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Soares BA, Yempala T, Martínez-Afani D, Acevedo-Fuentes W, Brea J, Loza MI, Cimadevila M, Cassels BK. Effect of Bulky N-Dibenzofuranylmethyl Substitution on the 5-HT 2 Receptor Affinity and Efficacy of a Psychedelic Phenethylamine. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:608-616. [PMID: 38241462 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The introduction of arylmethyl substituents on the amine nitrogen atom of phenethylamines and tryptamines often results in profound increases in their affinity and functional activity at 5-HT2 serotonin receptors. To probe the sensitivity of this effect to substantially larger N-substituents, ten derivatives of the well-characterized psychedelic phenethylamine 2C-B were prepared by appending different dibenzo[b,d]furylmethyl (DBFM) moieties to the basic nitrogen. The DBFM group attached to the amino group through its 1-, -2-, or 3-position decreased affinity and agonist activity at the 5-HT2A/2C receptors. Substitution through the 4-position usually favored affinity for all three 5-HT2 receptor subtypes with compound 5 exhibiting 10- and 40-fold higher affinities at the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors, respectively, but less than fourfold selectivity among the three receptor subtypes. Nevertheless, all were relatively weak partial 5-HT2AR agonists, mostly in the low micromolar range, but full or nearly full agonists at the 5-HT2C subtype as determined in a calcium mobilization assay. Molecular docking simulations suggested that the dibenzofuryl portion dives more deeply into the orthosteric binding site of the 5-HT2A than the 5-HT2C receptor, interacting with the Trp3366.48 toggle switch associated with its activation, while the phenylamine moiety lies close to the extracellular side of the receptor. In conclusion, a very bulky N-substituent on a phenethylamine 5-HT2 receptor agonist is tolerated and may increase affinity if its orientation is appropriate. However, the Gq protein-mediated potencies are generally low, with low efficacy (relative to 5-HT) at the 5-HT2A receptor, somewhat higher efficacy at the 5-HT2B subtype, and full or nearly full efficacy at the 5-HT2C subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno A Soares
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 780003, Chile
- Institute of Exact and Technological Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí 75804 Goiás, Brazil
| | - Thirumal Yempala
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 780003, Chile
| | - Darío Martínez-Afani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 780003, Chile
| | | | - José Brea
- Biofarma Research Group, CiMUS, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago 15705, Spain
| | - María Isabel Loza
- Biofarma Research Group, CiMUS, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago 15705, Spain
| | - Marta Cimadevila
- Biofarma Research Group, CiMUS, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago 15705, Spain
| | - Bruce K Cassels
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 780003, Chile
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2
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Zawilska JB, Kacela M, Adamowicz P. NBOMes-Highly Potent and Toxic Alternatives of LSD. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:78. [PMID: 32174803 PMCID: PMC7054380 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a new class of psychedelic compounds named NBOMe (or 25X-NBOMe) has appeared on the illegal drug market. NBOMes are analogs of the 2C family of phenethylamine drugs, originally synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, that contain a N-(2-methoxy)benzyl substituent. The most frequently reported drugs from this group are 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, and 25C-NBOMe. NBOMe compounds are ultrapotent and highly efficacious agonists of serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors (Ki values in low nanomolar range) with more than 1000-fold selectivity for 5-HT2A compared with 5-HT1A. They display higher affinity for 5-HT2A receptors than their 2C counterparts and have markedly lower affinity, potency, and efficacy at the 5-HT2B receptor compared to 5-HT2A or 5-HT2C. The drugs are sold as blotter papers, or in powder, liquid, or tablet form, and they are administered sublingually/buccally, intravenously, via nasal insufflations, or by smoking. Since their introduction in the early 2010s, numerous reports have been published on clinical intoxications and fatalities resulting from the consumption of NBOMe compounds. Commonly observed adverse effects include visual and auditory hallucinations, confusion, anxiety, panic and fear, agitation, uncontrollable violent behavior, seizures, excited delirium, and sympathomimetic signs such mydriasis, tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, and diaphoresis. Rhabdomyolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and multiorgan failure were also reported. This survey provides an updated overview of the pharmacological properties, pattern of use, metabolism, and desired effects associated with NBOMe use. Special emphasis is given to cases of non-fatal and lethal intoxication involving these compounds. As the analysis of NBOMes in biological materials can be challenging even for laboratories applying modern sensitive techniques, this paper also presents the analytical methods most commonly used for detection and identification of NBOMes and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta B Zawilska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Monika Kacela
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Adamowicz
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Research, Kraków, Poland
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3
