1
|
Leow SS, Khoo JS, Lee WK, Hoh CC, Fairus S, Sambanthamurthi R, Hayes KC. RNA-Seq transcriptome profiling of Nile rat livers reveals novel insights on the anti-diabetic mechanisms of Water-Soluble Palm Fruit Extract. J Appl Genet 2024:10.1007/s13353-024-00880-1. [PMID: 38890243 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-024-00880-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Water-Soluble Palm Fruit Extract (WSPFE) has been shown to confer anti-diabetic effects in the Nile rat (NR) (Arvicanthis niloticus). Liquid and powder WSPFE both deterred diabetes onset in NRs fed a high-carbohydrate (hiCHO) diet, but the liquid form provided better protection. In this study, NRs were fed either a hiCHO diet or the same diet added with liquid or powder WSPFE. Following feeding of the diets for 8 weeks, random blood glucose levels were measured to categorize NRs as either diabetes-resistant or diabetes-susceptible, based on a cut-off value of 75 mg/dL. Livers were then obtained for Illumina HiSeq 4000 paired end RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) and the data were mapped to the reference genome. Consistent with physiological and biochemical parameters, the gene expression data obtained indicated that WSPFE was associated with protection against diabetes. Among hepatic genes upregulated by WSPFE versus controls, were genes related to insulin-like growth factor binding protein, leptin receptor, and processes of hepatic metabolism maintenance, while those downregulated were related to antigen binding, immunoglobulin receptor, inflammation- and cancer-related processes. WSPFE supplementation thus helped inhibit diabetes progression in NRs by increasing insulin sensitivity and reducing both the inflammatory effects of a hiCHO diet and the related DNA-damage compensatory mechanisms contributing to liver disease progression. In addition, the genetic permissiveness of susceptible NRs to develop diabetes was potentially associated with dysregulated compensatory mechanisms involving insulin signaling and oxidative stress over time. Further studies on other NR organs associated with diabetes and its complications are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Sen Leow
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Jia-Shiun Khoo
- Codon Genomics Sdn Bhd, No. 26, Jalan Dutamas 7, Taman Dutamas Balakong, 43200, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wei-Kang Lee
- Codon Genomics Sdn Bhd, No. 26, Jalan Dutamas 7, Taman Dutamas Balakong, 43200, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Choong Hoh
- Codon Genomics Sdn Bhd, No. 26, Jalan Dutamas 7, Taman Dutamas Balakong, 43200, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Syed Fairus
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ravigadevi Sambanthamurthi
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Academy of Sciences Malaysia, Level 20, West Wing, MATRADE Tower, Jalan Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah, Off Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim, 50480, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K C Hayes
- Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Basciu A, Athar M, Kurt H, Neville C, Malloci G, Muredda FC, Bosin A, Ruggerone P, Bonvin AMJJ, Vargiu AV. Predicting binding events in very flexible, allosteric, multi-domain proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.02.597018. [PMID: 38895346 PMCID: PMC11185556 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.02.597018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Knowledge of the structures formed by proteins and small ligands is of fundamental importance for understanding molecular principles of chemotherapy and for designing new and more effective drugs. Due to the still high costs and to the several limitations of experimental techniques, it is most often desirable to predict these ligand-protein complexes in silico, particularly when screening for new putative drugs from databases of millions of compounds. While virtual screening based on molecular docking is widely used for this purpose, it generally fails in mimicking binding events associated with large conformational changes in the protein, particularly when the latter involve multiple domains. In this work, we describe a new methodology aimed at generating bound-like conformations of very flexible and allosteric proteins bearing multiple binding sites. Validation was performed on the enzyme adenylate kinase (ADK), a paradigmatic example of proteins that undergo very large conformational changes upon ligand binding. By only exploiting the unbound structure and the putative binding sites of the protein, we generated a significant fraction of bound-like structures, which employed in ensemble-docking calculations allowed to find native-like poses of substrates, inhibitors, and catalytically incompetent binders. Our protocol provides a general framework for the generation of bound-like conformations of flexible proteins that are suitable to host different ligands, demonstrating high sensitivity to the fine chemical details that regulate protein's activity. We foresee applications in virtual screening for difficult targets, prediction of the impact of amino acid mutations on structure and dynamics, and protein engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Basciu
- Physics Department, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Mohd Athar
- Physics Department, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Han Kurt
- Physics Department, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Christine Neville
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Giuliano Malloci
- Physics Department, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Fabrizio C. Muredda
- Physics Department, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Andrea Bosin
- Physics Department, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Paolo Ruggerone
- Physics Department, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Alexandre M. J. J. Bonvin
- Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Attilio V. Vargiu
- Physics Department, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kozakiewicz-Piekarz A, Grzegórska M, Ziemkiewicz K, Grab K, Baranowski MR, Zapadka M, Karpiel M, Kupcewicz B, Kowalska J, Wujak M. Synthesis, kinetic studies, and QSAR of dinucleoside polyphosphate derivatives as human AK1 inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2024; 148:107432. [PMID: 38744169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Adenylate kinase (AK) plays a crucial role in the metabolic monitoring of cellular adenine nucleotide homeostasis by catalyzing the reversible transfer of a phosphate group between ATP and AMP, yielding two ADP molecules. By regulating the nucleotide levels and energy metabolism, the enzyme is considered a disease modifier and potential therapeutic target for various human diseases, including malignancies and inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. However, lacking approved drugs targeting AK hinders broad studies on this enzyme's pathological importance and therapeutic potential. In this work, we determined the effect of a series of dinucleoside polyphosphate derivatives, commercially available (11 compounds) and newly synthesized (8 compounds), on the catalytic activity of human adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1 (hAK1). The tested compounds belonged to the following groups: (1) diadenosine polyphosphates with different phosphate chain lengths, (2) base-modified derivatives, and (3) phosphate-modified derivatives. We found that all the investigated compounds inhibited the catalytic activity of hAK1, yet with different efficiencies. Three dinucleoside polyphosphates showed IC50 values below 1 µM, and the most significant inhibitory effect was observed for P1-(5'-adenosyl) P5-(5'-adenosyl) pentaphosphate (Ap5A). To understand the observed differences in the inhibition efficiency of the tested dinucleoside polyphosphates, the molecular docking of these compounds to hAK1 was performed. Finally, we conducted a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis to establish a computational prediction model for hAK1 modulators. Two PLS-regression-based models were built using kinetic data obtained from the AK1 activity analysis performed in both directions of the enzymatic reaction. Model 1 (AMP and ATP synthesis) had a good prediction power (R2 = 0.931, Q2 = 0.854, and MAE = 0.286), while Model 2 (ADP synthesis) exhibited a moderate quality (R2 = 0.913, Q2 = 0.848, and MAE = 0.370). These studies can help better understand the interactions between dinucleoside polyphosphates and adenylate kinase to attain more effective and selective inhibitors in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Grzegórska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Kamil Ziemkiewicz
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Grab
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek R Baranowski
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Zapadka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marta Karpiel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2 30-387 Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Prof. S. Łojasiewicza 11 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bogumiła Kupcewicz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Joanna Kowalska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wujak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Laketa D, Lavrnja I. Extracellular Purine Metabolism-Potential Target in Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04104-9. [PMID: 38499905 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The purinergic signaling system comprises a complex network of extracellular purines and purine-metabolizing ectoenzymes, nucleotide and nucleoside receptors, ATP release channels, and nucleoside transporters. Because of its immunomodulatory function, this system is critically involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its best-characterized animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). MS is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease with autoimmune etiology and great heterogeneity, mostly affecting young adults and leading to permanent disability. In MS/EAE, alterations were detected in almost all components of the purinergic signaling system in both peripheral immune cells and central nervous system (CNS) glial cells, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. A decrease in extracellular ATP levels and an increase in its downstream metabolites, particularly adenosine and inosine, were frequently observed at MS, indicating a shift in metabolism toward an anti-inflammatory environment. Accordingly, upregulation of the major ectonucleotidase tandem CD39/CD73 was detected in the blood cells and CNS of relapsing-remitting MS patients. Based on the postulated role of A2A receptors in the transition from acute to chronic neuroinflammation, the association of variants of the adenosine deaminase gene with the severity of MS, and the beneficial effects of inosine treatment in EAE, the adenosinergic system emerged as a promising target in neuroinflammation. More recently, several publications have identified ADP-dependent P2Y12 receptors and the major extracellular ADP producing enzyme nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 (NTPDase2) as novel potential targets in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Laketa
- Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry "Ivan Djaja", Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 3, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia.
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Institute for Biological Research, Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lewis AM, Fallon T, Dittemore GA, Sheppard K. Evolution and variation in amide aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis. IUBMB Life 2024. [PMID: 38391119 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The amide proteogenic amino acids, asparagine and glutamine, are two of the twenty amino acids used in translation by all known life. The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases for asparagine and glutamine, asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase and glutaminyl tRNA synthetase, evolved after the split in the last universal common ancestor of modern organisms. Before that split, life used two-step indirect pathways to synthesize asparagine and glutamine on their cognate tRNAs to form the aminoacyl-tRNA used in translation. These two-step pathways were retained throughout much of the bacterial and archaeal domains of life and eukaryotic organelles. The indirect routes use non-discriminating aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (non-discriminating aspartyl-tRNA synthetase and non-discriminating glutamyl-tRNA synthetase) to misaminoacylate the tRNA. The misaminoacylated tRNA formed is then transamidated into the amide aminoacyl-tRNA used in protein synthesis by tRNA-dependent amidotransferases (GatCAB and GatDE). The enzymes and tRNAs involved assemble into complexes known as transamidosomes to help maintain translational fidelity. These pathways have evolved to meet the varied cellular needs across a diverse set of organisms, leading to significant variation. In certain bacteria, the indirect pathways may provide a means to adapt to cellular stress by reducing the fidelity of protein synthesis. The retention of these indirect pathways versus acquisition of asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase and glutaminyl tRNA synthetase in lineages likely involves a complex interplay of the competing uses of glutamine and asparagine beyond translation, energetic costs, co-evolution between enzymes and tRNA, and involvement in stress response that await further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Lewis
- Chemistry Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA
| | - Trevor Fallon
- Chemistry Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA
| | | | - Kelly Sheppard
