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Elfstrum AK, Bapat AS, Schwertfeger KL. Defining and targeting macrophage heterogeneity in the mammary gland and breast cancer. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7053. [PMID: 38426622 PMCID: PMC10905685 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Macrophages are innate immune cells that are associated with extensive phenotypic and functional plasticity and contribute to normal development, tissue homeostasis, and diseases such as cancer. In this review, we discuss the heterogeneity of tissue resident macrophages in the normal mammary gland and tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer. Tissue resident macrophages are required for mammary gland development, where they have been implicated in promoting extracellular matrix remodeling, apoptotic clearance, and cellular crosstalk. In the context of cancer, tumor-associated macrophages are key drivers of growth and metastasis via their ability to promote matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and immunosuppression. METHOD We identified and summarized studies in Pubmed that describe the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of macrophages and the implications of targeting individual subsets, specifically in the context of mammary gland development and breast cancer. We also identified and summarized recent studies using single-cell RNA sequencing to identify and describe macrophage subsets in human breast cancer samples. RESULTS Advances in single-cell RNA sequencing technologies have yielded nuances in macrophage heterogeneity, with numerous macrophage subsets identified in both the normal mammary gland and breast cancer tissue. Macrophage subsets contribute to mammary gland development and breast cancer progression in differing ways, and emerging studies highlight a role for spatial localization in modulating their phenotype and function. CONCLUSION Understanding macrophage heterogeneity and the unique functions of each subset in both normal mammary gland development and breast cancer progression may lead to more promising targets for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis K. Elfstrum
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate ProgramUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Aditi S. Bapat
- Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics Graduate ProgramUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Kathryn L. Schwertfeger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Masonic Cancer CenterUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Center for ImmunologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
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2
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Kosenko A, Salame TM, Friedlander G, Barash I. Macrophage-Secreted CSF1 Transmits a Calorie Restriction-Induced Self-Renewal Signal to Mammary Epithelial Stem Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182923. [PMID: 36139499 PMCID: PMC9496835 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction enhances stem cell self-renewal in various tissues, including the mammary gland. We hypothesized that similar to their intestinal counterparts, mammary epithelial stem cells are insulated from sensing changes in energy supply, depending instead on niche signaling. The latter was investigated by subjecting cultures of mammary epithelial stem cells for 8 days to in vivo paracrine calorie-restriction signals collected from a 4-day-conditioned medium of individual mammary cell populations. Conditioned medium from calorie-restricted non-epithelial cells induced latent cell propagation and mammosphere formation—established markers of stem cell self-renewal. Combined RNA-Seq, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses of the non-epithelial population identified macrophages and secreted CSF1 as the energy sensor and paracrine signal, respectively. Calorie restriction-induced pStat6 expression in macrophages suggested that skewing to the M2 phenotype contributes to the sensing mechanism. Enhancing CSF1 signaling with recombinant protein and interrupting the interaction with its highly expressed receptor in the epithelial stem cells by neutralizing antibodies were both affected stem cell self-renewal. In conclusion, combined in vivo, in vitro and in silico studies identified macrophages and secreted CSF1 as the energy sensor and paracrine transmitter, respectively, of the calorie restriction-induced effect on mammary stem cell self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kosenko
- The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel
| | - Tomer Meir Salame
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7632706, Israel
| | - Gilgi Friedlander
- The Mantoux Bioinformatics Institute of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7632706, Israel
| | - Itamar Barash
- The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
- Correspondence:
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3
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Dai X, Wang X, Yang C, Huang M, Zhou Z, Qu Y, Cui X, Liu R, Chen C. Human fibroblasts facilitate the generation of iPSCs-derived mammary-like organoids. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:377. [PMID: 35902878 PMCID: PMC9330643 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide, and its treatment largely depends on mastectomy. Patients after mastectomy suffer from crippled body image, self-esteem, and quality of life. Post-mastectomy breast reconstruction can improve patients’ psychosocial health. Although silicone and fat have been widely used for breast reconstruction, they have remarkable limitations. Our study aimed to establish an improved method for breast reconstruction from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Methods We used a two-step procedure to induce mammary-like organoids (MLOs) from iPSCs and applied transcriptome sequencing to analyze the gene expression profiles during the development process from embryoid bodies (mEBs) to MLOs. Moreover, we evaluated the in vitro effect of fibroblasts cell line HFF (human foreskin fibroblasts) on the size and morphology of MLOs and explored the in vivo effect of HFF on regeneration rate of MLOs. Results MLOs had a similar gene expression profile and morphogenesis as the normal mammary glands. Furthermore, the addition of HFF increases the branching ratio and organoid diameters and facilitates the formation of multiple cell layers duct-like structures in MLOs in vitro. Finally, orthotopical transplantation of the MLOs to cleared mammary gland fad pad of NSG mice showed that HFF increases the formation of mammary gland-like structures. Conclusions Fibroblasts facilitate iPSC-derived MLOs to generate mammary gland-like structures in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Our findings lay a foundation for breast reconstruction by using iPSCs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-03023-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Xinye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Chuanyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Maobo Huang
- Biomedical Research Center, The First Hospital of Kunming (The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University), Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Zhongmei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Qu
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Davis Building 2065, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Xiaojiang Cui
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Davis Building 2065, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Rong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China. .,Translational Cancer Research Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China.
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.
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4
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Hadadi E, Deschoemaeker S, Vicente Venegas G, Laoui D. Heterogeneity and function of macrophages in the breast during homeostasis and cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 367:149-182. [PMID: 35461657 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are diverse immune cells populating all tissues and adopting a unique tissue-specific identity. Breast macrophages play an essential role in the development and function of the mammary gland over one's lifetime. In the recent years, with the development of fate-mapping, imaging and scRNA-seq technologies we grew a better understanding of the origin, heterogeneity and function of mammary macrophages in homeostasis but also during breast cancer development. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the latest improvements in studying the macrophage heterogeneity in healthy mammary tissues and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hadadi
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofie Deschoemaeker
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gerard Vicente Venegas
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Damya Laoui
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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5
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Macrophages and Stem Cells-Two to Tango for Tissue Repair? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050697. [PMID: 34066618 PMCID: PMC8148606 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MCs) are present in all tissues, not only supporting homeostasis, but also playing an important role in organogenesis, post-injury regeneration, and diseases. They are a heterogeneous cell population due to their origin, tissue specificity, and polarization in response to aggression factors, depending on environmental cues. Thus, as pro-inflammatory M1 phagocytic MCs, they contribute to tissue damage and even fibrosis, but the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype participates in repairing processes and wound healing through a molecular interplay with most cells in adult stem cell niches. In this review, we emphasize MC phenotypic heterogeneity in health and disease, highlighting their systemic and systematic contribution to tissue homeostasis and repair. Unraveling the intervention of both resident and migrated MCs on the behavior of stem cells and the regulation of the stem cell niche is crucial for opening new perspectives for novel therapeutic strategies in different diseases.
