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Zhong R, Rua MT, Wei-LaPierre L. Targeting mitochondrial Ca 2+ uptake for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Physiol 2024; 602:1519-1549. [PMID: 38010626 PMCID: PMC11032238 DOI: 10.1113/jp284143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare adult-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive motor neuron (MN) loss, muscle denervation and paralysis. Over the past several decades, researchers have made tremendous efforts to understand the pathogenic mechanisms underpinning ALS, with much yet to be resolved. ALS is described as a non-cell autonomous condition with pathology detected in both MNs and non-neuronal cells, such as glial cells and skeletal muscle. Studies in ALS patient and animal models reveal ubiquitous abnormalities in mitochondrial structure and function, and disturbance of intracellular calcium homeostasis in various tissue types, suggesting a pivotal role of aberrant mitochondrial calcium uptake and dysfunctional calcium signalling cascades in ALS pathogenesis. Calcium signalling and mitochondrial dysfunction are intricately related to the manifestation of cell death contributing to MN loss and skeletal muscle dysfunction. In this review, we discuss the potential contribution of intracellular calcium signalling, particularly mitochondrial calcium uptake, in ALS pathogenesis. Functional consequences of excessive mitochondrial calcium uptake and possible therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial calcium uptake or the mitochondrial calcium uniporter, the main channel mediating mitochondrial calcium influx, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjia Zhong
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China, 110001
| | - Michael T. Rua
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Lan Wei-LaPierre
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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2
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Marzetti E, Lozanoska-Ochser B, Calvani R, Landi F, Coelho-Júnior HJ, Picca A. Restoring Mitochondrial Function and Muscle Satellite Cell Signaling: Remedies against Age-Related Sarcopenia. Biomolecules 2024; 14:415. [PMID: 38672432 PMCID: PMC11048011 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia has a complex pathophysiology that encompasses metabolic dysregulation and muscle ultrastructural changes. Among the drivers of intracellular and ultrastructural changes of muscle fibers in sarcopenia, mitochondria and their quality control pathways play relevant roles. Mononucleated muscle stem cells/satellite cells (MSCs) have been attributed a critical role in muscle repair after an injury. The involvement of mitochondria in supporting MSC-directed muscle repair is unclear. There is evidence that a reduction in mitochondrial biogenesis blunts muscle repair, thus indicating that the delivery of functional mitochondria to injured muscles can be harnessed to limit muscle fibrosis and enhance restoration of muscle function. Injection of autologous respiration-competent mitochondria from uninjured sites to damaged tissue has been shown to reduce infarct size and enhance cell survival in preclinical models of ischemia-reperfusion. Furthermore, the incorporation of donor mitochondria into MSCs enhances lung and cardiac tissue repair. This strategy has also been tested for regeneration purposes in traumatic muscle injuries. Indeed, the systemic delivery of mitochondria promotes muscle regeneration and restores muscle mass and function while reducing fibrosis during recovery after an injury. In this review, we discuss the contribution of altered MSC function to sarcopenia and illustrate the prospect of harnessing mitochondrial delivery and restoration of MSCs as a therapeutic strategy against age-related sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Marzetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (R.C.); (F.L.)
- Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Biliana Lozanoska-Ochser
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, 70010 Casamassima, Italy;
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (R.C.); (F.L.)
- Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Landi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (R.C.); (F.L.)
- Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Hélio José Coelho-Júnior
- Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Anna Picca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (R.C.); (F.L.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, 70010 Casamassima, Italy;
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3
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Davis LA, Fogarty MJ, Brown A, Sieck GC. Structure and Function of the Mammalian Neuromuscular Junction. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3731-3766. [PMID: 35950651 PMCID: PMC10461538 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian neuromuscular junction (NMJ) comprises a presynaptic terminal, a postsynaptic receptor region on the muscle fiber (endplate), and the perisynaptic (terminal) Schwann cell. As with any synapse, the purpose of the NMJ is to transmit signals from the nervous system to muscle fibers. This neural control of muscle fibers is organized as motor units, which display distinct structural and functional phenotypes including differences in pre- and postsynaptic elements of NMJs. Motor units vary considerably in the frequency of their activation (both motor neuron discharge rate and duration/duty cycle), force generation, and susceptibility to fatigue. For earlier and more frequently recruited motor units, the structure and function of the activated NMJs must have high fidelity to ensure consistent activation and continued contractile response to sustain vital motor behaviors (e.g., breathing and postural balance). Similarly, for higher force less frequent behaviors (e.g., coughing and jumping), the structure and function of recruited NMJs must ensure short-term reliable activation but not activation sustained for a prolonged period in which fatigue may occur. The NMJ is highly plastic, changing structurally and functionally throughout the life span from embryonic development to old age. The NMJ also changes under pathological conditions including acute and chronic disease. Such neuroplasticity often varies across motor unit types. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:1-36, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A. Davis
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Matthew J. Fogarty
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alyssa Brown
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gary C. Sieck
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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4
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Angelova PR. Sources and triggers of oxidative damage in neurodegeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 173:52-63. [PMID: 34224816 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration describes a group of more than 300 neurological diseases, characterised by neuronal loss and intra- or extracellular protein depositions, as key neuropathological features. Multiple factors play role in the pathogenesis of these group of disorders: mitochondrial dysfunction, membrane damage, calcium dyshomeostasis, metallostasis, defect clearance and renewal mechanisms, to name a few. All these factors, without exceptions, have in common the involvement of immensely increased generation of free radicals and occurrence of oxidative stress, and as a result - exhaustion of the scavenging potency of the cellular redox defence mechanisms. Besides genetic predisposition and environmental exposure to toxins, the main risk factor for developing neurodegeneration is age. And although the "Free radical theory of ageing" was declared dead, it is undisputable that accumulation of damage occurs with age, especially in systems that are regulated by free radical messengers and those that oppose oxidative stress, protein oxidation and the accuracy in protein synthesis and degradation machinery has difficulties to be maintained. This brief review provides a comprehensive summary on the main sources of free radical damage, occurring in the setting of neurodegeneration.
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Borzuola R, Giombini A, Torre G, Campi S, Albo E, Bravi M, Borrione P, Fossati C, Macaluso A. Central and Peripheral Neuromuscular Adaptations to Ageing. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030741. [PMID: 32182904 PMCID: PMC7141192 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is accompanied by a severe muscle function decline presumably caused by structural and functional adaptations at the central and peripheral level. Although researchers have reported an extensive analysis of the alterations involving muscle intrinsic properties, only a limited number of studies have recognised the importance of the central nervous system, and its reorganisation, on neuromuscular decline. Neural changes, such as degeneration of the human cortex and function of spinal circuitry, as well as the remodelling of the neuromuscular junction and motor units, appear to play a fundamental role in muscle quality decay and culminate with considerable impairments in voluntary activation and motor performance. Modern diagnostic techniques have provided indisputable evidence of a structural and morphological rearrangement of the central nervous system during ageing. Nevertheless, there is no clear insight on how such structural reorganisation contributes to the age-related functional decline and whether it is a result of a neural malfunction or serves as a compensatory mechanism to preserve motor control and performance in the elderly population. Combining leading-edge techniques such as high-density surface electromyography (EMG) and improved diagnostic procedures such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or high-resolution electroencephalography (EEG) could be essential to address the unresolved controversies and achieve an extensive understanding of the relationship between neural adaptations and muscle decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Borzuola
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (A.G.); (P.B.); (C.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Arrigo Giombini
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (A.G.); (P.B.); (C.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Guglielmo Torre
- Department of Orthopaedic And Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (E.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +6-225-418-825
| | - Stefano Campi
- Department of Orthopaedic And Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (E.A.)
| | - Erika Albo
- Department of Orthopaedic And Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (E.A.)
| | - Marco Bravi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paolo Borrione
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (A.G.); (P.B.); (C.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Chiara Fossati
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (A.G.); (P.B.); (C.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Macaluso
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (A.G.); (P.B.); (C.F.); (A.M.)