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Yempala T, Brea J, Loza MI, Matthies DJ, Zapata-Torres G, Cassels BK. Dibenzofuranylethylamines as 5-HT 2A/2C Receptor Agonists. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:2260-2266. [PMID: 32064387 PMCID: PMC7016908 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The human 5-HT2 receptor subtypes have high sequence identity in their orthosteric ligand-binding domain, and many agonists are poorly selective between the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C subtypes. Nevertheless, their activation is associated with different pharmacological outcomes. We synthesized five phenethylamine analogs in which the benzene ring is replaced by a bulky dibenzo[b,d]furan moiety and found a couple with >70-fold 5-HT2C selectivity. Molecular docking studies of the most potent compound (5) at both receptor subtypes revealed the likely structural basis of its selectivity. Although in both cases, some crucial interactions are conserved, the change of the Ala2225.46 residue in the 5-HT2C receptor to the larger Ser2425.46 in the 5-HT2A subtype, which is the only structural difference between the orthosteric binding pockets of both receptors, weakens a π-π stacking interaction between the dibenzofuran moiety and the important Phe6.52 residue and breaks a hydrogen bond between the dibenzofuran oxygen and Ser5.43, explaining the selectivity of compound 5 for the 5-HT2C receptor. We believe that this effect of the residue at position 5.46 merits further exploration in the search for selective 5-HT2C receptor agonists that are of considerable interest in the treatment of schizophrenia and substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirumal Yempala
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University
of Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - José Brea
- USEF,
CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - María Isabel Loza
- USEF,
CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Douglas J. Matthies
- Faculty
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Gerald Zapata-Torres
- Faculty
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Bruce K. Cassels
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University
of Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile
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4
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Toro-Sazo M, Brea J, Loza MI, Cimadevila M, Cassels BK. 5-HT2 receptor binding, functional activity and selectivity in N-benzyltryptamines. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209804. [PMID: 30629611 PMCID: PMC6328172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The last fifteen years have seen the emergence and overflow into the drug scene of "superpotent" N-benzylated phenethylamines belonging to the "NBOMe" series, accompanied by numerous research articles. Although N-benzyl substitution of 5-methoxytryptamine is known to increase its affinity and potency at 5-HT2 receptors associated with psychedelic activity, N-benzylated tryptamines have been studied much less than their phenethylamine analogs. To further our knowledge of the activity of N-benzyltryptamines, we have synthesized a family of tryptamine derivatives and, for comparison, a few 5-methoxytryptamine analogs with many different substitution patterns on the benzyl moiety, and subjected them to in vitro affinity and functional activity assays vs. the human 5-HT2 receptor subtypes. In the binding (radioligand displacement) studies some of these compounds exhibited only modest selectivity for either 5-HT2A or 5-HT2C receptors suggesting that a few of them, with affinities in the 10-100 nanomolar range for 5-HT2A receptors, might presumably be psychedelic. Unexpectedly, their functional (calcium mobilization) assays reflected very different trends. All of these compounds proved to be 5-HT2C receptor full agonists while most of them showed low efficacy at the 5-HT2A subtype. Furthermore, several showed moderate-to-strong preferences for activation of the 5-HT2C subtype at nanomolar concentrations. Thus, although some N-benzyltryptamines might be abuse-liable, others might represent new leads for the development of therapeutics for weight loss, erectile dysfunction, drug abuse, or schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Toro-Sazo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Brea
- BioFarma Research Group, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María I. Loza
- BioFarma Research Group, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marta Cimadevila
- BioFarma Research Group, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Bruce K. Cassels
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
Archeological studies in the United States, Mexico, and Peru suggest that mescaline, as a cactus constituent, has been used for more than 6000 years. Although it is a widespread cactus alkaloid, it is present in high concentrations in few species, notably the North American peyote ( Lophophora williamsii) and the South American wachuma ( Trichocereus pachanoi, T. peruvianus, and T. bridgesii). Spanish 16th century chroniclers considered these cacti "diabolic", leading to their prohibition, but their use persisted to our days and has been spreading for the last 150 years. In the late 1800s, peyote attracted scientific attention; mescaline was isolated, and its role in the psychedelic effects of peyote tops or "mescal buttons" was demonstrated. Its structure was established by synthesis in 1929, and alternative routes were developed, providing larger amounts for pharmacological and biosynthetic research. Although its effects are attributed mainly to its action as a 5-HT2A serotonin receptor agonist, mescaline binds in a similar concentration range to 5-HT1A and α2A receptors. It is largely excreted unchanged in human urine, and its metabolic products are apparently unrelated to its psychedelic properties. Its low potency is probably responsible for its relative neglect by recreational substance users, as the successful search for structure-activity relationships in the hallucinogen field focused largely on finding more potent analogues. Renewed interest in the possible therapeutic applications of psychedelic drugs may hopefully lead to novel insights regarding the commonalities and differences between the actions of individual classic hallucinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce K. Cassels
- Chemobiodynamics Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 7900003, Chile
