mis-diagnosed in old age. When untreated, depression reduces life expectancy, worsens medical illnesses, en-hances health care costs and is the primary cause of suicide among older people. To date, the underpinnings of depression in the elderly are still to be understood, and the pharmacological treatment is the most commonly used therapy. Objective: Since a sedentary lifestyle and poor eating habits have recently emerged as crucial contributors to the genesis and course of depression, in the present review, we have focused on the effects of physical activity and omega-3 fatty acids on depressive illness in the elderly. Results: A growing literature indicates that both exercise and dietary interventions can promote mental health throughout one’s lifespan. Conclusion: There thus emerges the awareness that an active lifestyle and a balanced diet may constitute valid low-cost pre-vention strategies to counteract depressive illness in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Farioli Vecchioli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Sacchetti
- Laboratory of Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - V Nicolis di Robilant
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR/Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Debora Cutuli
- Laboratory of Experimental and Behavioral Neurophysiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University Sapienza of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
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22
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The Brain-Intestinal Mucosa-Appendix- Microbiome-Brain Loop. Diseases 2018; 6:diseases6020023. [PMID: 29614774 PMCID: PMC6023457 DOI: 10.3390/diseases6020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain and the gut are connected from early fetal life. The mother's exposure to microbial molecules is thought to exert in utero developmental effects on the fetus. These effects could importantly underpin the groundwork for subsequent pathophysiological mechanisms for achieving immunological tolerance and metabolic equilibrium post birth, events that continue through to 3-4 years of age. Furthermore, it is understood that the microbiome promotes cues that instruct the neonate's mucosal tissues and skin in the language of molecular and cellular biology. Post birth mucosal lymphoid tissue formation and maturation (most probably including the vermiform appendix) is microbiota-encouraged co-establishing the intestinal microbiome with a developing immune system. Intestinal mucosal tissue maturation loops the brain-gut-brain and is postulated to influence mood dispositions via shifts in the intestinal microbiome phyla. A plausible appreciation is that dysregulated pro-inflammatory signals from intestinal resident macrophages could breach the loop by providing adverse mood signals via vagus nerve afferents to the brain. In this commentary, we further suggest that the intestinal resident macrophages act as an upstream traffic controller of translocated microbes and metabolites in order to maintain local neuro-endocrine-immunological equilibrium. When macrophages are overwhelmed through intestinal microbiome and intestinal epithelial cell dysbiosis, pro-inflammatory signals are sustained, which may then lead to mood disorders. The administration of probiotics as an adjunctive medicine co-administered with antidepressant medications in improving depressed mood may have biological and clinical standing.
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23
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Tzeng NS, Chung CH, Lin FH, Huang CF, Yeh CB, Huang SY, Lu RB, Chang HA, Kao YC, Yeh HW, Chiang WS, Chou YC, Tsao CH, Wu YF, Chien WC. Magnesium oxide use and reduced risk of dementia: a retrospective, nationwide cohort study in Taiwan. Curr Med Res Opin 2018; 34:163-169. [PMID: 28952385 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2017.1385449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dietary magnesium may be associated with a lower risk of dementia; however, the impact of magnesium oxide (MgO), a common laxative, on dementia has yet to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the association between the usage of MgO and the risk of developing dementia. METHODS We used a dataset from the National Health Research Institute Database (NHRID) of Taiwan containing one million randomly sampled subjects to identify patients aged ≥50 years with no history of MgO usage. A total of 1547 patients who had used MgO were enrolled, along with 4641 controls who had not used the MgO propensity score matched by age, gender and comorbidity, at a ratio of 1:3. After adjusting for confounding risk factors, a Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare the risk of developing dementia during a 10 year follow-up period. RESULTS Of the enrolled patients, 44 (2.84%) developed dementia, when compared to 199 (4.28%) in the control group. The Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that the patients who had used MgO were less likely to develop dementia with a crude hazard ratio of 0.617 (95% CI, 0.445-0.856, p = .004). After adjusting for age, gender, comorbidity, geographical area and urbanization level of residence, and monthly income, the adjusted hazard ratio was 0.517 (95% CI, 0.412-0.793, p = .001). CONCLUSIONS The patients who used MgO had a decreased risk of developing dementia. Further studies on the effects of MgO in reducing the risk of dementia are therefore warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian-Sheng Tzeng
- a Department of Psychiatry , Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
- b Student Counseling Center , National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Chi-Hsiang Chung
- c Taiwanese Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Association , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
- d School of Public Health , National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Fu-Huang Lin
- d School of Public Health , National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Ching-Feng Huang
- e Division of Gastroenterology, Children's Medical Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital
- f School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University
- g Department of Pediatrics , Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Chin-Bin Yeh
- a Department of Psychiatry , Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
- h Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences , National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
| | - San-Yuan Huang
- a Department of Psychiatry , Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
- h Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences , National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Ru-Band Lu
- a Department of Psychiatry , Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
