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Willis BM, Kersh PP, Buchanan CM, Cole VT. Internalizing and externalizing pathways to high-risk substance use and geographic location in Australian adolescents. Front Psychol 2022; 13:933488. [PMID: 35992437 PMCID: PMC9387922 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.933488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One specific instantiation of the storm-and-stress view of adolescence is the idea that “normal” adolescence involves high-risk substance use behaviors. However, although uptake of some substance use behaviors is more common during adolescence than other life stages, it is clear that not all adolescents engage in risky substance use—and among those who do, there is much variation in emotional, behavioral, and contextual precursors of this behavior. One such set of predictors forms the internalizing pathway to substance use disorder, whereby internalizing symptoms in childhood such as negative affect and anxiety set off a chain of consequences culminating in high-risk substance use in late adolescence. However, findings linking internalizing symptoms to substance use are mixed, and it is clear that this link varies across adolescents and contexts. One heretofore unanswered question is whether and how geographic location, specifically whether the adolescent lives in an urban or rural location, moderates this link. The current report is a secondary analysis of data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC; N = 2,285), in which we examined the link between internalizing symptoms in childhood and initiation of substance use through age 19. Using a multiple event process survival mixture model (MEPSUM), we identified three trajectories of substance use initiation in adolescence: one (65.7% of the sample) characterized by near-complete abstinence until late adolescence, another (27.2%) by earlier initiation of alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis, and another (7.2%) by early initiation of these substances and later initiation of more hazardous drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine. Although childhood externalizing symptoms increased the risk of being in the second or third class, internalizing symptoms decreased risk when rural and non-rural adolescents were considered together. Few effects of rurality were found, but the negative relationship between internalizing at age 10 and high-risk substance use was only observed among non-rural adolescents. This finding, which was inconsistent with our initial predictions that rurality might confer higher risk for substance use, instead suggests a potentially protective effect of internalizing symptoms for engagement in risky substance use which may differ based on an adolescent’s geographical context.
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Jacobsen WC, Ragan DT, Yang M, Nadel EL, Feinberg ME. Arrested Friendships? Justice Involvement and Interpersonal Exclusion among Rural Youth. THE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN CRIME AND DELINQUENCY 2022; 59:365-409. [PMID: 37008306 PMCID: PMC10065590 DOI: 10.1177/00224278211048942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Objectives We examine the impacts of adolescent arrest on friendship networks. In particular, we extend labeling theory by testing hypotheses for three potential mechanisms of interpersonal exclusion related to the stigma of arrest: rejection, withdrawal, and homophily. Method We use longitudinal data on 48 peer networks from PROSPER, a study of rural youth followed through middle and high school. We test our hypotheses using stochastic actor-based models. Results Our findings suggest that arrested youth are less likely to receive friendship ties from school peers, and are also less likely to extend them. Moreover, these negative associations are attenuated by higher levels of risky behaviors among peers, suggesting that results are driven by exclusion from normative rather than non-normative friendships. We find evidence of homophily on arrest but it appears to be driven by other selection mechanisms rather than a direct preference for similarity on arrest. Conclusions Overall, our findings speak to how arrest may foster social exclusion in rural schools, thereby limiting social capital for already disadvantaged youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade C Jacobsen
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, 2220H Samuel J. LeFrak Hall, College Park, MD 20742
| | | | - Mei Yang
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland
| | | | - Mark E Feinberg
- Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University
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Cheung NWT, Zhong H. Deviant Versus Nondeviant Routines, Social Guardianship and Adolescent Victimization in the Rural Context of China. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP4527-NP4557. [PMID: 35369778 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520958637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is limited knowledge on the possible pathways of victimization among rural dwellers during adolescence in developing contexts, such as rural China, where victimization may compound developmental disadvantages of rural adolescents. Guided by the lifestyle/routine activity theory, the goal of this study thus was to examine how far delinquent lifestyles (delinquent involvement and delinquent peer association); nondeviant routine activities (unstructured socializing with peers, structured activities, and solitary activities); and social guardianship within family, school, and neighborhood contribute to juvenile victimization in a rural setting. The outcomes of interest covered direct victimization (violent, property, and sexual) and indirect victimization (witnessing community violence). The study included 2,839 adolescents (51.2% male; mean age = 13.88 ± 0.90 