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Virtanen S, Schulte R, Stingl J, Caldas C, Shehata M. High-throughput surface marker screen on primary human breast tissues reveals further cellular heterogeneity. Breast Cancer Res 2021; 23:66. [PMID: 34120626 PMCID: PMC8201685 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-021-01444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal human breast tissues are a heterogeneous mix of epithelial and stromal subtypes in different cell states. Delineating the spectrum of cellular heterogeneity will provide new insights into normal cellular properties within the breast tissue that might become dysregulated in the initial stages of cancer. Investigation of surface marker expression provides a valuable approach to resolve complex cell populations. However, the majority of cell surface maker expression of primary breast cells have not been investigated. METHODS To determine the differences in expression of a range of uninvestigated cell surface markers between the normal breast cell subpopulations, primary human breast cells were analysed using high-throughput flow cytometry for the expression of 242 cell surface proteins in conjunction with EpCAM/CD49f staining. RESULTS We identified 35 surface marker proteins expressed on normal breast epithelial and/or stromal subpopulations that were previously unreported. We also show multiple markers were equally expressed in all cell populations (e.g. CD9, CD59, CD164) while other surface markers were confirmed to be enriched in different cell lineages: CD24, CD227 and CD340 in the luminal compartment, CD10 and CD90 in the basal population, and CD34 and CD140b on stromal cells. CONCLUSIONS Our dataset of CD marker expression in the normal breast provides better definition for breast cellular heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siru Virtanen
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Reiner Schulte
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - John Stingl
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Carlos Caldas
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Cambridge Breast Unit, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mona Shehata
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK.
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2
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Peng S, Hebert LL, Eschbacher JM, Kim S. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of a Postmenopausal Normal Breast Tissue Identifies Multiple Cell Types That Contribute to Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123639. [PMID: 33291647 PMCID: PMC7761899 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The human body is composed of multiple cell types that form structures and carry out the functions of specific tissues. The human breast is mainly known for the milk ducts organized by epithelial cells, but also contains many other cell types of little-known identity. In this study, we employed the single-cell sequencing technology to ascertain the various cell types present in the normal breast. The results showed 10 distinct cell types that included three epithelial and other novel cell types. The gene signatures of five cell types (three epithelial, one fibroblast subset, and immune cells) matched to the gene expression profiles of >85% breast tumors cataloged in The Cancer Gene Atlas dataset, suggesting their significant contribution to breast cancer. These findings provide a framework for the better mapping of the cellular composition in the breast and its relationship to breast disease. Abstract The human breast is composed of diverse cell types. Studies have delineated mammary epithelial cells, but the other cell types in the breast have scarcely been characterized. In order to gain insight into the cellular composition of the tissue, we performed droplet-mediated RNA sequencing of 3193 single cells isolated from a postmenopausal breast tissue without enriching for epithelial cells. Unbiased clustering analysis identified 10 distinct cell clusters, seven of which were nonepithelial devoid of cytokeratin expression. The remaining three cell clusters expressed cytokeratins (CKs), representing breast epithelial cells; Cluster 2 and Cluster 7 cells expressed luminal and basal CKs, respectively, whereas Cluster 9 cells expressed both luminal and basal CKs, as well as other CKs of unknown specificity. To assess which cell type(s) potentially contributes to breast cancer, we used the differential gene expression signature of each cell cluster to derive gene set variation analysis (GSVA) scores and classified breast tumors in The Cancer Gene Atlas (TGGA) dataset (n = 1100) by assigning the highest GSVA scoring cell cluster number for each tumor. The results showed that five clusters (Clusters 2, 3, 7, 8, and 9) could categorize >85% of breast tumors collectively. Notably, Cluster 2 (luminal epithelial) and Cluster 3 (fibroblast) tumors were equally prevalent in the luminal breast cancer subtypes, whereas Cluster 7 (basal epithelial) and Cluster 9 (other epithelial) tumors were present primarily in the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype. Cluster 8 (immune) tumors were present in all subtypes, indicating that immune cells may contribute to breast cancer regardless of the subtypes. Cluster 9 tumors were significantly associated with poor patient survival in TNBC, suggesting that this epithelial cell type may give rise to an aggressive TNBC subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Peng
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
| | - Lora L. Hebert
- Department of Surgery, St. Joseph’s Hospital, Dignity Health, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (L.L.H.); (J.M.E.)
- Surgical Breast Oncology Division, University of Arizona Cancer Center-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Eschbacher
- Department of Surgery, St. Joseph’s Hospital, Dignity Health, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (L.L.H.); (J.M.E.)
- Department of Neuropathology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Dignity Health, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Suwon Kim
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-602-343-8762
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3
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Rosenbluth JM, Schackmann RCJ, Gray GK, Selfors LM, Li CMC, Boedicker M, Kuiken HJ, Richardson A, Brock J, Garber J, Dillon D, Sachs N, Clevers H, Brugge JS. Organoid cultures from normal and cancer-prone human breast tissues preserve complex epithelial lineages. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1711. [PMID: 32249764 PMCID: PMC7136203 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, organoid technology has been used to generate a large repository of breast cancer organoids. Here we present an extensive evaluation of the ability of organoid culture technology to preserve complex stem/progenitor and differentiated cell types via long-term propagation of normal human mammary tissues. Basal/stem and luminal progenitor cells can differentiate in culture to generate mature basal and luminal cell types, including ER+ cells that have been challenging to maintain in culture. Cells associated with increased cancer risk can also be propagated. Single-cell analyses of matched organoid cultures and native tissues by mass cytometry for 38 markers provide a higher resolution representation of the multiple mammary epithelial cell types in the organoids, and demonstrate that protein expression patterns of the tissue of origin can be preserved in culture. These studies indicate that organoid cultures provide a valuable platform for studies of mammary differentiation, transformation, and breast cancer risk. Organoid technology has enabled the generation of several breast cancer organoids. Here, the authors combine propagation of normal human mammary tissues with mass cytometry to evaluate the ability of organoid culture technologies to preserve stem cells and differentiated cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Rosenbluth
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ron C J Schackmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - G Kenneth Gray
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Laura M Selfors
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Carman Man-Chung Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mackenzie Boedicker
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hendrik J Kuiken
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Andrea Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jane Brock
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Judy Garber
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Deborah Dillon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Norman Sachs
- Hubrecht Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan S Brugge
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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4
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Cytokeratin 5 alters β-catenin dynamics in breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2020; 39:2478-2492. [PMID: 31988452 PMCID: PMC7085458 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancers often contain subpopulations of cells that express the intermediate filament protein cytokeratin 5 (CK5). CK5+ cells are enriched in cancer stem cell (CSC) properties, can be induced by progestins, and predict poor prognosis in ER+ breast cancer. We established through CK5 knockout and overexpression in ER+ breast cancer cell lines that CK5 is important for tumorsphere formation, prompting us to speculate that CK5 has regulatory activity in CSCs. To interrogate CK5 interacting proteins that may be functionally cooperative, we performed immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry for CK5 in ER+ breast cancer cells. Focusing on proteins with signaling activity, we identified β-catenin, a key transcription factor of the Wnt signaling pathway and cell adhesion molecule, as a CK5 interactor, which we confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation in several breast cancer models. We interrogated the dual functions of β-catenin in relation to CK5. Knockout or knockdown of CK5 ablated β-catenin transcriptional activity in response to progestins and Wnt stimuli. Conversely, CK5 induced by progestins or overexpression was sufficient to promote loss of β-catenin at the cell membrane and total E-cadherin loss. A breast cancer patient-derived xenograft showed similar loss of membrane β-catenin and E-cadherin in CK5+ but not intratumoral CK5− cells and single cell RNA sequencing found the top enriched pathways in the CK5+ cell cluster were cell junction remodeling and signaling. This report highlights that CK5 actively remodels cell morphology and that blockade of CK5-β-catenin interaction may reverse the detrimental properties of CK5+ breast cancer cells.
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5
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Cabezuelo MT, Zaragozá R, Barber T, Viña JR. Role of Vitamin A in Mammary Gland Development and Lactation. Nutrients 2019; 12:E80. [PMID: 31892157 PMCID: PMC7019238 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A (all-trans-retinol), its active derivatives retinal and retinoic acid, and their synthetic analogues constitute the group of retinoids. It is obtained from diet either as preformed vitamin A or as carotenoids. Retinal plays a biological role in vision, but most of the effects of vitamin A are exerted by retinoic acid, which binds to nuclear receptors and regulates gene transcription. Vitamin A deficiency is an important nutritional problem, particularly in the developing world. Retinol and carotenoids from diet during pregnancy and lactation influence their concentration in breast milk, which is important in the long term, not only for the offspring, but also for maternal health. In this study, we review the role of vitamin A in mammary gland metabolism, where retinoid signaling is required not only for morphogenesis and development of the gland and for adequate milk production, but also during the weaning process, when epithelial cell death is coupled with tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Teresa Cabezuelo
- Department of Physiology, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- University Hospital Doctor Peset, Gaspar Aguilar, 90, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Zaragozá
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology-INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Barber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.B.); (J.R.V.)
| | - Juan R. Viña
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.B.); (J.R.V.)
