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Herrero R, Díaz A, Zueco J. The Burden and Psychological Distress of Family Caregivers of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Gender Approach. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2861. [PMID: 38792402 PMCID: PMC11121944 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Relatives play the main role as caregivers of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) individuals. Women, specifically mothers, are the majority of caregivers of ASD relatives. In addition, the literature on caregivers has shown that women have worse mental health and higher perceived burdens than men. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the relationships between psychological distress and burden using a gender approach in caregivers of ASD relatives. Methods: A cross-sectional design was applied in this study with a convenience sample of 250 caregivers of ASD relatives. Most of them were mothers caring for a child who ranged in age from 1 to 31 years. Sociodemographic variables considered were age, education level, marital status, and relation to the care recipient. Additionally, psychological distress and objective burden, in the form of hours/day caring, and subjective burden, in the form of perceived burden, were analyzed. Results: Significant gender differences were found in psychological distress and objective and subjective burden, with women showing higher scores than men. Both types of burden played a serial mediating role between gender and psychological distress. Conclusions: The results highlight the important role of gender, with women bearing the high cost of caring for their children with ASD in the form of high objective burden, caring for more hours, and subjective burden, perceiving more burden and showing poorer mental health than men. These results show the need for specific support and intervention programs targeted to women caregivers to reduce burden and improve their mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Herrero
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Amelia Díaz
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.H.); (A.D.)
| | - Jesús Zueco
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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2
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Hamama L. Perceived Social Support, Normalization, and Subjective Well-Being Among Family Members of a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2024; 54:1468-1481. [PMID: 36637591 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05857-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The experience of family members of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is not uniform. This study focused on mothers of a child with ASD (Study 1) and typically developing siblings (TDSs) during their emerging adulthood (Study 2). Similarities and differences were explored regarding a proposed model examining the paths of perceived social support (PSS) and normalization (a coping strategy) with subjective well-being: satisfaction with life (SWL) and positive affect (PA). Similarities were found in the paths between PSS, normalization, and SWL, in mothers and TDSs, but differences emerged regarding PA. These findings highlight the importance of PSS as a resource that contributes to normalization and SWL. Professional awareness of family members' PSS and their engagement in normalization is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Hamama
- The Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Ramat Aviv, Israel.
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Liu S, Zhang L, Yi J, Liu S, Li D, Wu D, Yin H. The Relationship Between Parenting Stress and Parental Burnout Among Chinese Parents of Children with ASD: A Moderated Mediation Model. J Autism Dev Disord 2024; 54:1527-1537. [PMID: 36637590 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05854-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of resilience as a mediator and the place of residence as a moderator of parenting stress and parental burnout. The Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, Parental Burnout Assessment, and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale were administered to 249 Chinese parents of children with ASD (M = 33.95 years, SD = 7.6). Results show that resilience partially mediates the relation between parenting stress and parental burnout. Besides, both the effect of parenting stress on parental burnout and the mediating effect of resilience are moderated by rural/urban residence. This study highlights parenting stress is a risk factor for parental burnout and resilience is the potential mechanism underlying this relation. These findings provide implications for family services for parents of children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Liu
- School of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, No. 36, Lushan Road, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, No. 36, Lushan Road, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Jintian Yi
- Shenzhen College of International Education, Shenzhen, 518100, China
| | - Sige Liu
- School of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, No. 36, Lushan Road, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, No. 36, Lushan Road, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Dehua Wu
- School of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, No. 36, Lushan Road, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Huazhan Yin
- School of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, No. 36, Lushan Road, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.
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4
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Cleary M, West S, Johnston-Devin C, Kornhaber R, McLean L, Hungerford C. Collateral Damage: The Impacts of School Exclusion on the Mental Health of Parents Caring for Autistic Children. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2024; 45:3-8. [PMID: 38190434 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2023.2280718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Despite legislative and policy mechanisms that promote inclusion in education for children with disabilities, many students still experience exclusion from the education setting. For example, autistic children are more likely than their neurotypical counterparts to be expelled or suspended from school or to refuse to attend school on an ongoing basis. This situation gives rise to various challenges for their parents. This discursive paper synthesizes current knowledge on school exclusion involving autistic children, including the causes and consequences of exclusionary practices. The paper also considers the negative impacts of these exclusionary practices on the emotional and psychological well-being of parents and caregivers. Mental health nurses who understand the issues related to school exclusion can better support the educational, social, and developmental needs of autistic children and the mental health needs of parents or caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cleary
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Sciences, CQUniversity, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sancia West
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Sciences, CQUniversity, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Rachel Kornhaber
- School of Nursing, Paramedicine and Healthcare Sciences, Charles Sturt University, NSW, Australia
| | - Loyola McLean
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Psychotherapy Program for Complex Traumatic Disorders, Western Sydney Local Health District, Parramatta, NSW, Australia
- Western Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine Hungerford
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Sciences, CQUniversity, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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5
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Li X, Peng Y, Lu Y, Zhang Y. The effect of recasting by mothers with different conversational styles on the communication behavior of autistic children: Lag sequential analysis. Autism Res 2024; 17:125-137. [PMID: 37964721 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Recasting is the adult rephrasing of a child's immediately preceding utterance. It has been shown to have outstanding effects on promoting language development in autistic children. This study used lag sequential analysis to explore the impact of mothers' conversational styles on the communicative behavior of autistic children when using recasting. This study recruited 30 Chinese autistic children (aged 3-6 years) and their mothers. The utterances of the children and their mothers during 30-min interactions were transcribed, coded, and analyzed. The mothers' conversational styles were determined by the percentages of child-dominant, mother-dominant, and equality styles. The results indicated that mothers' conversational styles were predominantly child-dominant, differing from the expected mother-dominant style that is typical in Eastern cultures and traditions. However, some mothers still demonstrated a significant proportion of mother-dominant style in their conversation, while some exhibited a considerable amount of equality style. Moreover, mothers with a mainly child-dominant style and minimal use of mother-dominant and equality styles used recasting after the child's response, triggering the child to initiate new topics. Mothers with a child-dominant style combined with prominent mother-dominant features implemented untargeted self-recasting, the children did not respond significantly. Mothers with a child-dominant style combined with prominent equality features used recasting after the children responded, initiated, or expanded the conversation, which often facilitated the child's expansion of the conversation. These findings provide suggestions for designing parent-mediated early language interventions for autistic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- College of Education, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yonghan Peng
- College of Education, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiting Lu
- College of Education, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yumin Zhang
- College of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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6