years) from 30 middle schools in rural China. The delinquent peer influence as a risk factor of direct and indirect victimization appeared to be more profound than delinquent involvement. Solitary activities consistently put rural adolescents at greater risk of direct and indirect victimization, and their role was stronger than that of rural adolescents' delinquent involvement. No victimization outcomes were predicted by unstructured socializing with peers and structured activities. Attachment to family caregivers and neighborhood cohesion were the strongest social guardianship predictors across all forms of victimization. These results suggest that alongside social guardianship and delinquent lifestyles, rural isolation should be addressed in managing juvenile victimization. The insignificant role of unstructured socializing with peers may raise the need to clarify its conceptual relevance to rural settings. The implications for improving the underdeveloped preventive measures against victimization of rural adolescent populations in developing societies are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole W T Cheung
- Department of Sociology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Sociology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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López-Martínez P, Montero-Montero D, Moreno-Ruiz D, Martínez-Ferrer B. Child-to-Parent Violence, Peer Victimization and Cybervictimization in Spanish Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179360. [PMID: 34501948 PMCID: PMC8431485 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between child-to-parent violence (CPV) (high, moderate and low), peer victimization (PV) (relational and overt, both physical and verbal) and cybervictimization (CV) (relational and overt), taking into account the role of sex. 1304 adolescents (53.14% girls) between the ages of 11 and 18 enrolled at secondary schools in the Autonomous Communities of Valencia, Aragón and Andalusia participated in the study. Adolescents with high CPV scores obtained higher scores for all types of PV and CV compared to the other CPV groups. Boys scored higher than girls in overt physical PV and in overt CV and girls obtained higher scores in relational PV. A statistically significant interaction effect was observed; boys with high CPV scores reported greater overt CV. The results suggest the importance of CPV in relation to specific forms of PV and CV and highlight the need to take into account the different processes of family socialization between boys and girls to reduce the likelihood of adolescents being victimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula López-Martínez
- Department of Education and Social Psychology, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (B.M.-F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - David Montero-Montero
- Department of Education and Social Psychology, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (B.M.-F.)
| | - David Moreno-Ruiz
- Department of Social Psychology, Valencia University, 46003 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Belén Martínez-Ferrer
- Department of Education and Social Psychology, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (B.M.-F.)
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Stepanyan ST, Natsuaki MN, Cheong Y, Hastings PD, Zahn-Waxler C, Klimes-Dougan B. Early pubertal maturation and externalizing behaviors: Examination of peer delinquency as mediator and cognitive flexibility as a moderator. J Adolesc 2020; 84:45-55. [PMID: 32853861 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While peer delinquency is a known mediator between early pubertal timing and externalizing behaviors, little is known about factors that could protect against the adverse influence of peer delinquency. This study assesses the possible moderating role of cognitive flexibility, which is one index of executive functioning that facilitates flexible and adaptive responses to challenging situations. We assessed the interactive influence of peer delinquency and cognitive flexibility in the association between pubertal maturation and externalizing behaviors in boys and girls. METHOD Participants were 220 adolescents (111 boys) from the United States, between the ages of 11 and 16 years (M = 13.2, SD = 1.53) who participated in the Adolescent Emotion Study (AES). RESULTS Findings from the cross-sectional path modeling analyses provided evidence for the mediating role of peer delinquency for boys and girls, indicating that early maturing adolescents tend to affiliate with delinquent peers, which in turn exacerbates externalizing problems. Additionally, the moderating role of cognitive flexibility was also demonstrated for both boys and girls. Region of significance tests revealed that relatively well-developed cognitive flexibility skills could protect against the adverse influences of peer delinquency, whereas lower levels could exacerbate those negative influences. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that involvement with deviant peers increases vulnerability for both early maturing boys and girls. Additionally, cognitive flexibility was an important moderating factor for adolescents, such that youths with less developed skills would be at a higher risk for psychopathology, whereas those with better development could be protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia T Stepanyan
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Misaki N Natsuaki
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Yeram Cheong
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Paul D Hastings
- Center for Mind & Brain, Center for Poverty Research University of California Davis, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA, 95618, USA.
| | - Carolyn Zahn-Waxler
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 1202 West Johnson St, Madison, WI, 52706, USA.