- Chemistry Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sprissler R, Hammer M, Labiner D, Joshi N, Alan A, Weinand M. Leukocyte differential gene expression prognostic value for high versus low seizure frequency in temporal lobe epilepsy. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:16. [PMID: 38166692 PMCID: PMC10759702 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was performed to test the hypothesis that systemic leukocyte gene expression has prognostic value differentiating low from high seizure frequency refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). METHODS A consecutive series of patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy was studied. Based on a median baseline seizure frequency of 2.0 seizures per month, low versus high seizure frequency was defined as ≤ 2 seizures/month and > 2 seizures/month, respectively. Systemic leukocyte gene expression was analyzed for prognostic value for TLE seizure frequency. All differentially expressed genes were analyzed, with Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis (IPA®) and Reactome, to identify leukocyte gene expression and biological pathways with prognostic value for seizure frequency. RESULTS There were ten males and six females with a mean age of 39.4 years (range: 16 to 62 years, standard error of mean: 3.6 years). There were five patients in the high and eleven patients in the low seizure frequency cohorts, respectively. Based on a threshold of twofold change (p < 0.001, FC > 2.0, FDR < 0.05) and expression within at least two pathways from both Reactome and Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis (IPA®), 13 differentially expressed leukocyte genes were identified which were all over-expressed in the low when compared to the high seizure frequency groups, including NCF2, HMOX1, RHOB, FCGR2A, PRKCD, RAC2, TLR1, CHP1, TNFRSF1A, IFNGR1, LYN, MYD88, and CASP1. Similar analysis identified four differentially expressed genes which were all over-expressed in the high when compared to the low seizure frequency groups, including AK1, F2R, GNB5, and TYMS. CONCLUSIONS Low and high seizure frequency TLE are predicted by the respective upregulation and downregulation of specific leukocyte genes involved in canonical pathways of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) inhibition, and AMPA and NMDA receptor signaling. Furthermore, high seizure frequency-TLE is distinguished prognostically from low seizure frequency-TLE by differentially increased specific leukocyte gene expression involved in GABA inhibition and NMDA receptor signaling. High and low seizure frequency patients appear to represent two mechanistically different forms of temporal lobe epilepsy based on leukocyte gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Sprissler
- Center for Applied Genetics and Genomic Medicine, RII, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Michael Hammer
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David Labiner
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Neil Joshi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Albert Alan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Martin Weinand
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Song HY, Zhan JF, Hua RQ, He X, Du XD, Xu J, He R, Xie Y, Gu XB, Peng XR, Yang GY. Molecular characterization and immunological properties of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1) ADK1 and ADK8. Parasitol Res 2023:10.1007/s00436-023-07857-9. [PMID: 37148368 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07857-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Adenylate kinases (ADKs) are one of the important enzymes regulating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolism in Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. The objective of the present study was to explore the molecular characteristics and immunological properties of E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1) adenylate kinase 1 (EgADK1) and adenylate kinase 8 (EgADK8). EgADK1 and EgADK8 were cloned and expressed, and the molecular characteristics of EgADK1 and EgADK8 were analyzed through different bioinformatics tools. Western blotting was used to examine the reactogenicity of recombinant adenylate kinase 1 (rEgADK1) and recombinant adenylate kinase 8 (rEgADK8) and to evaluate their diagnostic value. The expression profiles of EgADK1 and EgADK8 in 18-day-old strobilated worms and protoscoleces were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR, and their distribution in 18-day-old strobilated worms, the germinal layer, and protoscoleces was determined by immunofluorescence localization. EgADK1 and EgADK8 were successfully cloned and expressed. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that EgADK1 and EgADK8 have multiple phosphorylation sites and B-cell epitopes. Compared with EgADK8, EgADK1 and other parasite ADKs have higher sequence similarity. In addition, both cystic echinococcosis (CE)-positive sheep sera and Cysticercus tenuicollis-infected goat sera could recognize rEgADK1 and rEgADK8. EgADK1 and EgADK8 were localized in protoscoleces, the germinal layer, and 18-day-old strobilated worms. EgADK1 and EgADK8 showed no significant difference in their transcription level in 18-day-old strobilated worms and protoscoleces, suggesting that EgADK1 and EgADK8 may play an important role in the growth and development of E. granulosus sensu lato. Since EgADK1 and EgADK8 can be recognized by other parasite-positive sera, they are not suitable as candidate antigens for the diagnosis of CE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Song
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jia-Fei Zhan
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Rui-Qi Hua
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xue He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Di Du
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xue-Rong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guang-You Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wagner S, Whiteley SL, Castelli M, Patel HR, Deveson IW, Blackburn J, Holleley CE, Marshall Graves JA, Georges A. Gene expression of male pathway genes sox9 and amh during early sex differentiation in a reptile departs from the classical amniote model. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:243. [PMID: 37147622 PMCID: PMC10163765 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex determination is the process whereby the bipotential embryonic gonads become committed to differentiate into testes or ovaries. In genetic sex determination (GSD), the sex determining trigger is encoded by a gene on the sex chromosomes, which activates a network of downstream genes; in mammals these include SOX9, AMH and DMRT1 in the male pathway, and FOXL2 in the female pathway. Although mammalian and avian GSD systems have been well studied, few data are available for reptilian GSD systems. RESULTS We conducted an unbiased transcriptome-wide analysis of gonad development throughout differentiation in central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) embryos with GSD. We found that sex differentiation of transcriptomic profiles occurs at a very early stage, before the gonad consolidates as a body distinct from the gonad-kidney complex. The male pathway genes dmrt1 and amh and the female pathway gene foxl2 play a key role in early sex differentiation in P. vitticeps, but the central player of the mammalian male trajectory, sox9, is not differentially expressed in P. vitticeps at the bipotential stage. The most striking difference from GSD systems of other amniotes is the high expression of the male pathway genes amh and sox9 in female gonads during development. We propose that a default male trajectory progresses if not repressed by a W-linked dominant gene that tips the balance of gene expression towards the female trajectory. Further, weighted gene expression correlation network analysis revealed novel candidates for male and female sex differentiation. CONCLUSION Our data reveal that interpretation of putative mechanisms of GSD in reptiles cannot solely depend on lessons drawn from mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Wagner