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Griffith GM, Saville CWN, Halstead EJ, Hastings RP. Mindfulness as a Potential Moderator Between Child Behavior Problems and Maternal Well-Being. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2023; 128:411-424. [PMID: 37875273 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-128.6.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Mindfulness-based programs can help lower psychological distress among parents of children with developmental disabilities. However, less is known about the functions of mindfulness in relation to parental outcomes. In a cross-sectional survey, mothers of children with developmental disabilities (N = 313) reported on their child's behavior problems, trait mindfulness, mindful parenting, and a range of outcomes (anxiety and depression symptoms, parenting stress, family satisfaction, and positive gain). Neither trait mindfulness or mindful parenting acted as moderators between child behavior problems and outcome variables, although both had main effect (compensatory) associations with parent outcomes. Benefits of mindfulness-based programs may be general rather than specifically in the context of high child behavior problems, given the lack of evidence for the moderating function of mindfulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma M Griffith
- Gemma M. Griffith, Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice, Bangor University, UK
| | | | | | - Richard P Hastings
- Richard P. Hastings, Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research, Warwick University, UK
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van Niekerk K, Stancheva V, Smith C. Caregiver burden among caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder. S Afr J Psychiatr 2023; 29:2079. [PMID: 37928940 PMCID: PMC10623632 DOI: 10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v29i0.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with deficits in social communication and interaction, restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests and activities. Autism spectrum disorder is associated with multiple comorbidities. As a result, caregivers of children with ASD experience increased levels of burden and poor quality of life. However, there is a paucity of information on the burden. Aim The study aimed to describe the sociodemographic profiles and determine the extent of the burden experienced by caregivers of children and adolescents with ASD. Setting The Child, Adolescent and Family Unit (CAFU) outpatient services at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital (CMJAH). Methods A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study was done. Two self-administered questionnaires were used: a sociodemographic questionnaire and the 12-item Zarit Burden Interview questionnaire. Results The questionnaires were completed by 77 caregivers, of which the majority were female (n = 56 or 72.3%), mothers to children with ASD (n = 49 or 64.3%) and identified as Christian (p < 0.001). Most had completed secondary school or had a tertiary education (p = 0.003) and were employed (p < 0.001). Among the caregivers, 41.6% experienced mild to moderate burden, 33.8% experienced high burden and only 24.9% reported no to mild burden. Conclusion Caregivers of children and adolescents with a diagnosis of ASD are mostly mothers and experience mild to moderate levels of caregiver burden, suggesting the need for improved screening and psychosocial support programmes. Contribution This study highlights the burden experienced by primary caregivers of children with ASD and is one of the few comprehensive studies on this issue within the context of South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karli van Niekerk
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Venera Stancheva
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cornelia Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Greenlee JL, Hickey E, Stelter CR, Huynh T, Hartley SL. Profiles of the parenting experience in families of autistic children. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2023; 27:1919-1932. [PMID: 36602200 PMCID: PMC10319917 DOI: 10.1177/13623613221147399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Research shows that parents of autistic children, on average, are stressed; however, there is likely an array of factors that characterize the parenting experience in the context of autism other than stress. Understanding the diversity in the parenting experiences of both mothers and fathers of autistic children is important in the development of family-based intervention. A total of 188 co-habiting couples with an autistic child described their parenting experiences using a series of questionnaires examining their feelings of stress, parenting competence, and parenting attitudes and behaviors. We then sorted responses into profiles-three for mothers and four for fathers. We found that children of parents who reported the least amount of stress, highest feeling of competence, and use of responsive and directive parenting strategies (the Adaptive profile) had children with the least severe behavioral problems and autism symptoms. It was not necessary for both parents to be in the Adaptive category for child emotional and behavioral problems to less severe. We found that children did just as well when one parent was Adaptive compared with when both parents fell into this category.
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Bogavac I, Jeličić L, Đorđević J, Veselinović I, Marisavljević M, Subotić M. Comparing Anxiety Levels during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Mothers of Children with and without Neurodevelopmental Disorders. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1292. [PMID: 37628291 PMCID: PMC10453906 DOI: 10.3390/children10081292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic undoubtedly burdened families, perhaps even more for parents of children with neurodevelopmental disabilities. This research aims to determine the anxiety levels in mothers of children with neurodevelopmental disorders (autism spectrum disorder and specific language impairment) and mothers of typically developed children. The cross-sectional study comprised 280 mothers from the period of the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia. A confidential survey included main demographic data and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Results revealed that the mean levels of STAI-S and STAI-T are elevated in the observed sample of mothers in the first pandemic wave; the STAI-S level is in the high category (STAI-S mean = 46.69), while STAI-T is in the intermediate category near the cut-off value for the high level (STAI-T mean = 43.04). A statistically significant strong positive correlation between STAI-S and STAI-T is seen (r = 0.802, p = 0.001). GLMM analysis revealed that interactions, rather than independent variables, significantly impact anxiety, implying a complex relationship between the observed variables and STAI. Compared with the results from the pre-pandemic study, our findings reveal that COVID-19 affects mothers of children with and without neurodevelopmental disorders in a complex manner, imposing a need for psychological support, which may positively affect mothers' mental health and the development of their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Bogavac
- Cognitive Neuroscience Department, Research and Development Institute “Life Activities Advancement Institute”, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.B.); (M.M.); (M.S.)
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Institute for Experimental Phonetic and Speech Pathology, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Jeličić
- Cognitive Neuroscience Department, Research and Development Institute “Life Activities Advancement Institute”, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.B.); (M.M.); (M.S.)
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Institute for Experimental Phonetic and Speech Pathology, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Đorđević
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
- Clinic for Neurology and Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Veselinović
- Department of Defectology-Hearing Disability, Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Maša Marisavljević
- Cognitive Neuroscience Department, Research and Development Institute “Life Activities Advancement Institute”, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.B.); (M.M.); (M.S.)
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Institute for Experimental Phonetic and Speech Pathology, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miško Subotić
- Cognitive Neuroscience Department, Research and Development Institute “Life Activities Advancement Institute”, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.B.); (M.M.); (M.S.)
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Lovell B, Newman A, Wetherell MA. Seeing it my way: A perspective taking intervention alleviates psychological distress in caregivers of autistic children. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2023; 133:104396. [PMID: 36580813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cognitively empathic caregivers are able to take the perspective of their autistic child(ren) without experiencing vicarious distressing emotions, and typically report lower psychological distress. Taking the perspective of the autistic child might, through fostering cognitive empathy, might relieve caregivers' psychological distress. Here we explored whether autism perspective taking videos developed by the National Autistic Society (NAS), intended to raise public awareness about autism, might be effective, packaged as an intervention, for increasing caregivers' cognitive empathy and reducing their psychological distress. A sample of 24 caregivers of autistic children completed questionnaires capturing psychological distress and cognitive empathy at baseline. For three consecutive days, for two-three minutes per day, caregivers watched perspective taking videos. Follow up assessments were collected 7, 14, and 21 days post intervention. Psychological distress was lower after seven days, and stayed lower 14 and 21 days post intervention compared with baseline. Cognitive empathy was higher after 14 days, and remained higher 21 days post intervention compared with baseline. Taking the perspective of the autistic child, achieved here with publically available NAS videos, seems to be effective for increasing caregivers' cognitive empathy and reducing their psychological distress for up to three weeks. Future research might use more rigorous methodologies, incorporating control groups and larger samples, to explore moderators of intervention efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lovell
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, UK.
