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Li M, Wang Y, Gao H, Xia Z, Zeng C, Huang K, Zhu Z, Lu J, Chen Q, Ke X, Zhang W. Exploring autism via the retina: Comparative insights in children with autism spectrum disorder and typical development. Autism Res 2024. [PMID: 39075780 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a widely recognized neurodevelopmental disorder, yet the identification of reliable imaging biomarkers for its early diagnosis remains a challenge. Considering the specific manifestations of ASD in the eyes and the interconnectivity between the brain and the eyes, this study investigates ASD through the lens of retinal analysis. We specifically examined differences in the macular region of the retina using optical coherence tomography (OCT)/optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images between children diagnosed with ASD and those with typical development (TD). Our findings present potential novel characteristics of ASD: the thickness of the ellipsoid zone (EZ) with cone photoreceptors was significantly increased in ASD; the large-caliber arteriovenous of the inner retina was significantly reduced in ASD; these changes in the EZ and arteriovenous were more significant in the left eye than in the right eye. These observations of photoreceptor alterations, vascular function changes, and lateralization phenomena in ASD warrant further investigation, and we hope that this work can advance interdisciplinary understanding of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Li
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Future Lab, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexuan Wang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiyun Gao
- Child Mental Health Research Center, Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengwang Xia
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaofan Zeng
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Huang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianfeng Lu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ke
- Child Mental Health Research Center, Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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2
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Wang M, Qi X, Yang X, Fan H, Dou Y, Guo W, Wang Q, Chen E, Li T, Ma X. The pattern glare and visual memory are disrupted in patients with major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:518. [PMID: 35918667 PMCID: PMC9344705 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visual memory impairment is one of the most commonly complained symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Pattern glare is also a distorted visual phenomenon that puzzles patients with MDD. Nevertheless, how these two phenomena interact in MDD remains unknown. This study investigated the association between pattern glare and visual memory in MDD patients. METHODS Sixty-two patients with MDD and forty-nine age-, sex- and education level-matched healthy controls (HCs) were included in this study. The Pattern Recognition Memory (PRM) test and the Brief Visual Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R) were applied to measure visual memory. The pattern glare test including three patterns with different spatial frequencies (SFs) was used to explore pattern glare levels. RESULTS Patients with MDD scored lower on the PRM-PCi, BVMT-R1, BVMT-R2, BVMT-R3, and BVMT-Rt and higher on the PRM-MCLd than HCs (all p < 0.05). Pattern glare scores for MDD patients were higher with mid-SF (p < 0.001), high-SF (p = 0.006) and mid-high SF differences (p = 0.01) than for HCs. A positive correlation between mid-SF and PRM-MCLd scores in all participants was observed (p = 0.01, r = 0.246). A negative correlation between mid-high difference scores and BVMT-R2 scores (p = 0.032, r = -0.317) was observed in HCs, but no significant correlation was observed in MDD patients. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that visual memory and pattern glare are disrupted in MDD. Visual memory may be associated with pattern glare and needs to be studied in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Xiao Yang
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huanhuan Fan
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yikai Dou
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanjun Guo
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Eric Chen
- grid.415550.00000 0004 1764 4144Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Tao Li
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. .,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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3
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Lian X, Hong WCH, Xu X, Kimberly KZ, Wang Z. The influence of picture book design on visual attention of children with autism: a pilot study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 69:946-956. [PMID: 37885844 PMCID: PMC10599195 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2022.2033590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Taking 22 children with mild and moderate autism as subjects and using the TobiiX 120 eye-tracker to record their eye movements in visual search of images in picture books, the characteristics of the process of autistic children viewing picture books were explored. Two measures, fixation counts and gaze duration, were used alongside attention heatmap, to explore the visual patterns among children with autism viewing two types of researcher-made picture books and an ordinary picture book. Using a within-subject design, it was found that children with autism could sustain longer gaze duration and have more fixation points on the effective area of the picture book content when viewing researcher-made picture books than when viewing the ordinary picture book, suggesting better visual attention to single-object and single-pattern picture books. The study offers insights and support for related picture book reading and teaching in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Lian
- Quanzhou Preschool Education College, Quanzhou, China
| | | | - Xiaoshu Xu
- School of Foreign Studies, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Zhi Wang
- Faculty of Education, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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4
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Leifler E, Carpelan G, Zakrevska A, Bölte S, Jonsson U. Does the learning environment 'make the grade'? A systematic review of accommodations for children on the autism spectrum in mainstream school. Scand J Occup Ther 2020; 28:582-597. [PMID: 33078981 DOI: 10.1080/11038128.2020.1832145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adapted by the United Nations envisions inclusive and equitable quality education. While there is a growing body of research on interventions designed to help children on the autism spectrum adapt to the school environment, accommodations to children needs have been given less attention. OBJECTIVE To synthesize the literature on accommodations in the learning environment for children on the autism spectrum (ages 5-19 years) in mainstream school, with a specific focus on the effects on functioning, educational outcomes and well-being. METHODS A systematic search was conducted. The study selection and data extraction were performed by two independent reviewers. Eligible studies were assessed according to the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) standards. RESULTS The search yielded 6102 citations. Only 37 eligible studies were identified, of which 14 met the WWC standards. This inconclusive and heterogeneous body of research tentatively suggest that accommodations in the pedagogical and psychosocial leaning environment can improve performance and function in school. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE Accommodations in the learning environment is a promising but understudied approach. Creative research and innovation will be needed to support policy makers and school personnel in their quest to ensure inclusive and equitable education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Leifler