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6
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Preservation of neuromuscular function in symptomatic SOD1-G93A mice by peripheral infusion of methylene blue. Exp Neurol 2016; 285:96-107. [PMID: 27567739 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mouse models of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS) some of the earliest signs of morphological and functional damage occur in the motor nerve terminals that innervate fast limb muscles. This study tested whether localized peripheral application of a protective drug could effectively preserve neuromuscular junctions in late-stage disease. Methylene blue (MB), which has mitochondria-protective properties, was infused via an osmotic pump into the anterior muscle compartment of one hind limb of late pre- symptomatic SOD1-G93A mice for ≥3weeks. When mice reached end-stage disease, peak twitch and tetanic contractions evoked by stimulation of the muscle nerve were measured in two anterior compartment muscles (tibialis anterior [TA] and extensor digitorum longus [EDL], both predominantly fast muscles). With 400μM MB in the infusion reservoir, muscles on the MB-infused side exhibited on average a ~100% increase in nerve-evoked contractile force compared to muscles on the contralateral non-infused side (p<0.01 for both twitch and tetanus in EDL and TA). Pairwise comparisons of endplate innervation also revealed a beneficial effect of MB infusion, with an average of 65% of endplates innervated in infused EDL, compared to only 35% on the non-infused side (p<0.01). Results suggested that MB's protective effects required an extracellular [MB] of ~1μM, were initiated peripherally (no evidence of retrograde transport into the spinal cord), and involved MB's reduced form. Thus peripherally-initiated actions of MB can help preserve neuromuscular structure and function in SOD1-G93A mice, even at late stages of disease.
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7
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Tu Z, Yang W, Yan S, Guo X, Li XJ. CRISPR/Cas9: a powerful genetic engineering tool for establishing large animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:35. [PMID: 26238861 PMCID: PMC4524001 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models are extremely valuable to help us understand the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders and to find treatments for them. Since large animals are more like humans than rodents, they make good models to identify the important pathological events that may be seen in humans but not in small animals; large animals are also very important for validating effective treatments or confirming therapeutic targets. Due to the lack of embryonic stem cell lines from large animals, it has been difficult to use traditional gene targeting technology to establish large animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 was used successfully to genetically modify genomes in various species. Here we discuss the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology to establish large animal models that can more faithfully mimic human neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuchi Tu
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Weili Yang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Sen Yan
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiangyu Guo
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Xiao-Jiang Li
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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8
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Maltecca F, Baseggio E, Consolato F, Mazza D, Podini P, Young SM, Drago I, Bahr BA, Puliti A, Codazzi F, Quattrini A, Casari G. Purkinje neuron Ca2+ influx reduction rescues ataxia in SCA28 model. J Clin Invest 2014; 125:263-74. [PMID: 25485680 DOI: 10.1172/jci74770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 28 (SCA28) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations of the mitochondrial protease AFG3L2. The SCA28 mouse model, which is haploinsufficient for Afg3l2, exhibits a progressive decline in motor function and displays dark degeneration of Purkinje cells (PC-DCD) of mitochondrial origin. Here, we determined that mitochondria in cultured Afg3l2-deficient PCs ineffectively buffer evoked Ca²⁺ peaks, resulting in enhanced cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ concentrations, which subsequently triggers PC-DCD. This Ca²⁺-handling defect is the result of negative synergism between mitochondrial depolarization and altered organelle trafficking to PC dendrites in Afg3l2-mutant cells. In SCA28 mice, partial genetic silencing of the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR1 decreased Ca²⁺ influx in PCs and reversed the ataxic phenotype. Moreover, administration of the β-lactam antibiotic ceftriaxone, which promotes synaptic glutamate clearance, thereby reducing Ca²⁺ influx, improved ataxia-associated phenotypes in SCA28 mice when given either prior to or after symptom onset. Together, the results of this study indicate that ineffective mitochondrial Ca²⁺ handling in PCs underlies SCA28 pathogenesis and suggest that strategies that lower glutamate stimulation of PCs should be further explored as a potential treatment for SCA28 patients.
