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Wolf P, Gavins G, Beck‐Sickinger AG, Seitz O. Strategies for Site-Specific Labeling of Receptor Proteins on the Surfaces of Living Cells by Using Genetically Encoded Peptide Tags. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1717-1732. [PMID: 33428317 PMCID: PMC8248378 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy imaging enables receptor proteins to be investigated within their biological context. A key challenge is to site-specifically incorporate reporter moieties into proteins without interfering with biological functions or cellular networks. Small peptide tags offer the opportunity to combine inducible labeling with small tag sizes that avoid receptor perturbation. Herein, we review the current state of live-cell labeling of peptide-tagged cell-surface proteins. Considering their importance as targets in medicinal chemistry, we focus on membrane receptors such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). We discuss peptide tags that i) are subject to enzyme-mediated modification reactions, ii) guide the complementation of reporter proteins, iii) form coiled-coil complexes, and iv) interact with metal complexes. Given our own contributions in the field, we place emphasis on peptide-templated labeling chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wolf
- Faculty of Life SciencesInstitute of BiochemistryLeipzig UniversityBrüderstrasse 3404103LeipzigGermany
| | - Georgina Gavins
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesDepartment of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Str. 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Annette G. Beck‐Sickinger
- Faculty of Life SciencesInstitute of BiochemistryLeipzig UniversityBrüderstrasse 3404103LeipzigGermany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesDepartment of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Str. 212489BerlinGermany
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2
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Genetically Encoded Photosensitizer for Destruction of Protein or Cell Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1293:265-279. [PMID: 33398819 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are several paths when excited molecules return to the ground state. In the case of fluorescent molecules, the dominant path is fluorescence emission that is greatly contributing to bioimaging. Meanwhile, photosensitizers transfer electron or energy from chromophore to the surrounding molecules, including molecular oxygen. Generated reactive oxygen species has potency to attack other molecules by oxidation. In this chapter, we introduce the chromophore-assisted light inactivation (CALI) method using a photosensitizer to inactivate proteins in a spatiotemporal manner and development of CALI tools, which is useful for investigation of protein functions and dynamics, by inactivation of the target molecules. Moreover, photosensitizers with high efficiency make it possible optogenetic control of cell ablation in living organisms and photodynamic therapy. Further development of photosensitizers with different excitation wavelengths will contribute to the investigation of multiple proteins or cell functions through inactivation in the different positions and timings.
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Schröder HC, Grebenjuk VA, Wang X, Müller WEG. Hierarchical architecture of sponge spicules: biocatalytic and structure-directing activity of silicatein proteins as model for bioinspired applications. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2016; 11:041002. [PMID: 27452043 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/11/4/041002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the first description of the silicateins, a group of enzymes that mediate the formation of the amorphous, hydrated biosilica of the skeleton of the siliceous sponges, much progress has been achieved in the understanding of this biomineralization process. These discoveries include, beside the proof of the enzymatic nature of the sponge biosilica formation, the dual property of the enzyme, to act both as a structure-forming and structure-guiding protein, and the demonstration that the initial product of silicatein is a soft, gel-like material that has to undergo a maturation process during which it achieves its favorable physical-chemical properties allowing the development of various technological or medical applications. This process comprises the hardening of the material by the removal of water and ions, its cast-molding to specific morphologies, as well as the fusion of the biosilica nanoparticles through a biosintering mechanism. The discovery that the enzymatically formed biosilica is morphogenetically active and printable also opens new applications in rapid prototyping and three-dimensional bioprinting of customized scaffolds/implants for biomedical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz C Schröder
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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4
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Sano Y, Watanabe W, Matsunaga S. Chromophore-assisted laser inactivation--towards a spatiotemporal-functional analysis of proteins, and the ablation of chromatin, organelle and cell function. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:1621-9. [PMID: 24737873 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.144527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromophore-assisted laser or light inactivation (CALI) has been employed as a promising technique to achieve spatiotemporal knockdown or loss-of-function of target molecules in situ. CALI is performed using photosensitizers as generators of reactive oxygen species (ROS). There are two CALI approaches that use either transgenic tags with chemical photosensitizers, or genetically encoded fluorescent protein fusions. Using spatially restricted microscopy illumination, CALI can address questions regarding, for example, protein isoforms, subcellular localization or phase-specific analyses of multifunctional proteins that other knockdown approaches, such as RNA interference or treatment with chemicals, cannot. Furthermore, rescue experiments can clarify the phenotypic capabilities of CALI after the depletion of endogenous targets. CALI can also provide information about individual events that are involved in the function of a target protein and highlight them in multifactorial events. Beyond functional analysis of proteins, CALI of nuclear proteins can be performed to induce cell cycle arrest, chromatin- or locus-specific DNA damage. Even at organelle level - such as in mitochondria, the plasma membrane or lysosomes - CALI can trigger cell death. Moreover, CALI has emerged as an optogenetic tool to switch off signaling pathways, including the optical depletion of individual neurons. In this Commentary, we review recent applications of CALI and discuss the utility and effective use of CALI to address open questions in cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukimi Sano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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5
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Biophysical groundwork as a hinge to unravel the biology of α-synuclein aggregation and toxicity. Q Rev Biophys 2014; 47:1-48. [PMID: 24443929 DOI: 10.1017/s0033583513000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (aS) and its aggregation properties are central in the development and spread of Parkinson's disease. Point mutations and multiplications of the SNCA gene encoding aS cause autosomal dominant forms of the disorder. Moreover, protein inclusions found in the surviving neurons of parkinsonian brains consist mainly of a fibrillar form of aS. Aggregates of aS, which form a transient, complex and heterogeneous ensemble, participate in a wide variety of toxic mechanisms that may be amplified by aS spreading among neighbouring neurons. Recently, significant effort has been directed into the study of the aS aggregation process and the impact of aS aggregates on neuron survival. In this review, we present state-of-the-art biophysical studies on the aS aggregation process in vitro and in cellular models. We comprehensively review the new insights generated by the recent biophysical investigations, which could provide a solid basis from which to design future biomedical studies. The diverse cellular models of aS toxicity and their potential use in the biophysical investigation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Shen
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine
and Pathology, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G3
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine
and Pathology, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G3
| | - William R. Cullen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - Michael Weinfeld
- Department of Oncology, Cross
Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 1Z2
| | - X. Chris Le
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine
and Pathology, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G3
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Müller WEG, Schröder HC, Muth S, Gietzen S, Korzhev M, Grebenjuk VA, Wiens M, Schloßmacher U, Wang X. The silicatein propeptide acts as inhibitor/modulator of self-organization during spicule axial filament formation. FEBS J 2013; 280:1693-708. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Werner E. G. Müller
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz; Germany
| | - Heinz C. Schröder
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz; Germany
| | - Sandra Muth
- Institute for Physical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz; Germany
| | - Sabine Gietzen
- Institute for Physical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz; Germany
| | - Michael Korzhev
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz; Germany
| | - Vlad A. Grebenjuk
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz; Germany
| | - Matthias Wiens
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz; Germany
| | - Ute Schloßmacher
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz; Germany
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Localization of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin subunits during intoxication of live cells. Infect Immun 2012; 80:2761-70. [PMID: 22645284 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00385-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt), produced by some clinically important Gram-negative bacterial species, is related to the family of AB-type toxins. Three heterologous proteins (CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC) and a genotoxin mode of action distinguish the Cdt from others in this toxin class. Crystal structures of several species-specific Cdts have provided a basis for predicting subunit interactions and functions. In addition, empirical studies have yielded significant insights into the in vivo interactions of the Cdt subunits. However, there are still critical gaps in information about the intoxication process. In this study, a novel protein tagging technology was used to localize the subunits in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1). A tetracysteine motif was engineered in each subunit, and in subunits with mutations in predicted functional domains, to permit detection with the fluorescein arsenical hairpin binding (FlAsH) dye Lumio green. Live-cell imaging, in conjunction with confocal microscopy, was used to capture the locations of the individual subunits in cells intoxicated, under various conditions, with hybrid heterotrimers. Using this approach, we observed the following. (i) The CdtA subunit remains on the cell surface of CHO cells in association with cholesterol-containing and cholesterol-depleted membrane. (ii) The CdtB subunit is exclusively in the cytosol and, after longer exposure times, localizes to the nucleus. (iii) The CdtC subunit is present on the cell surface and, to a greater extent, in the cytosol. These observations suggest that CdtC, but not CdtA, functions as a chaperone for CdtB entry into cells.