- Karolinska Institutet Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, CAP Research Centre, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pedagogical, Curricular and Professional Studies, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Gabriella Carpelan
- Karolinska Institutet Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, CAP Research Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anastasiya Zakrevska
- Karolinska Institutet Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, CAP Research Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven Bölte
- Karolinska Institutet Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, CAP Research Centre, Stockholm, Sweden.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Services, Stockholm, Sweden.,Curtin Autism Research Group, School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Ulf Jonsson
- Karolinska Institutet Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, CAP Research Centre, Stockholm, Sweden.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Services, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Yammouni R, Evans BJ. An investigation of low power convex lenses (adds) for eyestrain in the digital age (CLEDA). JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2020; 13:198-209. [PMID: 32334980 PMCID: PMC7533629 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Digital eye strain (DES; computer vision syndrome) is a common cause of symptoms when viewing digital devices. Low-powered convex lenses (adds) have been recommended for the condition and "accommodative support" designs developed on this premise. The present research reports the extent to which dry eye is present in this population and the effect of convex lenses on symptoms and visual performance. METHODS The CVS-Q instrument was used to select pre-presbyopic adults with the symptoms of DES. Participants received a full eye examination including an assessment of dry eye with a modified SANDE questionnaire and using DEWS I criteria. The immediate effect of low-powered convex lenses (low adds: +0.50D, +0.75D, +1.25D) was investigated using subjective preference and a double-masked comparison with plano lenses with the Wilkins Rate of Reading Test (WRRT). Throughout this testing, participants wore their full distance refractive correction, based on non-cycloplegic retinoscopy and subjective refraction. RESULTS The signs and symptoms of dry eye were frequently present. Most participants reported a subjective preference for low adds, with +0.75D the most commonly preferred lens. Low adds (+0.50D and +0.75D; but not +1.25D) were associated with significantly improved performance at the WRRT. One quarter of participants read more than 10% faster with these additional convex lenses. CONCLUSIONS The study population was aged 20-40y and mostly worked on desktop computers. It is possible that +1.25D add may be more advantageous for people who are older or work more at closer viewing distances. Many symptomatic users of digital devices report a preference for low adds and use of these lenses is often associated with an improvement in reading performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Yammouni
- Neville Chappell Research Clinic, Institute of Optometry, 56-62 Newington Causeway, London, SE1 6DS, UK
| | - Bruce Jw Evans
- Neville Chappell Research Clinic, Institute of Optometry, 56-62 Newington Causeway, London, SE1 6DS, UK; Division of Optometry & Visual Sciences, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB, UK.
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6
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The possible use of precision tinted lenses to improve social cognition in children with autism spectrum disorders. Vision Res 2020; 170:53-59. [PMID: 32259647 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A masked randomised control design compared the effectiveness of precision ophthalmic tints in improving the recognition of emotion in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Fourteen children aged 10-14 with ASD and 14 control children matched on verbal and non-verbal IQ, wore spectacles with coloured lenses to complete two tasks that involved the observation of coloured video sequences in which social interactions were depicted. On one occasion (randomly first or second) the coloured lenses provided light of a colour that the child had one month previously selected as optimal for the clarity of text. On the other occasion the lenses differed in CIE UCS chromaticity by 0.077. Performance in the ASD group was superior in both social interaction tasks with the lenses that provided the optimal colour of light.
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7
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Guimarães MR, Vilhena DDA, Loew SJ, Guimarães RQ. Spectral Overlays for Reading Difficulties: Oculomotor Function and Reading Efficiency Among Children and Adolescents With Visual Stress. Percept Mot Skills 2019; 127:490-509. [PMID: 31766945 DOI: 10.1177/0031512519889772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the effects of spectral overlays on ocular motility during reading among a clinical group of children and adolescents experiencing visual–perceptual distortions of text. We reviewed the records of 323 eye-hospital patients diagnosed with visual stress and divided this participant sample into two age-based cohorts: children ( n = 184; Mean [ M] age = 10.1, standard deviation [ SD] = 1.3 years) and adolescents ( n = 139; M age = 14.6, SD = 1.5 years). We used a Visagraph III Eye-Movement Recording System to record ocular motor efficiency while reading with and without spectral overlays, and we examined the following parameters: (a) Fixations, (b) Regressions, (c) Span of Recognition, (d) Reading Rate, (e) Relative Efficiency, and (f) Comprehension. Our results showed that using one or some combination of 10 participant-selected spectral overlays immediately and significantly ( p < .001) reduced the number of Fixations and Regressions per 100 words, while there were significant ( p < .001) gains in positive factors such as Span of Recognition, Reading Rate, Relative Efficiency, and Comprehension. Our findings indicate that spectral filtering can be an effective tool for helping many young patients who experience visual–perceptual distortions while reading. Future expanded research employing eye-tracking technology is clearly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Reis Guimarães