| | - Patricio Sáez-Briones
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Behavior, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile
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25b-NBOMe: A Case Report of Sudden Death and Insightful View of Google Trends Data. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/ijpbs.9870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Computer-Aided Drug Design Approaches to Study Key Therapeutic Targets in Alzheimer’s Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7404-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Halberstadt AL. Pharmacology and Toxicology of N-Benzylphenethylamine ("NBOMe") Hallucinogens. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2017; 32:283-311. [PMID: 28097528 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Serotonergic hallucinogens induce profound changes in perception and cognition. The characteristic effects of hallucinogens are mediated by 5-HT2A receptor activation. One class of hallucinogens are 2,5-dimethoxy-substituted phenethylamines, such as the so-called 2C-X compounds 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine (2C-B) and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (2C-I). Addition of an N-benzyl group to phenethylamine hallucinogens produces a marked increase in 5-HT2A-binding affinity and hallucinogenic potency. N-benzylphenethylamines ("NBOMes") such as N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (25I-NBOMe) show subnanomolar affinity for the 5-HT2A receptor and are reportedly highly potent in humans. Several NBOMEs have been available from online vendors since 2010, resulting in numerous cases of toxicity and multiple fatalities. This chapter reviews the structure-activity relationships, behavioral pharmacology, metabolism, and toxicity of members of the NBOMe hallucinogen class. Based on a review of 51 cases of NBOMe toxicity reported in the literature, it appears that rhabdomyolysis is a relatively common complication of severe NBOMe toxicity, an effect that may be linked to NBOMe-induced seizures, hyperthermia, and vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Halberstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA.
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Wiergowski M, Aszyk J, Kaliszan M, Wilczewska K, Anand JS, Kot-Wasik A, Jankowski Z. Identification of novel psychoactive substances 25B-NBOMe and 4-CMC in biological material using HPLC-Q-TOF-MS and their quantification in blood using UPLC-MS/MS in case of severe intoxications. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1041-1042:1-10. [PMID: 27992785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes cases of poisoning caused by new psychoactive substances such as: 25B-NBOMe (2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine) and 4-CMC (1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)-1-propanone). The analytical procedure includes rapid and selective method for the extraction and determination of 4-CMC and 25B-NBOMe in blood samples using UPLC-MS/MS technique. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report, that involves a fully validated method for quantification of new-designer drug - 4-CMC in postmortem blood samples. The biological material was also analyzed with the use of routine analytical methods: immunochemical techniques, gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and gas chromatography with electron impact mass spectrometry. The results of real samples analyses correspond to possible toxicological effects: death resulting from 25B-NBOMe - mediated hallucinations (661ng/mL of 25B-NBOMe and 0.887ng/mL of 4-CMC), fatal overdose of 25B-NBOMe and 4-CMC (66.5ng/mL of 25B-NBOMe and 2.14ng/mL of 4-CMC) and non-fatal intoxication of these drugs (38.4ng/mL of 25B NBOMe and 0.181ng/mL of 4-CMC). Additionally, O-demethylathed O, O-bis-demethylathed and glucuronidated metabolites of 25B-NBOMe in biological specimens were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Wiergowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 23 Dębowa Street, 80-204, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Justyna Aszyk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Michał Kaliszan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 23 Dębowa Street, 80-204, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Kamila Wilczewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Sein Anand
- Pomeranian Toxicology Center and Department of Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Subfaculty of Nursing and Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Tuwima 15 Street, 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agata Kot-Wasik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Jankowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 23 Dębowa Street, 80-204, Gdańsk, Poland
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5-HT2 receptor affinity, docking studies and pharmacological evaluation of a series of 1,3-disubstituted thiourea derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 116:173-186. [PMID: 27061981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of 10 thiourea derivatives have been synthesized by the reaction of aromatic amine with a substituted aryl (compounds 1-3, 6-8) and alkylphenyl (4, 5, 9, 10) isothiocyanates. Their in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties were studied. Among the evaluated compounds, two displayed very high affinity for the 5-HT2A receptor (1-0.043 nM and 5-0.6 nM), being selective over the 5-HT2C receptor. Derivatives 3, 5, 9, 10 by 70-89% diminished L-5-HTP-induced head twitch episodes. Compounds 1 and 5 as the 5-HT2A receptor antagonists produced a dose-dependent decrease in the number of DOI-elicited HTR. Compounds 1-5 strongly reduced amphetamine-evoked hyperactivity in rodents. In another test, 1 and 2 caused hyperthermia in mice, whereas 9 and 10 led to hypothermia. Antinociceptive and anticonvulsant properties of selected derivatives were demonstrated. Molecular docking studies using a homology model of 5-HT2A revealed a significant role of hydrogen bonds between both thiourea NH groups and Asp155/Tyr370 residues, as well as π-π interaction with Phe339.