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Bhat V, Lee-Wing V, Hu P, Raouf A. Isolation and characterization of a new basal-like luminal progenitor in human breast tissue. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:269. [PMID: 31443683 PMCID: PMC6708178 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1361-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adult stem cells and progenitors are responsible for breast tissue regeneration. Human breast epithelial progenitors are organized in a lineage hierarchy consisting of bipotent progenitors (BPs), myoepithelial- and luminal-restricted progenitors (LRPs) where the LRP differentiation into mature luminal cells requires estrogen receptor (ER) signaling. However, the experimental evidence exploring the relationship between the BPs and LRPs has remained elusive. In this study, we report the presence of a basal-like luminal progenitor (BLP) in human breast epithelial cells. Methods Breast reduction samples were used to obtain different subsets of human breast epithelial cell based on cell surface marker expression using flow cytometry. Loss of function and gain of function studies were employed to demonstrate the role of NOTCH3 (NR3)-FRIZZLED7 (FZD7) signaling in luminal cell fate commitment. Results Our results suggest that, NR3-FZD7 signaling axis was necessary for luminal cell fate commitment. Similar to LRPs, BLPs (NR3highFZD7highCD90+MUC1−ER−) differentiate to generate NR3medFZD7medCD90−MUC1+ER+ luminal cells. Unlike LRPs however, BLP’s proliferation and differentiation potentials depend on NR3 and regulated in part by FZD7 signaling. Lastly, we show that BLPs have a higher colony-forming potential than LRPs and that they are continuously generated from the NOTCH3−FZD7low subset of the bipotent progenitors. Conclusion Our data indicate that BPs differentiate to generate basal-like luminal progenitors that in turn differentiate into LRPs. These results provide new insights into the hierarchical organization of human breast epithelial cell and how cooperation between the Notch and Wnt signaling pathways define a new progenitor cell type. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-019-1361-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudeva Bhat
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 471 Apotex Centre, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0T5, Canada.,Research Institute for Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Victoria Lee-Wing
- Research Institute for Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Pingzhao Hu
- Research Institute for Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Afshin Raouf
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 471 Apotex Centre, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0T5, Canada. .,Research Institute for Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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7
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Chen W, Morabito SJ, Kessenbrock K, Enver T, Meyer KB, Teschendorff AE. Single-cell landscape in mammary epithelium reveals bipotent-like cells associated with breast cancer risk and outcome. Commun Biol 2019; 2:306. [PMID: 31428694 PMCID: PMC6689007 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult stem-cells may serve as the cell-of-origin for cancer, yet their unbiased identification in single cell RNA sequencing data is challenging due to the high dropout rate. In the case of breast, the existence of a bipotent stem-like state is also controversial. Here we apply a marker-free algorithm to scRNA-Seq data from the human mammary epithelium, revealing a high-potency cell-state enriched for an independent mammary stem-cell expression module. We validate this stem-like state in independent scRNA-Seq data. Our algorithm further predicts that the stem-like state is bipotent, a prediction we are able to validate using FACS sorted bulk expression data. The bipotent stem-like state correlates with clinical outcome in basal breast cancer and is characterized by overexpression of YBX1 and ENO1, two modulators of basal breast cancer risk. This study illustrates the power of a marker-free computational framework to identify a novel bipotent stem-like state in the mammary epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Samuel J. Morabito
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine 839 Health Science Road, Sprague Hall 114 Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3905 USA
| | - Kai Kessenbrock
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine 839 Health Science Road, Sprague Hall 114 Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3905 USA
| | - Tariq Enver
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew E. Teschendorff
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
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8
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Pellacani D, Tan S, Lefort S, Eaves CJ. Transcriptional regulation of normal human mammary cell heterogeneity and its perturbation in breast cancer. EMBO J 2019; 38:e100330. [PMID: 31304632 PMCID: PMC6627240 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland in adult women consists of biologically distinct cell types that differ in their surface phenotypes. Isolation and molecular characterization of these subpopulations of mammary cells have provided extensive insights into their different transcriptional programs and regulation. This information is now serving as a baseline for interpreting the heterogeneous features of human breast cancers. Examination of breast cancer mutational profiles further indicates that most have undergone a complex evolutionary process even before being detected. The consequent intra-tumoral as well as inter-tumoral heterogeneity of these cancers thus poses major challenges to deriving information from early and hence likely pervasive changes in potential therapeutic interest. Recently described reproducible and efficient methods for generating human breast cancers de novo in immunodeficient mice transplanted with genetically altered primary cells now offer a promising alternative to investigate initial stages of human breast cancer development. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about key transcriptional regulatory processes operative in these partially characterized subpopulations of normal human mammary cells and effects of disrupting these processes in experimentally produced human breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pellacani
- Terry Fox LaboratoryBritish Columbia Cancer AgencyVancouverBCCanada
| | - Susanna Tan
- Terry Fox LaboratoryBritish Columbia Cancer AgencyVancouverBCCanada
| | - Sylvain Lefort
- Terry Fox LaboratoryBritish Columbia Cancer AgencyVancouverBCCanada
| | - Connie J Eaves
- Terry Fox LaboratoryBritish Columbia Cancer AgencyVancouverBCCanada
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9
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Finot L, Chanat E, Dessauge F. Mammary Epithelial Cell Lineage Changes During Cow's Life. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2019; 24:185-197. [PMID: 30758700 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-019-09427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk production is highly dependent on the optimal development of the mammary epithelium. It is therefore essential to better understand mammary epithelial cell growth and maintenance from the related epithelial lineage during the animal life. Here, we characterized the epithelial lineage at puberty, lactation and dry-off in bovine using the cell surface markers CD49f, CD24, and CD10. The pubertal period was characterized by a high proportion of CD49fpos cells corresponding to various epithelial subpopulations, notably the CD24pos subpopulations. The proportion of CD49fpos cells was weaker during lactation and dry-off, and CD24pos cells were relatively few. Of note, the (sub)population profile at dry-off appeared close to that during lactation. Using a targeted gene approach, we associated specific genes with epithelial subpopulations, their expression level varying, or not, according to physiological stages. Caseins were only expressed in the CD49fmedCD24neg subpopulation. Basal marker genes (keratin(KRT)5, KRT14 and αSMA) were found in the CD49fhighCD24neg subpopulations. Luminal gene markers (KRT7, KRT8 and KRT19, CDH1 and the PRLR) were expressed in the CD49flowCD24neg subpopulation. The CD49flowCD24pos subpopulation, only abundant at puberty, expressed luminal gene markers and KI67 at high level. In contrast to others, the CD49fhighCD24pos cells accounted for a small proportion of total cells, decreasing from puberty to dry-off. They were characterized by expression of luminal and basal gene markers and low KI67 level. Interestingly, this subpopulation showed a remarkable stability of gene expression profile throughout physiological stages and bear the hallmark of quiescence that designate them as the potential bovine mammary stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Finot
- PEGASE, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest , 35590, Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Eric Chanat
- PEGASE, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest , 35590, Saint-Gilles, France
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10
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Sugathan S, Lee SJ, Shiwani S, Singh NK. Transdifferentiation of bovine epithelial towards adipocytes in the presence of myoepithelium. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 33:349-359. [PMID: 31010974 PMCID: PMC6946969 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective Orchastric changes in the mammary glands are vital, especially during lactation. The secretary epithelial cells together with the supporting myoepithelial and stromal cells function cordially to secrete milk. Increase in the number of luminal epithelial cells and a decrease in adipocytes are visible during lactation, whereas the reverse happens in the involution. However, an early involution occurs if the epithelial cells transdifferentiate towards adipocytes during the lactation period. We aimed to inhibit the adipocyte transdifferentiation of luminal cells by restraining the peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) pathway. Methods Linolenic acid (LA) and thiazolidinediones (TZDs) induced adipogenesis in mammary epithelial cells were conducted in monolayer, mixed culture as well as in transwell plate co-culture with mammary myoepithelial cells. Results Co-culture with myoepithelial cells showed higher adipogenic gene expression in epithelial cells under LA+TZDs treatment. Increase in the expressions of PPARγ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α and vimentin in both mRNA as well as protein levels were observed. Whereas, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether treatment blocked LA+TZDs induced adipogenesis, as it could not show a significant rise in adipose related markers. Although comparative results were found in both mixed culture and monolayer conditions, co-culture technic was found to work better than the others. Conclusion Antagonizing PPARγ pathway in the presence of myoepithelial cells can significantly reduce the adipogenisis in epithelial cells, suggesting therapeutic inhibition of PPARγ can be considered to counter early involution or excessive adipogenesis in mammary epithelium in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subi Sugathan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Supriya Shiwani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Naresh Kumar Singh
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University,Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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11
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Johnson JR, Boulanger CA, Hudson T, Savage E, Smith GH. Microarray and pathway analysis of two COMMA-Dβ derived clones reveal important differences relevant to their developmental capacity in-vivo. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2118-2135. [PMID: 31040905 PMCID: PMC6481333 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microarray technologies were used to analyze transcriptomes from Comma-Dβ and clonal derivatives, SP3 (Lobule-competent) and NSP2 (Lobule-incompetent), during different mouse mammary growth phases: in-vitro, in-vivo 5-weeks, and in-vivo 12-weeks. A differentially expressed gene (DEG) algorithm was used to enrich for genes associated with cellular proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle regulation, and carcinogenesis. A pairwise comparison analysis, of SP3 vs. NSP2 in-vitro, revealed a total of 45 DEGs significantly up-regulated in SP3. Of the 45 DEGs, only Ccnd1 (Cyclin D1), Id2 (Inhibitor of DNA binding 2) and Sox9 (SRY Box 9) were identified to be associated with cellular proliferation, regulation of G1/S mitotic cell cycle, mammary gland and alveolar development in SP3. During the regenerative growth phase, in-vivo 5-weeks, we identified a total of 545 DEGs. 308 DEGs, of the 545 DEGs, were significantly up-regulated and 237 DEGs were significantly down-regulated in SP3 vs. NSP2. In addition, we identified 9 DEGs significantly up-regulated, within SP3's cell cycle pathway and a persistent overexpression of Cyclin D1, Id2, and Sox9, consistent with our in-vitro study. During the maintenance phase, in-vivo 12-weeks, we identified 407 DEGs. Of these, 336 DEGs were up-regulated, and 71 were down-regulated in SP3 vs. NSP2. Our data shows 15 DEGs significantly up-regulated, simultaneously, affecting 8 signal transducing carcinogenic pathways. In conclusion, increased expression of Cyclin D1, Id2 and Sox9 appear to be important for lobular genesis in SP3. Also, in-vivo 12 week displays increase expression of genes and pathways, involved in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabril R Johnson
- Mammary Stem Cell Biology Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Corinne A Boulanger
- Mammary Stem Cell Biology Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tamaro Hudson
- Howard University Cancer Center, Washington, DC 20059, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Evan Savage
- Genome Explorations, Division of Compass Laboratory Services, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Gilbert H Smith