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Sarah L Whiteley
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- Australian National Wildlife Collection CSIRO, National Research Collections Australia, Crace, ACT, Australia
| | - Meghan Castelli
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- Australian National Wildlife Collection CSIRO, National Research Collections Australia, Crace, ACT, Australia
| | - Hardip R Patel
- Genome Sciences Department. John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ira W Deveson
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James Blackburn
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Clare E Holleley
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- Australian National Wildlife Collection CSIRO, National Research Collections Australia, Crace, ACT, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Marshall Graves
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Georges
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fiorentini R, Tarenzi T, Potestio R. Fast, Accurate, and System-Specific Variable-Resolution Modeling of Proteins. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:1260-1275. [PMID: 36735551 PMCID: PMC9976289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a few multiple-resolution modeling strategies have been proposed, in which functionally relevant parts of a biomolecule are described with atomistic resolution, with the remainder of the system being concurrently treated using a coarse-grained model. In most cases, the parametrization of the latter requires lengthy reference all-atom simulations and/or the usage of off-shelf coarse-grained force fields, whose interactions have to be refined to fit the specific system under examination. Here, we overcome these limitations through a novel multiresolution modeling scheme for proteins, dubbed coarse-grained anisotropic network model for variable resolution simulations, or CANVAS. This scheme enables a user-defined modulation of the resolution level throughout the system structure; a fast parametrization of the potential without the necessity of reference simulations; and the straightforward usage of the model on the most commonly used molecular dynamics platforms. The method is presented and validated with two case studies, the enzyme adenylate kinase and the therapeutic antibody pembrolizumab, by comparing the results obtained with the CANVAS model against fully atomistic simulations. The modeling software, implemented in Python, is made freely available for the community on a collaborative github repository.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Fiorentini
- Department
of Physics, University of Trento, via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Trento, Italy
- INFN-TIFPA, Trento
Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Thomas Tarenzi
- Department
of Physics, University of Trento, via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Trento, Italy
- INFN-TIFPA, Trento
Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Raffaello Potestio
- Department
of Physics, University of Trento, via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Trento, Italy
- INFN-TIFPA, Trento
Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Trento, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mele M, Covino R, Potestio R. Information-theoretical measures identify accurate low-resolution representations of protein configurational space. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:7064-7074. [PMID: 36070256 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00636g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The steadily growing computational power employed to perform molecular dynamics simulations of biological macromolecules represents at the same time an immense opportunity and a formidable challenge. In fact, large amounts of data are produced, from which useful, synthetic, and intelligible information has to be extracted to make the crucial step from knowing to understanding. Here we tackled the problem of coarsening the conformational space sampled by proteins in the course of molecular dynamics simulations. We applied different schemes to cluster the frames of a dataset of protein simulations; we then employed an information-theoretical framework, based on the notion of resolution and relevance, to gauge how well the various clustering methods accomplish this simplification of the configurational space. Our approach allowed us to identify the level of resolution that optimally balances simplicity and informativeness; furthermore, we found that the most physically accurate clustering procedures are those that induce an ultrametric structure of the low-resolution space, consistently with the hypothesis that the protein conformational landscape has a self-similar organisation. The proposed strategy is general and its applicability extends beyond that of computational biophysics, making it a valuable tool to extract useful information from large datasets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Mele
- Physics Department, University of Trento, via Sommarive, 14 I-38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - Roberto Covino
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Raffaello Potestio
- Physics Department, University of Trento, via Sommarive, 14 I-38123 Trento, Italy.
- INFN-TIFPA, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Trento, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Adenylate Kinase Isozyme 3 Regulates Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism and Knockout Alters HeLa Cell Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084316. [PMID: 35457131 PMCID: PMC9032187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis is important for cancer cell growth and survival, and changes in energy metabolism are an emerging therapeutic target. Adenylate kinase (AK) regulates adenine nucleotide metabolism, maintaining intracellular nucleotide metabolic homeostasis. In this study, we focused on AK3, the isozyme localized in the mitochondrial matrix that reversibly mediates the following reaction: Mg2+ GTP + AMP ⇌ Mg2+ GDP + ADP. Additionally, we analyzed AK3-knockout (KO) HeLa cells, which showed reduced proliferation and were detected at an increased number in the G1 phase. A metabolomic analysis showed decreased ATP; increased glycolytic metabolites such as glucose 6 phosphate (G6P), fructose 6 phosphate (F6P), and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP); and decreased levels of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites in AK3KO cells. An intracellular ATP evaluation of AK3KO HeLa cells transfected with ATeam plasmid, an ATP sensor, showed decreased whole cell levels. Levels of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), a complementary response to mitochondrial failure, were increased in AK3KO HeLa cells. Oxidative stress levels increased with changes in gene expression, evidenced as an increase in related enzymes such as superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and SOD3. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 (PCK2) expression and PEP levels increased, whereas PCK2 inhibition affected AK3KO HeLa cells more than wild-type (WT) cells. Therefore, we concluded that increased PCK2 expression may be complementary to increased GDP, which was found to be deficient through AK3KO. This study demonstrated the importance of AK3 in mitochondrial matrix energy metabolism.