- NeuroVision Department, Hospital de Olhos Dr. Ricardo Guimarães, Nova Lima, Brazil.,Laboratory of Applied Research in Neuroscience of Vision, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Nova Lima, Brazil
| | - Douglas de Araújo Vilhena
- NeuroVision Department, Hospital de Olhos Dr. Ricardo Guimarães, Nova Lima, Brazil.,Laboratory of Applied Research in Neuroscience of Vision, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Nova Lima, Brazil.,Graduate Program on Psychology: Cognition and Behavior, Department of Psychology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Stephen J Loew
- Laboratory of Applied Research in Neuroscience of Vision, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Nova Lima, Brazil.,School of Psychology and Behavioural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Ricardo Queiroz Guimarães
- NeuroVision Department, Hospital de Olhos Dr. Ricardo Guimarães, Nova Lima, Brazil.,Laboratory of Applied Research in Neuroscience of Vision, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Nova Lima, Brazil
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8
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Fong KNK, Ma WY, Pang HK, Tang PPK, Law LLF. Immediate effects of coloured overlays on the reading performance of preschool children with an autism spectrum disorder using eye tracking. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2019; 89:141-148. [PMID: 30991307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coloured overlays have often been used to improve reading performance in preschool children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), however, previous evidence shows conflicts in its application. AIMS To investigate the immediate effects of coloured overlays on reading performance using eye tracking in preschool children with ASD and their typical development (TD) counterparts closely matched by chronological age. METHODS Forty participants with ASD (n = 20) or TD (n = 20) were recruited by convenience sampling and asked to read aloud numbers randomly arranged on paper. Participants' ocular performance (fixation duration, fixation count, total visit duration), reading speed and number of errors were recorded by eye tracker and digital stopwatch respectively throughout testing with and without coloured overlays. RESULTS The findings show that coloured overlays had no significant immediate effect in improving ocular performance and reading speed of children with ASD or TD, although individual improvements were identified in some children with ASD. CONCLUSIONS Use of coloured overlays may not be useful to improve reading and ocular performance in children with ASD in one single occasion. The potential effect on reading ability of using coloured overlays repetitively for a longer period needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth N K Fong
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - W Y Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - H K Pang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Pakki P K Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Lawla L F Law
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Tung Wah College, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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9
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Razuk M, Perrin-Fievez F, Gerard CL, Peyre H, Barela JA, Bucci MP. Effect of colored filters on reading capabilities in dyslexic children. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 83:1-7. [PMID: 30048864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of colored filters on reading performance and eye movement control in children with and without dyslexia. METHODS Eighteen children with dyslexia and 18 children without dyslexia were seated on a chair with their heads stabilized by a forehead and chin support. The children read different texts under the following three filter conditions: no filter, yellow filter, and green filter. The children's eye movements were recorded with a Mobile EyeBrain Tracker. Reading total time, duration of fixation between two successive saccades, pro-saccades amplitude and number of pro- and retro-saccades were obtained. RESULTS Children with dyslexia read the fastest and had the shortest fixation time in the green filter condition compared with the other conditions. Furthermore, children with dyslexia showed the shortest fixation time in the green filter condition with respect to the other conditions. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggested that the green filter improved reading performance in children with dyslexia because the filter most likely facilitated cortical activity and decreased visual distortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Razuk
- UMR 1141 Inserm - Paris Diderot University, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France; Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Hugo Peyre
- UMR 1141 Inserm - Paris Diderot University, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - José Angelo Barela
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Pia Bucci
- UMR 1141 Inserm - Paris Diderot University, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
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10
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Evans BJW, Allen PM, Wilkins AJ. A Delphi study to develop practical diagnostic guidelines for visual stress (pattern-related visual stress). JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2017; 10:161-168. [PMID: 27890547 PMCID: PMC5484780 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Visual stress (VS) is characterised by symptoms of visual perceptual distortions and eyestrain when viewing text, symptoms that are alleviated by individually prescribed coloured filters. A recent review supports the existence of VS and its treatment, but noted that controversy remains, in part due to inconsistencies in the diagnosis of the condition. The present paper reviews the diagnostic criteria for VS in the literature and reports a Delphi analysis of the criteria currently used in clinical practice. METHODS Twenty-six eyecare practitioners were invited to participate in a Delphi study. They were selected because they were frequent prescribers of precision tinted lenses. In the first round they were sent a list of the indicators for which there is literature to suggest a relevance in the diagnosis of VS. The practitioners were invited to rank the indicators and add any additional criteria they use in diagnosis. In the second round a revised list was circulated, including items added from the responses in the first round. RESULTS The respondents included optometrists, orthoptists and opticians. In the first round the response rate was 85%. Ninety-one percent of those who participated in the first round also responded in the second round. Strong indicators in the second round included the symptom of words moving when reading, voluntary use of an overlay for a prolonged period, improved performance of ≥15% with an overlay on the Wilkins Rate of Reading test, and an abnormally high score on the Pattern Glare Test. CONCLUSIONS The strongest diagnostic criteria are combined in a diagnostic tool. This is proposed as a guide for clinical practice and further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J W Evans
- Institute of Optometry, London, UK; Division of Optometry & Visual Science, City, University London, UK.