- Mammary Stem Cell Biology Section, Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Luparello C, Librizzi M, Asaro DML, Cruciata I, Caradonna F. Mid-region parathyroid hormone-related protein is a genome-wide chromatin-binding factor that promotes growth and differentiation of HB2 epithelial cells from the human breast. Biofactors 2019; 45:279-288. [PMID: 30561100 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Human parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is a polyhormone that undergoes proteolytic cleavage producing smaller peptides which exert diversified biological effects. PTHrP signalization is prominently involved in breast development and physiology, but the studies have been focused onto either N-terminal species or full-length protein introduced by gene transfer techniques. Our present work investigates for the first time the effect of the mid-region PTHrP secretory form, that is, the fragment [38-94], on HB2 non-tumoral breast epithelial cells. We examined viability/proliferation of cells grown in PTHrP-containing media supplemented with different serum concentration and on different substrates, extending our investigation to check whether (a) by analogy with MDA-MB231 cells, also HB2 cell chromatin possesses genome-wide binding sites for mid-region PTHrP, and (b) the peptide is endowed with modulating properties toward the expression of proliferation/differentiation signatures by HB2 cells. Our results indicate that mid-region PTHrP acts as a cell growth/differentiation stimulator in routine and "nutrient stress" culture conditions, accordingly reprogramming gene expression, and is able to bind to cytogenetic preparations from HB2 cells. This supports the concept that the physiological mechanisms involving PTHrP during breast development may include mature processed forms of the protein different from the N-terminal fragment. © 2018 BioFactors, 45(2):279-288, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Luparello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mariangela Librizzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Dalia M L Asaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ilenia Cruciata
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Caradonna
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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13
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French R, Tornillo G. Heterogeneity of Mammary Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1169:119-140. [PMID: 31487022 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-24108-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adult female mammals are endowed with the unique ability to produce milk for nourishing their newborn offspring. Milk is secreted on demand by the mammary gland, an organ which develops during puberty, further matures during pregnancy and lactation, but reverts to a resting state after weaning. The glandular tissue (re)generated through this series of structural and functional changes is finely sourced by resident stem cells under the control of systemic hormones and local stimuli.Over the past decades a plethora of studies have been carried out in order to identify and characterize mammary stem cells, primarily in mice and humans. Intriguingly, it is now emerging that multiple mammary stem cell pools (co)exist and are characterized by distinctive molecular markers and context-dependent functions.This chapter reviews the heterogeneity of the mammary stem cell compartment with emphasis on the key properties and molecular regulators of distinct stem cell populations in both the mouse and human glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon French
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Giusy Tornillo
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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14
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Li B, Chi X, Song J, Tang Y, Du J, He X, Sun X, Bi Z, Wang Y, Zhan J, Zhang H. Integrin-interacting protein Kindlin-2 induces mammary tumors in transgenic mice. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 62:225-234. [PMID: 30460471 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Kindlin-2, an integrin-interacting protein, regulates breast cancer progression. However, currently, no animal model to study the role of Kindlin-2 in the carcinogenesis of mammary gland is available. We established a Kindlin-2 transgenic mouse model using a mammary gland-specific promoter, mammary tumor virus (MMTV) long terminal repeat (LTR). Kindlin-2 was overexpressed in the epithelial cells of the transgenic mice. The mammary gland ductal trees were found to grow faster in MMTV-Kindlin-2 transgenic mice than in control mice during puberty. Kindlin-2 promoted mammary gland growth as indicated by more numerous duct branches and larger lumens, and more alveoli were formed in the mammary glands during pregnancy under Kindlin-2 overexpression. Importantly, mammary gland-specific expression of Kindlin-2 induced tumor formation at the age of 55 weeks on average. Additionally, the levels of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor were decreased, whereas human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and β-catenin were upregulated in the Kindlin-2-induced mammary tumors. These findings demonstrated that Kindlin-2 induces mammary tumor formation via activation of the Wnt signaling pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Proliferation
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle Proteins/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Wnt Signaling Pathway
- beta Catenin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaochun Chi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jiagui Song
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaokun He
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaoran Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhenwu Bi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yunling Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jun Zhan
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Hongquan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
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15
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McGowan EM, Lin Y, Hatoum D. Good Guy or Bad Guy? The Duality of Wild-Type p53 in Hormone-Dependent Breast Cancer Origin, Treatment, and Recurrence. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10060172. [PMID: 29857525 PMCID: PMC6025368 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
"Lactation is at one point perilously near becoming a cancerous process if it is at all arrested", Beatson, 1896. Most breast cancers arise from the milk-producing cells that are characterized by aberrant cellular, molecular, and epigenetic translation. By understanding the underlying molecular disruptions leading to the origin of cancer, we might be able to design novel strategies for more efficacious treatments or, ambitiously, divert the cancerous process. It is an established reality that full-term pregnancy in a young woman provides a lifetime reduction in breast cancer risk, whereas delay in full-term pregnancy increases short-term breast cancer risk and the probability of latent breast cancer development. Hormonal activation of the p53 protein (encode by the TP53 gene) in the mammary gland at a critical time in pregnancy has been identified as one of the most important determinants of whether the mammary gland develops latent breast cancer. This review discusses what is known about the protective influence of female hormones in young parous women, with a specific focus on the opportune role of wild-type p53 reprogramming in mammary cell differentiation. The importance of p53 as a protector or perpetrator in hormone-dependent breast cancer, resistance to treatment, and recurrence is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M McGowan
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia.
| | - Yiguang Lin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia.
| | - Diana Hatoum
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia.
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16
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Miller DH, Jin DX, Sokol ES, Cabrera JR, Superville DA, Gorelov RA, Kuperwasser C, Gupta PB. BCL11B Drives Human Mammary Stem Cell Self-Renewal In Vitro by Inhibiting Basal Differentiation. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:1131-1145. [PMID: 29503088 PMCID: PMC5918530 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial compartment of the mammary gland contains basal and luminal cell lineages, as well as stem and progenitor cells that reside upstream in the differentiation hierarchy. Stem and progenitor cell differentiation is regulated to maintain adult tissue and mediate expansion during pregnancy and lactation. The genetic factors that regulate the transition of cells between differentiation states remain incompletely understood. Here, we present a genome-scale method to discover genes driving cell-state specification. Applying this method, we identify a transcription factor, BCL11B, which drives stem cell self-renewal in vitro, by inhibiting differentiation into the basal lineage. To validate BCL11B's functional role, we use two-dimensional colony-forming and three-dimensional tissue differentiation assays to assess the lineage differentiation potential and functional abilities of primary human mammary cells. These findings show that BCL11B regulates mammary cell differentiation and demonstrate the utility of our proposed genome-scale strategy for identifying lineage regulators in mammalian tissues. Novel strategy to identify lineage-specifying genes BCL11B drives primary human mammary stem cell self-renewal in vitro BCL11B inhibits basal differentiation of mammary stem cells in vitro
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Miller
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dexter X Jin
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ethan S Sokol
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Janel R Cabrera
- Department of Developmental, Chemical, and Molecular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Raymond & Beverly Sackler Convergence Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, 145 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Daphne A Superville
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rebecca A Gorelov
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA
| | - Charlotte Kuperwasser
- Department of Developmental, Chemical, and Molecular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Raymond & Beverly Sackler Convergence Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, 145 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Piyush B Gupta
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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17
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Mutational Analysis of AKT1 and PIK3CA in Intraductal Papillomas of the Breast with Special Reference to Cellular Components. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:1106-1112. [PMID: 29454754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The pathologic feature of intraductal papillomas is defined as a papillary structure composed of a fibrovascular stromal core lined by luminal epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells. We used droplet digital PCR for the mutational analysis of AKT1 (E17K) and PIK3CA (H1047R, E542K, and E545K) in 60 papillomas. AKT1 and PIK3CA mutations were detected in 12 (20%) and 17 (28%) of the papillomas, respectively. In five tumors harboring mutations, mutational analysis of AKT1 or PIK3CA was performed separately using luminal epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells sorted using anti-cytokeratin 19 antibody and anti-α smooth muscle actin antibody. The two types of cells from a given papilloma had the identical mutation. Three patients with the PIK3CA mutation-positive papilloma developed breast cancers at the resection site of the papilloma, but none of these subsequent breast cancers had the PIK3CA mutation. These results indicate that a papilloma stems from a bipotent progenitor cell that contains the AKT1 or PIK3CA mutation and proliferates and differentiates to form the papilloma. Papilloma can be a risk factor for developing breast cancer but is unlikely to be its obligate precursor.
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18
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Chatterjee S, Basak P, Buchel E, Safneck J, Murphy LC, Mowat M, Kung SK, Eirew P, Eaves CJ, Raouf A. Breast Cancers Activate Stromal Fibroblast-Induced Suppression of Progenitors in Adjacent Normal Tissue. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 10:196-211. [PMID: 29233553 PMCID: PMC5768884 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast cancer cells are known to activate adjacent “normal-like” cells to enhance their own growth, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. We now show by both phenotypic and functional measurements that normal human mammary progenitor cells are significantly under-represented in the mammary epithelium of patients' tumor-adjacent tissue (TAT). Interestingly, fibroblasts isolated from TAT samples showed a reduced ability to support normal EGF-stimulated mammary progenitor cell proliferation in vitro via their increased secretion of transforming growth factor β. In contrast, TAT fibroblasts promoted the proliferation of human breast cancer cells when these were co-transplanted in immunodeficient mice. The discovery of a common stromal cell-mediated mechanism that has opposing growth-suppressive and promoting effects on normal and malignant human breast cells and also extends well beyond currently examined surgical margins has important implications for disease recurrence and its prevention. Alterations to the breast tissue extend as far as 6 cm away from the primary tumors The matching contralateral non-tumor-bearing breast tissue remains unaltered Tumor-adjacent breast tissue contained significantly diminished progenitor pool Extending surgical margins may not be effective in reducing risk of tumor recurrence
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Chatterjee
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; Research Institute of Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Pratima Basak
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; Research Institute of Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Edward Buchel
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1M5, Canada
| | - Janice Safneck
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
| | - Leigh C Murphy
- Research Institute of Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Michael Mowat
- Research Institute of Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Sam K Kung
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Peter Eirew
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Connie J Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Afshin Raouf
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; Research Institute of Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada.