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9
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Mühling T, Duda J, Weishaupt JH, Ludolph AC, Liss B. Elevated mRNA-levels of distinct mitochondrial and plasma membrane Ca(2+) transporters in individual hypoglossal motor neurons of endstage SOD1 transgenic mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:353. [PMID: 25452714 PMCID: PMC4231948 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in Ca2+ homeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction have emerged as major pathogenic features in familial and sporadic forms of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), a fatal degenerative motor neuron disease. However, the distinct molecular ALS-pathology remains unclear. Recently, an activity-dependent Ca2+ homeostasis deficit, selectively in highly vulnerable cholinergic motor neurons in the hypoglossal nucleus (hMNs) from a common ALS mouse model, the endstage superoxide dismutase SOD1G93A transgenic mouse, was described. This functional deficit was defined by a reduced hMN mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake capacity and elevated Ca2+ extrusion across the plasma membrane. To address the underlying molecular mechanisms, here we quantified mRNA-levels of respective potential mitochondrial and plasma membrane Ca2+ transporters in individual, choline-acetyltransferase (ChAT) positive hMNs from wildtype (WT) and endstage SOD1G93A mice, by combining UV laser microdissection with RT-qPCR techniques, and specific data normalization. As ChAT cDNA levels as well as cDNA and genomic DNA levels of the mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase ND1 were not different between hMNs from WT and endstage SOD1G93A mice, these genes were used to normalize hMN-specific mRNA-levels of plasma membrane and mitochondrial Ca2+ transporters, respectively. We detected about 2-fold higher levels of the mitochondrial Ca2+ transporters MCU/MICU1, Letm1, and UCP2 in remaining hMNs from endstage SOD1G93A mice. These higher expression-levels of mitochondrial Ca2+ transporters in individual hMNs were not associated with a respective increase in number of mitochondrial genomes, as evident from hMN specific ND1 DNA quantification. Normalized mRNA-levels for the plasma membrane Na+/Ca2+ exchanger NCX1 were also about 2-fold higher in hMNs from SOD1G93A mice. Thus, pharmacological stimulation of Ca2+ transporters in highly vulnerable hMNs might offer a neuroprotective strategy for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Mühling
- Department of Applied Physiology, Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | - Johanna Duda
- Department of Applied Physiology, Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Birgit Liss
- Department of Applied Physiology, Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
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10
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Murgia M, Rizzuto R. Molecular diversity and pleiotropic role of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter. Cell Calcium 2014; 58:11-7. [PMID: 26048007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The long awaited molecular identification of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) in 2011 has opened an exciting phase in the study of mitochondrial calcium homeostasis. On the one hand, MCU proved to be the core of a complex signaling system, composed of a channel moiety (MCU itself and the related MCUb protein) and a family of essential regulators (the MICUs, MCUR, EMRE). On the other hand, the availability of molecular information and tools opened the possibility of directly altering mitochondrial calcium homeostasis in cell cultures or intact organisms, thus obtaining new insight into its role in physiological and pathological events. We will review here these exciting advancements, summarizing the current knowledge of the molecular composition of the MCU complex and of its role in shaping mitochondrial and cytosolic [Ca(2+)] signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Murgia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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11
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Gonzalez-Freire M, de Cabo R, Studenski SA, Ferrucci L. The Neuromuscular Junction: Aging at the Crossroad between Nerves and Muscle. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:208. [PMID: 25157231 PMCID: PMC4127816 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with a progressive loss of muscle mass and strength and a decline in neurophysiological functions. Age-related neuromuscular junction (NMJ) plays a key role in musculoskeletal impairment that occurs with aging. However, whether changes in the NMJ precede or follow the decline of muscle mass and strength remains unresolved. Many factors such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, changes in the innervation of muscle fibers, and mechanical properties of the motor units probably perform an important role in NMJ degeneration and muscle mass and strength decline in late life. This review addresses the primary events that might lead to NMJ dysfunction with aging, including studies on biomarkers, signaling pathways, and animal models. Interventions such as caloric restriction and exercise may positively affect the NMJ through this mechanism and attenuate the age-related progressive impairment in motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gonzalez-Freire
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Longitudinal Studies Section, Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Stephanie A Studenski