| | - Amy Newman
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, UK
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11
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Cleary M, West S, Mclean L. From 'Refrigerator Mothers' to Empowered Advocates: The Evolution of the Autism Parent. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2023; 44:64-70. [PMID: 36049183 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2022.2115594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A historical perspective offers a chance to reflect on unfolding narratives. The emergence of the diagnosis of autism attracted some positions of blame for "refrigerator mothers". With ensuing neuroscience and developmental research and more nuanced biopsychosocial models, this gave way to notions of strong neurological contributions to the disorder and the positive role of parents supporting the regulation of their child. The notion of co-regulation then emerges with collective agency by parents to offer advocacy and support for those with ASD and their parents and an important role in educating society around the needs and value of those with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cleary
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sancia West
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Loyola Mclean
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Psychotherapy Program for Complex Traumatic Disorders, Western Sydney Local Health District, Parramatta, NSW, Australia.,Western Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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12
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Hamama L. Modeling linkages between self-efficacy, normalization, and well-being factors among Israeli mothers of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 128:104295. [PMID: 35777249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Parents' well-being may be challenged by the neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) of their children. This study explored general self-efficacy (personal resource) and normalization (coping strategy) and their possible association with mothers' well-being (satisfaction with life/SWL, positive affect, and presence of meaning in life/P-MIL). METHOD Data were obtained from 127 Israeli mothers, ages 23-63, of children (M = 12.08, SD = 3.39) with NDs (autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, cerebral palsy). All participants completed online self-report questionnaires. RESULTS After controlling for the effects of group, mother's age, and child's gender, bivariate associations showed that general self-efficacy was positively correlated with SWL (r =.46, p <.001), positive affect (r =.43, p <.001), and P-MIL (r =.37, p <.001). The study's mediation model was partly supported: General self-efficacy was related to normalization, which was related to SWL and positive affect, but not to P-MIL. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study contributes to the empirical knowledge on well-being in mothers raising children with NDs. Findings revealed that mothers' general self-efficacy alongside their strategy to adopt normalcy substantially contributed to their well-being. Hence, psychosocial services should strengthen general self-efficacy in this cohort and support their normalization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hamama
- The Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Expectations and Concerns about the Use of Telemedicine for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Parents and Healthcare Professionals. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11123294. [PMID: 35743364 PMCID: PMC9224762 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Telemedicine has recently been used for diagnosis and interventions inpatients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), traditionally performed in-person, but little attention has been paid to user expectations prior to its use. The aim of this study is to compare the expectations and concerns of 50 healthcare professionals and 45 parents of children with ASD regarding the use of telemedicine for diagnostic or treatment purposes. Parents have higher expectations for the use of telemedicine as an alternative (p = 0.0223) and supplement (p = 0.0061) to in-person diagnosis of ASD, as well as a supplement to traditional intervention (p ≤ 0.0001). In addition, while they also have greater hope for improvement in family routines (p = 0.0034) and parenting skills in child management (p = 0.0147), they express greater concern about the need for active parental involvement/supervision during telemedicine services (p = 0.015) and changes in the behaviour of the child with ASD during telemedicine services (p = 0.049). On the other hand, healthcare professionals are more concerned about barriers such as lack of devices (p = 0.000), unfamiliarity with the technology (p = 0.000), poor quality of internet connection (p = 0.006), and severity of ASD (p = 0.000). To achieve promising healthcare for ASD patients, the telemedicine service should try to meet the needs and preferences of both healthcare professionals and parents, as well as identify and, if possible, reduce perceived barriers.
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Miniarikova E, Vernhet C, Peries M, Loubersac J, Picot MC, Munir K, Baghdadli A. Anxiety and depression in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder during the first COVID-19 lockdown: Report from the ELENA cohort. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 149:344-351. [PMID: 34776249 PMCID: PMC9750171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Covid-19 pandemic had a strong impact on mental health in the general population. This study conducted during the first lockdown in France considered parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) prospectively followed in the ELENA Cohort. OBJECTIVES We aimed to (1) compare the Anxiety and Depression (AaD) levels during the lockdown between mothers and fathers, (2) compare the parent's AaD between the lockdown and the last ELENA follow-up visit, and (3) identify risk factors for parental AaD during lockdown among socio-demographic and children's clinical characteristics. METHODS The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to assess AaD in 134 parent's pairs. Parents also completed the Questionnaire about their living conditions during COVID-19, their child's interventions and perceived changes about their child's behaviors and sleep. Child's ASD severity, intellectual and socio-adaptive skills and parent's socio-demographic characteristics were collected from ELENA follow-up. RESULTS The parents' AaD levels were lower during the lockdown compared to the last ELENA visit that coincided in 96% with the child's ASD diagnosis. The AaD levels were more pronounced in mothers and significantly associated with the child's challenging behaviors, parents' teleworking and perceived knowledge about COVID-19. The perception of an insufficient knowledge was the only risk factor for mothers' AaD. CONCLUSION Our findings highlighted the pertinence for an assessment of the mental health of main caregivers of children with ASD, consideration of their gender characteristics, and the importance of providing relevant information during pandemic. Future studies examining the pandemic long-term effects are needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02625116.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ela Miniarikova
- Centre de Ressources Autisme Languedoc-Roussillon et Centre d'excellence sur l’Autisme et les Troubles Neurodéveloppementaux, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christelle Vernhet
- Centre de Ressources Autisme Languedoc-Roussillon et Centre d'excellence sur l’Autisme et les Troubles Neurodéveloppementaux, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marianne Peries
- Centre de Ressources Autisme Languedoc-Roussillon et Centre d'excellence sur l’Autisme et les Troubles Neurodéveloppementaux, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Loubersac
- Centre de Ressources Autisme Languedoc-Roussillon et Centre d'excellence sur l’Autisme et les Troubles Neurodéveloppementaux, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France,Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, Team DevPsy, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Marie-Christine Picot
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, Team DevPsy, 94807, Villejuif, France,Clinical Research Unit, Department of Medical Information, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Kerim Munir
- Developmental Medicine Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amaria Baghdadli
- Centre de Ressources Autisme Languedoc-Roussillon et Centre d'excellence sur l'Autisme et les Troubles Neurodéveloppementaux, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, Team DevPsy, 94807, Villejuif, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montpellier, France.
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15
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Bi XB, He HZ, Lin HY, Fan XZ. Influence of Social Support Network and Perceived Social Support on the Subjective Wellbeing of Mothers of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychol 2022; 13:835110. [PMID: 35401352 PMCID: PMC8989138 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.835110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the relations between the social support network of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), perceived social support, and their subjective wellbeing. The participants were mothers of children with ASD in Shanghai. Their social support network structure was explored via the nomination method. Perceived social support was measured using the Revised Social Provisions Scale for Autism (R-SPS-A), and the mothers’ subjective wellbeing was assessed using the Index of Wellbeing, Index of General Affect. A significant correlation was observed between the subjective wellbeing of mothers of children with ASD and perceived social support. Meanwhile, perceived social support was significantly correlated with the effectiveness of overall social support. Finally, perceived social support was also significantly correlated with the network size of social support. Moreover, the effectiveness of social support was significantly associated with the network size of social support and was highly significantly associated with the degree of intimacy of social support. Furthermore, the network size of instrumental support has a significant influence on all perceived social support subdimensions. Overall, social support effectiveness plays an important role in the social support network mechanism on perceived social support and subjective wellbeing in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-bin Bi
- Department of Special Education, Faculty of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-zhong He
- Department of Special Education, Faculty of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Special Education, Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hui-zhong He,
| | - Hai-ying Lin
- Shanghai Rehabilitation Center for Children With Disabilities, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-zhuang Fan
- Department of Special Education, Faculty of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Vernhet C, Michelon C, Dellapiazza F, Rattaz C, Geoffray MM, Roeyers H, Picot MC, Baghdadli A. Perceptions of parents of the impact of autism spectrum disorder on their quality of life and correlates: comparison between mothers and fathers. Qual Life Res 2021; 31:1499-1508. [PMID: 34822048 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-021-03045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare mothers and fathers perceptions of the impact of autism spectrum disorder on their Quality of Life (QoL), we used the Parental-Developmental Disorders-Quality of Life scale (Par-DD-QoL). METHOD The perception of QoL of mothers and fathers was compared for 130 pairs of parents of children with ASD and the associated variables were investigated. RESULTS Mothers perceived a significantly greater impact of ASD on their QoL than fathers. Parents perceived a higher impact of ASD on global QoL when their child's adaptive skills were low and when the level of aberrant behaviors was high. More precisely, the perception of QoL by the mothers was negatively associated with their child's internalized disorders, whereas the perception of QoL by the fathers was negatively associated with their child's externalized disorders. Neither the mothers' nor the fathers' perception of the impact on QoL was associated with their children's age or the severity of their autistic symptoms. Some parental factors, such as being members of a family association, having benefited from training in ASD and having experienced a disruption in professional activity were associated with a greater impact on their QoL. CONCLUSION Our finding that the perceived impact of ASD on QoL differed between mothers and fathers argues for individualized psychosocial support. Moreover, the strong correlation between the child's clinical characteristics and the perception by parents of a higher impact of ASD on QoL should be seen as red flag concerning the needs of the parents in terms of social and educational support. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02625116 (October 2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Vernhet
- Centre de Ressources Autisme Languedoc-Roussillon et Centre d'excellence sur l'Autisme et les Troubles Neurodéveloppementaux, CHU Montpellier, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295 Cedex 05, Montpellier, France
| | - Cécile Michelon
- Centre de Ressources Autisme Languedoc-Roussillon et Centre d'excellence sur l'Autisme et les Troubles Neurodéveloppementaux, CHU Montpellier, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295 Cedex 05, Montpellier, France
| | - Florine Dellapiazza
- Centre de Ressources Autisme Languedoc-Roussillon et Centre d'excellence sur l'Autisme et les Troubles Neurodéveloppementaux, CHU Montpellier, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295 Cedex 05, Montpellier, France
| | - Cécile Rattaz
- Centre de Ressources Autisme Languedoc-Roussillon et Centre d'excellence sur l'Autisme et les Troubles Neurodéveloppementaux, CHU Montpellier, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295 Cedex 05, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Maude Geoffray
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Departement, Center for Assessment and Diagnostic of Autism, Le Vinatier Hospital, Bron, France
| | - Herbert Roeyers
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie-Christine Picot
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Medical Information, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, Team DevPsy, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Amaria Baghdadli
- Centre de Ressources Autisme Languedoc-Roussillon et Centre d'excellence sur l'Autisme et les Troubles Neurodéveloppementaux, CHU Montpellier, 39 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295 Cedex 05, Montpellier, France.