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19
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Akram M, Iqbal M, Daniyal M, Khan AU. Awareness and current knowledge of breast cancer. Biol Res 2017; 50:33. [PMID: 28969709 PMCID: PMC5625777 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-017-0140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains a worldwide public health dilemma and is currently the most common tumour in the globe. Awareness of breast cancer, public attentiveness, and advancement in breast imaging has made a positive impact on recognition and screening of breast cancer. Breast cancer is life-threatening disease in females and the leading cause of mortality among women population. For the previous two decades, studies related to the breast cancer has guided to astonishing advancement in our understanding of the breast cancer, resulting in further proficient treatments. Amongst all the malignant diseases, breast cancer is considered as one of the leading cause of death in post menopausal women accounting for 23% of all cancer deaths. It is a global issue now, but still it is diagnosed in their advanced stages due to the negligence of women regarding the self inspection and clinical examination of the breast. This review addresses anatomy of the breast, risk factors, epidemiology of breast cancer, pathogenesis of breast cancer, stages of breast cancer, diagnostic investigations and treatment including chemotherapy, surgery, targeted therapies, hormone replacement therapy, radiation therapy, complementary therapies, gene therapy and stem-cell therapy etc for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, Directorate of Medical Sciences, GC University Faisalabad, Old Campus, Allam Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Iqbal
- Faculty of Eastern Medicine, Hamdard University Karachi, Main Campus, Sharea Madinat al-Hikmah, Mohammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi, 74600 Sindh Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Daniyal
- Faculty of Eastern Medicine, Hamdard University Karachi, Main Campus, Sharea Madinat al-Hikmah, Mohammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi, 74600 Sindh Pakistan
| | - Asmat Ullah Khan
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, RibeirãoPreto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, AV. Bandeirantes, 3900, RibeirãoPreto, 14049-900 São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, School of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Hajira Road, Shamsabad, Rawalakot, 12350 Azad Jammu and Kashmir Pakistan
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20
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Rauner G, Ledet MM, Van de Walle GR. Conserved and variable: Understanding mammary stem cells across species. Cytometry A 2017; 93:125-136. [PMID: 28834173 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal mammary gland development requires the presence of mammary stem and progenitor cells (MaSC), which give rise to functional milk-secreting cells and regenerate the mammary epithelium with each cycle of lactation. These long-lived, tissue-resident MaSC are also targets for malignant transformation and may be cancer cells-of-origin. Consequently, MaSC are extensively researched in relation to their role and function in development, tissue regeneration, lactation, and breast cancer. The basic structure and function of the mammary gland are conserved among all mammalian species, from the most primitive to the most evolved. However, species vary greatly in their lactation strategies and mammary cancer incidence, making MaSC an interesting focus for comparative research. MaSC have been characterized in mice, to a lesser degree in humans, and to an even lesser degree in few additional mammals. They remain uncharacterized in most mammalian species, including "ancient" monotremes, marsupials, wild, and rare species, as well as in common and domestic species such as cats. Identification and comparison of MaSC across a large variety of species, particularly those with extreme lactational adaptations or low mammary cancer incidence, is expected to deepen our understanding of development and malignancy in the mammary gland. Here, we review the current status of MaSC characterization across species, and underline species variations in lactation and mammary cancer through which we may learn about the role of MaSC in these processes. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gat Rauner
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Melissa M Ledet
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, New York 14853
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21
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Otsubo R, Hirakawa H, Oikawa M, Baba M, Inamasu E, Shibata K, Hatachi T, Matsumoto M, Yano H, Abe K, Taniguchi H, Nakashima M, Nagayasu T. Validation of a Novel Diagnostic Kit Using the Semidry Dot-Blot Method to Detect Metastatic Lymph Nodes in Breast Cancer: Distinguishing Macrometastases From Nonmacrometastases. Clin Breast Cancer 2017; 18:e345-e351. [PMID: 28778378 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The semidry dot-blot method is a diagnostic procedure for detecting lymph node (LN) metastases using the presence of cytokeratin (CK) in lavage fluid from sectioned LNs. We evaluated 2 novel kits that use newly developed anti-CK-19 antibodies to diagnose LN metastases in breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS We examined 159 LNs dissected that we sliced at 2-mm intervals and washed with phosphate-buffered saline. The suspended cells in the lavage were centrifuged and lysed to extract protein. This extracted protein was used with a low-power and a high-power kit to diagnose LN metastasis. Diagnoses on the basis of the kits were compared with pathological diagnoses. RESULTS Of the 159 LNs, 68 were assessed as positive and 91 as negative in permanent section examination. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the low-power kit for detecting LN metastases was 83.8%, 100%, and 93.1%, respectively. Those of the high-power kit were 92.6%, 92.3%, and 92.5%, respectively. Combining the low- and high-power kit results, those for distinguishing macrometastases were 94.5%, 95.2%, and 95.0%, respectively. Diagnosis was achieved in approximately 20 minutes, at a cost of less than $30 USD. CONCLUSION The kits were accurate, fast, and cost-effective in diagnosing LN metastases without the loss of LN tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Otsubo
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Hirakawa
- Department of Gynecology, Aiyuukai Memorial Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Oikawa
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan; Division of Breast Surgery, New-wa-kai Oikawa Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Baba
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Eiko Inamasu
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Shibata
- Department of Surgery, The Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Genbaku Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshiko Hatachi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Megumi Matsumoto
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yano
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kuniko Abe
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Taniguchi
- Department of Surgery, The Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Genbaku Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakashima
- Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagayasu
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
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22
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Clément F, Xu X, Donini CF, Clément A, Omarjee S, Delay E, Treilleux I, Fervers B, Le Romancer M, Cohen PA, Maguer-Satta V. Long-term exposure to bisphenol A or benzo(a)pyrene alters the fate of human mammary epithelial stem cells in response to BMP2 and BMP4, by pre-activating BMP signaling. Cell Death Differ 2016; 24:155-166. [PMID: 27740625 PMCID: PMC5260492 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and BMP4 are key regulators of the fate and differentiation of human mammary epithelial stem cells (SCs), as well as of their niches, and are involved in breast cancer development. We established that MCF10A immature mammary epithelial cells reliably reproduce the BMP response that we previously identified in human primary epithelial SCs. In this model, we observed that BMP2 promotes luminal progenitor commitment and expansion, whereas BMP4 prevents lineage differentiation. Environmental pollutants are known to promote cancer development, possibly by providing cells with stem-like features and by modifying their niches. Bisphenols, in particular, were shown to increase the risk of developing breast cancer. Here, we demonstrate that chronic exposure to low doses of bisphenol A (BPA) or benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) alone has little effect on SCs properties of MCF10A cells. Conversely, we show that this exposure affects the response of immature epithelial cells to BMP2 and BMP4. Furthermore, the modifications triggered in MCF10A cells on exposure to pollutants appeared to be predominantly mediated by altering the expression and localization of type-1 receptors and by pre-activating BMP signaling, through the phosphorylation of small mothers against decapentaplegic 1/5/8 (SMAD1/5/8). By analyzing stem and progenitor properties, we reveal that BPA prevents the maintenance of SC features prompted by BMP4, whereas promoting cell differentiation towards a myoepithelial phenotype. Inversely, B(a)P prevents BMP2-mediated luminal progenitor commitment and expansion, leading to the retention of stem-like properties. Overall, our data indicate that BPA and B(a)P distinctly alter the fate and differentiation potential of mammary epithelial SCs by modulating BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Clément
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69008, France.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon Cedex 08, F-69008, France.,Department of Tumor Escape Signaling, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Xinyi Xu
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69008, France.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon Cedex 08, F-69008, France.,Department of Tumor Escape Signaling, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Caterina F Donini
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69008, France.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon Cedex 08, F-69008, France.,Department of Cancer and Environnement, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Alice Clément
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69008, France.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon Cedex 08, F-69008, France.,Department of Tumor Escape Signaling, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Soleilmane Omarjee
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69008, France.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon Cedex 08, F-69008, France.,Department of Cancer Cell Plasticity, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuel Delay
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69008, France.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon Cedex 08, F-69008, France.,Department of Tumor Escape Signaling, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Treilleux
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69008, France.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon Cedex 08, F-69008, France.,Department of Cancer Cell Plasticity, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Béatrice Fervers
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69008, France.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon Cedex 08, F-69008, France.,Department of Cancer and Environnement, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Muriel Le Romancer
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69008, France.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon Cedex 08, F-69008, France.,Department of Cancer Cell Plasticity, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Pascale A Cohen
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69008, France.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon Cedex 08, F-69008, France.,Department of Cancer and Environnement, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Véronique Maguer-Satta
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69008, France.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon Cedex 08, F-69008, France.,Department of Tumor Escape Signaling, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,CNRS GDR 3697 Micronit, Tours, France
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23
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Bhat V, Sun YJ, Weger S, Raouf A. Notch-Induced Expression of FZD7 Requires Noncanonical NOTCH3 Signaling in Human Breast Epithelial Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:522-9. [PMID: 26847503 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved Notch and Wnt signaling pathways have demonstrated roles in normal mammary gland development and in breast carcinogenesis. We previously reported that in human mammary gland, signaling through NOTCH3 alone regulates the commitment of the undifferentiated bipotential progenitors to the luminal cell fate, indicating that NOTCH3 may regulate the expression of unique genes apart from the other Notch receptors. In this study, we used gain of function and loss of function experiments and found that a Wnt signaling receptor, Frizzled7 (FZD7), is a unique and nonredundant target of NOTCH3 in human breast epithelial cells. Interestingly, neither the constitutively active forms of NOTCH1-2, 4 nor loss of expression of these receptors were able to alter expression of FZD7 in human breast epithelial cells. We further show that FZD7-expressing cells are found more frequently in the luminal progenitor-enriched subpopulation of cells obtained from breast reduction samples compared with the undifferentiated bipotent progenitors. Also, we show that NOTCH3-induced expression of FZD7 occurs in the absence of CSL (CBF1-Suppressor of Hairless-Lag-1). Our data suggest that noncanonical Notch signaling through NOTCH3 could modulate Wnt signaling via FZD7 and in this way, might be involved in luminal cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudeva Bhat
- 1 Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada .,2 Research Institute for Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yu Jia Sun
- 1 Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada .,2 Research Institute for Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Steve Weger
- 1 Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada .,2 Research Institute for Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Afshin Raouf
- 1 Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada .,2 Research Institute for Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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24
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Ye J, Ge J, Zhang X, Cheng L, Zhang Z, He S, Wang Y, Lin H, Yang W, Liu J, Zhao Y, Deng H. Pluripotent stem cells induced from mouse neural stem cells and small intestinal epithelial cells by small molecule compounds. Cell Res 2015; 26:34-45. [PMID: 26704449 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported a chemical approach to generate pluripotent stem cells from mouse fibroblasts. However, whether chemically induced pluripotent stem cells (CiPSCs) can be derived from other cell types remains to be demonstrated. Here, using lineage tracing, we first verify the generation of CiPSCs from fibroblasts. Next, we demonstrate that neural stem cells (NSCs) from the ectoderm and small intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) from the endoderm can be chemically reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells. CiPSCs derived from NSCs and IECs resemble mouse embryonic stem cells in proliferation rate, global gene expression profile, epigenetic status, self-renewal and differentiation capacity, and germline transmission competency. Interestingly, the pluripotency gene Sall4 is expressed at the initial stage in the chemical reprogramming process from different cell types, and the same core small molecules are required for the reprogramming, suggesting conservation in the molecular mechanism underlying chemical reprogramming from these diverse cell types. Our analysis also shows that the use of these small molecules should be fine-tuned to meet the requirement of reprogramming from different cell types. Together, these findings demonstrate that full chemical reprogramming approach can be applied in cells of different tissue origins and suggest that chemical reprogramming is a promising strategy with the potential to be extended to more initial types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Ye