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10
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Whitt MA, Mire CE. Utilization of fluorescently-labeled tetracysteine-tagged proteins to study virus entry by live cell microscopy. Methods 2011; 55:127-36. [PMID: 21939769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses exploit cellular machinery to gain entry and initiate their replication cycle within host cells. The development of methods to visualize virus entry in live cells has provided new insights to the cellular processes involved in virus entry and the intracellular locations where viral payloads are deposited. The use of fluorescently labeled virus and high-resolution microscopy is currently the method of choice to study virus entry in live cells. While fluorescent protein fusions (e.g. viral proteins fused to GFP) have been used, the labeling of viral proteins that contain a small tetracysteine (tc) tag with biarsenical fluorescent compounds (e.g. FlAsH, ReAsH, Lumio-x) offers several advantages over conventional xFP-fusion constructs. This article describes methods for generating fluorescently labeled viruses encoding tc-tagged proteins that are suitable for the study of virus entry in live cells by fluorescence microscopy. Critical parameters required to quantify fluorescence signals from the labeled, tc-tagged proteins in individual virus particles during the entry process and the subsequent fate of the labeled viral proteins after virus uncoating are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Whitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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11
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Irtegun S, Ramdzan YM, Mulhern TD, Hatters DM. ReAsH/FlAsH labeling and image analysis of tetracysteine sensor proteins in cells. J Vis Exp 2011:2857. [PMID: 21897361 PMCID: PMC3217624 DOI: 10.3791/2857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent proteins and dyes are essential tools for the study of protein trafficking, localization and function in cells. While fluorescent proteins such as green fluorescence protein (GFP) have been extensively used as fusion partners to proteins to track the properties of a protein of interest, recent developments with smaller tags enable new functionalities of proteins to be examined in cells such as conformational change and protein-association. One small tag system involves a tetracysteine motif (CCXXCC) genetically inserted into a target protein, which binds to biarsenical dyes, ReAsH (red fluorescent) and FlAsH (green fluorescent), with high specificity even in live cells. The TC/biarsenical dye system offers far less steric constraints to the host protein than fluorescent proteins which has enabled several new approaches to measure conformational change and protein-protein interactions. We recently developed a novel application of TC tags as sensors of oligomerization in cells expressing mutant huntingtin, which when mutated aggregates in neurons in Huntington disease. Huntingtin was tagged with two fluorescent dyes, one a fluorescent protein to track protein location, and the second a TC tag which only binds biarsenical dyes in monomers. Hence, changes in colocalization between protein and biarsenical dye reactivity enabled submicroscopic oligomer content to be spatially mapped within cells. Here, we describe how to label TC-tagged proteins fused to a fluorescent protein (Cherry, GFP or CFP) with FlAsH or ReAsH in live mammalian cells and how to quantify the two color fluorescence (Cherry/FlAsH, CFP/FlAsH or GFP/ReAsH combinations).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevgi Irtegun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Australia
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12
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Tetracysteine-based fluorescent tags to study protein localization and trafficking in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22975. [PMID: 21860664 PMCID: PMC3157907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria parasites remodel host erythrocytes by placing membranous structures in the host cell cytoplasm and inserting proteins into the surrounding erythrocyte membranes. Dynamic imaging techniques with high spatial and temporal resolutions are required to study the trafficking pathways of proteins and the time courses of their delivery to the host erythrocyte membrane. METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS Using a tetracysteine (TC) motif tag and TC-binding biarsenical fluorophores (BAFs) including fluorescein arsenical hairpin (FlAsH) and resorufin arsenical hairpin (ReAsH), we detected knob-associated histidine-rich protein (KAHRP) constructs in Pf-parasitized erythrocytes and compared their fluorescence signals to those of GFP (green fluorescent protein)-tagged KAHRP. Rigorous treatment with BAL (2, 3 dimercaptopropanol; British anti-Lewisite) was required to reduce high background due to nonspecific BAF interactions with endogenous cysteine-rich proteins. After this background reduction, similar patterns of fluorescence were obtained from the TC- and GFP-tagged proteins. The fluorescence from FlAsH and ReAsH-labeled protein bleached at faster rates than the fluorescence from GFP-labeled protein. CONCLUSION While TC/BAF labeling to Pf-infected erythrocytes is presently limited by high background signals, it may offer a useful complement or alternative to GFP labeling methods. Our observations are in agreement with the currently-accepted model of KAHRP movement through the cytoplasm, including transient association of KAHRP with Maurer's clefts before its incorporation into knobs in the host erythrocyte membrane.