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6
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Groeneweg L, Hidalgo A, A-Gonzalez N. Emerging roles of infiltrating granulocytes and monocytes in homeostasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3823-3830. [PMID: 32248248 PMCID: PMC7508737 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The infiltration of naïve tissues by myeloid cells has been long related to their clearance and the physiological cell turnover, however, increasing evidence shows that they can additionally fulfill specific, non-immune functions in different tissues. There is also growing evidence to support that infiltrated granulocytes and monocytes respond to different environments by modulating gene expression and cytokine production, which in turn contribute to the normal function of the host tissue. This review will address the roles of immigrated myeloid cells in different tissues and their crosstalk with the host tissue environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Groeneweg
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andres Hidalgo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Noelia A-Gonzalez
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Center, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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7
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Vafaizadeh V, Peuhu E, Van Keymeulen A, Koledova Z. Editorial: Perspectives in Mammary Gland Development and Breast Cancer Research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:719. [PMID: 32984305 PMCID: PMC7477288 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vida Vafaizadeh
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emilia Peuhu
- Institute of Biomedicine and Cancer Research Laboratory FICAN West, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Alexandra Van Keymeulen
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Zuzana Koledova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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8
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Ibrahim AM, Moss MA, Gray Z, Rojo MD, Burke CM, Schwertfeger KL, Dos Santos CO, Machado HL. Diverse Macrophage Populations Contribute to the Inflammatory Microenvironment in Premalignant Lesions During Localized Invasion. Front Oncol 2020; 10:569985. [PMID: 33072601 PMCID: PMC7541939 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.569985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cell heterogeneity remains poorly studied in breast cancer, and particularly in premalignancy. Here, we used single cell RNA sequencing to characterize macrophage diversity in mouse pre-invasive lesions as compared to lesions undergoing localized invasion. Several subpopulations of macrophages with transcriptionally distinct profiles were identified, two of which resembled macrophages in the steady state. While all subpopulations expressed tumor-promoting genes, many of the populations expressed pro-inflammatory genes, differing from reports in tumor-associated macrophages. Gene profiles of the myeloid cells were similar between early and late stages of premalignancy, although expansion of some subpopulations occurred. These results unravel macrophage heterogeneity in early progression and may provide insight into early intervention strategies that target macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Tulane Cancer Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Matthew A Moss
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Zane Gray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Tulane Cancer Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Michelle D Rojo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Tulane Cancer Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Caitlin M Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Tulane Cancer Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Kathryn L Schwertfeger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Cancer Center, and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Camila O Dos Santos
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, United States
| | - Heather L Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Tulane Cancer Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, New Orleans, LA, United States
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9
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Gregory KJ, Morin SM, Kubosiak A, Ser‐Dolansky J, Schalet BJ, Jerry DJ, Schneider SS. The use of patient-derived breast tissue explants to study macrophage polarization and the effects of environmental chemical exposure. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:883-896. [PMID: 32713010 PMCID: PMC7754397 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo mammary explant systems are an excellent model to study interactions between epithelium and stromal cell types because they contain physiologically relevant heterotypic interactions in the background of genetically diverse patients. The intact human mammary tissue, termed patient-derived explant (PDE), can be used to investigate cellular responses to a wide variety of external stimuli in situ. For this study, we examined the impact of cytokines or environmental chemicals on macrophage phenotypes. We demonstrate that we can polarize macrophages within human breast tissue PDEs toward M1 or M2 through the addition of interferon-γ (IFNγ) + lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interleukin (IL)-4 + IL-13, respectively. Elevated expression levels of M(IFNγ + LPS) markers (HLADRA and CXCL10) or M(IL-4 + IL-13) markers (CD209 and CCL18) were observed in cytokine-treated tissues. We also examined the impact of the endocrine-disrupting chemical, benzophenone-3, on PDEs and measured significant, yet varying effects on macrophage polarization. Furthermore, a subset of the PDEs respond to IL-4 + IL-13 through downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of vimentin which is reminiscent of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) changes. Finally, we were able to show immortalized nonmalignant breast epithelial cells can exhibit EMT characteristics when exposed to growth factors secreted by M(IL-4 + IL-13) macrophages. Taken together, the PDE model system is an outstanding preclinical model to study early tissue-resident immune responses and effects on epithelial and stromal responses to stimuli found both endogenously in the breast and exogenously as a result of exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Gregory
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences InstituteSpringfieldMA01199USA
- Biology DepartmentUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMA01003USA
| | | | | | | | - Benjamin J Schalet
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School/BaystateSpringfieldMA01199USA
| | - D Joseph Jerry
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences InstituteSpringfieldMA01199USA
- Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMA01003USA
| | - Sallie S Schneider
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences InstituteSpringfieldMA01199USA
- Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMA01003USA
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School/BaystateSpringfieldMA01199USA
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10
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Wang Y, Chaffee TS, LaRue RS, Huggins DN, Witschen PM, Ibrahim AM, Nelson AC, Machado HL, Schwertfeger KL. Tissue-resident macrophages promote extracellular matrix homeostasis in the mammary gland stroma of nulliparous mice. eLife 2020; 9:e57438. [PMID: 32479261 PMCID: PMC7297528 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages in the mammary gland are found in close association with epithelial structures and within the adipose stroma, and are important for mammary gland development and tissue homeostasis. Macrophages have been linked to ductal development in the virgin mammary gland, but less is known regarding the effects of macrophages on the adipose stroma. Using transcriptional profiling and single-cell RNA sequencing approaches, we identify a distinct resident stromal macrophage subpopulation within the mouse nulliparous mammary gland that is characterized by the expression of Lyve-1, a receptor for the extracellular matrix (ECM) component hyaluronan. This subpopulation is enriched in genes associated with ECM remodeling and is specifically associated with hyaluronan-rich regions within the adipose stroma and fibrous capsule of the virgin mammary gland. Furthermore, macrophage depletion leads to enhanced accumulation of hyaluronan-associated ECM in the adipose-associated stroma, indicating that resident macrophages are important for maintaining homeostasis within the nulliparous mammary gland stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Thomas S Chaffee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Rebecca S LaRue
- University of Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Danielle N Huggins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Patrice M Witschen
- Comparative and Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Ayman M Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane School of MedicineNew OrleansUnited States
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo UniversityGizaEgypt
| | - Andrew C Nelson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Heather L Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane School of MedicineNew OrleansUnited States
| | - Kathryn L Schwertfeger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
- Center for Immunology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
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11
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Zhang C, Kurt RA. Indicators of a pro-tumor immune response are evident at early stages of breast cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 22:2153-2161. [PMID: 32410118 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02368-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With advances in checkpoint inhibitor and CAR T-cell therapies, among other advances in immunotherapy, this is an exciting time to be a tumor immunologist. We are witnessing the transition of decades of work at the bench leading to substantial success in the clinic. While work continues developing new and improving existing immunotherapies, there remains a great deal of basic tumor immunology still to learn, information that can only lead to greater success in the clinic. One area in need of more attention is understanding the immune response at early stages of breast cancer. While there is no question that early diagnosis and treatment save lives, a greater understanding about the immune response during early stages of breast cancer may reveal information that could assist in monitoring individuals at risk of breast cancer, and could have implications for patients diagnosed at early stages of disease, and may provide important information about the origins of an immune-suppressive environment. Here, we review studies that have looked at the very early immune response to breast cancer focusing on patients with DCIS, before invasion in spontaneous transgenic murine mammary carcinoma models, and before transplantable or orthotopic murine mammary carcinoma models become palpable. The findings revealed that indicators of a pro-tumor immune response are already present at early stages of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - R A Kurt
- Department Biology, Rockwell Integrated Science Center, Lafayette College, Easton, PA, 18042, USA.
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12
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Adjadj NR, Vicca J, Michiels R, De Regge N. (Non-)Sense of Milk Testing in Small Ruminant Lentivirus Control Programs in Goats. Comparative Analysis of Antibody Detection and Molecular Diagnosis in Blood and Milk. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010003. [PMID: 31861451 PMCID: PMC7019267 DOI: 10.3390/v12010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) control programs are mainly based on diagnostic tests performed on blood samples collected from sheep and goats. Since blood sampling is costly and stressful for the animals, we evaluated whether milk could be used as an inexpensive and easily collectable matrix for SRLV detection. We therefore compared SRLV detection via two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in blood and corresponding milk samples from 321 goats originating from eight different SRLV-infected farms in Flanders (Belgium). The IDscreen® ELISA had a better relative sensitivity (97% vs 93%) and specificity (100% and 97%) than the Elitest® ELISA for SRLV-specific antibody detection in milk compared to serum. The higher sensitivity correlates with a 10-fold higher analytical sensitivity of the IDscreen® test. In contrast to the overall good ELISA results, qPCR on milk cell pellets lacked sensitivity (81%) and specificity (88%), compared to molecular detection in blood leucocyte pellets. Our results show that serology is more suitable than qPCR for SRLV diagnosis, and that milk may represent an interesting matrix for a preliminary evaluation of a herd’s infection status. Serum remains however the sample of choice for control programs where it is important to identify positive animals with the highest sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadjah Radia Adjadj
- Unit of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (R.M.); (N.D.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2-379-05-61
| | - Jo Vicca
- Odisee vzw, University College KULeuven, Campus Sint-Niklaas, Hospitaalstraat 23, 9100 Sint-Niklaas, Belgium;
| | - Rodolphe Michiels
- Unit of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (R.M.); (N.D.R.)
| | - Nick De Regge
- Unit of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (R.M.); (N.D.R.)