- Shenzhen Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jian Ge
- Shenzhen Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Shenzhen Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Shenzhen Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhengyuan Zhang
- Shenzhen Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shan He
- Shenzhen Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hua Lin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Weifeng Yang
- BeijingVitalstar Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100012, China
| | - Junfang Liu
- Shenzhen Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Shenzhen Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongkui Deng
- Shenzhen Stem Cell Engineering Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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25
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Ye F, Qiu Y, Li L, Yang L, Cheng F, Zhang H, Wei B, Zhang Z, Sun L, Bu H. The Presence of EpCAM(-)/CD49f(+) Cells in Breast Cancer Is Associated with a Poor Clinical Outcome. J Breast Cancer 2015; 18:242-8. [PMID: 26472974 PMCID: PMC4600688 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2015.18.3.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose It is well established that breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) play an essential role in tumor invasion for both local and distant metastasis. The aim of this study was to establish whether BCSCs could act as a prognostic and clinical marker. Methods We analyzed tumor tissues from 161 breast cancer patients. Dual immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were performed on all the slides, and we analyzed the relationship between EpCAM-/CD49f+ tumor cells and key clinical and prognostic factors. Results Univariate survival analysis using the Kaplan-Meier method showed that the presence of EpCAM-/CD49f+ tumor cells in breast cancer was significantly associated with shorter disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of EpCAM-/CD49f+ cells was associated with shorter DFS (p=0.010; hazard ratio [HR], 2.070) and OS (p=0.002; HR, 3.235). Tumors containing EpCAM-/CD49f+ cells were also more likely to metastasize after initial surgery (p=0.048). Conclusion Our study suggests that breast tumors containing EpCAM-/CD49f+ cells are more likely to undergo distant metastasis after initial surgery and are associated with a shorter DFS and OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ye
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Li
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Libo Yang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Cheng
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Wei
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linyong Sun
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Bu
- Laboratory of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. ; Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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26
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Clonogenic assay allows for selection of a primitive mammary epithelial cell population in bovine. Exp Cell Res 2015; 338:245-50. [PMID: 26321394 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Adult mammary stem cells have been identified in several species including the bovine. They are responsible for the development of the gland and for cyclic remodeling during estrous cycles and pregnancy. Epithelial cell subpopulations exist within the mammary gland. We and others showed previously that the Colony Forming Cell (CFC) assay can be used to detect lineage-restricted mammary progenitors. We carried out CFCs with bovine mammary cells and manually separated colonies with specific morphologies associated with either a luminal or a myoepithelial phenotype. Expression of specific markers was assessed by immunocytochemistry or by flow cytometry to confirm that the manual separation resulted in isolation of phenotipically different cells. When transplanted in recipient immunodeficient mice, we found that only myoepithelial-like colonies gave rise to outgrowths that resembled bovine mammary alveoli, thus proving that adult stem cells were maintained during culture and segregated with myoepithelial cells. After recovery of the cells from the transplanted mice and subsequent progenitor content analysis, we found a tendency to detect a higher progenitor frequency when myoepithelial-like colonies were transplanted. We here demonstrate that bovine adult mammary stem cells can be sustained in short-term culture and that they can be enriched by manually selecting for basal-like morphology.
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27
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Bovine CD49 positive-cell subpopulation remarkably increases in mammary epithelial cells that retain a stem-like phenotype. Res Vet Sci 2015; 102:1-6. [PMID: 26412510 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We previously proved that adult stem cells reside in the bovine mammary gland and possess an intrinsic potential to generate a functional mammary outgrowth. The aim of this study was to investigate on the immunophenotyping features retained by mammary stem-like cells detected in long term culture. Flow cytometry analysis showed different subpopulations of mammary epithelial cells emerging according to the timing of cell culture. CD49f(+)-cells significantly increased during the culture (p<0.01) and a similar trend was observed, even if less regular, for CD29(+) and ALDH1 positive cell populations. No difference during the culture was observed for CD24 positive cells but after 35 days of culture a subset of cells, CD49f positive, still retained regenerative capabilities in in vivo xenotransplants. These cells were able to form organized pseudo-alveoli when transplanted in immunodeficient mice. These results prove the presence of a multipotent cell subpopulation that retain a strong epithelial induction, confirmed in in vivo xenotransplants with a presumable in vitro expansion of the primitive population of adult mammary stem cells.
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28
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Qu Y, Han B, Yu Y, Yao W, Bose S, Karlan BY, Giuliano AE, Cui X. Evaluation of MCF10A as a Reliable Model for Normal Human Mammary Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131285. [PMID: 26147507 PMCID: PMC4493126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths for women worldwide. Various cell models have been developed to study breast cancer tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug sensitivity. The MCF10A human mammary epithelial cell line is a widely used in vitro model for studying normal breast cell function and transformation. However, there is limited knowledge about whether MCF10A cells reliably represent normal human mammary cells. MCF10A cells were grown in monolayer, suspension (mammosphere culture), three-dimensional (3D) “on-top” Matrigel, 3D “cell-embedded” Matrigel, or mixed Matrigel/collagen I gel. Suspension culture was performed with the MammoCult medium and low-attachment culture plates. Cells grown in 3D culture were fixed and subjected to either immunofluorescence staining or embedding and sectioning followed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. Cells or slides were stained for protein markers commonly used to identify mammary progenitor and epithelial cells. MCF10A cells expressed markers representing luminal, basal, and progenitor phenotypes in two-dimensional (2D) culture. When grown in suspension culture, MCF10A cells showed low mammosphere-forming ability. Cells in mammospheres and 3D culture expressed both luminal and basal markers. Surprisingly, the acinar structure formed by MCF10A cells in 3D culture was positive for both basal markers and the milk proteins β-casein and α-lactalbumin. MCF10A cells exhibit a unique differentiated phenotype in 3D culture which may not exist or be rare in normal human breast tissue. Our results raise a question as to whether the commonly used MCF10A cell line is a suitable model for human mammary cell studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qu
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Bingchen Han
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Weiwu Yao
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Shikha Bose
- Department of Pathology, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Beth Y. Karlan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women’s Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Armando E. Giuliano
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaojiang Cui
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women’s Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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WU JIANCHUN, CROWE DAVIDL. The histone methyltransferase EZH2 promotes mammary stem and luminal progenitor cell expansion, metastasis and inhibits estrogen receptor-positive cellular differentiation in a model of basal breast cancer. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:455-60. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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30
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Gromova I, Gromov P, Honma N, Kumar S, Rimm D, Talman MLM, Wielenga VT, Moreira JMA. High level PHGDH expression in breast is predominantly associated with keratin 5-positive cell lineage independently of malignancy. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:1636-54. [PMID: 26026368 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported the 2D PAGE-based proteomic profiling of a prospective cohort of 78 triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients, and the establishment of a cumulative TNBC protein database. Analysis of this database identified a number of proteins as being specifically overexpressed in TNBC samples. One such protein was D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (Phgdh), a candidate oncogene. We analysed expression of Phgdh in normal and TNBC mammary tissue samples by 2D gel-based proteomics and immunohistochemistry (IHC), and show here that high-level expression of Phgdh in mammary epithelial cells is primarily associated with cell lineage, as we found that Phgdh expression was predominant in CK5-positive cells, normal as well as malignant, thus identifying an association of this protein with the basal phenotype. Quantitative IHC analysis of Phgdh expression in normal breast tissue showed high-level expression of Phgdh in normal CK5-positive mammary epithelial cells, indicating that expression of this protein was not associated with malignancy, but rather with cell lineage. However, proteomic profiling of Phgdh showed it to be expressed in two major protein forms, and that the ratio of expression between these variants was associated with malignancy. Overexpression of Phgdh in CK5-positive cell lineages, and differential protein isoform expression, was additionally found in other tissues and cancer types, suggesting that overexpression of Phgdh is generally associated with CK5 cells, and that oncogenic function may be determined by isoform expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Gromova
- Cancer Proteomics, Genome Integrity Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Centre for Translational Breast Cancer Research (DCTB), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pavel Gromov
- Cancer Proteomics, Genome Integrity Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Danish Centre for Translational Breast Cancer Research (DCTB), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Naoko Honma
- Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sudha Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, USA
| | - David Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University Medical School, New Haven, USA
| | - Maj-Lis Møller Talman
- Department of Pathology, The Centre of Diagnostic Investigations, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Vera Timmermans Wielenga
- Department of Pathology, The Centre of Diagnostic Investigations, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - José M A Moreira
- Danish Centre for Translational Breast Cancer Research (DCTB), Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Molecular Disease Biology and Sino-Danish Breast Cancer Research Centre, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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31
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Pathania R, Ramachandran S, Elangovan S, Padia R, Yang P, Cinghu S, Veeranan-Karmegam R, Arjunan P, Gnana-Prakasam JP, Sadanand F, Pei L, Chang CS, Choi JH, Shi H, Manicassamy S, Prasad PD, Sharma S, Ganapathy V, Jothi R, Thangaraju M. DNMT1 is essential for mammary and cancer stem cell maintenance and tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6910. [PMID: 25908435 PMCID: PMC4410389 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary stem/progenitor cells (MaSCs) maintain self-renewal of the mammary epithelium during puberty and pregnancy. DNA methylation provides a potential epigenetic mechanism for maintaining cellular memory during self-renewal. Although DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are dispensable for embryonic stem cell maintenance, their role in maintaining MaSCs and cancer stem cells (CSCs) in constantly replenishing mammary epithelium is unclear. Here we show that DNMT1 is indispensable for MaSC maintenance. Furthermore, we find that DNMT1 expression is elevated in mammary tumors, and mammary gland-specific DNMT1 deletion protects mice from mammary tumorigenesis by limiting the CSC pool. Through genome-scale methylation studies, we identify ISL1 as a direct DNMT1 target, hypermethylated and downregulated in mammary tumors and CSCs. DNMT inhibition or ISL1 expression in breast cancer cells limits CSC population. Altogether, our studies uncover an essential role for DNMT1 in MaSC and CSC maintenance and identify DNMT1-ISL1 axis as a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajneesh Pathania
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Sabarish Ramachandran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Selvakumar Elangovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Ravi Padia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Pengyi Yang
- System Biology Section, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Senthilkumar Cinghu
- System Biology Section, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Rajalakshmi Veeranan-Karmegam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Pachiappan Arjunan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Jaya P Gnana-Prakasam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Fulzele Sadanand
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Lirong Pei
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Chang-Sheng Chang
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Jeong-Hyeon Choi
- Department of Biostatistics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.,Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Huidong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.,Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Puttur D Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.,Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Suash Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.,Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.,Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
| | - Raja Jothi
- System Biology Section, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Muthusamy Thangaraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.,Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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32
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The origin of breast tumor heterogeneity. Oncogene 2015; 34:5309-16. [PMID: 25703331 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
How breast diversity is generated is a fascinating and fundamental question with important clinical implications. It is clear that the diversity of phenotypes displayed by breast cancer cells reflects the array of cell types present in the disease-free breast epithelium, including luminal, basal and stem cells. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the molecular regulators governing normal development of the breast epithelium may double as engines of breast tumor diversity. In the past few years, a deepened understanding of the mammary epithelial hierarchy has prompted the search for the cellular precursors of breast tumors. At the same time, the use of novel experimental strategies including the new technology of massively parallel sequencing has provided insight into the origin and evolution of breast tumors. Here, we review the current understanding of the basis of the intrinsic subtypes and the sources of inter-tumor heterogeneity.