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Longitudinal Studies Section, Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Longitudinal Studies Section, Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health , Baltimore, MD , USA
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12
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Barrett EF, Barrett JN, David G. Dysfunctional mitochondrial Ca(2+) handling in mutant SOD1 mouse models of fALS: integration of findings from motor neuron somata and motor terminals. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:184. [PMID: 25071445 PMCID: PMC4085874 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abundant evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction and Ca(2+) dysregulation contribute to the muscle denervation and motor neuron death that occur in mouse models of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS). This perspective considers measurements of mitochondrial function and Ca(2+) handling made in both motor neuron somata and motor nerve terminals of SOD1-G93A mice at different disease stages. These complementary studies are integrated into a model of how mitochondrial dysfunction disrupts handling of stimulation-induced Ca(2+) loads in presymptomatic and end-stages of this disease. Also considered are possible mechanisms underlying the findings that some treatments that preserve motor neuron somata fail to postpone degeneration of motor axons and terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen F Barrett
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
| | - John N Barrett
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gavriel David
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
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13
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Brell JM. Animal Models of Peripheral Neuropathy: Modeling What We Feel, Understanding What They Feel. ILAR J 2014; 54:253-8. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilt056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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14
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Sasaki T, Oga T, Nakagaki K, Sakai K, Sumida K, Hoshino K, Miyawaki I, Saito K, Suto F, Ichinohe N. Developmental genetic profiles of glutamate receptor system, neuromodulator system, protector of normal tissue and mitochondria, and reelin in marmoset cortex: potential molecular mechanisms of pruning phase of spines in primate synaptic formation process during the end of infancy and prepuberty (II). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 444:307-10. [PMID: 24440696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This is the second report of a series paper, which reports molecular mechanisms underlying the occurrence of pruning spine phase after rapid spinogenesis phase in neonates and young infant in the primate brain. We performed microarray analysis between the peak of spine numbers [postnatal 3 months (M)] and spine pruning (postnatal 6M) in prefrontal, inferior temporal, and primary visual cortices of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). The pruning phase is not clearly defined in rodents but is in primates including the marmoset. The differentially expressed genes between 3M and 6M in all three cortical areas were selected by two-way analysis of variance. The list of selected genes was analyzed by canonical pathway analysis using "Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of complex omics data" (IPA; Ingenuity Systems, Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). In this report, we discuss these lists of genes for the glutamate receptor system, G-protein-coupled neuromodulator system, protector of normal tissue and mitochondria, and reelin. (1) Glutamate is a common neurotransmitter. Its receptors AMPA1, GRIK1, and their scaffold protein DLG4 decreased as spine numbers decreased. Instead, GRIN3 (NMDA receptor) increased, suggesting that strong NMDA excitatory currents may be required for a single neuron to receive sufficient net synaptic activity in order to compensate for the decrease in synapse. (2) Most of the G protein-coupled receptor genes (e.g., ADRA1D, HTR2A, HTR4, and DRD1) in the selected list were upregulated at 6M. The downstream gene ROCK2 in these receptor systems plays a role of decreasing synapses, and ROCK2 decreased at 6M. (3) Synaptic phagosytosis by microglia with complement and other cytokines could cause damage to normal tissue and mitochondria. SOD1, XIAP, CD46, and CD55, which play protective roles in normal tissue and mitochondria, showed higher expression at 6M than at 3M, suggesting that normal brain tissue is more protected at 6M. (4) Reelin has an important role in cortical layer formation. In addition, RELN and three different pathways of reelin were expressed at 6M, suggesting that new synapse formation decreased at that age. Moreover, if new synapses were formed, their positions were free and probably dependent on activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Sasaki
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Oga
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakagaki
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sakai
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Kayo Sumida
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Kohei Hoshino
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Izuru Miyawaki
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Koichi Saito
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Fumikazu Suto
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Noritaka Ichinohe
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.
