1
|
Yeshua M, Berger A. Self-Regulated Parenting: A Systematic Review of the Relations Between Effortful Control, the Big-Five, and Parenting Practices. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241256623. [PMID: 38822819 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241256623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
It is well established that parents' own self-regulation is related to adaptive parenting practices (such as warmth and sensitivity) as well as to maladaptive ones (such as laxness and over-reactivity). However, parenting practices are not solely determined by parents' self-regulation. We discuss how broad personality dimensions (drawn from the Big-Five model) relate to temperamental self-regulation (effortful control) and to parenting practices. Considering the limited empirical literature linking these three constructs, we present extant evidence for each of the dyadic connections between these three constructs. We then propose a comprehensive model that includes the plausible moderation/mediation role of different personality dimensions (such as conscientiousness and agreeableness) on the connection between self-regulation and parenting practices. This systematic review summarizes the extant empirical findings from 74 studies, linking effortful control, character and parenting practices. It is the first to systematically review and organize the accumulating knowledge regarding their relations. Based on the reviewed literature, a conceptual framework is proposed for predicting parenting practices, which are, in turn, a crucial concept predicting children's behavioral and cognitive outcomes. In doing so, it provides a theoretical basis for the importance of parental character traits, specifically conscientiousness and agreeableness, as mediators between the parent's effortful control and their actual parenting practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maor Yeshua
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Andrea Berger
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lotto CR, Altafim ERP, Linhares MBM. Maternal Emotional and Behavioral Regulation/Dysregulation and Parenting Practices: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024:15248380241253036. [PMID: 38804703 DOI: 10.1177/15248380241253036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Emotional and behavioral regulations are crucial for the development of perceptive, responsive, and flexible parenting. Moreover, maternal emotional dysregulation constitutes a risk for maltreatment behaviors. The present study aimed to conduct a systematic review of empirical studies on the associations between mothers' emotional and behavioral regulations and parenting practices with their children or adolescents. A systematic review was conducted, including papers that addressed these variables, analyzing the direct effects, and moderation or mediation effects of maternal emotional and behavioral regulation on parenting practices, targeting child and adolescent samples. We identified 35 studies for analysis. Most of the studies (86%) showed significant associations between maternal emotional and behavioral regulation and parenting practices. Mothers' emotional dysregulation was related to a high risk of maltreatment and negative parenting, such as unsupportive reactions and harsh discipline. High maternal emotional dysregulation and negative parenting, in turn, were associated with children's aggressive behaviors. Conversely, when mothers exhibited high emotional regulation, they engaged in more positive and supportive parenting. Additionally, maternal behavioral regulation with inhibitory control and effortful control led to supportive and warm parenting. Individual and contextual factors, such as maternal victimization history and symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity, had effects on maternal emotional dysregulation, which, in turn, impacted their parenting practices. Consequently, emotional and behavioral regulation played a crucial role in mothers' parenting practices with their children and adolescents. The findings of the current review could contribute to planning parenting interventions, including maternal emotional and behavioral regulation skills, aimed at preventing maltreatment of their children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Regina Lotto
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee AH, O’Brien JR, Binion G, Lewis JK, Zalewski M. Supportive Emotion Socialization Mitigates Risk Between Maternal Emotion Regulation Difficulties and Preschooler Emotion Regulation. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2023; 32:824-832. [PMID: 38106378 PMCID: PMC10722889 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-022-02404-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have examined protective maternal factors that may mitigate the intergenerational transmission of risk of maternal emotion regulation difficulties on child outcomes. The current study tested whether supportive maternal emotion socialization moderated the association between maternal emotion regulation difficulties and child emotion regulation behaviors. Participants were 68 mother-preschooler (aged 36-60 months) dyads that were oversampled for maternal symptoms of borderline personality disorder, in order to achieve greater variability in the range of maternal emotion regulation difficulties. Maternal emotion regulation difficulties and supportive emotion socialization behaviors were measured using self-report questionnaires, and child emotion regulation was coded during a frustration-eliciting blocked goal task. Results partially supported study hypotheses, such that trait maternal emotion regulation difficulties were associated with child displays of sadness at low levels of supportive maternal emotion socialization, but not when mothers engaged in higher levels of supportive emotion socialization. These findings suggest that maternal emotion regulation and emotion socialization are distinctly related to child emotion expression and regulatory actions, and that adaptive maternal emotion socialization may mitigate some of the adverse transgenerational impacts of impaired emotion regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela H. Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | | | - Grace Binion