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A SNAP-tagged derivative of HIV-1--a versatile tool to study virus-cell interactions. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22007. [PMID: 21799764 PMCID: PMC3142126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescently labeled human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) derivatives, combined with the use of advanced fluorescence microscopy techniques, allow the direct visualization of dynamic events and individual steps in the viral life cycle. HIV proteins tagged with fluorescent proteins (FPs) have been successfully used for live-cell imaging analyses of HIV-cell interactions. However, FPs display limitations with respect to their physicochemical properties, and their maturation kinetics. Furthermore, several independent FP-tagged constructs have to be cloned and characterized in order to obtain spectral variations suitable for multi-color imaging setups. In contrast, the so-called SNAP-tag represents a genetically encoded non-fluorescent tag which mediates specific covalent coupling to fluorescent substrate molecules in a self-labeling reaction. Fusion of the SNAP-tag to the protein of interest allows specific labeling of the fusion protein with a variety of synthetic dyes, thereby offering enhanced flexibility for fluorescence imaging approaches. Here we describe the construction and characterization of the HIV derivative HIVSNAP, which carries the SNAP-tag as an additional domain within the viral structural polyprotein Gag. Introduction of the tag close to the C-terminus of the matrix domain of Gag did not interfere with particle assembly, release or proteolytic virus maturation. The modified virions were infectious and could be propagated in tissue culture, albeit with reduced replication capacity. Insertion of the SNAP domain within Gag allowed specific staining of the viral polyprotein in the context of virus producing cells using a SNAP reactive dye as well as the visualization of individual virions and viral budding sites by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy. Thus, HIVSNAP represents a versatile tool which expands the possibilities for the analysis of HIV-cell interactions using live cell imaging and sub-diffraction fluorescence microscopy.
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Takemoto K, Matsuda T, McDougall M, Klaubert DH, Hasegawa A, Los GV, Wood KV, Miyawaki A, Nagai T. Chromophore-assisted light inactivation of HaloTag fusion proteins labeled with eosin in living cells. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:401-6. [PMID: 21226520 DOI: 10.1021/cb100431e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chromophore-assisted light inactivation (CALI) is a potentially powerful tool for the acute disruption of a target protein inside living cells with high spatiotemporal resolution. This technology, however, has not been widely utilized, mainly because of the lack of an efficient chromophore as the photosensitizing agent for singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) generation and the difficulty of covalently labeling the target protein with the chromophore. Here we choose eosin as the photosensitizing chromophore showing 11-fold more production of ((1)O(2)) than fluorescein and about 5-fold efficiency in CALI of β-galactosidase by using an eosin-labeled anti-β-galactosidase antibody compared with the fluorescein-labeled one. To covalently label target protein with eosin, we synthesize a membrane-permeable eosin ligand for HaloTag technology, demonstrating easy labeling and efficient inactivation of HaloTag-fused PKC-γ and aurora B in living cells. These antibody- and HaloTag-based CALI techniques using eosin promise effective biomolecule inactivation that is applicable to many cell biological assays in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Takemoto
- Laboratory for Nanosystems Physiology, Research Institute for Electronic Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita20, Nishi10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Tomoki Matsuda
- Laboratory for Nanosystems Physiology, Research Institute for Electronic Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita20, Nishi10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Mark McDougall
- Promega BioSciences, 277 Granada Drive, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
| | - Dieter H. Klaubert
- Promega BioSciences, 277 Granada Drive, San Luis Obispo, California 93401, United States
| | - Akira Hasegawa
- Promega KK, Matsumoto Building, 14-15 Nihonbashi, Odemacho, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo 103-0011, Japan
| | - Georgyi V. Los
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, United States
| | - Keith V. Wood
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, United States
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- Laboratory for Nanosystems Physiology, Research Institute for Electronic Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita20, Nishi10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