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13
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Stewart TA, Hughes K, Hume DA, Davis FM. Developmental Stage-Specific Distribution of Macrophages in Mouse Mammary Gland. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:250. [PMID: 31709255 PMCID: PMC6821639 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland development begins in the embryo and continues throughout the reproductive life of female mammals. Tissue macrophages (Mϕs), dependent on signals from the Mϕ colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), have been shown to regulate the generation, regression and regeneration of this organ, which is central for mammalian offspring survival. However, the distribution of Mϕs in the pre- and post-natal mammary gland, as it undergoes distinct phases of development and regression, is unknown or has been inferred from immunostaining of thin tissue sections. Here, we used optical tissue clearing and 3-dimensional imaging of mammary tissue obtained from Csf1r-EGFP mice. Whilst tissue Mϕs were observed at all developmental phases, their abundance, morphology, localization and association with luminal and basal epithelial cells exhibited stage-specific differences. Furthermore, sexual dimorphism was observed at E14.5, when the male mammary bud is severed from the overlying epidermis. These findings provide new insights into the localization and possible functions of heterogeneous tissue Mϕ populations in mammogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teneale A. Stewart
- Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Katherine Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Felicity M. Davis
- Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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14
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Jäppinen N, Félix I, Lokka E, Tyystjärvi S, Pynttäri A, Lahtela T, Gerke H, Elima K, Rantakari P, Salmi M. Fetal-derived macrophages dominate in adult mammary glands. Nat Commun 2019; 10:281. [PMID: 30655530 PMCID: PMC6336770 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages serve multiple functions including immune regulation, morphogenesis, tissue homeostasis and healing reactions. The current paradigm holds that mammary gland macrophages first arise postnatally during the prepubertal period from the bone marrow-derived monocytes. Here we delineate the origins of tissue-resident mammary gland macrophages using high-dimension phenotypic analyses, cell-fate mapping experiments, gene-deficient mice lacking selective macrophage subtypes, and antibody-based depletion strategies. We show that tissue-resident macrophages are found in mammary glands already before birth, and that the yolk sac-derived and fetal liver-derived macrophages outnumber the adult-derived macrophages in the mammary gland also in the adulthood. In addition, fetal-derived mammary gland macrophages have a characteristic phenotype, display preferential periductal and perivascular localization, and are highly active in scavenging. These findings identify fetal-derived macrophages as the predominant leukocyte type in the adult mammary gland stroma, and reveal previously unknown complexity of macrophage biology in the breast. Tissue-resident macrophages are highly specialized phagocytes that serve multiple functions. Here, using high-dimension analyses and fate-mapping experiments, the authors show that fetal liver-derived macrophages dominate the mammary gland in neonatal and adult, and display characteristic phenotypes and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Jäppinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Inês Félix
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Emmi Lokka
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sofia Tyystjärvi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Pynttäri
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tiina Lahtela
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Gerke
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kati Elima
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pia Rantakari
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marko Salmi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. .,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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15
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Chakrabarti R, Celià-Terrassa T, Kumar S, Hang X, Wei Y, Choudhury A, Hwang J, Peng J, Nixon B, Grady JJ, DeCoste C, Gao J, van Es JH, Li MO, Aifantis I, Clevers H, Kang Y. Notch ligand Dll1 mediates cross-talk between mammary stem cells and the macrophageal niche. Science 2018; 360:science.aan4153. [PMID: 29773667 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan4153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The stem cell niche is a specialized environment that dictates stem cell function during development and homeostasis. We show that Dll1, a Notch pathway ligand, is enriched in mammary gland stem cells (MaSCs) and mediates critical interactions with stromal macrophages in the surrounding niche in mouse models. Conditional deletion of Dll1 reduced the number of MaSCs and impaired ductal morphogenesis in the mammary gland. Moreover, MaSC-expressed Dll1 activates Notch signaling in stromal macrophages, increasing their expression of Wnt family ligands such as Wnt3, Wnt10A, and Wnt16, thereby initiating a feedback loop that promotes the function of Dll1-expressing MaSCs. Together, these findings reveal functionally important cross-talk between MaSCs and their macrophageal niche through Dll1-mediated Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumela Chakrabarti
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Toni Celià-Terrassa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiang Hang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Yong Wei
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Abrar Choudhury
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Julie Hwang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jia Peng
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Briana Nixon
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John J Grady
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Christina DeCoste
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York City, NY 10016, USA
| | - Johan H van Es
- Hubrecht Institute and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ming O Li
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York City, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hans Clevers
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York City, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. .,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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16
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Sultan F, Ganaie BA. Comparative oncology: Integrating human and veterinary medicine. Open Vet J 2018; 8:25-34. [PMID: 29445618 PMCID: PMC5806664 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer constitutes the major health problem both in human and veterinary medicine. Comparative oncology as an integrative approach offers to learn more about naturally occurring cancers across different species. Canine models have many advantages as they experience spontaneous disease, have many genes similar to human genes, five to seven-fold accelerated ageing compared to humans, respond to treatments similarly as humans do and health care levels second only to humans. Also, the clinical trials in canines could generate more robust data, as their spontaneous nature mimics real-life situations and could be translated to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Sultan
- Indian Council of Medical Research, GADVASU-Ludhiana Punjab-141004, India
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17
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Zuo Y, d'Aigle J, Chauhan A, Frost JA. Genetic deletion of the Rho GEF Net1 impairs mouse macrophage motility and actin cytoskeletal organization. Small GTPases 2017; 11:293-300. [PMID: 29173011 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1405772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are innate immune cells that constantly patrol an organism to fulfill protective and homeostatic roles. Previous studies have shown that Rho GTPase activity is required for macrophage mobility, yet the roles of upstream regulatory proteins controlling Rho GTPase function in these cells are not well defined. Previously we have shown that the RhoA GEF Net1 is required for human breast cancer cell motility and extracellular matrix invasion. To assess the role of Net1 in macrophage motility, we isolated bone marrow macrophage (BMM) precursors from wild type and Net1 knockout mice. Loss of Net1 did not affect the ability of BMM precursors to differentiate into mature macrophages in vitro, as measured by CD68 and F4/80 staining. However, Net1 deletion significantly reduced RhoA activation, F-actin accumulation, adhesion, and motility in these cells. Nevertheless, similar to RhoA/RhoB double knockout macrophages, Net1 deletion did not impair macrophage recruitment to the peritoneum in a mouse model of sterile inflammation. These data demonstrate that Net1 is an important regulator of RhoA signaling and motility in mouse macrophages in vitro, but that its function may be dispensable for macrophage recruitment to inflammatory sites in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zuo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Fannin St., Houston, TX
| | - John d'Aigle
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Fannin St., Houston, TX
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Fannin St., Houston, TX
| | - Jeffrey A Frost
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Fannin St., Houston, TX
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18
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Gentile LB, Nagamine MK, Biondi LR, Sanches DS, Toyota F, Giovani TM, de Jesus IP, da Fonseca IIM, Queiroz-Hazarbassanov N, Diaz BL, Salles Gomes CDOM, Dagli MLZ. Establishment of primary mixed cell cultures from spontaneous canine mammary tumors: Characterization of classic and new cancer-associated molecules. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184228. [PMID: 28945747 PMCID: PMC5612463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many factors which make canine cancer like cancer in humans. The occurrence of spontaneous mammary tumors in pet dogs, tumor genetics, molecular targets and exposure to the same environmental risk factors are among these factors. Therefore, the study of canine cancer can provide useful information to the oncology field. This study aimed to establish and characterize a panel of primary mixed cell cultures obtained from spontaneous canine mammary tumors. Eight established cell cultures obtained from one normal mammary gland, one complex adenoma, one mixed adenoma, two complex carcinomas and two mixed carcinomas were analyzed. The gene expression levels of classic molecular cancer players such as fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 2, breast cancer (BRCA) 1, BRCA2 and estrogen receptor (ESR) 1 were evaluated. For the first time, three orphan nuclear receptors, estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) α, β and γ were studied in canine mammary cancer. The highest expression level of ERRα was observed in complex carcinoma-derived cell culture, while the highest levels of ERRβ and γ were observed in cells derived from a mixed carcinoma. Meanwhile, complex carcinomas presented the highest levels of expression of ESR1, BRCA1 and FGFR2 among all samples. BRCA2 was found exclusively in complex adenoma. The transcription factor GATA3 had its highest levels in mixed carcinoma samples and its lowest levels in complex adenoma. Proliferation assays were also performed to evaluate the mixed cell cultures response to ER ligands, genistein and DES, both in normoxia and hypoxic conditions. Our results demonstrate that morphological and functional studies of primary mixed cell cultures derived from spontaneous canine mammary tumors are possible and provide valuable tool for the study of various stages of mammary cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana B. Gentile
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia K. Nagamine
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz R. Biondi
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel S. Sanches
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Toyota
- Veterinary Hospital Cães e Gatos, Osasco, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiane M. Giovani
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isis P. de Jesus
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivone I. M. da Fonseca
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicolle Queiroz-Hazarbassanov
- Applied Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno L. Diaz
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute (IBCCF), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristina de O. Massoco Salles Gomes
- Applied Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Z. Dagli
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Tamma R, Guidolin D, Annese T, Tortorella C, Ruggieri S, Rega S, Zito FA, Nico B, Ribatti D. Spatial distribution of mast cells and macrophages around tumor glands in human breast ductal carcinoma. Exp Cell Res 2017; 359:179-184. [PMID: 28756894 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages and mast cells are usually present in the tumor microenvironment and play an important role as regulators of inflammation, immunological response and angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we have evaluated macrophage, mast cell, and microvessel density in a selected group of different grade of invasive breast carcinoma tumor specimens. Furthermore, we have investigated the pattern of distribution of CD68-positive macrophages and tryptase-positive mast cells around tumor glands. Results have shown that: A) Macrophages are more numerous in G2 and G3 breast cancer stages respect to controls, the per cent of macrophages in G1 samples was comparable to the controls, and the spatial relationship between macrophages and glands (as indicated by the mean cell-to-gland distance) correlated with CD31-positive vessels. B) Mast cells in G2 and G3 tumor specimens show a significant increase in their number as compared to control samples, and their spatial distribution around the glands did not show any significant difference among groups. Overall, the results of this study confirm the important role of macrophages and mast cells in tumor progression and angiogenesis in human ductal breast cancer, and pointed out the spatial relationship between tumor macrophages and glands, and its correlation with microvascular density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Tamma
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova Medical School, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Tiziana Annese
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova Medical School, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Simona Ruggieri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Serena Rega
- Department of Pathology "San Paolo" Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Beatrice Nico
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy.