| | - Bonnie Klimes-Dougan
- Psychology Department, University of Minnesota, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Perkins JM, Perkins HW, Craig DW. Norms and Attitudes about Being an Active Bystander: Support for Telling Adults about Seeing Knives or Guns at School among Greater London Youth. J Youth Adolesc 2019; 49:849-868. [PMID: 31768740 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-019-01127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the factors associated with support among youth for reporting a knife or gun at school to an adult is essential to inform violence prevention initiatives. However, no studies have empirically assessed attitudes about support for reporting among secondary school students in Greater London nor perceived norms about such support among peers. Thus, this study explores whether students misperceive peer norms about support for telling adults about seeing weapons at school. Anonymous surveys were completed by 7401 youth (52% female; 43% White; mean age 11.8 years) in school years 4-11 in 45 school cohorts in a greater London borough between 2007 and 2012. Students reported both personal support about reporting weapons to several categories of adults and whether they perceived most other students at their school to support reporting weapons to adults in each category. Most students (64-78% on average) in most cohorts personally thought that students should report seeing a weapon at school to head teachers, police/security guard, teachers/counselors, and parent/other adult relatives. However, 34-44% of students erroneously thought that the majority of their peers did not support reporting to these adults. Perceived norms predicted personal support for reporting, adjusting for the prevalence of actual support at one's school and other factors. Pervasive norm misperceptions about reporting may contribute to a less safe environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Perkins
- Peabody College of Education and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Villani D, Florio E, Sorgente A, Castelli I, Riva G, Marchetti A, Massaro D. Adolescents' Beliefs About Peers' Engagement in an Online Self-Harm Challenge: Exploring the Role of Individual Characteristics Through a Latent Class Analysis. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2019; 22:684-691. [PMID: 31697599 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2019.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade considerable attention has been devoted to the possible contribution of social media, and the Internet generally, to instigating adolescents' engagement in self-harm activities, which are considered the result of a combination of multidimensional variables, such as depression and anxiety. This study aimed to identify, using latent class analysis (LCA), classes homogeneous for adolescents' beliefs about peers' motivations in taking part in the recent Blue Whale Challenge Game, and to analyze the individual predictors (gender, mental health problems, self-harm and risk-taking behaviors, and problematic Internet use) of the adolescent's latent class membership. We performed an LCA using "perceived attraction" and "perceived constraint" as nominal indicators. Relative fit indices suggested the two class solution as the best measurement model: the first class was mostly composed of adolescents who attributed a central role to the adolescent (internal causality), while the second class mostly composed of adolescents who attributed a central role to the recruiters (external causality). In addition, we explored some individual characteristics to test whether they could predict adolescents' class membership. Results suggests that it is significantly more likely for adolescents with higher level of stress and risk-taking to attribute a central role to their peers' internal motivation, rather than to the recruiter, in deciding to take part in the online self-harm challenge game. Implications for preventive interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Villani
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Florio
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Angela Sorgente
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Castelli
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Riva
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.,Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Marchetti
- Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Massaro
- Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
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Bowman A, Knack JM, Barry AE, Merianos AL, Wilson KL, McKyer ELJ, Smith ML. Self-Perceptions and Factors Associated With Being Put Down at School Among Middle and High School Students. J Sch Nurs 2019; 37:270-279. [PMID: 31390956 DOI: 10.1177/1059840519864144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the prevalence of verbally being put down by others and intrapersonal and normative factors associated with being put down by others among middle and high school students. Students (N = 1,027) completed the Adolescent Health Risk Behavior Survey. Over 16% of participants reported being put down at school. Students who identified with the negative words confused, unattractive, dull, and careless and identified less with the positive words popular, smart, considerate, cool, and self-confident reported being put down by others. High school students were less likely to be put down. As students scored higher on the Negative Self-Description Scale, their odds of being put down increased. As students scored higher on the Positive Self-Description Scale, their odds of being put down decreased. Students who perceived their friends drinking alcohol regularly were less likely to be put down. Strategies to enhance self-perceptions to raise self-awareness and form healthy/positive identities are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Bowman
- College of Public Health, School of Social Work, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Adam E Barry
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ashley L Merianos
- School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kelly L Wilson
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - E Lisako J McKyer
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences, Center for Community Health Development, Texas A&M School of Public Health, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Matthew Lee Smith
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Texas A&M School of Public Health, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M School of Public Health, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Health Promotion and Behavior, College of Public Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Meisel SN, Colder CR. Dyadic and Group-Level Positive Friendship Characteristics and Susceptibility to Perceived Delinquent Peer Substance Use. THE JOURNAL OF EARLY ADOLESCENCE 2019; 39:477-498. [PMID: 31346301 PMCID: PMC6658102 DOI: 10.1177/0272431618770798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Peer relations researchers have suggested that dyadic and peer group relationship characteristics may interact with each other to affect behavior. Building on prior work that has pitted the relative effects of dyadic and peer group relationship characteristics on susceptibility to peer influence, the present study sought to integrate dyadic and group characteristics into a moderational model by testing whether friendship quality and peer group identification together exacerbate risk for conforming to peer norms for substance use. This longitudinal study included 387 early adolescents assessed annually for 4 years. Participants completed measures of perceived peer delinquency, friendship quality, peer group identification, and substance use frequency. Results indicated that perceived peer delinquency had the strongest association with substance use for adolescents characterized by high friendship quality and high peer group identification. These findings highlight the importance of considering the joint effects of multiple peer relationship characteristics on susceptibility to peer influence.