| | - Peter M Allen
- Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences and Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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11
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Zachi EC, Costa TL, Barboni MTS, Costa MF, Bonci DMO, Ventura DF. Color Vision Losses in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1127. [PMID: 28713324 PMCID: PMC5492848 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by impairments in social/communication abilities and restricted behaviors. The present study aims to examine color vision discrimination in ASD children and adolescents without intellectual disability. The participants were also subdivided in order to compare color vision thresholds of autistic participants and those who achieved diagnostic criteria for Asperger Syndrome (AS). Nine subjects with autism, 11 participants with AS and 36 typically developing children and adolescents participated in the study. Color vision was assessed by the Cambridge Color Test (CCT). The Trivector protocol was administered to determine color discrimination thresholds along the protan, deutan, and tritan color confusion lines. Data from ASD participants were compared to tolerance limits for 90% of the population with 90% probability obtained from controls thresholds. Of the 20 ASD individuals examined, 6 (30%) showed color vision losses. Elevated color discrimination thresholds were found in 3/9 participants with autism and in 3/11 AS participants. Diffuse and tritan deficits were found. Mechanisms for chromatic losses may be either at the retinal level and/or reflect reduced cortical integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C. Zachi
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Nucleus for Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago L. Costa
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Nucleus for Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian UniversitySão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirella T. S. Barboni
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Nucleus for Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F. Costa
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Nucleus for Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela M. O. Bonci
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Nucleus for Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dora F. Ventura
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Nucleus for Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Grandgeorge M, Masataka N. Atypical Color Preference in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1976. [PMID: 28066297 PMCID: PMC5179595 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
So far, virtually no study has ever investigated color preference in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In order to address this issue, 29 boys with ASD varying in age between 4 and 17 years, and 38 age-matched typically developing (TD) boys were studied regarding their preference among six colors: red, pink, yellow, brown, green, and blue, in clinical settings. When mean rank of preference was computed in each of the ASD and TD groups with regard to each color, it was found that boys with ASD were significantly less likely than TD boys to prefer yellow and more likely than TD boys to prefer green and brown colors. These results appear to be caused by hyper-sensation characteristic of ASD, due to which boys with this disorder perceive yellow as being sensory-overloading.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nobuo Masataka
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto UniversityInuyama, Japan
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Masataka N. Implications of the idea of neurodiversity for understanding the origins of developmental disorders. Phys Life Rev 2016; 20:85-108. [PMID: 27876343 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurodiversity, a term initially used mostly by civil and human rights movements since the 1990s, refers to the notion that cognitive as well as emotional properties characteristic of developmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are not necessarily deficits, but fall within normal behavioural variations exhibited by humans. The purpose of the present article is to examine the relevance of this notion to scientific research on ASD. On the assumption that one crucial survival advantage of intelligent activity is vigilance toward dangers in the external world, and such vigilance must work in the social domain as well as in the non-social domain, the author argues that the pattern of operation of an individual person's mind can be categorized according to the domain toward which that individual is more oriented. Individuals with ASD, overall, do not rely upon their social relationships but rather are predisposed to process perceived non-social objects in more depth, which manifests itself as hyper-sensation and hyper-attention to detail. It can be assumed that underconnectivity among cortical areas and subcortical areas underlies such mental operation neurologically. One of the main predictions based on this assumption is that all facets of psychological function are susceptible to disruption in ASD. Indeed, it has traditionally been thought that there are such general deficits in this disorder. However, contrary to the prevalent belief that people with ASD lack empathy, in fact people with ASD are capable of empathizing with the minds of others if those others are people with ASD. Thus, the neurological underconnectivity in ASD certainly leads some processing of information in the mind to work with less coordination, but has in fact contributed to providing Homo sapiens with behavioural variants. Finally, the clinical implications of the advantages of viewing ASD as a variation in neurodiversity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Masataka
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan.
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Sjoblom AM, Eaton E, Stagg SD. The effects of letter spacing and coloured overlays on reading speed and accuracy in adult dyslexia. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 86:630-639. [PMID: 27629067 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zorzi et al. (2012, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109, 11455) found evidence that extra-large letter spacing aids children with dyslexia, but the evidence for the coloured overlays is contradictory (e.g., Henderson et al., 2013, J. Res. Special Educ. Needs, 13, 57; Wilkins, 2002, Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt., 22, 448), and possible combined advantages have not been identified. AIMS To investigate whether extra-large letter spacing or coloured overlays can alleviate reading problems in dyslexic adults. SAMPLE The participants were 24 dyslexic and 24 non-dyslexic university students, matched for age and fluid intelligence. METHODS The reading speed and the errors made by a dyslexic and a control group were measured in four conditions: with and without coloured overlays and with normally and largely spaced texts. RESULTS Large letter spacing improves the reading speed in general, as well as improves the reading accuracy in dyslexic readers. CONCLUSIONS The results support the positive effect of letter spacing on reading performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Sjoblom
- Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.,Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
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Ludlow AK, Wilkins AJ. Atypical Sensory behaviours in children with Tourette's Syndrome and in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2016; 56:108-116. [PMID: 27286465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Certain visual disturbances make it difficult to read text and have been attributed to visual stress, also called "pattern-related visual stress". 12 Children with ASD, 12 children with Tourette's syndrome and without ASD and 12 controls, all matched on age and non verbal ability, participated in an experiment exploring sensory behaviours and visual stress. Reading rate and accuracy were assessed with the Wilkins Rate of Reading test with and without the Intuitive Overlays. Both the children with Tourette's and the children with ASD showed a higher prevalence of atypical sensory behaviours and symptoms of visual stress than the typically developing control children. Six out of twelve children with Tourette's syndrome (50%) read more accurately and over 15% more quickly with a coloured overlay. Four of the 12 children with ASD and none of the control children read over 15% more quickly with an overlay. The findings are discussed in relation to problems in sensory modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Ludlow
- University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, United Kingdom; University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Arnold J Wilkins
- University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom.