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20
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STAT5 deletion in macrophages alters ductal elongation and branching during mammary gland development. Dev Biol 2017; 428:232-244. [PMID: 28606561 PMCID: PMC5621646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are required for proper mammary gland development and maintaining tissue homeostasis. However, the mechanisms by which macrophages regulate this process remain unclear. Here, we identify STAT5 as an important regulator of macrophage function in the developing mammary gland. Analysis of mammary glands from mice with STAT5-deficient macrophages demonstrates delayed ductal elongation, enhanced ductal branching and increased epithelial proliferation. Further analysis reveals that STAT5 deletion in macrophages leads to enhanced expression of proliferative factors such as Cyp19a1/aromatase and IL-6. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that STAT5 binds directly to the Cyp19a1 promoter in macrophages to suppress gene expression and that loss of STAT5 results in enhanced stromal expression of aromatase. Finally, we demonstrate that STAT5 deletion in macrophages cooperates with oncogenic initiation in mammary epithelium to accelerate the formation of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive hyperplasias. These studies establish the importance of STAT5 in macrophages during ductal morphogenesis in the mammary gland and demonstrate that altering STAT5 function in macrophages can affect the development of tissue-specific disease.
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21
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Sun X, Glynn DJ, Hodson LJ, Huo C, Britt K, Thompson EW, Woolford L, Evdokiou A, Pollard JW, Robertson SA, Ingman WV. CCL2-driven inflammation increases mammary gland stromal density and cancer susceptibility in a transgenic mouse model. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:4. [PMID: 28077158 PMCID: PMC5225654 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0796-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophages play diverse roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer. CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is an inflammatory cytokine that recruits macrophages to sites of injury. Although CCL2 has been detected in human and mouse mammary epithelium, its role in regulating mammary gland development and cancer risk has not been explored. Methods Transgenic mice were generated wherein CCL2 is driven by the mammary epithelial cell-specific mouse mammary tumour virus 206 (MMTV) promoter. Estrous cycles were tracked in adult transgenic and non-transgenic FVB mice, and mammary glands collected at the four different stages of the cycle. Dissected mammary glands were assessed for cyclical morphological changes, proliferation and apoptosis of epithelium, macrophage abundance and collagen deposition, and mRNA encoding matrix remodelling enzymes. Another cohort of control and transgenic mice received carcinogen 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and tumour development was monitored weekly. CCL2 protein was also quantified in paired samples of human breast tissue with high and low mammographic density. Results Overexpression of CCL2 in the mammary epithelium resulted in an increased number of macrophages, increased density of stroma and collagen and elevated mRNA encoding matrix remodelling enzymes lysyl oxidase (LOX) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP)3 compared to non-transgenic controls. Transgenic mice also exhibited increased susceptibility to development of DMBA-induced mammary tumours. In a paired sample cohort of human breast tissue, abundance of epithelial-cell-associated CCL2 was higher in breast tissue of high mammographic density compared to tissue of low mammographic density. Conclusions Constitutive expression of CCL2 by the mouse mammary epithelium induces a state of low level chronic inflammation that increases stromal density and elevates cancer risk. We propose that CCL2-driven inflammation contributes to the increased risk of breast cancer observed in women with high mammographic density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Sun
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Danielle J Glynn
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, DX465702, 28 Woodville Rd, Woodville, 5011, Australia
| | - Leigh J Hodson
- The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, DX465702, 28 Woodville Rd, Woodville, 5011, Australia
| | - Cecilia Huo
- The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Kara Britt
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology and Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lucy Woolford
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Andreas Evdokiou
- Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, DX465702, 28 Woodville Rd, Woodville, 5011, Australia
| | - Jeffrey W Pollard
- MRC and University of Edinburgh Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah A Robertson
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Wendy V Ingman
- The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. .,Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, DX465702, 28 Woodville Rd, Woodville, 5011, Australia.
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22
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Crisà A, Ferrè F, Chillemi G, Moioli B. RNA-Sequencing for profiling goat milk transcriptome in colostrum and mature milk. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:264. [PMID: 27884183 PMCID: PMC5123407 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0881-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this work we aimed at sequencing and assembling the goat milk transcriptome corresponding at colostrum and 120 days of lactation. To reconstruct transcripts we used both the genome as reference, and a de novo assembly approach. Additionally, we aimed at identifying the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two lactation stages and at analyzing the expression of genes involved in oligosaccharides metabolism. RESULTS A total of 44,635 different transcripts, organized in 33,757 tentative genes, were obtained using the goat genome as reference. A significant sequence similarity match was found for 40,353 transcripts (90%) against the NCBI NT and for 35,701 (80%) against the NR databases. 68% and 69% of the de novo assembled transcripts, in colostrum and 120 days of lactation samples respectively, have a significant match with the merged transcriptome obtained using Cufflinks/Cuffmerge. CSN2, PAEP, CSN1S2, CSN3, LALBA, TPT1, FTH1, M-SAA3, SPP1, GLYCAM1, EEF1A1, CTSD, FASN, RPS29, CSN1S1, KRT19 and CHEK1 were found between the top fifteen highly expressed genes. 418 loci were differentially expressed between lactation stages, among which 207 and 122 were significantly up- and down-regulated in colostrum, respectively. Functional annotation and pathway enrichment analysis showed that in goat colostrum somatic cells predominate biological processes involved in glycolysis, carbohydrate metabolism, defense response, cytokine activity, regulation of cell proliferation and cell death, vasculature development, while in mature milk, biological process associated with positive regulation of lymphocyte activation and anatomical structure morphogenesis are enriched. The analysis of 144 different oligosaccharide metabolism-related genes showed that most of these (64%) were more expressed in colostrum than in mature milk, with eight expressed at very high levels (SLCA3, GMSD, NME2, SLC2A1, B4GALT1, B3GNT2, NANS, HEXB). CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing goat transcriptome of two lactation stages: colostrum and 120 days. Our findings suggest putative differences of expression between stages and can be envisioned as a base for further research in the topic. Moreover because a higher expression of genes involved in immune defense response, carbohydrate metabolism and related to oligosaccharide metabolism was identified in colostrum we here corroborate the potential of goat milk as a natural source of lactose-derived oligosaccharides and for the development of functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Crisà
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA) - Animal production research centre, Via Salaria 31, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Ferrè
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna Alma Mater, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Applications and Innovation Department, CINECA, SCAI SuperComputing, Via dei Tizii 6, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Moioli
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA) - Animal production research centre, Via Salaria 31, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
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23
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Macrophages: Regulators of the Inflammatory Microenvironment during Mammary Gland Development and Breast Cancer. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:4549676. [PMID: 26884646 PMCID: PMC4739263 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4549676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are critical mediators of inflammation and important regulators of developmental processes. As a key phagocytic cell type, macrophages evolved as part of the innate immune system to engulf and process cell debris and pathogens. Macrophages produce factors that act directly on their microenvironment and also bridge innate immune responses to the adaptive immune system. Resident macrophages are important for acting as sensors for tissue damage and maintaining tissue homeostasis. It is now well-established that macrophages are an integral component of the breast tumor microenvironment, where they contribute to tumor growth and progression, likely through many of the mechanisms that are utilized during normal wound healing responses. Because macrophages contribute to normal mammary gland development and breast cancer growth and progression, this review will discuss both resident mammary gland macrophages and tumor-associated macrophages with an emphasis on describing how macrophages interact with their surrounding environment during normal development and in the context of cancer.