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cheng L, Cao J. Factors influencing smart device addiction among preschool children: An extended protection-risk model perspective. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1017772. [PMID: 36844311 PMCID: PMC9947858 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1017772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, users of smart devices are from increasingly younger generations, and their use is very common among preschoolers. The problem of smart device addiction in preschool children has attracted widespread attention, due to which this study explores the influencing factors in children aged 2-5 years. Based on the protection-risk model, 236 Chinese parents were surveyed, and the data was analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling. The findings show that parental emotion regulation significantly and negatively influences children's depression and social withdrawal symptoms, whereas it has a significant and positive influence on parental self-control as well as outdoor intention. Also, children's depression and social withdrawal symptoms have a significant and positive influence on their smart device addiction, whereas parental self-control and outdoor intentions have no significant influence on it. Moreover, children's social withdrawal and depression have a mediating effect between parental emotion regulation and children's smart device addiction, but parental self-control and outdoor intention have no mediating effect between the two. This study identifies the factors influencing children's smart device addiction from a new perspective, providing theoretical support to address this problem of addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cheng
- Department of Child and Family Studies, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Junwei Cao
- School of Business, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Junwei Cao,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yeshua M, Zohar AH, Berger A. Mediating roles of character traits and parenting in the relationship between maternal effortful control and children's conduct problems. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15211. [PMID: 37065687 PMCID: PMC10100806 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parenting practices are crucial to children's development and are important predictors of children's conduct problems. The aim of the current study was to test the mediating role of mothers' character traits on the relationship between their temperamental self-regulation and their parenting practices, and on their children's conduct problems. Method A representative sample of 387 Israeli mothers of kindergarten children was recruited online. They completed questionnaires about their own effortful control (adult temperament questionnaire; ATQ), character traits (temperament and character inventory-revised (TCI-R), big five inventory (BFI)), and parenting practices (coping with children's negative emotions scale; CCNES), as well as conduct problems of their children (strengths and difficulties questionnaire; SDQ). Structural equation models were fitted, testing for direct and indirect connections, once with character traits drawn from the TCI and once with BFI traits. Results In both analyses, the first model presented a significant direct effect between mothers' effortful control and children's conduct problems. When including mother's parenting and character (based on the TCI or on the BFI) in the model, the direct path became insignificant and significant mediation effects were found; specifically, the indirect path through the parenting practices, as well as the mediated mediation path through the parenting practices and character. Moreover, mediation effects were found between mothers' effortful control and parenting practices through some character traits. The selected models showed a good fit (e.g., NFI = 0.985; CFI = 0.997; RMSEA = 0.038). Discussion Our findings emphasize the importance of the mother's mature personality characteristics, the mother's actual parental practices, and the crucial value of this path for predicting child behavior outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maor Yeshua
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ada H. Zohar
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer, Israel
- Graduate Program in Clinical Psychology, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer, Israel
- Graduate Program in Gerontological Clinical Psychology, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer, Israel
| | - Andrea Berger
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cave-Freeman D, Mancini VO, Wakschlag LS, Finlay-Jones A. Maternal Emotion Regulation and Early Childhood Irritability: The Role of Child Directed Emotion Regulation Strategies. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022; 196:111717. [PMID: 37206891 PMCID: PMC10193920 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parental assistance with children's emotion regulation (ER) is a form of emotion socialization behavior that has recently been operationalized with the development of the Parent Assistance with Child Emotion Regulation (PACER) questionnaire. In line with Eisenberg et al.'s heuristic model of the socialization of emotion, this study sought to test the links between mothers' ER difficulties, their use of ER strategies with their child, and child irritability - a salient dimension of child regulatory difficulties. Cross-sectional data was collected online with mothers (N = 371) of children aged one month to 5 years (M = 2.07 years, SD = 1.25) and data were analysed using hierarchical multiple regression analysis. After controlling for child age and gender, maternal distress, and household income, we found small but significant associations between maternal ER difficulties and child irritability. However, maternal use of ER strategies did not account for further variance in child irritability. These findings suggest that there are meaningful associations between maternal ER and child irritability, although maternal strategies to support child ER appear independent of their own ER capacity. Whilst not associated with child irritability, maternal support for children's ER may be associated with other indicators of mental health risk and resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Cave-Freeman