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16
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Bakroon A, Lakshminarayanan V. Visual function in autism spectrum disorders: a critical review. Clin Exp Optom 2016; 99:297-308. [PMID: 27161596 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown considerable evidence of visual dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders. Anomalies in visual information processing can have a major effect on the life quality of individuals with autism spectrum disorders. We summarise the hypotheses and theories underlying neural aetiologies and genetic factors that cause these disorders, as well as the possible influences of unusual sensory processing on the communications and behaviour characterised by the autistics. In particular, we review the impact of these dysfunctions on visual performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Bakroon
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Physics, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Braithwaite JJ, Marchant R, Takahashi C, Dewe H, Watson DG. The Cortical Hyperexcitability Index (CHi): a new measure for quantifying correlates of visually driven cortical hyperexcitability. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2016; 20:330-48. [PMID: 26016993 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2015.1040152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aberrations of visual experience, including visual hallucinations and visual distortions, are known to be associated with increased cortical hyperexcitability. As a consequence, the presence, intensity and frequency of certain experiences may well be indicative of an underlying increase in cortical hyperexcitability. METHODS The current study presents a new proxy measure of cortical hyperexcitability, the Cortical Hyperexcitability Index (CHi). Two hundred and fifty healthy participants completed the CHi with the results subjected to exploratory factor analysis (EFA). RESULTS The EFA revealed a three-factor model as the most parsimonious solution. The three factors were defined as: (1) heightened visual sensitivity and discomfort; (2) negative aura-type visual aberrations; and (3) positive aura-type visual aberrations. The identification of three factors suggests that multiple mechanisms underlie the notion of cortical hyperexcitability, providing researchers with new and greater precision in delineating these underlying features. CONCLUSIONS The factorial structure of the CHi and the increased precision could aid the interpretation of findings from neuroscientific (i.e., brain imaging/stimulation) examinations of cortical processes underlying aberrant perceptions across a host of clinical, neurological and pathological conditions. As a consequence, the CHi is a useful and comprehensive proxy measure of cortical hyperexcitability with considerable scientific and clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Braithwaite
- a Behavioural Brain Sciences Centre, School of Psychology , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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18
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Robertson AE, David R Simmons R. The sensory experiences of adults with autism spectrum disorder: A qualitative analysis. Perception 2015; 44:569-86. [PMID: 26422904 DOI: 10.1068/p7833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It has been well established that individuals with autism spectrum disorder report unusual experiences with sensory stimuli compared with typically developing individuals. However, there is a paucity of research exploring the nature of such experiences. A focus group was conducted with six adults with a diagnosis of autism or Asperger syndrome. Data were coded and analysed using an inductive, qualitative thematic analysis. Four main themes encompassing both positive and negative sensory experiences emerged from these data: (a) the importance of particular aspects of stimuli in their perception, (b) the importance of having control over stimuli, (c) how emotions/mental states could impact/be impacted by sensory stimuli, and (d) physical responses to stimuli. These data are discussed alongside extant literature. Limitations, possible implications, and potential directions of future research are also discussed.
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Whitaker L, Jones CRG, Wilkins AJ, Roberson D. Judging the Intensity of Emotional Expression in Faces: the Effects of Colored Tints on Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Res 2015; 9:450-9. [PMID: 26058998 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often show atypical processing of facial expressions, which may result from visual stress. In the current study, children with ASD and matched controls judged which member of a pair of faces displayed the more intense emotion. Both faces showed anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness or surprise but to different degrees. Faces were presented on a monitor that was tinted either gray or with a color previously selected by the participant individually as improving the clarity of text. Judgments of emotional intensity improved significantly with the addition of the preferred colored tint in the ASD group but not in controls, a result consistent with a link between visual stress and impairments in processing facial expressions in individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Whitaker
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine R G Jones
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Arnold J Wilkins
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Debi Roberson
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, United Kingdom
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE To assess visual performance and the effects of color overlays on reading in children who were deaf and children who could hear. METHODS Thirty-one children who were deaf (mean [± SD] age, 14 [± 1.99] years) and 39 children who could hear (mean [± SD] age, 13.58 [± 3.09] years) underwent an optometric examination with specific emphasis on near vision. Participants chose an overlay with color optimal for clarity and comfort and completed the Wilkins Rate of Reading Test both with and without an overlay of this color. Nineteen of the participants who were deaf were retested a year later with a modified rate of reading test that used only words that can readily be signed. This modified rate of reading test was repeated 1 week after its first administration. RESULTS Participants who were deaf had greater ametropia (p = 0.003), a more distant near point of convergence (p = 0.002), and reduced amplitude of accommodation (p < 0.001) compared with normal-hearing participants. All the children who were deaf chose a color overlay, with 45% choosing a yellow overlay, which increased the rate of reading by 18%. Only 66% of the participants who could hear chose an overlay, and it had no effect on reading speed. With the modified reading test, 7 of 19 (37%) again chose yellow. These participants showed a 9% increase in reading speed with the yellow overlay, which was repeatable 1 week later. The remainder showed no increase in rate of reading with their chosen overlay. CONCLUSIONS An eye examination of children who are deaf needs to include a comprehensive assessment of near visual function so that deficiencies of amplitude of accommodation, near point convergence, and ametropia can be treated. A yellow overlay improved reading speed in the participants who were deaf, whereas other colors did not, a finding at variance with earlier work on hearing populations.