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24
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Lee S, Hennigar SR, Alam S, Nishida K, Kelleher SL. Essential Role for Zinc Transporter 2 (ZnT2)-mediated Zinc Transport in Mammary Gland Development and Function during Lactation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13064-78. [PMID: 25851903 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.637439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The zinc transporter ZnT2 (SLC30A2) imports zinc into vesicles in secreting mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and is critical for zinc efflux into milk during lactation. Recent studies show that ZnT2 also imports zinc into mitochondria and is expressed in the non-lactating mammary gland and non-secreting MECs, highlighting the importance of ZnT2 in general mammary gland biology. In this study we used nulliparous and lactating ZnT2-null mice and characterized the consequences on mammary gland development, function during lactation, and milk composition. We found that ZnT2 was primarily expressed in MECs and to a limited extent in macrophages in the nulliparous mammary gland and loss of ZnT2 impaired mammary expansion during development. Secondly, we found that lactating ZnT2-null mice had substantial defects in mammary gland architecture and MEC function during secretion, including fewer, condensed and disorganized alveoli, impaired Stat5 activation, and unpolarized MECs. Loss of ZnT2 led to reduced milk volume and milk containing less protein, fat, and lactose compared with wild-type littermates, implicating ZnT2 in the regulation of mammary differentiation and optimal milk production during lactation. Together, these results demonstrate that ZnT2-mediated zinc transport is critical for mammary gland function, suggesting that defects in ZnT2 not only reduce milk zinc concentration but may compromise breast health and increase the risk for lactation insufficiency in lactating women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Lee
- From the Interdisciplinary Graduate Physiology Program and Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology
| | - Stephen R Hennigar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Samina Alam
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Surgery, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Keigo Nishida
- Laboratory for Homeostatic Network, RCAI, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan, and Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka 513-8670, Japan
| | - Shannon L Kelleher
- From the Interdisciplinary Graduate Physiology Program and Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Surgery, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, Pharmacology, and
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Sun X, Ingman WV. Cytokine networks that mediate epithelial cell-macrophage crosstalk in the mammary gland: implications for development and cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2014; 19:191-201. [PMID: 24924120 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-014-9319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic interactions between the hormone responsive mammary gland epithelium and surrounding stromal macrophage populations are critical for normal development and function of the mammary gland. Macrophages are versatile cells capable of diverse roles in mammary gland development and maintenance of homeostasis, and their function is highly dependent on signals within the local cytokine microenvironment. The mammary epithelium secretes a number of cytokines, including colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1), and chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) that affect the abundance, phenotype and function of macrophages. However, aberrations in these interactions have been found to increase the risk of tumour formation, and utilisation of stromal macrophage support by tumours can increase the invasive and metastatic potential of the cancer. Studies utilising genetically modified mouse models have shed light on the significance of epithelial cell-macrophage crosstalk, and the cytokines that mediate this communication, in mammary gland development and tumourigenesis. This article reviews the current status of our understanding of the roles of epithelial cell-derived cytokines in mammary gland development and cancer, with a focus on the crosstalk between epithelial cells and the local macrophage population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Sun
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Curran CS, Keely PJ. Breast tumor and stromal cell responses to TGF-β and hypoxia in matrix deposition. Matrix Biol 2012; 32:95-105. [PMID: 23262216 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The components that comprise the extracellular matrix (ECM) are integral to normal tissue homeostasis as well as the development and progression of breast tumors. The secretion, construction, and remodeling of the ECM are each regulated by a complex interplay between tumor cells, fibroblasts and macrophages. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is an essential molecule in regulating the cellular production of ECM molecules and the adhesive interactions of cells with the ECM. Additionally, hypoxic cell signals, initiated by oxygen deprivation, additional metabolic factors or receptor activation, are associated with ECM formation and the progression of breast cancer. Both TGF-β and hypoxic cell signals are implicated in the functional and morphological changes of cancer-associated-fibroblasts and tumor-associated-macrophages. Moreover, the enhanced recruitment of tumor and stromal cells in response to hypoxia-induced chemokines leads to increased ECM deposition and remodeling, increased blood vessel formation, and enhanced tumor migration. Thus, elucidation of the collaborative networks between tumor and stromal cells in response to the combined signals of TGF-β and hypoxia may yield insight into treatment parameters that target both tumor and stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S Curran
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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Alexander CM, Goel S, Fakhraldeen SA, Kim S. Wnt signaling in mammary glands: plastic cell fates and combinatorial signaling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:cshperspect.a008037. [PMID: 22661590 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The mouse mammary gland is an outstanding developmental model that exemplifies the activities of many of the effector pathways known to organize mammalian morphogenesis; furthermore, there are well-characterized methods for the specific genetic manipulation of various mammary epithelial cell components. Among these signaling pathways, Wnt signaling has been shown to generate plasticity of fate determination, expanding the genetic programs available to cells in the mammary lineage. It is responsible first for the appearance of the mammary fate in embryonic ectoderm and then for maintaining bi-potential basal stem cells in adult mammary ductal trees. Recent technical developments have led to the separate analysis of various mammary epithelial cell subpopulations, spurring the investigation of Wnt-dependent interactions. Although Wnt signaling was shown to be oncogenic for mouse mammary epithelium even before being identified as the principle oncogenic driver for gut epithelium, conclusive data implicating this pathway as a tumor driver for breast cancer lag behind, and we examine potential reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Alexander
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1599, USA.