Collapse
|
12
|
Maruyama M, Furukawa Y, Kinoshita M, Mukaiyama A, Akiyama S, Yoshimura T. Adenylate kinase 1 overexpression increases locomotor activity in medaka fish. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0257967. [PMID: 34982774 PMCID: PMC8726475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of the energy balance is indispensable for cell survival and function. Adenylate kinase (Ak) is a ubiquitous enzyme highly conserved among many organisms. Ak plays an essential role in energy regulation by maintaining adenine nucleotide homeostasis in cells. However, its role at the whole organism level, especially in animal behavior, remains unclear. Here, we established a model using medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) to examine the function of Ak in environmental adaptation. Medaka overexpressing the major Ak isoform Ak1 exhibited increased locomotor activity compared to that of the wild type. Interestingly, this increase was temperature dependent. Our findings suggest that cellular energy balance can modulate locomotor activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Maruyama
- Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuko Furukawa
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masato Kinoshita
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mukaiyama
- Research Center of Integrative Molecular System (CIMoS), Institute for Molecular Science, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Shuji Akiyama
- Research Center of Integrative Molecular System (CIMoS), Institute for Molecular Science, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lin CC, Su H, Shiea J, Huang TL. Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation Identification of Blood Proteins Relevant to Paroxetine Response in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:577857. [PMID: 35509884 PMCID: PMC9058070 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.577857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) is a proteomic investigation that could be utilized for rapid identification and quantification of proteins, which we would use to identify differentially expressed proteins in treatment responsive patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS Six treatment responsive patients of MDD were recruited, and their peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) were collected before and after 4 weeks of paroxetine treatment. iTRAQ and Mascot search engine were used to detect differentially expressed proteins, which were then validated by Western blot. RESULTS Two thousand one hundred and fifty three proteins were screened, and seven proteins showed differences of more than two-fold and 62 proteins with a differences of less than two-fold. Six proteins with commercially available antibodies were identified, and were validated by Western blot in 10 paroxetine responsive MDD patients. Putative hydroxypyruvate isomerase (HYI), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4H (eIF4H), and RNA binding motif 8A (RBM8A) had statistically significant differences before and after treatment in the validation. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD028947. CONCLUSIONS By using iTRAQ and Western blot, we were able to identify HYI, eIF4H, and RAM8a to be the potential predictors of paroxetine treatment response in patients with MDD. This finding could help establish future individualized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chuen Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jentaie Shiea
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tiao-Lai Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Genomic and Proteomic Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang J, Gao X, Cai G, Wang Y, Li J, Du H, Wang R, Zhang H, Huang J. An Adenylate Kinase OsAK3 Involves Brassinosteroid Signaling and Grain Length in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 14:105. [PMID: 34962599 PMCID: PMC8714616 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-021-00546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grain size is one of the major determinants of cereal crop yield. As a class of plant polyhydroxysteroids, brassinosteroids (BRs) play essential roles in the regulation of grain size and plant architecture in rice. In a previous research, we cloned qGL3/OsPPKL1 encoding a protein phosphatase with Kelch-like repeat domains, which negatively regulates BR signaling and grain length in rice. RESULTS Here, we screened qGL3-interacting proteins (GIPs) via yeast two-hybrid assay and analyzed the phenotypes of the T-DNA insertion mutants of GIPs. Among these mutants, mutant osak3 presents shorter grain length and dwarfing phenotype. OsAK3 encodes an adenylate kinase, which regulates grain size by controlling cell expansion of rice spikelet glume. Overexpression of OsAK3 resulted in longer grain length. OsAK3 interacts with qGL3 in vivo and in vitro. Lamina inclination, coleoptile elongation and root inhibition experiments showed that the osak3 mutant was less sensitive to exogenous brassinolide (BL) treatment. The transcriptional level of OsAK3 was up-regulated under BL induction. In addition, RNA-Seq data indicate that OsAK3 is involved in a variety of biological processes that regulate BR signaling and grain development in rice. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals a novel BR signaling component OsAK3 in the regulation of grain length, and provides novel clues for uncovering the potential functions of OsAK3 in rice growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiuying Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huaying Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ruqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hongsheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ji Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Seed Industry Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chacon-Barahona JA, Salladay-Perez IA, Lanning NJ. Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcriptomic Analysis Predicts Adenylate Kinase Signatures Contributing to Tumor Progression and Negative Patient Prognosis. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120859. [PMID: 34940617 PMCID: PMC8705281 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to detect and respond to hypoxia within a developing tumor appears to be a common feature amongst most cancers. This hypoxic response has many molecular drivers, but none as widely studied as Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1). Recent evidence suggests that HIF-1 biology within lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) may be associated with expression levels of adenylate kinases (AKs). Using LUAD patient transcriptome data, we sought to characterize AK gene signatures related to lung cancer hallmarks, such as hypoxia and metabolic reprogramming, to identify conserved biological themes across LUAD tumor progression. Transcriptomic analysis revealed perturbation of HIF-1 targets to correlate with altered expression of most AKs, with AK4 having the strongest correlation. Enrichment analysis of LUAD tumor AK4 gene signatures predicts signatures involved in pyrimidine, and by extension, nucleotide metabolism across all LUAD tumor stages. To further discriminate potential drivers of LUAD tumor progression within AK4 gene signatures, partial least squares discriminant analysis was used at LUAD stage-stage interfaces, identifying candidate genes that may promote LUAD tumor growth or regression. Collectively, these results characterize regulatory gene networks associated with the expression of all nine human AKs that may contribute to underlying metabolic perturbations within LUAD and reveal potential mechanistic insight into the complementary role of AK4 in LUAD tumor development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Chacon-Barahona
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; (J.A.C.-B.); (I.A.S.-P.)