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15
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Pomorski A, Krężel A. Exploration of biarsenical chemistry--challenges in protein research. Chembiochem 2011; 12:1152-67. [PMID: 21538762 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescent modification of proteins (with genetically encoded low-molecular-mass fluorophores, affinity probes, or other chemically active species) is extraordinarily useful for monitoring and controlling protein functions in vitro, as well as in cell cultures and tissues. The large sizes of some fluorescent tags, such as fluorescent proteins, often perturb normal activity and localization of the protein of interest, as well as other effects. Of the many fluorescent-labeling strategies applied to in vitro and in vivo studies, one is very promising. This requires a very short (6- to 12-residue), appropriately spaced, tetracysteine sequence (-CCXXCC-); this is either placed at a protein terminus, within flexible loops, or incorporated into secondary structure elements. Proteins that contain the tetracysteine motif become highly fluorescent upon labeling with a nonluminescent biarsenical probe, and form very stable covalent complexes. We focus on the development, growth, and multiple applications of this protein research methodology, both in vitro and in vivo. Its application is not limited to intact-cell protein visualization; it has tremendous potential in other protein research disciplines, such as protein purification and activity control, electron microscopy imaging of cells or tissue, protein-protein interaction studies, protein stability, and aggregation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Pomorski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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16
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Habets RLP, Verstreken P. Construction and expression of tetracysteine-tagged proteins for FlAsH-FALI. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2011; 2011:pdb.prot5596. [PMID: 21460045 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot5596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Pereira CF, Ellenberg PC, Jones KL, Fernandez TL, Smyth RP, Hawkes DJ, Hijnen M, Vivet-Boudou V, Marquet R, Johnson I, Mak J. Labeling of multiple HIV-1 proteins with the biarsenical-tetracysteine system. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17016. [PMID: 21347302 PMCID: PMC3037950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its small size and versatility, the biarsenical-tetracysteine system is an attractive way to label viral proteins for live cell imaging. This study describes the genetic labeling of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) structural proteins (matrix, capsid and nucleocapsid), enzymes (protease, reverse transcriptase, RNAse H and integrase) and envelope glycoprotein 120 with a tetracysteine tag in the context of a full-length virus. We measure the impact of these modifications on the natural virus infection and, most importantly, present the first infectious HIV-1 construct containing a fluorescently-labeled nucleocapsid protein. Furthermore, due to the high background levels normally associated with the labeling of tetracysteine-tagged proteins we have also optimized a metabolic labeling system that produces infectious virus containing the natural envelope glycoproteins and specifically labeled tetracysteine-tagged proteins that can easily be detected after virus infection of T-lymphocytes. This approach can be adapted to other viral systems for the visualization of the interplay between virus and host cell during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cândida F. Pereira
- Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paula C. Ellenberg
- Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate L. Jones
- Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tara L. Fernandez
- Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Redmond P. Smyth
- Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMC, Strasbourg, France
| | - David J. Hawkes
- Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marcel Hijnen
- Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Valérie Vivet-Boudou
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMC, Strasbourg, France
| | - Roland Marquet
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMC, Strasbourg, France
| | - Iain Johnson
- Life Technologies Corporation, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Johnson Mak
- Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Insertion of tetracysteine motifs into dopamine transporter extracellular domains. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9113. [PMID: 20161733 PMCID: PMC2817725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuronal dopamine transporter (DAT) is a major determinant of extracellular dopamine (DA) levels and is the primary target for a variety of addictive and therapeutic psychoactive drugs. DAT is acutely regulated by protein kinase C (PKC) activation and amphetamine exposure, both of which modulate DAT surface expression by endocytic trafficking. In order to use live imaging approaches to study DAT endocytosis, methods are needed to exclusively label the DAT surface pool. The use of membrane impermeant, sulfonated biarsenic dyes holds potential as one such approach, and requires introduction of an extracellular tetracysteine motif (tetraCys; CCPGCC) to facilitate dye binding. In the current study, we took advantage of intrinsic proline-glycine (Pro-Gly) dipeptides encoded in predicted DAT extracellular domains to introduce tetraCys motifs into DAT extracellular loops 2, 3, and 4. [3H]DA uptake studies, surface biotinylation and fluorescence microscopy in PC12 cells indicate that tetraCys insertion into the DAT second extracellular loop results in a functional transporter that maintains PKC-mediated downregulation. Introduction of tetraCys into extracellular loops 3 and 4 yielded DATs with severely compromised function that failed to mature and traffic to the cell surface. This is the first demonstration of successful introduction of a tetracysteine motif into a DAT extracellular domain, and may hold promise for use of biarsenic dyes in live DAT imaging studies.
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Abstract
Mutations in GPR56, an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), cause bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria (BFPP), a disorder characterized by mental retardation, seizures, motor developmental delay, and ataxia. BFPP patients have structural abnormalities of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and pons. To shed light on the function of GPR56 and the anatomical and behavioral defects underlying BFPP, we analyzed the cerebellum of mice lacking this GPCR. Gpr56(-/-) mice display a severe malformation of the rostral cerebellum that develops perinatally. Defects involve fusion of adjacent lobules, disrupted layering of neurons and glia, and fragmentation of the pial basement membrane. At the age of defect onset, GPR56 expression is restricted specifically to developing granule cells in the rostral cerebellum, suggesting that GPR56 regulates properties of these cells. Indeed, granule cells from the rostral region of perinatal Gpr56(-/-) cerebella show loss of adhesion to extracellular matrix molecules of the pial basement membrane. Interference RNA-mediated knockdown of GPR56 recapitulates the loss of adhesion seen in knock-outs, and reexpression of GPR56 rescues the adhesion defect in knock-out granule cells. Loss of GPR56 does not affect cell proliferation, migration, or neurite outgrowth. These studies establish a novel role for GPR56 in the adhesion of developing neurons to basal lamina molecules and suggest that this adhesion is critical for maintenance of the pia and proper cerebellar morphogenesis.
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Kampmeier F, Ribbert M, Nachreiner T, Dembski S, Beaufils F, Brecht A, Barth S. Site-Specific, Covalent Labeling of Recombinant Antibody Fragments via Fusion to an Engineered Version of 6-O-Alkylguanine DNA Alkyltransferase. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1010-5. [DOI: 10.1021/bc9000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kampmeier
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Institute for Neuropathology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Fraunhofer-Insitut für Silicatforschung ISC, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany, Covalys Biosciences AG, Benkenstrasse 254, CH4108 Witterswil, Switzerland, and Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University,
| | - Markus Ribbert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Institute for Neuropathology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Fraunhofer-Insitut für Silicatforschung ISC, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany, Covalys Biosciences AG, Benkenstrasse 254, CH4108 Witterswil, Switzerland, and Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University,
| | - Thomas Nachreiner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Institute for Neuropathology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Fraunhofer-Insitut für Silicatforschung ISC, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany, Covalys Biosciences AG, Benkenstrasse 254, CH4108 Witterswil, Switzerland, and Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University,
| | - Sofia Dembski
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Institute for Neuropathology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Fraunhofer-Insitut für Silicatforschung ISC, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany, Covalys Biosciences AG, Benkenstrasse 254, CH4108 Witterswil, Switzerland, and Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University,
| | - Florent Beaufils
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Institute for Neuropathology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Fraunhofer-Insitut für Silicatforschung ISC, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany, Covalys Biosciences AG, Benkenstrasse 254, CH4108 Witterswil, Switzerland, and Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University,