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Holloway RW, Bogachev O, Bharadwaj AG, McCluskey GD, Majdalawieh AF, Zhang L, Ro HS. Stromal adipocyte enhancer-binding protein (AEBP1) promotes mammary epithelial cell hyperplasia via proinflammatory and hedgehog signaling. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:39171-81. [PMID: 22995915 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.404293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of mammary stromal-epithelial communication leads to aberrant mammary gland development and induces mammary tumorigenesis. Macrophages have been implicated in carcinogenesis primarily by creating an inflammatory microenvironment, which promotes growth of the adjacent epithelial cells. Adipocyte enhancer-binding protein 1 (AEBP1), a novel proinflammatory mediator, promotes macrophage inflammatory responsiveness by inducing NF-κB activity, which has been implicated in tumor cell growth and survival by aberrant sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression. Here, we show that stromal macrophage AEBP1 overexpression results in precocious alveologenesis in the virgin AEBP1 transgenic (AEBP1(TG)) mice, and the onset of ductal hyperplasia was accelerated in AEBP1(TG) mice fed a high fat diet, which induces endogenous AEBP1 expression. Transplantation of AEBP1(TG) bone marrow cells into non-transgenic (AEBP1(NT)) mice resulted in alveolar hyperplasia with up-regulation of NF-κB activity and TNFα expression as displayed in the AEBP1(TG) mammary macrophages and epithelium. Shh expression was induced in AEBP1(TG) macrophages and RAW264.7 macrophages overexpressing AEBP1. The Shh target genes Gli1 and Bmi1 expression was induced in the AEBP1(TG) mammary epithelium and HC11 mammary epithelial cells co-cultured with AEBP1(TG) peritoneal macrophages. The conditioned AEBP1(TG) macrophage culture media promoted NF-κB activity and survival signal, Akt activation, in HC11 cells, whereas such effects were abolished by TNFα neutralizing antibody treatment. Furthermore, HC11 cells displayed enhanced proliferation in response to AEBP1(TG) macrophages and their conditioned media. Our findings highlight the role of AEBP1 in the signaling pathways regulating the cross-talk between mammary epithelium and stroma that could predispose the mammary tissue to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Holloway
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 1X5, Canada
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Fleming JM, Miller TC, Kidacki M, Ginsburg E, Stuelten CH, Stewart DA, Troester MA, Vonderhaar BK. Paracrine interactions between primary human macrophages and human fibroblasts enhance murine mammary gland humanization in vivo. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R97. [PMID: 22731827 PMCID: PMC3446360 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Macrophages comprise an essential component of the mammary microenvironment necessary for normal gland development. However, there is no viable in vivo model to study their role in normal human breast function. We hypothesized that adding primary human macrophages to the murine mammary gland would enhance and provide a novel approach to examine immune-stromal cell interactions during the humanization process. METHODS Primary human macrophages, in the presence or absence of ectopic estrogen stimulation, were used to humanize mouse mammary glands. Mechanisms of enhanced humanization were identified by cytokine/chemokine ELISAs, zymography, western analysis, invasion and proliferation assays; results were confirmed with immunohistological analysis. RESULTS The combined treatment of macrophages and estrogen stimulation significantly enhanced the percentage of the total gland humanized and the engraftment/outgrowth success rate. Timecourse analysis revealed the disappearance of the human macrophages by two weeks post-injection, suggesting that the improved overall growth and invasiveness of the fibroblasts provided a larger stromal bed for epithelial cell proliferation and structure formation. Confirming their promotion of fibroblasts humanization, estrogen-stimulated macrophages significantly enhanced fibroblast proliferation and invasion in vitro, as well as significantly increased proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive cells in humanized glands. Cytokine/chemokine ELISAs, zymography and western analyses identified TNFα and MMP9 as potential mechanisms by which estrogen-stimulated macrophages enhanced humanization. Specific inhibitors to TNFα and MMP9 validated the effects of these molecules on fibroblast behavior in vitro, as well as by immunohistochemical analysis of humanized glands for human-specific MMP9 expression. Lastly, glands humanized with macrophages had enhanced engraftment and tumor growth compared to glands humanized with fibroblasts alone. CONCLUSIONS Herein, we demonstrate intricate immune and stromal cell paracrine interactions in a humanized in vivo model system. We confirmed our in vivo results with in vitro analyses, highlighting the value of this model to interchangeably substantiate in vitro and in vivo results. It is critical to understand the signaling networks that drive paracrine cell interactions, for tumor cells exploit these signaling mechanisms to support their growth and invasive properties. This report presents a dynamic in vivo model to study primary human immune/fibroblast/epithelial interactions and to advance our knowledge of the stromal-derived signals that promote tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie M Fleming
- Mammary Biology and Tumorigenesis Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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O'Brien J, Martinson H, Durand-Rougely C, Schedin P. Macrophages are crucial for epithelial cell death and adipocyte repopulation during mammary gland involution. Development 2012; 139:269-75. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.071696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammary gland development is dependent on macrophages, as demonstrated by their requirement during the expansion phases of puberty and pregnancy. Equally dramatic tissue restructuring occurs following lactation, when the gland regresses to a state that histologically resembles pre-pregnancy through massive programmed epithelial cell death and stromal repopulation. Postpartum involution is characterized by wound healing-like events, including an influx of macrophages with M2 characteristics. Macrophage levels peak after the initial wave of epithelial cell death, suggesting that initiation and execution of cell death are macrophage independent. To address the role of macrophages during weaning-induced mammary gland involution, conditional systemic deletion of macrophages expressing colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) was initiated just prior to weaning in the Mafia mouse model. Depletion of CSF1R+ macrophages resulted in delayed mammary involution as evidenced by loss of lysosomal-mediated and apoptotic epithelial cell death, lack of alveolar regression and absence of adipocyte repopulation 7 days post-weaning. Failure to execute involution occurred in the presence of milk stasis and STAT3 activation, indicating that neither is sufficient to initiate involution in the absence of CSF1R+ macrophages. Injection of wild-type bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) or M2-differentiated macrophages into macrophage-depleted mammary glands was sufficient to rescue involution, including apoptosis, alveolar regression and adipocyte repopulation. BMDMs exposed to the postpartum mammary involution environment upregulated the M2 markers arginase 1 and mannose receptor. These data demonstrate the necessity of macrophages, and implicate M2-polarized macrophages, for epithelial cell death during normal postpartum mammary gland involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenean O'Brien
- School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, MS8117, RC-1S, 8401K, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, MS8104, RC-1S, 5117, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Holly Martinson
- School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, MS8117, RC-1S, 8401K, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, MS8104, RC-1S, 5117, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Clarissa Durand-Rougely
- School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, MS8117, RC-1S, 8401K, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Pepper Schedin
- School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, MS8117, RC-1S, 8401K, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, MS8104, RC-1S, 5117, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Bldg 500, Suite 6004C, 13001 E 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- AMC Cancer Research Center, Bldg 500, Suite 6004C, 13001 E 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Lactation defect with impaired secretory activation in AEBP1-null mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27795. [PMID: 22114697 PMCID: PMC3218051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipocyte enhancer binding protein 1 (AEBP1) is a multifunctional protein that negatively regulates the tumor suppressor PTEN and IκBα, the inhibitor of NF-κB, through protein-protein interaction, thereby promoting cell survival and inflammation. Mice homozygous for a disrupted AEBP1 gene developed to term but showed defects in growth after birth. AEBP1−/− females display lactation defect, which results in the death of 100% of the litters nursed by AEBP1−/− dams. Mammary gland development during pregnancy appears normal in AEBP1−/− dams; however these mice exhibit expansion of the luminal space and the appearance of large cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLDs) in the mammary epithelial cells at late pregnancy and parturition, which is a clear sign of failed secretory activation, and accumulation of milk proteins in the mammary gland, presumably reflecting milk stasis following failed secretory activation. Eventually, AEBP1−/− mammary gland rapidly undergoes involution at postpartum. Stromal restoration of AEBP1 expression by transplanting wild-type bone marrow (BM) cells is sufficient to rescue the mammary gland defect. Our studies suggest that AEBP1 is critical in the maintenance of normal tissue architecture and function of the mammary gland tissue and controls stromal-epithelial crosstalk in mammary gland development.
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32
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Chokechanachaisakul U, Kaneko T, Yamanaka Y, Kaneko R, Katsube KI, Kobayashi H, Nör JE, Okiji T, Suda H. Gene Expression Analysis of Resident Macrophages in Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Rat Molar Pulps. J Endod 2011; 37:1258-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
The pubertal mammary gland is an ideal model for experimental morphogenesis. The primary glandular branching morphogenesis occurs at this time, integrating epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Between birth and puberty, the mammary gland exists in a relatively quiescent state. At the onset of puberty, rapid expansion of a pre-existing rudimentary mammary epithelium generates an extensive ductal network by a process of branch initiation, elongation, and invasion of the mammary mesenchyme. It is this branching morphogenesis that characterizes pubertal mammary gland growth. Tissue-specific molecular networks interpret signals from local cytokines/growth factors in both the epithelial and stromal microenvironments. This is largely orchestrated by secreted ovarian and pituitary hormones. Here, we review the major molecular regulators of pubertal mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara McNally
- UCD School of Bimolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
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Coussens LM, Pollard JW. Leukocytes in mammary development and cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:cshperspect.a003285. [PMID: 21123394 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a003285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leukocytes, of both the innate and adaptive lineages, are normal cellular components of all tissues. These important cells not only are critical for regulating normal tissue homeostasis, but also are significant paracrine regulators of all physiologic and pathologic tissue repair processes. This article summarizes recent insights regarding the trophic roles of leukocytes at each stage of mammary gland development and during cancer development, with a focus on Murids and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Coussens
- Department of Pathology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, 94143, USA
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Chua ACL, Hodson LJ, Moldenhauer LM, Robertson SA, Ingman WV. Dual roles for macrophages in ovarian cycle-associated development and remodelling of the mammary gland epithelium. Development 2010; 137:4229-38. [PMID: 21068060 DOI: 10.1242/dev.059261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Each ovarian cycle, the mammary gland epithelium rotates through a sequence of hormonally regulated cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. These studies investigate the role of macrophages in this cellular turnover. Macrophage populations and their spatial distribution were found to fluctuate across the cycle. The number of macrophages was highest at diestrus, and the greatest number of macrophages in direct contact with epithelial cells occurred at proestrus. The physiological necessity of macrophages in mammary gland morphogenesis during the estrous cycle was demonstrated in Cd11b-Dtr transgenic mice. Ovariectomised mice were treated with estradiol and progesterone to stimulate alveolar development, and with the progesterone receptor antagonist mifepristone to induce regression of the newly formed alveolar buds. Macrophage depletion during alveolar development resulted in a reduction in both ductal epithelial cell proliferation and the number of alveolar buds. Macrophage depletion during alveolar regression resulted in an increased number of branch points and an accumulation of TUNEL-positive cells. These studies show that macrophages have two roles in the cellular turnover of epithelial cells in the cycling mammary gland; following ovulation, they promote the development of alveolar buds in preparation for possible pregnancy, and they remodel the tissue back to its basic architecture in preparation for a new estrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C L Chua
- The Robinson Institute, Research Centre for Reproductive Health, and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
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Abstract
Nitric oxide is a pleiotropic ancestral molecule, which elicits beneficial effect in many physiological settings but is also tenaciously expressed in numerous pathological conditions, particularly breast tumors. Nitric oxide is particularly harmful in adipogenic milieu of the breast, where it initiates and promotes tumorigenesis. Epidemiological studies have associated populations at a greater risk for developing breast cancer, predominantly estrogen receptor positive tumors, to express specific polymorphic forms of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, that produce sustained low levels of nitric oxide. Low sustained nitric oxide generates oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions at susceptible sites in the heterogeneous microenvironment of the breast, where it promotes cancer related events in specific cell types. Inflammatory conditions also stimulate inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, which dependent on the microenvironment, could promote or inhibit mammary tumors. In this review we re-examine the mechanisms by which nitric oxide promotes initiation and progression of breast cancer and address some of the controversies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehla Pervin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism at Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA.