| | - Ivan A. Salladay-Perez
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; (J.A.C.-B.); (I.A.S.-P.)
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 94701, USA
| | - Nathan James Lanning
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; (J.A.C.-B.); (I.A.S.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(323)-343-2092
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Adenylate Kinase 4-A Key Regulator of Proliferation and Metabolic Shift in Human Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells via Akt and HIF-1α Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910371. [PMID: 34638712 PMCID: PMC8508902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) in response to chronic hypoxia contributes to pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension (PH). PH shares numerous similarities with cancer, including a metabolic shift towards glycolysis. In lung cancer, adenylate kinase 4 (AK4) promotes metabolic reprogramming and metastasis. Against this background, we show that AK4 regulates cell proliferation and energy metabolism of primary human PASMCs. We demonstrate that chronic hypoxia upregulates AK4 in PASMCs in a hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)-dependent manner. RNA interference of AK4 decreases the viability and proliferation of PASMCs under both normoxia and chronic hypoxia. AK4 silencing in PASMCs augments mitochondrial respiration and reduces glycolytic metabolism. The observed effects are associated with reduced levels of phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt) as well as HIF-1α, indicating the existence of an AK4-HIF-1α feedforward loop in hypoxic PASMCs. Finally, we show that AK4 levels are elevated in pulmonary vessels from patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH), and AK4 silencing decreases glycolytic metabolism of IPAH-PASMCs. We conclude that AK4 is a new metabolic regulator in PASMCs interacting with HIF-1α and Akt signaling pathways to drive the pro-proliferative and glycolytic phenotype of PH.
Collapse
|
17
|
Xu R, Yang Y, Zheng X. Unique structural features of the adenylate kinase hCINAP/AK6 and its multifaceted functions in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:2071-2084. [PMID: 34245011 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human coilin-interacting nuclear ATPase protein (hCINAP), also known as adenylate kinase 6 (AK6), is an atypical adenylate kinase with critical roles in many biological processes, including gene transcription, ribosome synthesis, cell metabolism, cell proliferation and apoptosis, DNA damage responses, and genome stability. Furthermore, hCINAP/AK6 dysfunction is associated with cancer and various inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarize the structural features and biological roles of hCINAP in several important signaling pathways, as well as its connection with tumor onset and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruidan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wujak M, Kozakiewicz A, Ciarkowska A, Loch JI, Barwiolek M, Sokolowska Z, Budny M, Wojtczak A. Assessing the Interactions of Statins with Human Adenylate Kinase Isoenzyme 1: Fluorescence and Enzyme Kinetic Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115541. [PMID: 34073952 PMCID: PMC8197361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are the most effective cholesterol-lowering drugs. They also exert many pleiotropic effects, including anti-cancer and cardio- and neuro-protective. Numerous nano-sized drug delivery systems were developed to enhance the therapeutic potential of statins. Studies on possible interactions between statins and human proteins could provide a deeper insight into the pleiotropic and adverse effects of these drugs. Adenylate kinase (AK) was found to regulate HDL endocytosis, cellular metabolism, cardiovascular function and neurodegeneration. In this work, we investigated interactions between human adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1 (hAK1) and atorvastatin (AVS), fluvastatin (FVS), pravastatin (PVS), rosuvastatin (RVS) and simvastatin (SVS) with fluorescence spectroscopy. The tested statins quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of hAK1 by creating stable hAK1-statin complexes with the binding constants of the order of 104 M−1. The enzyme kinetic studies revealed that statins inhibited hAK1 with significantly different efficiencies, in a noncompetitive manner. Simvastatin inhibited hAK1 with the highest yield comparable to that reported for diadenosine pentaphosphate, the only known hAK1 inhibitor. The determined AK sensitivity to statins differed markedly between short and long type AKs, suggesting an essential role of the LID domain in the AK inhibition. Our studies might open new horizons for the development of new modulators of short type AKs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wujak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Anna Kozakiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.B.); (Z.S.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-56-611-4511
| | - Anna Ciarkowska
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Joanna I. Loch
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Barwiolek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.B.); (Z.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Zuzanna Sokolowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.B.); (Z.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Marcin Budny
- Synthex Technologies Sp. z o.o., Gagarina 7/134B, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Wojtczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.B.); (Z.S.); (A.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ke S, Zhang R, He Y, Mu H, Sun F, Liu W, Li J, Song X. Human adenylate kinase 6 regulates WNK1 (with no lysine kinase-1) phosphorylation states and affects ion homeostasis in NT2 cells. Exp Cell Res 2021; 402:112565. [PMID: 33744230 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Adenylate kinase 6 (AK6), a nucleus localized phosphotransferase in mammalians, shows ubiquitously expression and broad substrate activity in different tissues and cell types. Although the function of AK6 has been extensively studied in different cancer cell lines, its role in mammalian germline is still unknown. Here we showed that knockdown of AK6 inhibits cell proliferation and promotes cell apoptosis in human testicular carcinoma (NT2 cells). Co-immunoprecipitation experiment and in vitro pull down assay identified WNK1 (with no lysine kinase-1) as one of the AK6 interacting proteins in NT2 cells. Moreover, we found that AK6 regulates the phosphorylation states of WNK1 (Thr60) and affects phosphorylation level of Akt (Ser473) upon hypotonic condition, probably affecting chloride channel and regulating ion transport and homeostasis in NT2 cells and consequently contributing to the decreased cell proliferation rate. In conclusion, AK6 regulates WNK1 phosphorylation states and affects ion homeostasis in NT2 cells. These findings provide new insights into the function of AK6 and WNK1 in human testicular carcinoma. This work also provides foundation for further mechanism study of AK6 in spermatogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Ke