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33
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Liao MY, Kuo MYP, Lu TY, Wang YP, Wu HC. Generation of an anti-EpCAM antibody and epigenetic regulation of EpCAM in colorectal cancer. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1788-800. [PMID: 25652097 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have generated a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb), OCAb9-1, which specifically binds to various types of cancer cell lines, but not to normal cells. According to the results of immunoaffinity chromatography, LC-MS/MS analysis, co-immunoprecipitation, and RNA interference studies, the target protein of OCAb9-1 is the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). EpCAM is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein which is highly expressed in epithelial-transformed neoplasia and tumor-initiating cells (TICs). However, regulation of EpCAM gene expression in tumors and its role in tumorigenesis are not fully understood. In the present study, we show that EpCAM expression is elevated in several cancer cell lines and tumor tissues. Loss-of-function experiments were performed to demonstrate that EpCAM negatively regulates expression of p53 and p21, and promotes tumor cell growth, colony formation, migration and invasion. The median overall survival of tumor-bearing mice treated with OCAb9-1 was significantly higher than that of PBS-treated mice. Moreover, we report that the interplay between SUZ12 and JMJD3 results in dynamic regulation of lysine 27 trimethylation of histone 3 (H3K27me3). Taken together, our findings suggest that the anti-EpCAM mAb may be suitable for use in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, imaging and therapy. Furthermore, EpCAM overexpression in cancer cells is strongly associated with tumor progression, and may be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ying Liao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mark Yen-Ping Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tung-Ying Lu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Ping Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Han-Chung Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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34
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Stivarou T, Patsavoudi E. Extracellular molecules involved in cancer cell invasion. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:238-65. [PMID: 25629807 PMCID: PMC4381257 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7010238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays it is perfectly clear that understanding and eradicating cancer cell invasion and metastasis represent the crucial, definitive points in cancer therapeutics. During the last two decades there has been a great interest in the understanding of the extracellular molecular mechanisms involved in cancer cell invasion. In this review, we highlight the findings concerning these processes, focusing in particular on extracellular molecules, including extracellular matrix proteins and their receptors, growth factors and their receptors, matrix metalloproteinases and extracellular chaperones. We report the molecular mechanisms underlying the important contribution of this pool of molecules to the complex, multi-step phenomenon of cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Stivarou
- Department of Biochemistry, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens 11521, Greece
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35
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Chapellier M, Bachelard-Cascales E, Schmidt X, Clément F, Treilleux I, Delay E, Jammot A, Ménétrier-Caux C, Pochon G, Besançon R, Voeltzel T, Caron de Fromentel C, Caux C, Blay JY, Iggo R, Maguer-Satta V. Disequilibrium of BMP2 levels in the breast stem cell niche launches epithelial transformation by overamplifying BMPR1B cell response. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:239-54. [PMID: 25601208 PMCID: PMC4325271 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of cancer initiation will help to prevent and manage the disease. At present, the role of the breast microenvironment in transformation remains unknown. As BMP2 and BMP4 are important regulators of stem cells and their niches in many tissues, we investigated their function in early phases of breast cancer. BMP2 production by tumor microenvironment appeared to be specifically upregulated in luminal tumors. Chronic exposure of immature human mammary epithelial cells to high BMP2 levels initiated transformation toward a luminal tumor-like phenotype, mediated by the receptor BMPR1B. Under physiological conditions, BMP2 controlled the maintenance and differentiation of early luminal progenitors, while BMP4 acted on stem cells/myoepithelial progenitors. Our data also suggest that microenvironment-induced overexpression of BMP2 may result from carcinogenic exposure. We reveal a role for BMP2 and the breast microenvironment in the initiation of stem cell transformation, thus providing insight into the etiology of luminal breast cancer. High BMP2 levels are provided by endothelial and stroma cells in luminal tumors Chronic exposure to high BMP2 levels initiate mammary epithelial transformation Luminal tumors likely arise from an amplified BMP2/BMPR1B-mediated normal response Radiation and bisphenols perturbed BMP2 production by the mammary niche stroma
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Chapellier
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Department of Immunity, Virus, and Microenvironment, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon 1, ISPB, 69000 Lyon, France
| | | | - Xenia Schmidt
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Department of Immunity, Virus, and Microenvironment, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon 1, ISPB, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Flora Clément
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Department of Immunity, Virus, and Microenvironment, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon 1, ISPB, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Treilleux
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Department of Immunity, Virus, and Microenvironment, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon 1, ISPB, 69000 Lyon, France; Centre Léon Bérard, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuel Delay
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Department of Immunity, Virus, and Microenvironment, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon 1, ISPB, 69000 Lyon, France; Centre Léon Bérard, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Jammot
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Department of Immunity, Virus, and Microenvironment, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon 1, ISPB, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Christine Ménétrier-Caux
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Department of Immunity, Virus, and Microenvironment, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon 1, ISPB, 69000 Lyon, France; Centre Léon Bérard, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Gaëtan Pochon
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Department of Immunity, Virus, and Microenvironment, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon 1, ISPB, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Roger Besançon
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Department of Immunity, Virus, and Microenvironment, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon 1, ISPB, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Thibault Voeltzel
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Department of Immunity, Virus, and Microenvironment, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon 1, ISPB, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Claude Caron de Fromentel
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Department of Immunity, Virus, and Microenvironment, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon 1, ISPB, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Caux
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Department of Immunity, Virus, and Microenvironment, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon 1, ISPB, 69000 Lyon, France; Centre Léon Bérard, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Yves Blay
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Department of Immunity, Virus, and Microenvironment, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon 1, ISPB, 69000 Lyon, France; Centre Léon Bérard, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Richard Iggo
- Inserm U916, Institut Bergonié, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Véronique Maguer-Satta
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France; Department of Immunity, Virus, and Microenvironment, 69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon 1, ISPB, 69000 Lyon, France.