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Andres AC, Djonov V. The mammary gland vasculature revisited. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2010; 15:319-28. [PMID: 20706777 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-010-9186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Concomitant with the extensive growth and differentiation of the mammary epithelium during pregnancy and lactation, and epithelial involution after weaning, the vasculature of the mammary gland undergoes repeated cycles of expansion and regression. Vascular expansion is effected by sprouting angiogenesis, intussusception and conceivably also vasculogenesis. The capacity of the epithelial cells to stimulate vascular growth and differentiation is dependent on the constellation of systemic and local hormones and growth factors as well as the changing demands for oxygenation and nutrient supply. This results in the release of angiogenic factors which stimulate endothelial cell growth and regulate vascular architecture. In contrast to the angiogenic phase of the mammary gland cycle, little is known about the control of vascular regression although this would possibly offer new insights into therapeutic possibilities against breast cancer. In this review we summarize knowledge regarding the mechanisms regulating the vasculature of the mammary gland and delineate the importance of the vasculature in the attainment of organ function. In addition, we discuss the angiogenic mechanisms observed during mammary carcinogenesis and their consequences for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Catherine Andres
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Tiefenaustrasse 120c, Bern, Switzerland.
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McCave EJ, Cass CAP, Burg KJL, Booth BW. The normal microenvironment directs mammary gland development. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2010; 15:291-9. [PMID: 20824492 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-010-9190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal development of the mammary gland is a multidimensional process that is controlled in part by its mammary microenvironment. The mammary microenvironment is a defined location that encompasses mammary somatic stem cells, neighboring signaling cells, the basement membrane and extracellular matrix, mammary fibroblasts as well as the intercellular signals produced and received by these cells. These dynamic signals take numerous forms including growth factors, steroids, cell-cell or cell-basement membrane physical interactions. Cellular growth and differentiation of the mammary gland throughout the developmental stages are regulated by changes in these signals and interactions. The purpose of this review is to summarize current information and research regarding the role of the mammary microenvironment during normal glandular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J McCave
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Fathers KE, Rodrigues S, Zuo D, Murthy IV, Hallett M, Cardiff R, Park M. CrkII transgene induces atypical mammary gland development and tumorigenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 176:446-60. [PMID: 20008144 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The v-Crk protein was originally isolated as the oncogene fusion product of the CT10 chicken retrovirus. Cellular homologues of v-Crk include Crk, which encodes two alternatively spliced proteins (CrkI and CrkII), and CrkL. Though CrkI/II proteins are elevated in several types of cancer, including breast, the question of whether these Crk adaptor proteins can promote breast cancer has not been addressed. We created a transgenic mouse model that allows the expression of CrkII through the hormonally responsive mouse mammary tumor virus promoter. During puberty, transgenic mice were found to have delayed ductal outgrowth, characterized by increased collagen surrounding the terminal end buds. In post-pubertal mice, precocious ductal branching was observed and associated with increased proliferation. Focal mammary tumors appeared in a subset of animals, with a latency of approximately 15 months. Mouse mammary tumor virus/CrkII tumors showed high levels of Crk protein as well as various cytokeratin markers characteristic of their respective tumor pathologies. This study demonstrates that the precise expression of CrkII is critical for integrating signals for ductal outgrowth and branching morphogenesis during mammary gland development. Furthermore, this study provides evidence for a potential role of CrkII in integrating signals for breast cancer progression in vivo, which has important implications for elevated CrkII observed in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Fathers
- Departments of Biochemistry, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
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Denis M, Wedlock DN, Lacy-Hulbert SJ, Hillerton JE, Buddle BM. Vaccines against bovine mastitis in the New Zealand context: what is the best way forward? N Z Vet J 2009; 57:132-40. [PMID: 19521461 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2009.36892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis is an important animal health disease which constitutes a serious problem for the dairy industry in New Zealand. Mastitis reduces milk yield and quality, necessitates the use of antibiotic therapy, with associated risks of contaminating the raw milk supply, and imposes a serious economic burden, currently estimated at NZ$300 million per year. Mastitis is caused by a variety of infectious agents. In the New Zealand context, with cattle grazing on pasture, Streptococcus uberis is a major bacterial pathogen, responsible for a significant proportion of clinical cases, especially during early lactation and the dry period. Other pathogens of significance include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Escherichia coli, as well as so-called 'minor pathogens', namely coagulase-negative staphylococci(CNS). Current strategies aimed at reducing cases of mastitis include improved hygiene in the farm environment, particularly with regards to the health and cleanliness of teats. Once mastitis occurs, antibiotic therapy is a favoured option, and as a prophylactic tool, in the form of dry-cow therapy, has also shown value. Prevention of mastitis using immunological tools such as vaccines lags behind the major vaccine breakthroughs that have been achieved in preventing and/or reducing the severity of numerous infectious diseases in animals. In this review, the current state of research in the area of development of vaccines against mastitis is summarised, with particular emphasis on bacteria important to the dairy farming industry in New Zealand. Few, if any, effective vaccines have been designed to prevent or mitigate intramammary infections. It is argued that novel approaches must be considered to search for vaccine candidates, and vaccines need to be designed and constructed within the special framework of their uses, in the mammary gland which offers a unique immunological environment. In addition, effective vaccines against mastitis due to Strep. uberis may be more likely to emerge from strategies that target the cell-mediated arm of the immune response rather than strategies that target specific antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Denis
- AgResearch Grasslands, Hopkirk Research Institute, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Gyorki DE, Asselin-Labat ML, van Rooijen N, Lindeman GJ, Visvader JE. Resident macrophages influence stem cell activity in the mammary gland. Breast Cancer Res 2009; 11:R62. [PMID: 19706193 PMCID: PMC2750124 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Macrophages in the mammary gland are essential for morphogenesis of the ductal epithelial tree and have been implicated in promoting breast tumor metastasis. Although it is well established that macrophages influence normal mammopoiesis, the mammary cell types that these accessory cells influence have not been determined. Here we have explored a role for macrophages in regulating mammary stem cell (MaSC) activity, by assessing the ability of MaSCs to reconstitute a mammary gland in a macrophage-depleted fat pad. Methods Two different in vivo models were used to deplete macrophages from the mouse mammary fat pad, allowing us to examine the effect of macrophage deficiency on the mammary repopulating activity of MaSCs. Both the Csf1op/op mice and clodronate liposome-mediated ablation models entailed transplantation studies using the MaSC-enriched population. Results We show that mammary repopulating ability is severely compromised when the wild-type MaSC-enriched subpopulation is transplanted into Csf1op/op fat pads. In reciprocal experiments, the MaSC-enriched subpopulation from Csf1op/op glands had reduced regenerative capacity in a wild-type environment. Utilizing an alternative strategy for selective depletion of macrophages from the mammary gland, we demonstrate that co-implantation of the MaSC-enriched subpopulation with clodronate-liposomes leads to a marked decrease in repopulating frequency and outgrowth potential. Conclusions Our data reveal a key role for mammary gland macrophages in supporting stem/progenitor cell function and suggest that MaSCs require macrophage-derived factors to be fully functional. Macrophages may therefore constitute part of the mammary stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Gyorki
- VBCRC Laboratory, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
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O’Brien J, Schedin P. Macrophages in breast cancer: do involution macrophages account for the poor prognosis of pregnancy-associated breast cancer? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2009; 14:145-57. [PMID: 19350209 PMCID: PMC2693782 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-009-9118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage influx is associated with negative outcomes for women with breast cancer and has been demonstrated to be required for metastasis of mammary tumors in mouse models. Pregnancy-associated breast cancer is characterized by particularly poor outcomes, however the reasons remain obscure. Recently, post-pregnancy mammary involution has been characterized as having a wound healing signature. We have proposed the involution-hypothesis, which states that the wound healing microenvironment of the involuting gland is tumor promotional. Macrophage influx is one of the prominent features of the involuting gland, identifying the macrophage a potential instigator of tumor progression and a novel target for breast cancer treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenean O’Brien