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yaohui He
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Huawei Mu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, China
| | - Wen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Jianyuan Li
- Yu Huang Ding Medical Research Centre, Yan Tai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264000, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Song
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Phillips G, Czekala L, Behrsing HP, Amin K, Budde J, Stevenson M, Wieczorek R, Walele T, Simms L. Acute electronic vapour product whole aerosol exposure of 3D human bronchial tissue results in minimal cellular and transcriptomic responses when compared to cigarette smoke. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847320988496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of electronic vapour products (EVPs) continues to increase worldwide and with advances in cell culture systems, molecular biology and the computational sciences there is also accumulating evidence of their potential reduced toxicity and reduced potential harm when compared to cigarette smoke. To further understand the potential risks and health effects associated with exposure to EVP aerosols we have assessed the cellular and transcriptomic response from a commercially available lung tissue culture system (MucilAirTM) following a single sub-cytotoxic exposure to cigarette smoke and the equivalent nicotine delivered dose of EVP aerosol. The transcriptomic, cellular (cilia beat frequency (CBF) and percent active area (%AA), trans epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), histology) and cytokine release were assessed at 4- and 48- hours following recovery from air, EVP aerosol (8.4% V/V: mybluTM blueberry flavour, 2.4% nicotine) and 3R4F smoke (3.5% V/V: exposure). No pathological changes were observed at either recovery time point from any exposure. Air and EVP aerosol exposure had no effect on CBF, %AA nor TEER at 48 hours. Exposure to cigarette smoke resulted in a decrease in TEER, an increase in CBF and the release of proinflammatory cytokines at both recovery time points. Although the number of significantly expressed genes was minimal following exposure to EVP aerosol, exposure to 3R4F smoke resulted in a significant upregulation of several disease relevant pathways. These data provide evidence that following an acute exposure to EVP aerosol there is significantly less damage to lung cells in culture than the equivalent, nicotine based, dose of cigarette smoke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Phillips
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Lukasz Czekala
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Holger P Behrsing
- Respiratory Toxicology, Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Khalid Amin
- University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jessica Budde
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthew Stevenson
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Wieczorek
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tanvir Walele
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Simms
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands PLC, Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Baldissera MD, Souza CF, Barroso DC, Pereira RS, Alessio KO, Bizzi C, Baldisserotto B, Val AL. Acute exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of copper affects branchial and hepatic phosphoryl transfer network of Cichlasoma amazonarum: Impacts on bioenergetics homeostasis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 238:108846. [PMID: 32777469 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The toxic effects of copper (Cu) are linked to dysfunction of metabolism and depletion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Nevertheless, the effects related to phosphoryl transfer network, a network of enzymes to precise coupling of the ATP-production and ATP-consuming process for maintenance of bioenergetic, remain unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether the phosphoryl transfer network could be one pathway involved in the bioenergetic imbalance of Cichlasoma amazonarum exposed for 96 h to environmentally relevant concentrations of Cu found in Amazonia water around mines. Branchial mitochondrial creatine kinase (CK) activity was significantly lower in fish exposed to 1500 μg/L Cu than in the control group, while branchial cytosolic CK activity was significantly greater. Branchial (exposed to 750 and 1500 μg/L Cu) and hepatic (exposed to 1500 μg/L Cu) pyruvate kinase (PK) activity was significantly lower in fish exposed to Cu than in the control group. Branchial and hepatic ATP levels were significantly lower in fish exposed to 1500 μg/L than in the control group. Branchial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were significantly higher in fish exposed to 750 and 1500 μg/L Cu compared to control. Hepatic ROS and LPO levels were significantly higher in fish exposed to 1500 μg/L than in the control group. Branchial and hepatic Cu levels were significantly higher in fish exposed to 1500 μg/L compared to other groups. Exposure to 750 and 1500 μg/L Cu impairs bioenergetics homeostasis, which appears to be mediated by ROS overproduction and lipid peroxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus D Baldissera
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Carine F Souza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Danilo C Barroso
- LEEM-Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Rogério Santos Pereira
- LEEM-Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Keiti O Alessio
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cézar Bizzi