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Portocarrero MEL, Giguère AMC, Lépine J, Garvelink MM, Robitaille H, Delanoë A, Lévesque I, Wilson BJ, Rousseau F, Légaré F. Use of a patient decision aid for prenatal screening for Down syndrome: what do pregnant women say? BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2017; 17:90. [PMID: 28320334 PMCID: PMC5359918 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-017-1273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient decision aids (PtDAs) help people make difficult, values-sensitive decisions. Prenatal screening for assessing the risk of genetic conditions in the fetus is one such decision and patient decision aids are rarely used in this clinical context. We sought to identify factors influencing pregnant women's use of a patient decision aid for deciding about prenatal screening for Down syndrome (DS). METHODS This qualitative study was embedded in a sequential mixed-methods research program whose main aim is to implement shared decision-making (SDM) in the context of prenatal screening for DS in the province of Quebec, Canada. We planned to recruit a purposive sample of 45 pregnant women with low-risk pregnancy consulting for prenatal care at three clinical sites. Participating women watched a video depicting a prenatal care follow-up during which a pregnant woman, her partner and a health professional used a PtDA to decide about prenatal screening for DS. The women were then interviewed about factors that would influence the use of this PtDA using questions based on the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). We performed content analysis of transcribed verbatim interviews. RESULTS Out of 216 eligible women, 100 agreed to participate (46% response rate) and 46 were interviewed. Regarding the type of health professional responsible for their prenatal care, 19 participants (41%) reported having made a decision about prenatal screening for DS with an obstetrician-gynecologist, 13 (28%) with a midwife, 12 (26%) with a family physician, and two (4%) decided on their own. We identified 54 factors that were mapped onto nine of the 12 TDF domains. The three most frequently-mentioned were: opinion of the pregnant woman's partner (n = 33, 72%), presentation of the PtDA by health professional and a discussion (n = 27, 72%), and not having encountered a PtDA (n = 26, 57%). CONCLUSION This study allowed us to identify factors influencing pregnant women's use of a PtDA for prenatal screening for DS. Use of a PtDA by health professionals and patients is one step in providing the needed decision support and our study results will allow us to design an effective implementation strategy for PtDAs for prenatal screening for DS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anik M. C. Giguère
- Centre d’Excellence sur le Vieillissement de Québec, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Johanie Lépine
- Population Health and Practice-Changing Research Group, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mirjam M. Garvelink
- Population Health and Practice-Changing Research Group, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hubert Robitaille
- Population Health and Practice-Changing Research Group, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Quebec, Canada
| | - Agathe Delanoë
- Population Health and Practice-Changing Research Group, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Lévesque
- CHU de Québec, Hôpital St-François d’Assise, and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brenda J. Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - François Rousseau
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
- Health Technology Assessment and Evidence-based Laboratory Medicine, Quebec, Canada
| | - France Légaré
- Population Health and Practice-Changing Research Group, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practice Research Group, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Hôpital St-François d’Assise, 10, rue de l’Espinay/D6-730, Quebec, G1L 3L5 Canada
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Hughes JN, Cao Q, Kwok OM. Indirect Effects of Extracurricular Participation on Academic Adjustment Via Perceived Friends' Prosocial Norms. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 45:2260-2277. [PMID: 27299761 PMCID: PMC5056131 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-016-0508-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Students who participate in extracurricular activities in middle school exhibit higher levels of academic motivation and achievement, including graduation from high school. However, the mechanisms responsible for these beneficial effects are poorly understood. Guided by the bioecological models of development, this study tested the indirect effects of participation in grade 8 in school sports or performance arts and clubs on grade 9 academic achievement, academic competence beliefs, and school belonging, via adolescents' perceptions of their friends' prosocial norms. Participants were 495 (45 % female) ethnically diverse students (mean age at grade 8 = 13.9 years; SD = .58) who were recruited into a longitudinal study on the basis of below average literacy in grade 1. Using weighted propensity score analyses to control for potential confounders, results of longitudinal SEM found indirect effect of participation in sports, but not of participation in performance arts and clubs, on grade 9 outcomes noted above. Implications of findings for improving educational attainment of at-risk youth are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan N Hughes
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, 4225 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4225, USA.
| | - Qian Cao
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, 4225 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4225, USA
| | - Oi-Man Kwok
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, 4225 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4225, USA
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