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, 12801 East 17th Avenue Aurora, Denver, CO 80045 USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, University of Colorado Denver, 12801 East 17th Avenue Aurora, Denver, CO 80045 USA
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, 12801 East 17th Avenue Aurora, Denver, CO 80045 USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, University of Colorado Denver, 12801 East 17th Avenue Aurora, Denver, CO 80045 USA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, 12801 East 17th Avenue Aurora, Denver, CO 80045 USA
- AMC Cancer Research Center, University of Colorado Denver, 12801 East 17th Avenue Aurora, Denver, CO 80045 USA
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Uva P, Aurisicchio L, Watters J, Loboda A, Kulkarni A, Castle J, Palombo F, Viti V, Mesiti G, Zappulli V, Marconato L, Abramo F, Ciliberto G, Lahm A, La Monica N, de Rinaldis E. Comparative expression pathway analysis of human and canine mammary tumors. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:135. [PMID: 19327144 PMCID: PMC2670324 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous tumors in dog have been demonstrated to share many features with their human counterparts, including relevant molecular targets, histological appearance, genetics, biological behavior and response to conventional treatments. Mammary tumors in dog therefore provide an attractive alternative to more classical mouse models, such as transgenics or xenografts, where the tumour is artificially induced. To assess the extent to which dog tumors represent clinically significant human phenotypes, we performed the first genome-wide comparative analysis of transcriptional changes occurring in mammary tumors of the two species, with particular focus on the molecular pathways involved. RESULTS We analyzed human and dog gene expression data derived from both tumor and normal mammary samples. By analyzing the expression levels of about ten thousand dog/human orthologous genes we observed a significant overlap of genes deregulated in the mammary tumor samples, as compared to their normal counterparts. Pathway analysis of gene expression data revealed a great degree of similarity in the perturbation of many cancer-related pathways, including the 'PI3K/AKT', 'KRAS', 'PTEN', 'WNT-beta catenin' and 'MAPK cascade'. Moreover, we show that the transcriptional relationships between different gene signatures observed in human breast cancer are largely maintained in the canine model, suggesting a close interspecies similarity in the network of cancer signalling circuitries. CONCLUSION Our data confirm and further strengthen the value of the canine mammary cancer model and open up new perspectives for the evaluation of novel cancer therapeutics and the development of prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers to be used in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Uva
- IRBM P Angeletti, Merck MRL-Rome, Pomezia, Italy.
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Thompson A, Brennan K, Cox A, Gee J, Harcourt D, Harris A, Harvie M, Holen I, Howell A, Nicholson R, Steel M, Streuli C. Evaluation of the current knowledge limitations in breast cancer research: a gap analysis. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10:R26. [PMID: 18371194 PMCID: PMC2397525 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A gap analysis was conducted to determine which areas of breast cancer research, if targeted by researchers and funding bodies, could produce the greatest impact on patients. METHODS Fifty-six Breast Cancer Campaign grant holders and prominent UK breast cancer researchers participated in a gap analysis of current breast cancer research. Before, during and following the meeting, groups in seven key research areas participated in cycles of presentation, literature review and discussion. Summary papers were prepared by each group and collated into this position paper highlighting the research gaps, with recommendations for action. RESULTS Gaps were identified in all seven themes. General barriers to progress were lack of financial and practical resources, and poor collaboration between disciplines. Critical gaps in each theme included: (1) genetics (knowledge of genetic changes, their effects and interactions); (2) initiation of breast cancer (how developmental signalling pathways cause ductal elongation and branching at the cellular level and influence stem cell dynamics, and how their disruption initiates tumour formation); (3) progression of breast cancer (deciphering the intracellular and extracellular regulators of early progression, tumour growth, angiogenesis and metastasis); (4) therapies and targets (understanding who develops advanced disease); (5) disease markers (incorporating intelligent trial design into all studies to ensure new treatments are tested in patient groups stratified using biomarkers); (6) prevention (strategies to prevent oestrogen-receptor negative tumours and the long-term effects of chemoprevention for oestrogen-receptor positive tumours); (7) psychosocial aspects of cancer (the use of appropriate psychosocial interventions, and the personal impact of all stages of the disease among patients from a range of ethnic and demographic backgrounds). CONCLUSION Through recommendations to address these gaps with future research, the long-term benefits to patients will include: better estimation of risk in families with breast cancer and strategies to reduce risk; better prediction of drug response and patient prognosis; improved tailoring of treatments to patient subgroups and development of new therapeutic approaches; earlier initiation of treatment; more effective use of resources for screening populations; and an enhanced experience for people with or at risk of breast cancer and their families. The challenge to funding bodies and researchers in all disciplines is to focus on these gaps and to drive advances in knowledge into improvements in patient care.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomedical Research
- Breast Neoplasms/blood supply
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Breast Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Breast Neoplasms/therapy
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Evidence-Based Medicine
- Exercise
- Feeding Behavior
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, BRCA1
- Genes, BRCA2
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Mammography
- Mass Screening
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Quality of Life
- Signal Transduction
- United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Thompson
- Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Avenue, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Keith Brennan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Angela Cox
- Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Julia Gee
- Tenovus Centre for Cancer Research, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Diana Harcourt
- The Centre for Appearance Research, School of Psychology University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Adrian Harris
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Michelle Harvie
- Family History Clinic, Nightingale & Genesis Prevention Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - Ingunn Holen
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Anthony Howell
- Breast Cancer Prevention Centre, South Manchester University Hospitals NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Robert Nicholson
- Tenovus Centre for Cancer Research, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Michael Steel
- University of St Andrews, Bute Medical School, University of St Andrews, Fife KT16 9TS, UK
| | - Charles Streuli
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Brisken C, Duss S. Stem cells and the stem cell niche in the breast: an integrated hormonal and developmental perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:147-56. [PMID: 17873347 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-007-0019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland is a unique organ in that it undergoes most of its development after birth under the control of systemic hormones. Whereas in most other organs stem cells divide in response to local stimuli, to replace lost cells, in the mammary gland large numbers of cells need to be generated at specific times during puberty, estrous cycles and pregnancy to generate new tissue structures. This puts special demands on the mammary stem cells and requires coordination of local events with systemic needs. Our aim is to understand how the female reproductive hormones control mammary gland development and influence tumorigenesis. We have shown that steroid hormones act in a paracrine fashion in the mammary gland delegating different functions to locally produced factors. These in turn, affect cell-cell interactions that result in changes of cell behavior required for morphogenesis and differentiation. Here, we discuss how these hormonally regulated paracrine interactions may impinge on stem cells and the stem cell niche and how this integration of signals adds extra levels of complexity to current mammary stem cell models. We propose a model whereby the stem cell niches change depending on the developmental stages and the hormonal milieu. According to this model, repeated hormone stimulation of stem cells and their niches in the course of menstrual cycles may be an important early event in breast carcinogenesis and may explain the conundrum why breast cancer risk increases with the number of menstrual cycles experienced prior to a first pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrin Brisken
- NCCR Molecular Oncology, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), 155 Chemin des Boveresses, Epalinges s/Lausanne, CH 1066, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Breast cancer is not a single disease, but is instead a collection of diseases that have distinct histopathological features, genetic and genomic variability, and diverse prognostic outcomes. Thus, no individual model would be expected to completely recapitulate this complex disease. Here, the models commonly used to investigate breast cancer including cell lines, xenografts and genetically engineered mice, are discussed to help address the question: what is the most powerful way to investigate this heterogeneous disease?
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Vargo-Gogola
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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