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, Team DevPsy, 94807, Villejuif, France.
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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17
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Boettcher J, Zapf H, Fuerboeter M, Nazarian R, Reinshagen K, Wiegand-Grefe S, Boettcher M. Perceived mental health in parents of children with rare congenital surgical diseases: a double ABCX model considering gender. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:384. [PMID: 34503547 PMCID: PMC8427164 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has supported the utility of the Double ABCX model of family adaptation for parents in various diseases. Nonetheless, it remains unclear how raising a child with rare congenital surgical diseases impacts the mental health of both mothers and fathers. METHODS The potential predictors of maternal and paternal mental health in a German sample of 210 parents of children with rare congenital surgical diseases were investigated. Parents were investigated cross-sectionally utilizing standardized psychometric questionnaires that assessed factors attributed to parental adaptation within the Double ABCX model. RESULTS Stressor pile-up, family functioning, perceived stress, and mental health were positively associated with mothers and fathers. However, further analyses revealed that family functioning, social support, and perceived stress fully mediated the positive association between stressor pile-up and mental health in mothers, but not fathers. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that parental adaptation to a rare congenital surgical disease in their children may be improved by increased intra- and extrafamilial resources and decreased perceived family-related stress in mothers, but not fathers. Our results may help to identify gender-specific factors that may guide clinicians and future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Boettcher
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Holger Zapf
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mareike Fuerboeter
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rojin Nazarian
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Reinshagen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silke Wiegand-Grefe
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Boettcher
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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18
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Daulay N. Home education for children with autism spectrum disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic: Indonesian mothers experience. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 114:103954. [PMID: 33882385 PMCID: PMC9758886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the experiences of mothers and efforts in implementing home education for children with autism, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Five mothers were recruited as participants and interviewed online, as the data obtained were examined through the use of thematic analysis. Also, three main themes were shown, (1) Mothers' experience in implementing home education, as regards adaptability and burden of caregiving, (2) The constraints in home education implementation, as regards maladaptive behaviours of ASD and emerging negative emotions, (3) The efforts to alleviate barriers, as regards problem-focused and religious copings. Also, the implementation of home education during the pandemic was less than optimal, due to the increase in maladaptive behaviours of the autistic children, low adaptability, the burden of caregiving, and emerging negative emotions. Appropriate coping strategies were also observed to help mothers in alleviating the constraints to implementing home education and parenting stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurussakinah Daulay
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teaching, Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara, Indonesia.
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19
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The Effect of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Improving Psychological Well-Being in Parents of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11070880. [PMID: 34209171 PMCID: PMC8301771 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) has been demonstrated as effective in improving psychological well-being in several clinical domains, but there is no evidence regarding the parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, we evaluated the efficacy of the ACT matrix behavioral protocol in comparison to the Parent Training (PT) program, measuring several primary and secondary outcomes prior to and following treatments. Twelve parents were randomly and equally assigned to two demographically matched groups wherein individuals underwent 24 weekly meetings of ACT protocol (experimental group) or conventional PT (control group). Results: Parents enrolled in the ACT protocol demonstrated significant improvement in psychological flexibility, awareness states, personal values in everyday life, and parental stress, whereas reduced scores were elicited in parents’ perceptions of their child’s disruptive behaviors. Conclusions: The results of this randomized controlled trial, if repeated with a large number of subjects, could open the way to include ACT protocols in daily practice to support the development of new parenting skills.
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20
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Jose P, Sundaram S, Varma RP. Buffering Effect of Spousal Support on Stress Levels in Mothers of Children with a Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Kerala, India. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2021; 12:535-542. [PMID: 34295109 PMCID: PMC8289558 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1727559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives
Bringing up a child with the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be highly stressful. This study aimed to assess perceived stress, level of spousal support, emotion-focused coping styles, and other potentially associated factors among mothers accompanying children diagnosed with ASD for care from selected institutions in Kerala, India.
Materials and Methods
Consenting parents accompanying children to therapeutic programs in selected institutions were administered a semi structured interview schedule incorporating questions of the vernacular version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), emotion-based coping strategies, spousal support in care of the child diagnosed with ASD, and possible-associated factors. Since internal consistency of stress and coping questionnaires were low, principal component analysis was used to extract composite variables with reasonable psychometric characteristics for stress and coping.
Statistical Analysis
Ordinal logistic regression was performed with a three-level stress category as the outcome variable.
Results
High stress was significantly associated with low spousal support (adjusted odds ratio or AOR: 2.80; 95% confidence intervals or CI 1.28–6.11), having a completely dependent child (AOR 4.24 [95% CI 1.92–9.38]), and low acceptance levels (AOR 2.60 [95% CI 1.14–5.89]). Unlike mothers with high spousal support, mothers with low spousal support were likely to have difficulty in interacting with others (
p
= 0.02) and a low level of acceptance (
p
= 0.05).