| | - Andreas Brecht
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Institute for Neuropathology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Fraunhofer-Insitut für Silicatforschung ISC, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany, Covalys Biosciences AG, Benkenstrasse 254, CH4108 Witterswil, Switzerland, and Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University,
| | - Stefan Barth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Institute for Neuropathology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Fraunhofer-Insitut für Silicatforschung ISC, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany, Covalys Biosciences AG, Benkenstrasse 254, CH4108 Witterswil, Switzerland, and Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University,
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Keppler A, Ellenberg J. Chromophore-assisted laser inactivation of alpha- and gamma-tubulin SNAP-tag fusion proteins inside living cells. ACS Chem Biol 2009; 4:127-38. [PMID: 19191588 DOI: 10.1021/cb800298u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromophore-assisted laser inactivation (CALI) can help to unravel localized activities of target proteins at defined times and locations within living cells. Covalent SNAP-tag labeling of fusion proteins with fluorophores such as fluorescein is a fast and highly specific tool to attach the photosensitizer to its target protein in vivo for selective inactivation of the fusion protein. Here, we demonstrate the effectiveness and specificity of SNAP-tag-based CALI by acute inactivation of alpha-tubulin and gamma-tubulin SNAP-tag fusions during live imaging assays of cell division. Singlet oxygen is confirmed as the reactive oxygen species that leads to loss of fusion protein function. The major advantage of SNAP-tag CALI is the ease, reliability, and high flexibility in labeling: the genetically encoded protein tag can be covalently labeled with various dyes matching the experimental requirements. This makes SNAP-tag CALI a very useful tool for rapid inactivation of tagged proteins in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Keppler
- Virology, Hygiene Institute, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Jan Ellenberg
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Myerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
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Taguchi Y, Shi ZD, Ruddy B, Dorward DW, Greene L, Baron GS. Specific biarsenical labeling of cell surface proteins allows fluorescent- and biotin-tagging of amyloid precursor protein and prion proteins. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:233-44. [PMID: 18987338 PMCID: PMC2613110 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-06-0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent tagging is a powerful tool for imaging proteins in living cells. However, the steric effects imposed by fluorescent tags impair the behavior of many proteins. Here, we report a novel technique, Instant with DTT, EDT, And Low temperature (IDEAL)-labeling, for rapid and specific FlAsH-labeling of tetracysteine-tagged cell surface proteins by using prion protein (PrP) and amyloid precursor protein (APP) as models. In prion-infected cells, FlAsH-labeled tetracysteine-tagged PrP converted from the normal isoform (PrPsen) to the disease-associated isoform (PrPres), suggesting minimal steric effects of the tag. Pulse-chase analysis of PrP and APP by fluorescent gel imaging demonstrated the utility of IDEAL labeling in investigating protein metabolism by identifying an as-yet-unrecognized C-terminal fragment (C3) of PrPsen and by characterizing the kinetics of PrPres and APP metabolism. C3 generation and N-terminal truncation of PrPres were inhibited by the anti-prion compound E64, a cysteine protease inhibitor. Surprisingly, E64 did not inhibit the synthesis of new PrPres, providing insight into the mechanism by which E64 reduces steady-state PrPres levels in prion-infected cells. To expand the versatility of tetracysteine tagging, we created new Alexa Fluor- and biotin-conjugated tetracysteine-binding molecules that were applied to imaging PrP endocytosis and ultrastructural localization. IDEAL-labeling extends the use of biarsenical derivatives to extracellular proteins and beyond microscopic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhen-Dan Shi
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892-3372; and
| | - Brian Ruddy
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892-3372; and
| | - David W. Dorward
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Lois Greene
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8017
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Chapter 12 Reflections on FRET imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0075-7535(08)00012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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