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15
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Flynn JM, Melov S. SOD2 in mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 62:4-12. [PMID: 23727323 PMCID: PMC3811078 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The brain is a highly metabolically active tissue that critically relies on oxidative phosphorylation as a means for maintaining energy. One result of this process is the production of potentially damaging radicals such as the superoxide anion (O2(-)). Superoxide has the capacity to damage components of the electron transport chain and other cellular constituents. Eukaryotic systems have evolved defenses against such damaging moieties, the chief member of which is superoxide dismutase (SOD2), an enzyme that efficiently converts superoxide to the less reactive hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which can freely diffuse across the mitochondrial membrane. Loss of SOD2 activity can result in numerous pathological phenotypes in metabolically active tissues, particularly within the central nervous system. We review SOD2's potential involvement in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as stroke and Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, as well as its potential role in "normal" age-related cognitive decline. We also examine in vivo models of endogenous oxidative damage based upon the loss of SOD2 and associated neurological phenotypes in relation to human neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Flynn
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Simon Melov
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA.
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16
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Axonal degeneration in the peripheral nervous system: Implications for the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Exp Neurol 2013; 246:6-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Vinsant S, Mansfield C, Jimenez-Moreno R, Del Gaizo Moore V, Yoshikawa M, Hampton TG, Prevette D, Caress J, Oppenheim RW, Milligan C. Characterization of early pathogenesis in the SOD1(G93A) mouse model of ALS: part I, background and methods. Brain Behav 2013; 3:335-50. [PMID: 24381807 PMCID: PMC3869677 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot first described amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in 1869; however, its causes remain largely unknown and effective, long-term treatment strategies are not available. The first mouse model of ALS was developed after the identification of mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene in 1993, and accordingly most of our knowledge of the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease comes from studies carried out using this animal model. Although numerous preclinical trials have been conducted in the mutant SOD1 mouse models, the results have been disappointing because they did not positively translate to clinical trials. One explanation may be that current understanding of when and where pathogenesis begins is insufficient to accurately guide preclinical trials. Further characterization of these early events may provide insight into disease onset, help in the discovery of presymptomatic diagnostic disease markers, and identify novel therapeutic targets. Here, we describe the rationale, approach, and methods for our extensive analysis of early changes that included an ultrastructural examination of central and peripheral components of the neuromuscular system in the SOD1(G93A) mouse and correlated these alterations with early muscle denervation, motor dysfunction, and motoneuron death. We also provide a discussion of published work to review what is known regarding early pathology in the SOD1 mouse model of ALS. The significance of this work is that we have examined early pathology simultaneously in both the spinal cord and peripheral neuromuscular system, and the results are presented in the companion paper (Part II, Results and Discussion). Our results provide evidence as to why a thorough characterization of animal models throughout the life span is critical for a strong foundation to design preclinical trials that may produce meaningful results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Vinsant
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Neuroscience Program and The ALS Center Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Carol Mansfield
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Neuroscience Program and The ALS Center Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ramon Jimenez-Moreno
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Neuroscience Program and The ALS Center Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | - Masaaki Yoshikawa
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Neuroscience Program and The ALS Center Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | - David Prevette
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Neuroscience Program and The ALS Center Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - James Caress
- Department of Neurology and the ALS Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ronald W Oppenheim
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Neuroscience Program and The ALS Center Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Carol Milligan
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The Neuroscience Program and The ALS Center Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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18
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Su YC, Qi X. Impairment of mitochondrial dynamics: a target for the treatment of neurological disorders? FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.13.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has long been appreciated in the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders. However, the molecular basis underlying the decline in mitochondrial function is not fully understood. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that frequently undergo fusion and fission. In healthy cells, the delicate balance between fusion and fission is required for maintaining normal mitochondrial and cellular function. However, under pathological conditions, the balance is disrupted, resulting in excessive mitochondrial fragmentation and mitochondrial dysfunction. The impaired fusion and fission processes can lead to apoptosis, necrosis and autophagic cell death and seem to play causal roles in the progression of acute and chronic neuronal injuries. In this article, important aspects of what is currently known about the molecular machinery regulating mitochondrial fission and fusion in mammalian cells is summarized. Special emphasis will be given to the consequences of disregulated mitochondrial morphology in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chin Su