Conclusion
Spousal support is important to preserve psychological health in mothers of children diagnosed with ASD. Mothers with low spousal support may need interventions that help increase acceptance levels or decrease avoidant behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prinu Jose
- Achutha Menon Center for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Soumya Sundaram
- Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.,Comprehensive Care Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (CCCND), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Ravi Prasad Varma
- Achutha Menon Center for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.,Comprehensive Care Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (CCCND), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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21
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Wang H, Wang Q, Hu X, Han ZR. Mindfulness and Stress Among Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in China. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:2035-2045. [PMID: 34050845 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Parenting a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be tremendously challenging. It is important to identify factors associated with parenting stress. This study examined the indirect effect of parental dispositional mindfulness on their anxiety and depressive symptoms and family quality of life (FQOL) through mindful parenting and then parenting stress. Seventy-nine Chinese parents (24.1% fathers) of children with ASD aged 3-13 years completed self-report questionnaires. Results indicated that higher dispositional mindfulness was associated with higher mindful parenting, which was related to lower parenting stress, and further related to lower anxiety and depressive symptoms and higher FQOL. The findings provide valuable insight into the potential pathways through which general mindfulness and mindful parenting may positively impact parental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiandong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- Department of Special Education, Education Research Center for Children With ASD, Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Rm 408, YingDong Building, Xin Jie Kou Wai Da Jie #19, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhuo Rachel Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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22
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Jellett R, Wood CE, Giallo R, Seymour M. Family functioning and behaviour problems in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: The mediating role of parent mental health. CLIN PSYCHOL-UK 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/cp.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Jellett
- Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology,
| | - Catherine E. Wood
- Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology,
| | - Rebecca Giallo
- Healthy Mothers Healthy Families Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,
| | - Monique Seymour
- Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology,
- Healthy Mothers Healthy Families Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,
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23
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Pisula E, Banasiak A. Empowerment in Polish fathers of children with autism and Down syndrome: the role of social support and coping with stress - a preliminary report. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2020; 64:434-441. [PMID: 31418969 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although empowerment is an important factor in the adaptation of parents of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities, our understanding of empowerment in fathers or how it relates to coping with stress and subjective social support is limited. In Poland, families with children with intellectual and developmental disabilities experience many challenges because of insufficient support. Although parental contribution to developing different forms of services for people with disability is crucial, the potential of fathers is underestimated and poorly understood. METHODS The study enrolled 35 fathers of children with autism with intellectual disability, 37 fathers of children with Down syndrome and 40 fathers of typically developing children. They completed three questionnaires: Family Empowerment Scale, Ways of Coping Questionnaire and Social Support Questionnaire - Short Form. RESULTS Compared with other groups, family empowerment was lower in fathers of children with autism. No group differences were found for the service system and community dimensions of empowerment. In the fathers of children with autism, social support was not related to empowerment, but there was a negative correlation between emotional coping and service system. Satisfaction with social support in fathers of children with Down syndrome correlated positively with the community dimension of empowerment. CONCLUSIONS Results show that fathers of children with autism and intellectual disability require support in family empowerment and that the significance of emotion-focused and problem-focused coping and social support in the context of empowerment differs in fathers of children with autism and Down syndrome. These results should be considered preliminary because of the limited sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pisula
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Banasiak
- Faculty of Pedagogy, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Częstochowa, Poland
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24
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Weitlauf AS, Broderick N, Stainbrook JA, Taylor JL, Herrington CG, Nicholson AG, Santulli M, Dykens EM, Juárez AP, Warren ZE. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Parents Implementing Early Intervention for Autism: An RCT. Pediatrics 2020; 145:S81-S92. [PMID: 32238534 PMCID: PMC8025402 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-1895k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Systems of care emphasize parent-delivered intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Meanwhile, multiple studies document psychological distress within these parents. This pilot longitudinal randomized controlled trial compared the parent-implemented Early Start Denver Model (P-ESDM) to P-ESDM plus mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) for parents. We evaluated changes in parent functioning during active treatment and at follow-up. METHODS Participants included children (<36 months old) with autism spectrum disorder and caregivers. Participants were randomly assigned to P-ESDM only (n = 31) or P-ESDM plus MBSR (n = 30). Data were collected at baseline, midtreatment, the end of treatment, and 1, 3, and 6 months posttreatment. Multilevel models with discontinuous slopes were used to test for group differences in outcome changes over time. RESULTS Both groups improved during active treatment in all subdomains of parent stress (β = -1.42, -1.25, -0.92; P < 0.001), depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms (β = -0.62 and -0.78, respectively; P < 0.05). Parents who received MBSR had greater improvements than those receiving P-ESDM only in parental distress and parent-child dysfunctional interactions (β = -1.91 and -1.38, respectively; P < 0.01). Groups differed in change in mindfulness during treatment (β = 3.15; P < .05), with P-ESDM plus MBSR increasing and P-ESDM declining. Treatment group did not significantly predict change in depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, or life satisfaction. Differences emerged on the basis of parent sex, child age, and child behavior problems. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that manualized, low-intensity stress-reduction strategies may have long-term impacts on parent stress. Limitations and future directions are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Amy G Nicholson
- Departments of Pediatrics and
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | | | - Elisabeth M Dykens
- Departments of Pediatrics and
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
- Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - A Pablo Juárez
- Departments of Pediatrics and
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
- Departments of Special Education and
| | - Zachary E Warren
- Departments of Pediatrics and
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
- Departments of Special Education and
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25
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Rational Emotive Family Health Therapy for Reducing Parenting Stress in Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Group Randomized Control Study. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-020-00342-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Di Renzo M, Bianchi di Castelbianco F, Vanadia E, Petrillo M, Racinaro L, Rea M. Parental perception of stress and emotional-behavioural difficulties of children with autism spectrum disorder and specific language impairment. AUTISM & DEVELOPMENTAL LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENTS 2020; 5:2396941520971502. [PMID: 36381547 PMCID: PMC9620459 DOI: 10.1177/2396941520971502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The daily challenges of caring for a child with autism spectrum disorder affect many areas of everyday life and parental well-being, as well as parents' ability to manage the needs of the family and the child concerned. A better understanding of parents' perception of their child's characteristics can allow better support for them and individualize intervention protocols in a more accurate way. The main objective of this study is the evaluation of the perception of stress by parents of children with autism compared to parents of children with specific language impairment. METHODS The parents of 87 children aged between 2 and 6 years were included in this study, 34 children with a specific language impairment diagnosis and 53 children with an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis (ASD) or at risk of developing it. They were asked to complete a self-report on perceived stress and rating scales on adaptive/problematic behaviours, executive functions and sensory profile of the child. RESULTS The results reveal that parents of ASD children, compared to the control group, showed significantly higher levels of stress, mainly due to the difficulty of managing unexpected events, the feeling of loss of control over one's life and the fear of not being able to cope with the adversities they were experiences. The most critical area, both for ASD and control group, concern the executive function related to emotional reactions. CONCLUSIONS Thus, we argue that the difficulties in self-control, sensory modulation and emotional regulation, represent an element of stress for parents of children with developmental disorders.Implications: Regarding the difficulties of children with ASD, supporting the ways in which caregivers adapt to the signals of children is an important strategy, which has now become a key element of treatments for autism mediated by parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Di Renzo
- Magda Di Renzo, Institute of Ortofonologia,
Via Salaria 30, 00198 Rome, Italy.