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Stimulating the aberrant brain: Evidence for increased cortical hyperexcitability from a transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) study of individuals predisposed to anomalous perceptions. Cortex 2015; 69:1-13. [PMID: 25967083 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Findings from neurological and clinical groups have shown that increased predisposition to anomalous experience/aura reflects an elevation in aberrant neural processes in the brain. However, studies of anomalous experiences in non-clinical/non-neurological groups are less clear on this matter and are more typically confined to subjective questionnaire measures alone. The current investigation, the first to our knowledge, carried out a transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) study of cortical hyperexcitability, and its association with anomalous experience in non-clinical/non-neurological groups. Sixty participants completed; (i) both excitatory (anodal) and inhibitory (cathodal) brain stimulation conditions of the visual cortex; (ii) a computerised pattern-glare task, where observers reported phantom visual distortions from viewing highly irritable visual patterns (a metric of cortical hyperexcitability), and; (iii) questionnaire measures of predisposition to anomalous perceptions. There were no reliable signs of cortical hyperexcitability (via pattern-glare tasks) when collapsed across the whole sample. However, a significant positive correlation between predisposition to anomalous experience and elevated signs of cortical hyperexcitability was observed. Crucially, there was a significant negative correlation between tDCS stimulatory conditions. A visual cortex that reacted more strongly to excitatory stimulation, responded less well to inhibitory suppression, and this pattern was related to predisposition to anomalous perceptions. Both findings are consistent with the presence of a hyperexcitable cortex. Collectively the present findings provide objective evidence that the brains of individuals predisposed to anomalous experiences/hallucinations can be hyperexcitable - even in the non-clinical/non-neurological population. These data are consistent with continuum models of anomalous experience and have important implications for contemporary theories of aberrations in self-consciousness.
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22
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Monger L, Wilkins A, Allen P. Identifying visual stress during a routine eye examination. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2015; 8:140-145. [PMID: 25455572 PMCID: PMC4401822 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether the clinical tests used in routine eye examinations can identify adults whose reading rate increases with their preferred coloured overlay(s). METHODS Routine optometric tests were used to measure 73 undergraduate students' refractive error, visual acuity, stereo-acuity, amplitude of accommodation, near point of convergence, associated heterophoria at near, colour vision and ocular motility. Participants chose an overlay or combination of overlays with colour optimal for clarity, and completed the Wilkins Rate of Reading Test with and without an overlay(s) of this colour. RESULTS Overall, there was a significant increase in reading speed with overlay (t(72)=-5.26, p<0.0005). Twenty-six participants (36%) increased their reading rate by >5% with their chosen coloured overlay(s). Ten participants (14%) had a reading speed increase of >10%. The increase in reading speed was not significantly associated with any clinical finding. CONCLUSION Tests which are completed in routine eye examinations did not identify those participants who benefitted from coloured overlays in terms of reading speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Monger
- Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Allen
- Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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23
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Beasley IG, Davies LN. The effect of spectral filters on visual search in stroke patients. Perception 2013; 42:401-12. [PMID: 23866554 DOI: 10.1068/p7454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Visual search impairment can occur following stroke. The utility of optimal spectral filters on visual search in stroke patients has not been considered to date. The present study measured the effect of optimal spectral filters on visual search response time and accuracy, using a task requiring serial processing. A stroke and control cohort undertook the task three times: (i) using an optimally selected spectral filter; (ii) the subjects were randomly assigned to two groups with group 1 using an optimal filter for two weeks, whereas group 2 used a grey filter for two weeks; (iii) the groups were crossed over with group 1 using a grey filter for a further two weeks and group 2 given an optimal filter, before undertaking the task for the final time. Initial use of an optimal spectral filter improved visual search response time but not error scores in the stroke cohort. Prolonged use of neither an optimal nor a grey filter improved response time or reduced error scores. In fact, response times increased with the filter, regardless of its type, for stroke and control subjects; this outcome may be due to contrast reduction or a reflection of task design, given that significant practice effects were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Beasley
- Ophthalmic Research Group, Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
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24
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Beasley IG, Davies LN. The effect of spectral filters on reading speed and accuracy following stroke. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2013; 6:134-140. [PMCID: PMC3880535 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the study was to determine the effect of optimal spectral filters on reading performance following stroke. Methods Seventeen stroke subjects, aged 43–85, were considered with an age-matched Control Group (n = 17). Subjects undertook the Wilkins Rate of Reading Test on three occasions: (i) using an optimally selected spectral filter; (ii) subjects were randomly assigned to two groups: Group 1 used an optimal filter, whereas Group 2 used a grey filter, for two-weeks. The grey filter had similar photopic reflectance to the optimal filters, intended as a surrogate for a placebo; (iii) the groups were crossed over with Group 1 using a grey filter and Group 2 given an optimal filter, for two weeks, before undertaking the task once more. An increase in reading speed of >5% was considered clinically relevant. Results Initial use of a spectral filter in the stroke cohort, increased reading speed by ∼8%, almost halving error scores, findings not replicated in controls. Prolonged use of an optimal spectral filter increased reading speed by >9% for stroke subjects; errors more than halved. When the same subjects switched to using a grey filter, reading speed reduced by ∼4%. A second group of stroke subjects used a grey filter first; reading speed decreased by ∼3% but increased by ∼4% with an optimal filter, with error scores almost halving. Conclusions The present study has shown that spectral filters can immediately improve reading speed and accuracy following stroke, whereas prolonged use does not increase these benefits significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G. Beasley
- Ophthalmic Research Group, Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing (ARCHA), Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Leon N. Davies
- Ophthalmic Research Group, Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing (ARCHA), Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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25