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Kim JW, Kim EY, Kim SY, Byun SK, Lee D, Oh KJ, Kim WK, Han BS, Chi SW, Lee SC, Bae KH. Identification of DNA aptamers toward epithelial cell adhesion molecule via cell-SELEX. Mol Cells 2014; 37:742-6. [PMID: 25266702 PMCID: PMC4213765 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM, also known as CD326) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is specifically detected in most adenocarcinomas and cancer stem cells. In this study, we performed a Cell systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) experiment to isolate the aptamers against EpCAM. After seven round of Cell SELEX, we identified several aptamer candidates. Among the selected aptamers, EP166 specifically binds to cells expressing EpCAM with an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) in a micromolar range. On the other hand, it did not bind to negative control cells. Moreover, EP166 binds to J1ES cells, a mouse embryonic stem cell line. Therefore, the isolated aptamers against EpCAM could be used as a stem cell marker or in other applications in both stem cell and cancer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Kim
- Research Center for Integrated Cellulomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Research Center for Integrated Cellulomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Research Center for Integrated Cellulomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
| | - Sang Kyung Byun
- Research Center for Integrated Cellulomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
| | - Dasom Lee
- Research Center for Integrated Cellulomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Oh
- Research Center for Integrated Cellulomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
| | - Won Kon Kim
- Research Center for Integrated Cellulomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
| | - Baek Soo Han
- Research Center for Integrated Cellulomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
| | - Seung-Wook Chi
- Medical Proteomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Research Center for Integrated Cellulomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Bae
- Research Center for Integrated Cellulomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon 305-806,
Korea
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37
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Prpar Mihevc S, Ogorevc J, Dovc P. Lineage-specific markers of goat mammary cells in primary culture. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2014; 50:926-36. [PMID: 25213688 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9796-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was morphological and functional characterization of cells from the primary cell culture developed from lactating goat mammary gland, focusing on distribution of lineage-specific markers. Primary cells were grown on a thin layer of basement membrane matrix, a growth surface that resembles in vivo conditions. The cells in adherent conditions rapidly proliferated and showed cobblestone morphology, typical for epithelial cells. Under non-adherent conditions, goat mammary cells formed spherical, acini-like structures that resembled alveoli of lactating mammary gland. Immunofluorescence and RNA sequencing were employed to determine expression of lineage-specific markers. Presence of markers cytokeratin 14 and 18, integrin alpha 6, vimentin, estrogen receptor, smooth muscle actin, and cytokeratin 5 was detected using immunofluorescence. The greatest expression was observed for markers typical for myoepithelial cells, luminal cells, and mesenchymal cells. Based on our characterization, we can conclude that established primary culture was composed of mainly epithelial and stromal cells. These findings demonstrate that primary mammary cells express some of the most important functional and biochemical markers needed for their characterization. First, they grow in the characteristic cobblestone morphology of epithelial cells. Second, they express classical cytoplasmic network of cytokeratin fibers. Third, they express markers typical of mammary parenchyma and stroma. The established cell culture represents a good in vitro model for studies of mammary gland development, differentiation, and lactation. We suggest that herein revealed lineage markers are suitable for characterization of mammary cells of goat and possibly other mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Prpar Mihevc
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, 1230, Domzale, Slovenia
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38
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Tin AS, Park AH, Sundar SN, Firestone GL. Essential role of the cancer stem/progenitor cell marker nucleostemin for indole-3-carbinol anti-proliferative responsiveness in human breast cancer cells. BMC Biol 2014; 12:72. [PMID: 25209720 PMCID: PMC4180847 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-014-0072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleostemin is a nucleolus residing GTPase that is considered to be an important cancer stem/progenitor cell marker protein due to its high expression levels in breast cancer stem cells and its role in tumor-initiation of human mammary tumor cells. It has been proposed that nucleostemin may represent a valuable therapeutic target for breast cancer; however, to date evidence supporting the cellular mechanism has not been elucidated. RESULTS Expression of exogenous HER2, a member of the EGF receptor gene family, in the human MCF-10AT preneoplastic mammary epithelial cell line formed a new breast cancer cell line, 10AT-Her2, which is highly enriched in cells with stem/progenitor cell-like character. 10AT-Her2 cells display a CD44+/CD24-/low phenotype with high levels of the cancer stem/progenitor cell marker proteins nucleostemin, and active aldehyde dehydrogenase-1. The overall expression pattern of HER2 protein and the stem/progenitor cell marker proteins in the 10AT-Her2 cell population is similar to that of the luminal HER2+ SKBR3 human breast cancer cell line, whereas, both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells display reduced levels of nucleostemin and no detectable expression of ALDH-1. Importantly, in contrast to the other well-established human breast cancer cell lines, 10AT-Her2 cells efficiently form tumorspheres in suspension cultures and initiate tumor xenograft formation in athymic mice at low cell numbers. Furthermore, 10AT-Her2 cells are highly sensitive to the anti-proliferative apoptotic effects of indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a natural anti-cancer indolecarbinol from cruciferous vegetables of the Brassica genus such as broccoli and cabbage. I3C promotes the interaction of nucleostemin with MDM2 (Murine Double Mutant 2), an inhibitor of the p53 tumor suppressor, and disrupts the MDM2 interaction with p53. I3C also induced nucleostemin to sequester MDM2 in a nucleolus compartment, thereby freeing p53 to mediate its apoptotic activity. siRNA knockdown of nucleostemin functionally documented that nucleostemin is required for I3C to trigger its cellular anti-proliferative responses, inhibit tumorsphere formation, and disrupt MDM2-p53 protein-protein interactions. Furthermore, expression of an I3C-resistant form of elastase, the only known target protein for I3C, prevented I3C anti-proliferative responses in cells and in tumor xenografts in vivo, as well as disrupt the I3C stimulated nucleostemin-MDM2 interactions. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide the first evidence that a natural anti-cancer compound mediates its cellular and in vivo tumor anti-proliferative responses by selectively stimulating cellular interactions of the stem/progenitor cell marker nucleostemin with MDM2, which frees p53 to trigger its apoptotic response. Furthermore, our study provides a new mechanistic template that can be potentially exploited for the development of cancer stem/progenitor cell targeted therapeutic strategies.
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39
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Choudhary RK. Mammary stem cells: expansion and animal productivity. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2014; 5:36. [PMID: 25057352 PMCID: PMC4107933 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-5-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification and characterization of mammary stem cells and progenitor cells from dairy animals is important in the understanding of mammogenesis, tissue turnover, lactation persistency and regenerative therapy. It has been realized by many investigators that altered lactation, long dry periods (non-milking period between two consecutive lactation cycles), abrupt cessation of lactation (common in water buffaloes) and disease conditions like mastitis, greatly reduce milk yield thus render huge financial losses within the dairy sector. Cellular manipulation of specialized cell types within the mammary gland, called mammary stem cells (MaSCs)/progenitor cells, might provide potential solutions to these problems and may improve milk production. In addition, MaSCs/progenitor cells could be used in regenerative therapy against tissue damage caused by mastitis. This review discusses methods of MaSC/progenitor cell manipulation and their mechanisms in bovine and caprine animals. Author believes that intervention of MaSCs/progenitor cells could lessen the huge financial losses to the dairy industry globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratan K Choudhary
- School of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India
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40
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Abstract
Mammalia are so named based on the presence of the mammary gland in the breast. The mammary gland is an epidermal appendage, derived from the apocrine glands. The human breast consists of the parenchyma and stroma, originating from ectodermal and mesodermal elements, respectively. Development of the human breast is distinctive for several reasons. The human breast houses the mammary gland that produces and delivers milk through development of an extensive tree-like network of branched ducts. It is also characterized by cellular plasticity, with extensive remodeling in adulthood, a factor that increases its susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Also, breast development occurs in distinct stages via complex epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, orchestrated by signaling pathways under the regulation of systemic hormones. Congenital and acquired disorders of the breast often have a basis in development, making its study essential to understanding breast pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Javed
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Aida Lteif
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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41
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CD10 as a novel marker of therapeutic resistance and cancer stem cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:506-14. [PMID: 24874475 PMCID: PMC4119971 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for treatment failure. However, their identification and roles in resistance are not well established in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods: Three HNSCC cell lines (FaDu, Detroit562 and BICR6) were treated with cisplatin or radiation. Cell surface antigens were analysed by LyoPlate, a novel cell surface antigen array. The expression levels of antigens highly expressed after treatments were further compared between cisplatin-resistant Detroit562 cells and its parental line. Association of the candidate antigen with CSCs properties, namely sphere formation and in vivo tumourigenicity, was also examined. Results: CD10, CD15s, CD146 and CD282 were upregulated across the treated cell lines, while the increased expression of CD10 was prominent in the cisplatin-resistant cell line. Isolation mediated by FACS revealed that the CD10-positive subpopulation was more refractory to cisplatin, fluorouracil and radiation than the CD10-negative subpopulation. It also showed an increased ability to form spheres in vitro and tumours in vivo. Moreover, the CD10-positive subpopulation expressed the CSC marker OCT3/4 at a higher level than that in the CD10-negative subpopulation. Conclusions: CD10 is associated with therapeutic resistance and CSC-like properties of HNSCC. CD10 may serve as a target molecule in the treatment of refractory HNSCC.
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42
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Yallowitz AR, Alexandrova EM, Talos F, Xu S, Marchenko ND, Moll UM. p63 is a prosurvival factor in the adult mammary gland during post-lactational involution, affecting PI-MECs and ErbB2 tumorigenesis. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:645-54. [PMID: 24440910 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In embryogenesis, p63 is essential to develop mammary glands. In the adult mammary gland, p63 is highly expressed in the basal cell layer that comprises myoepithelial and interspersed stem/progenitor cells, and has limited expression in luminal epithelial cells. In adult skin, p63 has a crucial role in the maintenance of epithelial stem cells. However, it is unclear whether p63 also has an equivalent role as a stem/progenitor cell factor in adult mammary epithelium. We show that p63 is essential in vivo for the survival and maintenance of parity-identified mammary epithelial cells (PI-MECs), a pregnancy-induced heterogeneous population that survives post-lactational involution and contain multipotent progenitors that give rise to alveoli and ducts in subsequent pregnancies. p63+/- glands are normal in virgin, pregnant and lactating states. Importantly, however, during the apoptotic phase of post-lactational involution p63+/- glands show a threefold increase in epithelial cell death, concomitant with increased activation of the oncostatin M/Stat3 and p53 pro-apoptotic pathways, which are responsible for this phase. Thus, p63 is a physiologic antagonist of these pathways specifically in this regressive stage. After the restructuring phase when involution is complete, mammary glands of p63+/- mice again exhibit normal epithelial architecture by conventional histology. However, using Rosa(LSL-LacZ);WAP-Cre transgenics (LSL-LacZ, lox-stop-lox β-galactosidase), a genetic in vivo labeling system for PI-MECs, we find that p63+/- glands have a 30% reduction in the number of PI-MEC progenitors and their derivatives. Importantly, PI-MECs are also cellular targets of pregnancy-promoted ErbB2 tumorigenesis. Consistent with their PI-MEC pool reduction, one-time pregnant p63+/- ErbB2 mice are partially protected from breast tumorigenesis, exhibiting extended tumor-free and overall survival, and reduced tumor multiplicity compared with their p63+/+ ErbB2 littermates. Conversely, in virgin ErbB2 mice p63 heterozygosity provides no survival advantage. In sum, our data establish that p63 is an important survival factor for pregnancy-identified PI-MEC progenitors in breast tissue in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Yallowitz
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - E M Alexandrova
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - F Talos
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - S Xu