- h Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences , National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
- i Division of Clinical Psychology , Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan , ROC
- j Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine , National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan , ROC
- k Institute of Behavioral Medicine , College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan , ROC
- l Department of Psychiatry , National Cheng Kung University Hospital , Tainan , Taiwan , ROC
- m Center for Neuropsychiatric Research , National Health Research Institute , Zhunan, Miaoli County , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Hsin-An Chang
- a Department of Psychiatry , Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
- b Student Counseling Center , National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Yu-Chen Kao
- a Department of Psychiatry , Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
- n Department of Psychiatry , Tri-Service General Hospital, Song-Shan Branch, National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Hui-Wen Yeh
- a Department of Psychiatry , Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
- o Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology , National Chiao Tung University , Hsin-Chu , Taiwan , ROC
- p Department of Nursing , Tri-Service General Hospital, and School of Nursing, National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Wei-Shan Chiang
- a Department of Psychiatry , Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
- q Department and Institute of Mathematics , Tamkang University , New Taipei City , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Yu-Ching Chou
- d School of Public Health , National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Chang-Huei Tsao
- r Department of Medical Research , Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
- s Department of Microbiology & Immunology , National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Yung-Fu Wu
- r Department of Medical Research , Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Wu-Chien Chien
- d School of Public Health , National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
- r Department of Medical Research , Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center , Taipei , Taiwan , ROC
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24
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Abstract
Humans have over 100 trillion bacteria, highly abundant in the intestinal tract. Evidence suggests that intestinal microbiota is associated with the neuro-endocrine-immune pathways and can be associated with various mood disorders. This review summarizes findings from studies looking into neurobiochemical, neuroendocrine, and neuroimmune system mechanisms of the gut-brain axis to determine the relationship between intestinal microbiota and mood disorders. The effect of prebiotics, probiotics and antibiotics on mood disorders are also discussed, with the aim to propose some new therapeutic strategies for mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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25
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A combination of probiotics and magnesium orotate attenuate depression in a small SSRI resistant cohort: an intestinal anti-inflammatory response is suggested. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 25:271-274. [PMID: 28155119 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Approximately, one-third of those who develop major depression will have a poor response to treatment and over time can become treatment resistant. Intestinal dysbiosis has been implicated in depression with systemic inflammation and vagal and enteric nerve impairment. We report on a sequel pilot study (n = 12) with a combination probiotics/magnesium orotate formulation adjuvant administered with SSRIs for treatment resistant depression. At the end of an 8-week intervention mean changes for depression scores and quality of life in the group was clinically significantly improved (p < 0.001) with all but 4 participants experiencing a benefit. An intestinal anti-inflammatory response was suggested. At 16-weeks follow-up while still on SSRI medications, the group had relapsed after cessation of the test intervention.
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26
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Sobol CV, Belostotskaya GB. Product fermented by Lactobacilli induces changes in intracellular calcium dynamics in rat brain neurons. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s199074781505013x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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Vitetta L, Hall S, Coulson S. Metabolic Interactions in the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT): Host, Commensal, Probiotics, and Bacteriophage Influences. Microorganisms 2015; 3:913-32. [PMID: 27682125 PMCID: PMC5023274 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms3040913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Life on this planet has been intricately associated with bacterial activity at all levels of evolution and bacteria represent the earliest form of autonomous existence. Plants such as those from the Leguminosae family that form root nodules while harboring nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria are a primordial example of symbiotic existence. Similarly, cooperative activities between bacteria and animals can also be observed in multiple domains, including the most inhospitable geographical regions of the planet such as Antarctica and the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park. In humans bacteria are often classified as either beneficial or pathogenic and in this regard we posit that this artificial nomenclature is overly simplistic and as such almost misinterprets the complex activities and inter-relationships that bacteria have with the environment as well as the human host and the plethora of biochemical activities that continue to be identified. We further suggest that in humans there are neither pathogenic nor beneficial bacteria, just bacteria embraced by those that tolerate the host and those that do not. The densest and most complex association exists in the human gastrointestinal tract, followed by the oral cavity, respiratory tract, and skin, where bacteria—pre- and post-birth—instruct the human cell in the fundamental language of molecular biology that normally leads to immunological tolerance over a lifetime. The overall effect of this complex output is the elaboration of a beneficial milieu, an environment that is of equal or greater importance than the bacterium in maintaining homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Vitetta
- Medlab Clinical Ltd., Sydney 2015 Australia.