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27
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Baixauli I, Mira A, Berenguer C, Roselló B, Miranda A. Family Factors and Communicative Skills in Children with Autism Without Intellectual Disability. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 49:5023-5035. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04216-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Fourcade C, Ferrand C, Afzali M, Kruck J, Rogé B. Validation française du Caregiving Strain Questionnaire sur une population de parents d’enfants avec troubles du spectre de l’autisme. PSYCHOLOGIE FRANCAISE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psfr.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Ilias K, Cornish K, Park MSA, Toran H, Golden KJ. Risk and Resilience Among Mothers and Fathers of Primary School Age Children With ASD in Malaysia: A Qualitative Constructive Grounded Theory Approach. Front Psychol 2019; 9:2275. [PMID: 30670992 PMCID: PMC6331527 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the coping and resilience experiences of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the Malaysian cultural context. This study utilized a qualitative methodological approach adopting constructive grounded theory. The study sought to address the lack of research to date exploring the risk and protective experiences that contribute to parental stress and resilience for parents of primary school age children with ASD in the Malaysian setting. Twenty-two parents of children with ASD (13 mothers and 9 fathers) participated in semi-structured interviews. A strength of the study was the inclusion of both mother and father participant perspectives. The interviews lasted 50-80 min (mean: 67.5 min). The 22 parents had a total of 16 children (12 males; 4 females) formally diagnosed with ASD. Child age ranged between 5 and 12 years (mean age: 8.44). Overall, analysis of the 22 interviews revealed four prominent themes - "initial reaction to child's ASD symptoms and diagnosis," "family life affected by a child with ASD," "awareness about ASD in Malaysia," and "coping strategies, wellbeing, and becoming resilient." The first three themes revolved around stress and adversity, and, the adaptability and acceptance of the parents. These processes illustrated the risks experienced by the parents of children with ASD in Malaysia. The last theme especially highlighted the strengths and determination of the parents and illustrated the protective experiences and processes that helped parents to develop and enhance resilience. Overall, the findings revealed that resilience develops synergistically and dynamically from both risk and protective experiences across different levels - individual, family, community, society and government. The findings motivated the development of our theoretical model of resilience that can help health and education professionals tailor assessment and interventions for parents of children with ASD in the Malaysian context. Clinical, policy, and research suggestions were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartini Ilias
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Global Asia in the 21st Century Research Platform (GA21), Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Malaysia
| | - Kim Cornish
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Miriam Sang-Ah Park
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Global Asia in the 21st Century Research Platform (GA21), Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Hasnah Toran
- Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Karen Jennifer Golden
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Global Asia in the 21st Century Research Platform (GA21), Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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Vagenas D, Totsika V. Modelling correlated data: Multilevel models and generalized estimating equations and their use with data from research in developmental disabilities. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 81:1-11. [PMID: 29786528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of Multilevel Models (MLM) and Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) for analysing clustered data in the field of intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) research is still limited. METHOD We present some important features of MLMs and GEEs: main function, assumptions, model specification and estimators, sample size and power. We provide an overview of the ways MLMs and GEEs have been used in IDD research. RESULTS While MLMs and GEEs are both appropriate for longitudinal and/or clustered data, they differ in the assumptions they impose on the data, and the inferences made. Estimators in MLMs require appropriate model specification, while GEEs are more resilient to misspecification at the expense of model complexity. Studies on sample size seem to suggest that Level 1 coefficients are robust to small samples/clusters, with any higher-level coefficients less so. MLMs have been used more frequently than GEEs in IDD research, especially for fitting developmental trajectories. CONCLUSIONS Clustered data from research in the IDD field can be analysed flexibly using MLMs and GEEs. These models would be more widely used if journals required the inclusion of technical specification detail, simulation studies examined power for IDD study characteristics, and researchers developed core skills during basic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Vagenas
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
| | - Vasiliki Totsika
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal, and Research (CEDAR) and Centre for Education Studies (CES), University of Warwick, UK; Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Australia
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Halstead E, Ekas N, Hastings RP, Griffith GM. Associations Between Resilience and the Well-Being of Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Other Developmental Disabilities. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 48:1108-1121. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3447-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Social Support as Mediator and Moderator of the Relationship Between Parenting Stress and Life Satisfaction Among the Chinese Parents of Children with ASD. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 48:1181-1188. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chan TO, Lam SF. Mediator or moderator? The role of mindfulness in the association between child behavior problems and parental stress. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2017; 70:1-10. [PMID: 28863317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Raising a child with intellectual disability (ID) may be stressful for parents. Previous studies have suggested the mediating role of mindfulness in the association between child behavior problems and parental stress. AIMS The present study examined whether this mediating role is a result of parents' self-report bias. It also explored whether mindfulness has a moderating role instead when child behavior problems are reported by teachers. METHODS In a questionnaire survey, 271 Chinese parents of children with ID in 6 Hong Kong special schools reported their levels of stress and mindfulness, as well as their children's behavior problems. The latter was also reported by teachers. RESULTS When child behavior problems were reported by parents, parental mindfulness was a mediator between child behavior problems and parental stress. In contrast, when child behavior problems were reported by teachers, parental mindfulness was a moderator between child behavior problems and parental stress. CONCLUSION The mediation role of mindfulness maybe an artifact of measurement. The findings provide an encouraging message that parenting a child with ID and behavior problems does not necessarily mean more stress among all parents. Parents with a high level of mindfulness may experience less stress than those with a low level of mindfulness. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Parents of children with intellectual disability (ID) tend to report high psychological stress. Previous self-report studies have identified mindfulness as a mediator in the association between child behavior problems and parental stress. The present study differs from previous studies by including third-party's reports. It has contributed to the existing body of knowledge in two respects. First, it examined whether the mediation effect resulted from parent self-report bias. Second, it tested an alternative hypothesis of the moderation effect by using teachers' reports to measure child behavior problems. The results showed that when child behavior problems were measured by parents' reports, parental mindfulness was a mediator between child behavior problems and parental stress. The more the parents reported that their children had behavior problems, the less they reported being mindful, which in turn the more stressful they were. However, when child behavior problems were measured by teachers' reports, parental mindfulness was a moderator instead, moderating the association between child behavior problems and parental stress. The association was ameliorated when parents reported high levels of mindfulness. These findings reveal another possible role of mindfulness and shed light on the support for parents of children with ID.