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - N D Marchenko
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - U M Moll
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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43
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Progesterone stimulates progenitor cells in normal human breast and breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 143:423-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2817-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Rodríguez-Pardo VM, Aristizabal JA, Jaimes D, Quijano SM, de los Reyes I, Herrera MV, Solano J, Vernot JP. Mesenchymal stem cells promote leukaemic cells aberrant phenotype from B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2013; 6:89-100. [PMID: 24161606 DOI: 10.1016/j.hemonc.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The role of bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) in leukaemic cell control is controversial. The purpose of this work was to evaluate BM-MSC role regarding the viability, proliferation and immunophenotype of normal B-cell precursors from control (Ct) patients and leukaemic cells from B-acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS BM-MSC were isolated and characterised from voluntary donors. Mononuclear cells isolated from Ct and B-ALL bone marrow samples were cultured in the presence or absence of BM-MSC for 7days. Cell viability was determined with LIVE/DEAD and proliferation index evaluated by CFSE labelling. Cell population immunophenotypes were characterised by estimating CD19, CD10, CD20 and CD45 antigens by flow cytometry. RESULTS After co-culture, B-ALL cells exhibited higher viability (20-40%) as compared to just cells (3-10%). Ct and B-ALL absolute cell counts were higher in the presence of BM-MSC (Ct: 25/mm(3)cf8/mm(3), B-ALL: 15/mm(3)cf3/mm(3)). Normal B-cell subpopulations in co-culture had increased expression of CD19 and CD10 (Pre-pre B) and CD45 and CD20 antigens (Pre-B). B-ALL cells co-cultured with BM-MSC showed an increase in CD19 and CD20, although the greatest increase was observed in the CD10 antigen. CONCLUSIONS Lymphoid cell maintenance, at early stages of differentiation, was significantly promoted by BM-MSC in normal and leukaemic cells. Co-cultures also modulated the expression of antigens associated with the B-ALL asynchronous phenotype as CD10 co-expressed with CD19 and CD20. To our knowledge, this is the first time that CD10, CD19 and CD20 leukaemic antigens have been reported as being regulated by BM-MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana M Rodríguez-Pardo
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra 7(a), No. 40-62, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
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45
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Ory V, Tassi E, Cavalli LR, Sharif GM, Saenz F, Baker T, Schmidt MO, Mueller SC, Furth PA, Wellstein A, Riegel AT. The nuclear coactivator amplified in breast cancer 1 maintains tumor-initiating cells during development of ductal carcinoma in situ. Oncogene 2013; 33:3033-42. [PMID: 23851504 PMCID: PMC3943533 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The key molecular events required for the formation of Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS) and its progression to invasive breast carcinoma have not been defined. Here we show that the nuclear receptor coactivator Amplified In Breast cancer 1 (AIB1) is expressed at low levels in normal breast but is highly expressed in DCIS lesions. This is of significance since reduction of AIB1 in human MCFDCIS cells restored a more normal 3D mammary acinar structure. Reduction of AIB1 in MCFDCIS cells, both prior to DCIS development or in existing MCFDCIS lesions in vivo, inhibited tumor growth and led to smaller, necrotic lesions. AIB1 reduction in MCFDCIS cells was correlated with significant reduction in the CD24−/CD44+ Breast Cancer Initiating Cells (BCIC) population, and a decrease in myoepithelial progenitor cells in the DCIS lesions in vitro and in vivo. Loss of AIB1 in MCFDCIS cells was also accompanied by a loss of expression of NOTCH 2, 3 and 4, JAG2, HES1, GATA3, HER2 and HER3 in vivo. These signaling molecules have been associated with differentiation of breast epithelial progenitor cells. These data indicate that AIB1 plays a central role in the initiation and maintenance of DCIS and that reduction of AIB1 causes loss of BCIC, loss of components of the NOTCH, HER2 and HER3 signaling pathways and fewer DCIS myoepithelial progenitor cells in vivo. We propose that increased expression of AIB1, through maintenance of BCIC, facilitates formation of DCIS, a necessary step prior to development of invasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ory
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - E Tassi
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - L R Cavalli
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - G M Sharif
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - F Saenz
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - T Baker
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M O Schmidt
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - S C Mueller
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - P A Furth
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - A Wellstein
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - A T Riegel
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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46
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Coradini D, Oriana S. The role of maintenance proteins in the preservation of epithelial cell identity during mammary gland remodeling and breast cancer initiation. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2013; 33:51-67. [PMID: 23845141 PMCID: PMC3935006 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.013.10040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During normal postnatal mammary gland development and adult remodeling related to the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and lactation, ovarian hormones and peptide growth factors contribute to the delineation of a definite epithelial cell identity. This identity is maintained during cell replication in a heritable but DNA-independent manner. The preservation of cell identity is fundamental, especially when cells must undergo changes in response to intrinsic and extrinsic signals. The maintenance proteins, which are required for cell identity preservation, act epigenetically by regulating gene expression through DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin remodeling. Among the maintenance proteins, the Trithorax (TrxG) and Polycomb (PcG) group proteins are the best characterized. In this review, we summarize the structures and activities of the TrxG and PcG complexes and describe their pivotal roles in nuclear estrogen receptor activity. In addition, we provide evidence that perturbations in these epigenetic regulators are involved in disrupting epithelial cell identity, mammary gland remodeling, and breast cancer initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Coradini
- Department of Clinical and Community Health Sciences, Medical Statistics, Biometry and Bioinformatics, University of Milan 20133, Italy.
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47
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Ghebeh H, Sleiman GM, Manogaran PS, Al-Mazrou A, Barhoush E, Al-Mohanna FH, Tulbah A, Al-Faqeeh K, Adra CN. Profiling of normal and malignant breast tissue show CD44high/CD24low phenotype as a predominant stem/progenitor marker when used in combination with Ep-CAM/CD49f markers. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:289. [PMID: 23768049 PMCID: PMC3702414 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence supports cancer to initiate and develop from a small population of stem-like cells termed as cancer stem cells (CSC). The exact phenotype of CSC and their counterparts in normal mammary gland is not well characterized. In this study our aim was to evaluate the phenotype and function of stem/progenitor cells in normal mammary epithelial cell populations and their malignant counterparts. Methods Freshly isolated cells from both normal and malignant human breasts were sorted using 13 widely used stem/progenitor cell markers individually or in combination by multi-parametric (up to 9 colors) cell sorting. The sorted populations were functionally evaluated by their ability to form colonies and mammospheres, in vitro. Results We have compared, for the first time, the stem/progenitor markers of normal and malignant breasts side-by-side. Amongst all markers tested, we found CD44high/CD24low cell surface marker combination to be the most efficient at selecting normal epithelial progenitors. Further fractionation of CD44high/CD24low positive cells showed that this phenotype selects for luminal progenitors within Ep-CAMhigh/CD49f + cells, and enriches for basal progenitors within Ep-CAM-/low/CD49f + cells. On the other hand, primary breast cancer samples, which were mainly luminal Ep-CAMhigh, had CD44high/CD24low cells among both CD49fneg and CD49f + cancer cell fractions. However, functionally, CSC were predominantly CD49f + proposing the use of CD44high/CD24low in combination with Ep-CAM/CD49f cell surface markers to further enrich for CSC. Conclusion Our study clearly demonstrates that both normal and malignant breast cells with the CD44high/CD24low phenotype have the highest stem/progenitor cell ability when used in combination with Ep-CAM/CD49f reference markers. We believe that this extensive characterization study will help in understanding breast cancer carcinogenesis, heterogeneity and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Ghebeh
- Stem Cell & Tissue Re-engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Krumboeck A, Giovanoli P, Plock JA. Fat grafting and stem cell enhanced fat grafting to the breast under oncological aspects--recommendations for patient selection. Breast 2013; 22:579-84. [PMID: 23769661 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstructive and aesthetic fat grafting has been introduced to the breast level over the last years. The safety of such procedures has so far not been completely clarified. The concept has now been refined to stem cell enhanced fat grafting. However beside the promise of using adult stem cells in terms of tissue rejuvenation and augmentation, scar treatment and reconstruction, the variance of adipose stem cell function--including angiogenetic, antiapoptotic, immunomodulatory, chemotactic and anti-scarring potential--raises new scepsis about oncological safety. Herein we reviewed experimental and clinical data on fat grafting and stem cell enhanced fat grafting addressing surgical promise and oncological concerns. Based on these data we suggest clinical criteria for patient selection undergoing fat grafting for aesthetic or reconstructive reasons based on their individual breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krumboeck
- Division of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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49
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Buchwalter G, Hickey MM, Cromer A, Selfors LM, Gunawardane RN, Frishman J, Jeselsohn R, Lim E, Chi D, Fu X, Schiff R, Brown M, Brugge JS. PDEF promotes luminal differentiation and acts as a survival factor for ER-positive breast cancer cells. Cancer Cell 2013; 23:753-67. [PMID: 23764000 PMCID: PMC3711136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and can be classified based on gene expression profiles that reflect distinct epithelial subtypes. We identify prostate-derived ETS factor (PDEF) as a mediator of mammary luminal epithelial lineage-specific gene expression and as a factor required for tumorigenesis in a subset of breast cancers. PDEF levels strongly correlate with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive luminal breast cancer, and PDEF transcription is inversely regulated by ER and GATA3. Furthermore, PDEF is essential for luminal breast cancer cell survival and is required in models of endocrine resistance. These results offer insights into the function of this ETS factor that are clinically relevant and may be of therapeutic value for patients with breast cancer treated with endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Buchwalter
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
| | - Michele M. Hickey
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Anne Cromer
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Laura M. Selfors
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Jason Frishman
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
| | - Rinath Jeselsohn
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
| | - Elgene Lim
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
| | - David Chi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
| | - Xiaosong Fu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Rachel Schiff
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Myles Brown
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School
- Correspondence: (J.S.B.), (M.B.)
| | - Joan S. Brugge
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Correspondence: (J.S.B.), (M.B.)
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50
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Phillips TA, Fabian CJ, Kimler BF, Petroff BK. Assessment of RNA in human breast tissue sampled by random periareolar fine needle aspiration and ductal lavage and processed as fixed or frozen specimens. Reprod Biol 2013; 13:75-81. [PMID: 23522074 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2013.01.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ductal lavage (DL) and random periareolar fine needle aspiration (RPFNA) have both been proposed as minimally invasive techniques to sample breast tissue during breast cancer prevention trials. Laser capture microdissection (LCM), linear RNA amplification and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) theoretically overcome the limitations of small specimen size obtained with DL and RPFNA. In order to test the yield, relative stability and amplifiability of RNA from fixed and archived RPFNA and DL specimens, breast tissue was sampled from individual high risk women (n=9) by both DL and RPFNA. RPFNA samples showed good RNA/cDNA yield and amplification while only 2 of 9 of the paired DL specimens had cDNA of adequate quality for subsequent PCR. One and two rounds of linear amplification provided approximately a 200- and 20,000-fold enrichment of RNA, respectively. PCR analysis consistently detected ER and COX-1 mRNA in the majority of RPFNA samples examined while pS2, PCNA, VEGF and survivin expression varied with subject. RNA yield and/or stability was greater for fixed and archived RPFNA than DL specimens of breast tissue. In a subsequent study examining an expanded biomarker gene panel in fixed vs. frozen RPFNA samples, mRNA profiles and ranked relative mRNA abundance were similar (r=0.89) for frozen and fixed RPFNA specimens. In summary, frozen RPFNA samples may be optimal for RNA endpoints in human breast cancer prevention trials but fixed RPFNA specimens allow similar analyses with greater convenience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa A Phillips
- Breast Cancer Prevention Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
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