- Early Neurodevelopment and Mental Health Team, Telethon Kids Institute, 15 Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Vincent O. Mancini
- Early Neurodevelopment and Mental Health Team, Telethon Kids Institute, 15 Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Lauren S. Wakschlag
- Early Neurodevelopment and Mental Health Team, Telethon Kids Institute, 15 Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 N. Michigan, Suite 2100, Chicago, IL 60611, United States of America
| | - Amy Finlay-Jones
- Early Neurodevelopment and Mental Health Team, Telethon Kids Institute, 15 Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dippel N, In-Albon T, Schneider S, Christiansen H, Brakemeier EL. Investigating the feasibility and effectiveness of a modular treatment program for children and adolescents with depression and interpersonal problems: study protocol of a quasi-experimental pilot feasibility trial (CBASP@YoungAge). Pilot Feasibility Stud 2022; 8:145. [PMID: 35821072 PMCID: PMC9275387 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-022-01091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Depression is a serious disorder in childhood and adolescence. Affected children and adolescents show significant impairments in various aspects of life. Studies on the effectiveness or efficacy of psychotherapy in depressed children and adolescents are qualitatively very heterogeneous and reveal small effect sizes. There is thus a need to better tailor psychotherapy approaches to these age groups to improve outcomes like parent-child relationship, symptomatology, or quality of life. To address this gap, we designed a modular, individualized treatment program for children and adolescents based on the Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP) including caregiver involvement. Method This quasi-experimental pilot feasibility trial is a phase 1 to phase 2 study investigating the feasibility and effectiveness of CBASP@YoungAge by including an intervention group (CBASP@YoungAge) and a treatment-as-usual control group. The treatment of depressive symptoms as well as interpersonal problems with primary caregivers are the main targets of CBASP@YoungAge. Personalization is ensured concerning the treatment course, caregivers’ involvement, and the patient’s age. The primary outcome relates to two areas: the feasibility of the CBASP@YoungAge treatment program in an outpatient context and a change in patients' depressive symptomatology from before to after treatment. We conduct a brief process evaluation after each session in the intervention group to closely monitor the treatment process and examine feasibility from the therapists' and patients' perspectives and mechanisms of symptom change. In addition, we consider interpersonal behavior between children and caregivers, parenting behavior, and monitor the global-health-index in children and parents as secondary outcomes. Pre-, post-, and follow-up data are evaluated. Discussion This is the first study of a modular-based intervention program for children and adolescents with depression and a clear focus on the interpersonal problems between the depressed young patient and her/his caregiver. It will provide important knowledge on the feasibility and effectiveness of the program and potential benefits of including caregivers in psychotherapy. Based on this study’s results, we plan a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial whose long-term aim is to improve the psychotherapeutic care of young patients with depression while preventing persistent courses of depressive disorders. Trial registration German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS (identifier DRKS00023281). Registered 17 November 2020–Retrospectively registered Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40814-022-01091-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Dippel
- Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - T In-Albon
- University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Keskin G, Branje S. Longitudinal relations between maternal and adolescent emotion dysregulation and maternal autonomy support. J Adolesc 2022; 94:811-828. [PMID: 35754358 PMCID: PMC9544504 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal characteristics and mother-adolescent relationships are thought to affect the emotional development of adolescents. Adolescents can learn to regulate their emotions by observing their mothers, and this is further facilitated by maternal autonomy support. Therefore, this study longitudinally examined the associations among maternal emotion dysregulation, maternal autonomy support, and adolescent emotion dysregulation. METHOD Participants were 466 Dutch adolescents (54.51% males; Mage = 14.03, SD = 0.45) and 462 mothers (Mage = 45.49, SD = 4.47), who completed self-reports of emotion dysregulation and maternal autonomy support for five consecutive years. RESULTS Random Intercept-Cross Lagged Panel Model analyses showed that at the between-family level, maternal emotion dysregulation was correlated with adolescent emotion dysregulation, adolescent-reported maternal autonomy support, and mother-reported maternal autonomy support; and adolescent emotion dysregulation was correlated with adolescent-reported maternal autonomy support. At the within-family level, higher than usual maternal emotion dysregulation was positively related to adolescent emotion dysregulation at Time 1, yet, was negatively related to adolescent emotion dysregulation at other time points concurrently, and predicted lower adolescent emotion dysregulation in the next year. Also, higher than usual adolescent emotion dysregulation was related to lower adolescent-reported maternal autonomy support both concurrently and the next year. CONCLUSIONS Both mothers and adolescents played an important role in adolescent emotional development. To promote adolescent emotional development, it is important to target both maternal emotion dysregulation to understand the development of adolescent emotion dysregulation, and adolescent emotion dysregulation to prevent mothers from providing less autonomy support to their adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Keskin
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Canada
| | - Susan Branje