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Pisula E, Porębowicz-Dörsmann A. Family functioning, parenting stress and quality of life in mothers and fathers of Polish children with high functioning autism or Asperger syndrome. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186536. [PMID: 29036188 PMCID: PMC5643111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the perception of the family functioning in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) with normal-range intelligence and the relationships between family functioning, parenting stress and quality of life. Dyads of parents of children with ASD without intellectual disability and parents of typically developing children (controls) completed a set of self-report questionnaires. Parents of children with ASD reported lower functioning of the family as a whole and their own functioning as family members; they exhibited higher levels of parenting stress and lower quality of life. Mothers of children with ASD experienced more stress in personal domain than fathers. Relationships between family functioning, parenting stress and quality of life have been established. There were also moderate to strong correlations in mother-father dyads between their assessments of family functioning, parenting stress and QoL in social relationships and environmental domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pisula
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Jess M, Hastings RP, Totsika V. The construct of maternal positivity in mothers of children with intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2017; 61:928-938. [PMID: 28776780 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the elevated levels of stress, anxiety and depression reported by mothers of children with intellectual disabilities (ID), these mothers also experience positive well-being and describe positive perceptions of their child. To date, maternal positivity has been operationalised in different ways by using a variety of measures. In the present study, we tested whether a latent construct of maternal positivity could be derived from different measures of positivity. METHOD One hundred and thirty-five mothers of 89 boys and 46 girls with ID between 3 and 18 years of age completed measures on parental self-efficacy, their satisfaction with life, family satisfaction, their positive affect and their positive perceptions of their child with ID. We conducted a confirmatory factor analysis of latent positivity and subsequently tested its association with child social skills and behaviour problems, and maternal mental health. RESULTS A latent maternal positivity factor achieved a statistically good fit by using the five observed indicators of positivity. Parental self-efficacy had the strongest loading on the latent factor. Maternal positivity was significantly negatively associated with maternal psychological distress, maternal stress and child problem behaviours and positively associated with child positive social behaviour. CONCLUSIONS These findings lend support to the importance of examining parental positivity in families raising a child with ID, and using multiple indicators of positivity. Associations with negative psychological outcomes suggest that interventions focused on increasing parental positivity may have beneficial effects for parents. Further research is needed, especially in relation to such interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jess
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - R P Hastings
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - V Totsika
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Heasman B, Gillespie A. Perspective-taking is two-sided: Misunderstandings between people with Asperger's syndrome and their family members. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2017; 22:740-750. [PMID: 28683569 PMCID: PMC6055325 DOI: 10.1177/1362361317708287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Misunderstandings are social in nature, always having two sides. Yet the misunderstandings experienced by people with Asperger's syndrome are usually studied in terms of the individual with a diagnosis, with less emphasis on social relations. We use a two-sided methodology to map out misunderstandings within 22 dyads (n = 44) consisting of people with Asperger's syndrome and their family members. Both sides of the relationship were asked about 12 topics in terms of one's rating of Self, one's rating of Other and one's predicted rating by Other. The findings show that people with Asperger's are able to predict lower scores from family members, despite disagreeing with their view, and that family members often over-estimate the extent to which their relatives with Asperger's syndrome are egocentrically anchored in their own perspective. The research demonstrates that a two-sided methodology is viable, and it uses it to identify how representations of Asperger's syndrome can both support and hinder social understanding within relationships affected by Asperger's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Heasman
- The London School of Economics and Political Science, UK
| | - Alex Gillespie
- The London School of Economics and Political Science, UK
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Benson PR. The impact of child and family stressors on the self-rated health of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder: Associations with depressed mood over a 12-year period. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361317697656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Employing a cohort sequential design and multilevel modeling, the effects of child and family stressors and maternal depressed mood on the self-rated health of 110 mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder were assessed over a 12-year period when children in the study were 7–19 years old. Findings indicate a significant decline in self-rated health over time. In addition, child and family stressors, as well as maternal depressed mood, exerted significant between-persons effects on self-rated health such that mothers who reported more stressors and depressed mood across the study period were less likely to rate themselves in better health across that period. In addition, a significant within-person relationship between maternal depressed mood and self-rated health was found, indicating that at times when mothers reported higher levels of depressed mood than usual (their personal average across the study), they were significantly less likely to report better self-rated health. Finally, maternal depressed mood partially mediated the between-persons effects of child and family stressors on self-rated health such that increased stressors led to increased maternal depressed mood which, in turn, led to poorer maternal self-rated health. Findings suggest that chronic stressors erode maternal health over time and that depression may be an important mechanism linking stressors to decreased maternal health.
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Grey JM, Totsika V, Hastings RP. Physical and psychological health of family carers co-residing with an adult relative with an intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2017; 31 Suppl 2:191-202. [PMID: 28378391 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Providing long-term care to an adult relative with intellectual disability can impact negatively on caregivers' health and well-being. METHODS Data were collected via online and postal questionnaires on 110 family carers' physical and psychological health, family stress and perceived positive gains from caring. Psychological adaptation and carers' satisfaction with available support were also examined. RESULTS Study participants reported more health problems than general populations. Higher support needs of care recipients were associated with increased family stress. Carers being female were associated with lower family stress. Older age and better socio-economic position were associated with better psychological outcomes. Other associations were consistent with psychological adaption and perceived helpfulness of support buffering negative outcomes and facilitating positive gains from caring. CONCLUSIONS Family carers of adults with intellectual disability appear to experience poorer health outcome than population norms. Adaption to the caregiving role may buffer negative outcomes. Further large scale, population-based, longitudinal research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M Grey
- DECIPHer, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Vasiliki Totsika
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Richard P Hastings
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Langley E, Totsika V, Hastings RP. Parental relationship satisfaction in families of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): A multilevel analysis. Autism Res 2017; 10:1259-1268. [PMID: 28339168 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Caring for a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has been linked to a range of negative outcomes for parents but less is known about the putative impact upon the parental couple relationship. The relationship satisfaction of parents of children with ASD was investigated using multilevel modeling. Mothers and fathers (146 couples) reported on their relationship satisfaction, their own well-being, and the behavior problems of the child with ASD and a sibling. Results indicated that mothers and fathers reported similar levels of relationship satisfaction and it was significantly and negatively associated with parental depression and the behavior problems of the child with ASD. Relationship satisfaction was unrelated to the behavior problems of a sibling, the number of children in the household, and family socioeconomic position (SEP). Further longitudinal research that captures a broader range of variables is required to build a theoretical understanding of relationship satisfaction in families of children with ASD. Current evidence suggests that early intervention routes targeting either child behavior problems, parental mental health, or the couple relationship have the potential to benefit inter-connected subsystems within the broader family system. Autism Res 2017. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1259-1268. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Langley
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 8UW, United Kingdom
| | - Vasiliki Totsika
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 8UW, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P Hastings
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 8UW, United Kingdom
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The Longitudinal Effects of Network Characteristics on the Mental Health of Mothers of Children with ASD: The Mediating Role of Parent Cognitions. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 46:1699-715. [PMID: 26810434 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2699-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Employing a cohort sequential design, the effects of network characteristics on maternal cognitions (perceived social support and parenting self-efficacy) and mental health (depression and well-being) were assessed over 7 years when children with ASD of mothers in the study were age 7-14. Findings indicated that network size, network emotional support, and network instrumental support were positively related to perceived support, while network availability and emotional support were positively linked to self-efficacy. In addition, network support exerted direct and indirect effects on maternal depression and well-being, with cognitive resources mediating the social network-mental health relationship. Finally, consistent with the support-efficacy model, parenting efficacy partially mediated the effects of perceived support on maternal mental health outcomes. Study findings and implications are discussed.
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How Are Child Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors Associated with Caregiver Stress Over Time? A Parallel Process Multilevel Growth Model. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 46:1773-83. [PMID: 26801776 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2707-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The impact of raising a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is frequently accompanied by elevated caregiver stress. Examining the variables that predict these elevated rates will help us understand how caregiver stress is impacted by and impacts child behaviors. This study explored how restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) contributed concurrently and longitudinally to caregiver stress in a large sample of preschoolers with ASD using parallel process multilevel growth models. Results indicated that initial rates of and change in RRBs predicted fluctuations in caregiver stress over time. When caregivers reported increased child RRBs, this was mirrored by increases in caregiver stress. Our data support the importance of targeted treatments for RRBs as change in this domain may lead to improvements in caregiver wellbeing.