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Beasley IG, Davies LN. Susceptibility to pattern glare following stroke. J Neurol 2013; 259:1832-9. [PMID: 22289968 PMCID: PMC3432783 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-012-6418-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to measure susceptibility to pattern glare within a stroke group, employing a direct method of assessment. Twenty stroke subjects, aged 38–85 years, were recruited, along with an age-matched control group (n = 20). Assessment of pattern glare susceptibility was undertaken using the pattern glare test. An abnormal degree of pattern glare is present when individuals score[1 on the mid-high spatial frequency difference variable, a relative score that allows for normalization of the subject, or [3 when viewing the mid spatial frequency grating. Stroke subjects demonstrate elevated levels of pattern glare compared to normative data values and a control population, as determined using the pattern glare test. This was most notable when considering the output measure for the mid-high difference variable. The mean score for the mid-high difference variable was 2.15 SD 1.27 for the stroke subjects versus 0.10 SD 1.12 for the control subjects. When considering the mid-high difference variable, 75% of the stroke group recorded an abnormal level of pattern glare compared to 5% in the control group. This study demonstrates an association between stroke subjects and elevated levels of pattern glare. Cortical hyperexcitability has been shown to present following stroke, and this has been proposed as a plausible explanation for the perceptual distortions experienced by individuals susceptible to pattern glare. Further work to assess the benefits of spectral filters in reducing perceptual distortions in stroke patients is currently underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G. Beasley
- Ophthalmic Research Group, Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET UK
| | - Leon N. Davies
- Ophthalmic Research Group, Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET UK
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing (ARCHA), Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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Ludlow AK, Taylor-Whiffen E, Wilkins AJ. Coloured filters enhance the visual perception of social cues in children with autism spectrum disorders. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2012; 2012:298098. [PMID: 22523702 PMCID: PMC3316948 DOI: 10.5402/2012/298098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Coloured filters have been found to reduce visual distortion of text in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We investigated the effect of the overlays on the "mind in the eye" task in children with ASD and controls matched for age, gender, and nonverbal IQ. Children were shown photographs of the periocular region of various faces and were asked to judge which emotion was being expressed in the eyes. In children with ASD, the perception of the emotion was significantly improved when the photograph was covered by a coloured overlay. The improvement was significantly greater than in the controls, who showed no significant effect of the overlay. A perceptual impairment may contribute to the social difficulties shown in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Ludlow
- Department of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Wilkins AJ, Evans BJW. Visual stress, its treatment with spectral filters, and its relationship to visually induced motion sickness. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2010; 41:509-515. [PMID: 19286164 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 01/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We review the concept of visual stress and its relation to neurological disease. Visual stress can occur from the observation of images with unnatural spatial structure and an excess of contrast energy at spatial frequencies to which the visual system is generally most sensitive. Visual stress can often be reduced using spectral filters, provided the colour is selected with precision to suit each individual. The use of such filters and their effects on reading speed are reviewed. The filters have been shown to benefit patients with a variety of neurological conditions other than reading difficulty, all associated with an increased risk of seizures.
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28
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Cardona G, Borràs R, Peris E, Castañé M. A placebo-controlled trial of tinted lenses in adolescents with good and poor academic performance: reading accuracy and speed. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2010; 3:94-101. [PMCID: PMC3974302 DOI: 10.1016/s1888-4296(10)70013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose A placebo-controlled, double-masked study was designed in order to evaluate the effect of tinted lenses in adolescents with good and poor academic performance. Methods Teenagers from two different age groups were enrolled in this study, after ascertaining that no uncorrected visual anomalies were present. A rate of reading test was developed for Catalan as a first language and students were asked to read it aloud, in two different sessions. Students first read the test without lenses and, later, they read it again without lenses, with their lenses of choice and with a placebo set of clear lenses. Reading speed and accuracy were monitored. Results No significant difference was encountered between the baseline reading speed and accuracy from the first and second sessions, thus ruling out any effect due to experience or training. When comparing reading speed and accuracy without lenses, in placebo conditions, and with tinted lenses, reading accuracy was discovered to be more sensitive than reading speed in order to differentiate between these conditions. These differences were more noticeable when the group with poor academic performance was evaluated, in contrast to the group with good academic performance or the whole group. Conclusion It was concluded that reading accuracy should be evaluated as well as reading speed and that lenses were more beneficial if only adolescents with poor academic performance were targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genís Cardona
- Corresponding author. Escola Universitària d’Òptica i Optometria de Terrassa, Violinista Vellsolà, 37, 08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Tel.: +34 93 739 8774.
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Vision in autism spectrum disorders. Vision Res 2009; 49:2705-39. [PMID: 19682485 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are developmental disorders which are thought primarily to affect social functioning. However, there is now a growing body of evidence that unusual sensory processing is at least a concomitant and possibly the cause of many of the behavioural signs and symptoms of ASD. A comprehensive and critical review of the phenomenological, empirical, neuroscientific and theoretical literature pertaining to visual processing in ASD is presented, along with a brief justification of a new theory which may help to explain some of the data, and link it with other current hypotheses about the genetic and neural aetiologies of this enigmatic condition.
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Whalon KJ, Al Otaiba S, Delano ME. Evidence-Based Reading Instruction for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders. FOCUS ON AUTISM AND OTHER DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2009; 24:3-16. [PMID: 20161582 PMCID: PMC2808040 DOI: 10.1177/1088357608328515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Legislation mandates that all children, including children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) be taught to read in ways that are consistent with reading research, and target the five components of evidence-based reading instruction: phonemic awareness, phonics, reading fluency, vocabulary and comprehension strategies. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the literature on reading instruction for children with ASD that encompasses one or more of the five components of reading. The review yielded 11 studies with 61 participants ages 4 to 17. Results indicate that children with ASD can benefit from reading instruction consistent with reading research. Research in this area is still preliminary, and more research is needed to guide practice. Possible directions for future research are provided.