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Westphal F, Girreser U, Waldmüller D. Analytical characterization of four newortho-methoxybenzylated amphetamine-type designer drugs. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:910-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Folker Westphal
- State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein; Section Narcotics/Toxicology; Mühlenweg 166 D-24116 Kiel Germany
| | - Ulrich Girreser
- Pharmaceutical Institute; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel; Gutenbergstr. 76 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Delia Waldmüller
- Center for Education and Science of the Federal Finance Administration; Laboratory Berlin; Grellstr. 18,24 10409 Berlin Germany
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Nichols DE, Sassano MF, Halberstadt AL, Klein LM, Brandt SD, Elliott SP, Fiedler WJ. N-Benzyl-5-methoxytryptamines as Potent Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Family Agonists and Comparison with a Series of Phenethylamine Analogues. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1165-75. [PMID: 25547199 PMCID: PMC4505863 DOI: 10.1021/cn500292d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of N-benzylated-5-methoxytryptamine analogues was prepared and investigated, with special emphasis on substituents in the meta position of the benzyl group. A parallel series of several N-benzylated analogues of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (2C-I) also was included for comparison of the two major templates (i.e., tryptamine and phenethylamine). A broad affinity screen at serotonin receptors showed that most of the compounds had the highest affinity at the 5-HT2 family receptors. Substitution at the para position of the benzyl group resulted in reduced affinity, whereas substitution in either the ortho or the meta position enhanced affinity. In general, introduction of a large lipophilic group improved affinity, whereas functional activity often followed the opposite trend. Tests of the compounds for functional activity utilized intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization. Function was measured at the human 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptors, as well as at the rat 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors. There was no general correlation between affinity and function. Several of the tryptamine congeners were very potent functionally (EC50 values from 7.6 to 63 nM), but most were partial agonists. Tests in the mouse head twitch assay revealed that many of the compounds induced the head twitch and that there was a significant correlation between this behavior and functional potency at the rat 5-HT2A receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Nichols
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - M. Flori Sassano
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Adam L. Halberstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Landon M. Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Simon D. Brandt
- School
of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool
John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, U.K.
| | - Simon P. Elliott
- ROAR Forensics, Malvern Hills Science Park, Geraldine Road, Malvern, Worcestershire WR14 3SZ, U.K.
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14
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15
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Uchiyama N, Shimokawa Y, Matsuda S, Kawamura M, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Goda Y. Two new synthetic cannabinoids, AM-2201 benzimidazole analog (FUBIMINA) and (4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone (MEPIRAPIM), and three phenethylamine derivatives, 25H-NBOMe 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl analog, 25B-NBOMe, and 2C-N-NBOMe, identified in illegal products. Forensic Toxicol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-013-0217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Zuba D, Sekuła K. Analytical characterization of three hallucinogenicN-(2-methoxy)benzyl derivatives of the 2C-series of phenethylamine drugs. Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:634-45. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Zuba
- Institute of Forensic Research; Department of Forensic Toxicology; Kraków; Poland
| | - Karolina Sekuła
- Institute of Forensic Research; Department of Forensic Toxicology; Kraków; Poland
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New potent 5-HT2A receptor ligands containing an N′-cyanopicolinamidine nucleus: Synthesis and in vitro pharmacological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 47:520-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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