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Bonis SA, Sawin KJ. Risks and Protective Factors for Stress Self-Management in Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Integrated Review of the Literature. J Pediatr Nurs 2016; 31:567-579. [PMID: 27637421 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PROBLEM Stress in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been reported to be very high. However, little is known about what risk and protective factors influence parental stress self-management in this population. Accordingly, this manuscript is a synthesis of the risk and protective factors that impact self-management of stress in these parents. The concepts in the individual and family self-management theory context domain were used as a framework to guide data collection and analysis. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Searches were conducted using CINAHL, MedLine and PsychInfo. Studies were included if they addressed context factors in parents of children with ASD and were written in English. SAMPLE Ninety-eight studies met review criteria. RESULTS This review highlighted risk factors to parental stress self-management within the context of condition-specific factors, physical and social environment, and individual and family. The most concerning of these findings is that parents struggle accessing a diagnosis and services for their child and are frustrated with health care providers' knowledge of ASD and lack of communication. CONCLUSIONS The risks parents experience as they care for their child with ASD far outweigh the protective factors for self-management of parental stress. IMPLICATIONS Nurses who are aware of these issues can make important changes to their practice and have a significant impact on parental stress self-management and the care of children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Bonis
- College of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI.
| | - Kathleen J Sawin
- College of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI; Department of Nursing Research, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Box 1997, Milwaukee, WI
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Fathers' Experience With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Nursing Implications. J Pediatr Health Care 2016; 30:453-63. [PMID: 26700165 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong condition characterized by very mild symptoms to severe impairments in communication skills, social interactions, and unusual behaviors that interfere with independent functioning and interactions with others. ASD may cause financial, social, and emotional difficulties that negatively affect the entire family. The main focus of current research in caregivers of children with ASD focuses on the mothers rather than fathers or both parents, and no studies have used the fathers' words to describe their experience with ASD. Fathers have an important role to improve outcomes for their children receiving therapy. With more fathers taking on the primary caregiver role, it is important to understand their experience with ASD and their needs to help them actively engage in their role as fathers. The purpose of this study was to describe fathers' experience with ASD using their own words and identify any resources needed to help them actively engage in their role as a father of a child with ASD. METHODS A single-case, multiple-participant, phenomenological approach case study was conducted to describe the experience of fathers of children with ASD. The case was defined as White non-Hispanic (the population identified as having the highest incidence of ASD) fathers who are living in the same home with their child(ren) who has/have a formal diagnosis of ASD. Fathers answered open-ended questions about their experience with ASD, including the challenges they face, their advice for other fathers of children with ASD, and what they need to overcome the challenges of ASD. The theoretical model for the study was the Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment, and Adaptation. The model was designed to help health care professionals identify a family's strengths and weaknesses as they face existing and new stressors related to a long-term medical condition and then provide interventions to help the family become resilient so they can meet the challenges. RESULTS Fathers in this study had experiences similar to those described in previous studies with regard to mothers of children with ASD. The similarity of the findings in the small sample size of fathers and those in studies with larger sample sizes of mothers supports development of clinical interventions that will benefit both mothers and fathers of children with ASD. Fathers described the adjustments made by each member of the family to face the challenges of ASD. Fathers also explained their needs, including money, teamwork, honesty, information, and time. The fathers experienced stages of grief and loss that are similar to those that occur when experiencing a death. DISCUSSION Nurses are the eyes and ears of the health care team and the voice for the parents, thus creating a critical connection between the parents and health care team. Fathers in the current study and mothers in previous studies described their need for someone to listen to them, educate them and others about ASD, acknowledge their experience and emotions, and direct them to appropriate resources. Nursing implications include taking action to lead the parents through the challenges and helping them develop resiliency and facilitating improved outcomes for the children and the entire family. A resource book or computer file including information about available resources and information about ASD and treatment can be a valuable tool to help overcome challenges related to ASD.
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McEvilly M, Wicks S, Dalman C. Sick Leave and Work Participation Among Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Stockholm Youth Cohort: A Register Linkage Study in Stockholm, Sweden. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 45:2157-67. [PMID: 25697737 PMCID: PMC4471388 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This population-based register study explored the association between having a child with/without autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and parental sick leave and work participation. Parents of children with ASD living in Stockholm, Sweden in 2006 were more likely to be on sick leave, not in the labor force, or earning low income when compared to parents who did not have a child with ASD and these results remained after adjusting for familial socioeconomic factors and parental psychiatric care. Sick leave among parents was associated with having a child with ASD without intellectual disability (ID) but not ASD with ID. Although Sweden has policies helping families with children with ASD this study suggests that there exist unmet needs among these parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda McEvilly
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is twofold. The first is to synthesize factors that impact parents' experiences of caring for a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); the second is to identify factors that impact parental stress and parental decision-making to use autism services or not. Parents of children with ASD score higher on levels of stress than other groups of parents. The daily challenges of caring for the child are endless and effect all aspects of the child's care as well as the parent's mental health and ability to manage the needs of the child and family. Understanding more about the challenges parents face will provide direction for research, intervention development, and practice. Accordingly, a search was conducted using CINAHL and Medline. Inclusion criteria included articles available in full text, published in English, and focused on children with ASD distinct from other diagnoses, as well as parental experiences of caring for a child with ASD. Articles (N = 132) that met the inclusion criteria were summarized. Challenging aspects of the child's diagnosis and care are discussed, as well as the factors that impact parental stress and decision-making to use autism services. Recommendations for research and practice include interventional development related to early diagnosis, disparity, access to care, parental decision-making to use autism services, and parental stress management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Bonis
- a University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, College of Nursing , Milwaukee , Wisconsin , USA
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Zaidman-Zait A, Most T, Tarrasch R, Haddad-eid E, Brand D. The Impact of Childhood Hearing Loss on the Family: Mothers' and Fathers' Stress and Coping Resources. JOURNAL OF DEAF STUDIES AND DEAF EDUCATION 2016; 21:23-33. [PMID: 26363022 DOI: 10.1093/deafed/env038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Parenting children who are deaf or hard of hearing (D/HH) presents unique long-term challenges that can place the parents at a greater risk for elevated levels of parenting stress. Adaptation of families to the various challenges presented by childhood hearing loss is influenced by their personal and social coping resources available for managing these stressors and challenges. The current study examined differences in parenting stress and personal (i.e., acceptance of the child who is D/HH and parents' sense of parenting self-efficacy) and social (i.e., formal and informal social support) coping resources between mothers and fathers of children who are D/HH in the Arab sector in Israel. Further, the study examined the relations between coping resources and parenting stress among these parents. Participants included 30 Israeli Arab mother-father couples (n = 60) having a child who is D/HH aged 3-8 years. Findings revealed no significant differences between mothers and fathers regarding parenting stress, child acceptance, or parental support systems. However, mothers reported significantly higher self-efficacy. In addition, correlation analysis indicated that higher coping resources decreased parenting stress levels. Theoretical and practical implications of parental gender in the context of cultural background are discussed regarding parent intervention programs.
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The Severity of Behavior Problems of Children with ASD and Their Mothers’ Stress Coping Styles and the Impact upon Maternal Parenting Stress. ADONGHAKOEJI 2015. [DOI: 10.5723/kjcs.2015.36.5.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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48
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Lee AR, Hong SW. Differences in Life Transition Process of Parents Caring for Children with Autism: Based on the Socio-Demographic Characteristics. CHILD HEALTH NURSING RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.4094/chnr.2015.21.4.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Tint A, Weiss JA. Family wellbeing of individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2015; 20:262-75. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361315580442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Families play an important role in supporting individuals with autism spectrum disorder across the lifespan. Indicators of family wellbeing can help to establish benchmarks for service provision and evaluation; however, a critical first step is a clear understanding of the construct in question. The purpose of the current scoping review was to (a) summarize current conceptualizations and measurements of family wellbeing, (b) synthesize key findings, and (c) highlight gaps and limitations in the extant literature. A final review of 86 articles highlighted the difficulty of synthesizing findings of family wellbeing in the autism spectrum disorder literature due to varied measurement techniques and the limited use of a common theoretical direction. Considerations for future research are presented with an eye toward policy relevance.
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McStay R, Trembath D, Dissanayake C. Raising a Child with Autism: A Developmental Perspective on Family Adaptation. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-014-0037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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