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Baldisserotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Adalberto L Val
- LEEM-Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xie M, Zhang G, Zhang H, Chen F, Chen Y, Zhuang Y, Huang Z, Zou F, Liu M, An G, Kang X, Chen Z. Adenylate kinase 1 deficiency disrupts mouse sperm motility under conditions of energy stress†. Biol Reprod 2020; 103:1121-1131. [PMID: 32744313 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian spermatozoa are highly polarized cells characterized by compartmentalized cellular structures and energy metabolism. Adenylate kinase (AK), which interconverts two ADP molecules into stoichiometric amounts of ATP and AMP, plays a critical role in buffering adenine nucleotides throughout the tail to support flagellar motility. Yet the role of the major AK isoform, AK1, is still not well characterized. Here, by using a proteomic analysis of testis biopsy samples, we found that AK1 levels were significantly decreased in nonobstructive azoospermia patients. This result was further verified by immunohistochemical staining of AK1 on a tissue microarray. AK1 was found to be expressed in post-meiotic round and elongated spermatids in mouse testis and subsequent mature sperm in the epididymis. We then generated Ak1 knockout mice, which showed that AK1 deficiency did not induce any defects in testis development, spermatogenesis, or sperm morphology and motility under physiological conditions. We further investigated detergent-modeled epididymal sperm and included individual or mixed adenine nucleotides to mimic energy stress. When only ADP was available, Ak1 disruption largely compromised sperm motility, manifested as a smaller beating amplitude and higher beating frequency, which resulted in less effective forward swimming. The energy restriction/recover experiments with intact sperm further addressed this finding. Besides, decreased AK activity was observed in sperm of a male fertility disorder mouse model induced by cadmium chloride. These results cumulatively demonstrate that AK1 was dispensable for testis development, spermatogenesis, or sperm motility under physiological conditions, but was required for sperm to maintain a constant adenylate energy charge to support sperm motility under conditions of energy stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minyu Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guofei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Nanhai Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Hanbin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feilong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuge Zhuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zicong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Zou
- Department of Urology, Nanhai Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Min Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Geng An
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangjin Kang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenguo Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
High expression of AK1 predicts inferior prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia patients undergoing chemotherapy. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:225238. [PMID: 32519744 PMCID: PMC7300281 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether expression levels of adenylate kinase 1 (AK1) were associated with prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in patients treated with chemotherapy or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). 85 AML patients with AK1 expression report who received chemotherapy-alone and 71 who underwent allo-HSCT from The Cancer Genome Atlas database were identified and grouped into either AK1high or AK1low based on their AK1 expression level relative to the median. Then, overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) were compared between patients with high vs. low AK1 expression. In the chemotherapy group, high AK1 expression was favorable for both EFS (P=0.016) and OS (P=0.014). In the allo-HSCT group, there was no association for AK1 expression levels and clinical outcomes. Further analyses suggested that in the high AK1 expression group, EFS and OS were longer in patients treated with allo-HSCT compared with those treated with chemotherapy (P=0.0011; P<0.0001, respectively), whereas no significant differences were observed in the low AK1 expression group. In summary, we reported AK1 as an independent unfavorable prognostic factor of AML patients undergoing chemotherapy, and its use could also facilitate clinical decision-making in selecting treatment for AML patients. Patients with high AK1 expression may be recommended for early allo-HSCT.
Collapse
|
24
|
Experimental infection by Neospora caninum in gerbil reduces activity of enzymes involved in energy metabolism. Exp Parasitol 2019; 208:107790. [PMID: 31697939 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a protozoan that has tropism for the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to determine whether experimental infection of gerbils would interfere with activity of enzymes associated with energy metabolism. We randomized 20 gerbils into two groups (ten animals per group): the control group (healthy animals; uninfected) and the infected group (experimentally infected with dose 7.8 × 102 tachyzoites of N. caninum per gerbil). On day six and twelve post-infection (PI), brain and spleen tissues were collected for biochemical and histopathological analyses. No histopathological lesions were observed in the brains of infected animals; however, inflammatory infiltrates were found in the spleen. Significantly greater levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were observed in the brain and spleen of infected gerbils than in the control group at 12 days PI. Cytosolic creatine kinase (CK-CYT), mitochondrial creatine kinase (CK-MIT), and pyruvate kinase (PK) activities were lower in the brains of infected gerbils than in those of the control group on day 12 PI. There was significantly less CK-CYT activity in the spleens of infected gerbils on day 6 and 12 PI. Finally, there was significantly less sodium-potassium ion pump (Na+/K+ ATPase) activity in the brains and spleens of infected gerbils on day 12 PI. These data suggest that experimental infection with N. caninum interfered with energy metabolism associated with ATP homeostasis in the brain and spleen, directly or indirectly, apparently mediated by ROS overproduction, contributing to inhibition of Na+/K+ ATPase activity.
Collapse
|