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Case report: color as a therapeutic intervention. J Autism Dev Disord 2009; 39:815-8. [PMID: 19127419 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-008-0672-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Evans BJW, Stevenson SJ. The Pattern Glare Test: a review and determination of normative values. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2008; 28:295-309. [PMID: 18565084 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pattern glare is characterised by symptoms of visual perceptual distortions and visual stress on viewing striped patterns. People with migraine or Meares-Irlen syndrome (visual stress) are especially prone to pattern glare. The literature on pattern glare is reviewed, and the goal of this study was to develop clinical norms for the Wilkins and Evans Pattern Glare Test. This comprises three test plates of square wave patterns of spatial frequency 0.5, 3 and 12 cycles per degree (cpd). Patients are shown the 0.5 cpd grating and the number of distortions that are reported in response to a list of questions is recorded. This is repeated for the other patterns. People who are prone to pattern glare experience visual perceptual distortions on viewing the 3 cpd grating, and pattern glare can be quantified as either the sum of distortions reported with the 3 cpd pattern or as the difference between the number of distortions with the 3 and 12 cpd gratings, the '3-12 cpd difference'. In study 1, 100 patients consulting an optometrist performed the Pattern Glare Test and the 95th percentile of responses was calculated as the limit of the normal range. The normal range for the number of distortions was found to be <4 on the 3 cpd grating and <2 for the 3-12 cpd difference. Pattern glare was similar in both genders but decreased with age. In study 2, 30 additional participants were given the test in the reverse of the usual testing order and were compared with a sub-group from study 1, matched for age and gender. Participants experienced more distortions with the 12 cpd grating if it was presented after the 3 cpd grating. However, the order did not influence the two key measures of pattern glare. In study 3, 30 further participants who reported a medical diagnosis of migraine were compared with a sub-group of the participants in study 1 who did not report migraine or frequent headaches, matched for age and gender. The migraine group reported more symptoms on viewing all gratings, particularly the 3 cpd grating. The only variable to be significantly different between the groups was the 3-12 cpd difference. In conclusion, people have an abnormal degree of pattern glare if they have a Pattern Glare Test score of >3 on the 3 cpd grating or a score of >1 on the 3-12 cpd difference. The literature suggests that these people are likely to have visual stress in everyday life and may therefore benefit from interventions designed to alleviate visual stress, such as precision tinted lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J W Evans
- Neville Chappell Research Clinic, Institute of Optometry, 56-62 Newington Causeway, London, SE1 6DS, UK.
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Hollis J, Allen PM, Fleischmann D, Aulak R. Personality dimensions of people who suffer from visual stress. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2008; 27:603-10. [PMID: 17956366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2007.00519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Personality dimensions of participants who suffer from visual stress were compared with those of normal participants using the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Extraversion-Introversion scores showed no significant differences between the participants who suffered visual stress and those who were classified as normal. By contrast, significant differences were found between the normal participants and those with visual stress in respect of Neuroticism-Stability. These differences accord with Eysenck's personality theory which states that those who score highly on the neuroticism scale do so because they have a neurological system with a low threshold such that their neurological system is easily activated by external stimuli. The findings also relate directly to the theory of visual stress proposed by Wilkins which postulates that visual stress results from an excess of neural activity. The data may indicate that the excess activity is likely to be localised at particular neurological regions or neural processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hollis
- Department of Optometry and Ophthalmic Dispensing, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
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Newman Wright B, Wilkins AJ, Zoukos Y. Spectral filters can improve reading and visual search in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2007; 254:1729-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-007-0648-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wilkins A, Huang J, Cao Y. Prevention of Visual Stress and Migraine With Precision Spectral Filters. Drug Dev Res 2007; 68:469-475. [PMID: 18648581 PMCID: PMC2478741 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Strategy, Management and Health Policy Enabling Technology, Genomics, ProteomicsPreclinical ResearchPreclinical Development Toxicology, Formulation Drug Delivery, PharmacokineticsClinical Development Phases I-III Regulatory, Quality, ManufacturingPostmarketing Phase IVIndividuals who suffer migraine, particularly migraine with visual aura (MwA), are susceptible to physiologically strong visual stimuli and find them aversive. Strong stimuli including bright light and certain visual patterns produce discomfort and perceptual illusions and can trigger migraine attacks. Perceptual illusions and visual discomfort are reported by most migraine sufferers and those with frequent headaches. These phenomena suggest that visual stimulation and consequent visual cortical activity contribute to the triggering of some migraine attacks. Perceptual illusions in MwA patients were found to be associated with hyper-activation in visual cortex. This excessive cortical activity is called visual stress. The cortex is generally hypothesized to be hyperexcitable in migraine, and this hyperexcitability could be the underlying mechanism of visual stress. It is hypothesized that visual stress results from too great a neural (hyperneural) activity in response to strong physiological sensory stimulation, particularly, but not exclusively, visual. A strong physiological visual input may cause a spread of excitation through hyperexcitable cortex, leading to neurons firing inappropriately and thereby resulting in perceptual illusions and distortions, and possibly promoting a migraine attack. Over the last 10 years, the use of colored filters to treat perceptual distortion of text has become common in many schools in Britain. The efficacy of precision spectral filters (PSF) in preventing migraine headache has been reported in several studies. One preliminary study revealed the suppressing effect of the PSF on visual cortical activity in a MwA patient, suggesting that it might be this reduction in cortical activation that is responsible for the reduction of the frequency of migraine attacks in those who benefited from the PSF. PSF offer a possible new prophylactic therapy for migraine. They are safe, free of side effects, and inexpensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Wilkins
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Yue Cao
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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