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.
| | - Sean Hall
- Medlab Clinical Ltd., Sydney 2015 Australia.
| | - Samantha Coulson
- Medlab Clinical Ltd., Sydney 2015 Australia.
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.
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28
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Abstract
Genetic and environmental studies implicate immune pathologies in schizophrenia. The body's largest immune organ is the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Historical associations of GI conditions with mental illnesses predate the introduction of antipsychotics. Current studies of antipsychotic-naïve patients support that gut dysfunction may be inherent to the schizophrenia disease process. Risk factors for schizophrenia (inflammation, food intolerances, Toxoplasma gondii exposure, cellular barrier defects) are part of biological pathways that intersect those operant in the gut. Central to GI function is a homeostatic microbial community, and early reports show that it is disrupted in schizophrenia. Bioactive and toxic products derived from digestion and microbial dysbiosis activate adaptive and innate immunity. Complement C1q, a brain-active systemic immune component, interacts with gut-related schizophrenia risk factors in clinical and experimental animal models. With accumulating evidence supporting newly discovered gut-brain physiological pathways, treatments to ameliorate brain symptoms of schizophrenia should be supplemented with therapies to correct GI dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Severance
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Blalock 1105, Baltimore, MD, 21287-4933, USA,
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29
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McDonald D, Hornig M, Lozupone C, Debelius J, Gilbert JA, Knight R. Towards large-cohort comparative studies to define the factors influencing the gut microbial community structure of ASD patients. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2015; 26:26555. [PMID: 25758371 PMCID: PMC4355505 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.26555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Differences in the gut microbiota have been reported between individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and neurotypical controls, although direct evidence that changes in the microbiome contribute to causing ASD has been scarce to date. Here we summarize some considerations of experimental design that can help untangle causality in this complex system. In particular, large cross-sectional studies that can factor out important variables such as diet, prospective longitudinal studies that remove some of the influence of interpersonal variation in the microbiome (which is generally high, especially in children), and studies transferring microbial communities into germ-free mice may be especially useful. Controlling for the effects of technical variables, which have complicated efforts to combine existing studies, is critical when biological effect sizes are small. Large citizen-science studies with thousands of participants such as the American Gut Project have been effective at uncovering subtle microbiome effects in self-collected samples and with self-reported diet and behavior data, and may provide a useful complement to other types of traditionally funded and conducted studies in the case of ASD, especially in the hypothesis generation phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel McDonald
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Mady Hornig
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Catherine Lozupone
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Justine Debelius
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jack A Gilbert
- Institute for Genomic and Systems Biology, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA.,College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China;
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boulder, CO, USA
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30
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Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are chronic gastrointestinal disorders that, until recently, have been considered dichotomous conditions falling on either side of a functional-organic divide. However, persistent gastrointestinal symptoms, akin to those of IBS, are observed in up to one in three patients with quiescent UC. Whether these lower gastrointestinal symptoms are secondary to coexistent IBS or occult UC disease activity is uncertain, but when objective evidence of disease activity is lacking, escalation of conventional pharmacotherapy in such patients is often ineffective. The etiologies of both UC and IBS remain unclear, but dysregulation of the enteric nervous system, an altered microbiome, low-grade mucosal inflammation, and activation of the brain–gut axis is common to both; this suggests that some overlap between the two conditions is plausible. How best to investigate and manage IBS-type symptoms in UC patients remains unclear. Studies that have assessed patients with UC who meet criteria for IBS for subclinical inflammation have been conflicting in their results. Although evidence-based treatments for IBS exist, their efficacy in UC patients reporting these types of symptoms remains unclear. Given the disturbances in gut microbiota in UC, and the possible role of the brain–gut axis in the generation of such symptoms, treatments such as probiotics, fecal transfer, antidepressants, or psychological therapies would seem logical approaches to use in this group of patients. However, there are only limited data for all of these therapies; this suggests that randomized controlled trials to investigate their efficacy in this setting may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Gracie
- Leeds Gastroenterology Institute, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Alexander C Ford
- Leeds Gastroenterology Institute, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK ; Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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