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xin Qi
- Center for Mitochondrial Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, E516, Cleveland, OH, 44106-44970, USA
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19
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Capitanio D, Vasso M, Ratti A, Grignaschi G, Volta M, Moriggi M, Daleno C, Bendotti C, Silani V, Gelfi C. Molecular signatures of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disease progression in hind and forelimb muscles of an SOD1(G93A) mouse model. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:1333-50. [PMID: 22563797 PMCID: PMC3437050 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study utilized proteomics, biochemical and enzymatic assays, and bioinformatics tools that characterize protein alterations in hindlimb (gastrocnemius) and forelimb (triceps) muscles in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (SOD1(G93A)) mouse model. The aim of this study was to identify the key molecular signatures involved in disease progression. RESULTS Both muscle types have in common an early down-regulation of complex I. In the hindlimb, early increases in oxidative metabolism are associated with uncoupling of the respiratory chain, an imbalance of NADH/NAD(+), and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The NADH overflow due to complex I inactivation induces TCA flux perturbations, leading to citrate production, triggering fatty acid synthase (FAS), and lipid peroxidation. These early metabolic changes in the hindlimb followed by sustained and comparatively higher metabolic and cytoskeletal derangements over time precede and may catalyze the progressive muscle wasting in this muscle at the late stage. By contrast, in the forelimb, there is an early down-regulation of complexes I and II that is associated with the reduction of oxidative metabolism, which promotes metabolic homeostasis that is accompanied by a greater cytoskeletal stabilization response. However, these early compensatory systems diminish by a later time point. INNOVATION The identification of potential early- and late-stage disease molecular signatures in an ALS model: muscle albumin, complex I, complex II, citrate synthase, FAS, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase functions as diagnostic markers and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α (PGC1α), Sema-3A, and Rho-associated protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) play the role of disease progression markers. CONCLUSION The differing pattern of cellular metabolism and cytoskeletal derangements in the hind and forelimb identifies the potential dysmetabolism/hypermetabolism molecular signatures associated with disease progression, which may serve as diagnostic/disease progression markers in ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Capitanio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Segrate, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Segrate, Italy
| | - Michele Vasso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Segrate, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Segrate, Italy
| | - Antonia Ratti
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, “Dino Ferrari” Center, University of Milan, IRCCS Italian Institute for Auxology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliano Grignaschi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Volta
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, “Dino Ferrari” Center, University of Milan, IRCCS Italian Institute for Auxology, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Moriggi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Segrate, Italy
| | - Cristina Daleno
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Bendotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, “Dino Ferrari” Center, University of Milan, IRCCS Italian Institute for Auxology, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Gelfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Segrate, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Segrate, Italy
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20
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Mitochondria, calcium-dependent neuronal death and neurodegenerative disease. Pflugers Arch 2012; 464:111-21. [PMID: 22615071 PMCID: PMC3387496 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction and death represents a major frontier in contemporary medicine, involving the acute cell death in stroke, and the attrition of the major neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Huntington's and Motoneuron diseases. A growing body of evidence implicates mitochondrial dysfunction as a key step in the pathogenesis of all these diseases, with the promise that mitochondrial processes represent valuable potential therapeutic targets. Each disease is characterised by the loss of a specific vulnerable population of cells—dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease, spinal motoneurons in Motoneuron disease, for example. We discuss the possible roles of cell type-specific calcium signalling mechanisms in defining the pathological phenotype of each of these major diseases and review central mechanisms of calcium-dependent mitochondrial-mediated cell death.
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21
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Sack GH. Introduction to the minireviews series on mitochondrial matters in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Lou Gehrig’s disease. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2011; 43:565-7. [PMID: 22160849 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-011-9391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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