- Department of Youth and Family, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Qu J, Lei L, Wang X, Xie X, Wang P. Mother Phubbing and Adolescent Cyberbullying: The Mediating Role of Perceived Mother Acceptance and the Moderating Role of Emotional Stability. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP9591-NP9612. [PMID: 33371780 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520983905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have found some risk factors of cyberbullying. However, little is known about how mother phubbing may influence adolescent cyberbullying, and the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this relationship. "Phubbing," which is a portmanteau of "phone" and "subbing," refers to snubbing other people and focus on smartphones in social interactions. This study examined whether mother phubbing, which refers to being phubbed by one's mother, would be positively related to adolescent cyberbullying, whether perceived mother acceptance would mediate the relationship between mother phubbing and adolescent cyberbullying, and whether emotional stability would moderate the pathways between mother phubbing and adolescent cyberbullying. The sample consisted of 4,213 Chinese senior high school students (mean age 16.41 years, SD = 0.77, 53% were female). Participants completed measurements regarding mother phubbing, cyberbullying, perceived mother acceptance, and emotional stability. The results indicated that mother phubbing was positively related to cyberbullying, which was mediated by perceived mother acceptance. Further, moderated mediation analyses showed that emotional stability moderated the direct path between mother phubbing and cyberbullying and the indirect path between mother phubbing and perceived mother acceptance. This study highlighted the harmful impact of mother phubbing on adolescents by showing a positive association between mother phubbing and adolescent cyberbullying, as well as the underlying mechanisms between mother phubbing and adolescent cyberbullying.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Qu
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
- Jiahui Qu and Li Lei are co-first authors who contributed equally to this manuscript
| | - Li Lei
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
- Jiahui Qu and Li Lei are co-first authors who contributed equally to this manuscript
| | - Xingchao Wang
- School of Educational Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaochun Xie
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang R, Guo Y, Bai B, Wang Y, Gao L, Cheng L. The Association between Parental Marital Satisfaction and Adolescent Prosocial Behavior in China: A Moderated Serial Mediation Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095630. [PMID: 35565021 PMCID: PMC9103132 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Parental marital satisfaction is a well-established protective factor for prosocial behavior in adolescents, yet the parental socialization of adolescent prosocial behavior is limited in Chinese culture. Furthermore, it remains unknown whether the association between parental marital satisfaction and adolescent prosocial behavior is mediated by parent-child intimacy and/or adolescent empathy. The present study examined these associations in 480 students (50.4% male, age = 12.7 ± 0.54 years) and one of their parents. Path analysis (Mplus) revealed that parental marital satisfaction was related to a high level of parent-child intimacy, which was, in turn, associated with a high level of adolescent empathy, which itself predicted adolescent prosocial behavior. The serial mediation effect differed between boys and girls. Specifically, compared with boys, girls' parent-child intimacy was a stronger predictor of their empathy, and empathy had a stronger predictive effect on their prosocial behavior. Several implications for interventions and policies for increasing prosocial behavior in children are suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Zhang
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (R.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.W.); (L.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Yaqian Guo
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (R.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.W.); (L.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Baoyu Bai
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yabing Wang
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (R.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.W.); (L.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Linlin Gao
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (R.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.W.); (L.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Lan Cheng
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (R.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.W.); (L.G.); (L.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Family Functioning and Risky Behaviors Among Female Adolescents: Mediating Role of Emotion Dysregulation and Decision-Making Styles. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02799-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
12
|
Buchanan CM, Gangel MJ, McCurdy AL, Fletcher AC, Buehler C. Parental Self-Efficacy and Physiological Responses to Stress among Mothers of Early Adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 2022; 51:643-658. [PMID: 35107745 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-022-01577-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Little research addresses how parental self-efficacy is related to stress responses, and no research does so among parents of early adolescents. To fill this research gap, the current study examined the association between maternal self-efficacy and physiological stress responses during early adolescence. Participants were 68 mother-early adolescent dyads with youth in the 6th grade (M = 11 years; 56% female). Physiological responses (i.e., skin conductance, respiratory sinus arrythmia, cortisol) were measured before and after mothers observed their children engage in a modified Trier Social Stress Test for Children. Mothers reported on parental self-efficacy. Mothers with higher parental self-efficacy exhibited a more moderate skin conductance response to the speech portion of the task, and a smaller increase in cortisol, compared to mothers with lower parental self-efficacy. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia change was not related to parental self-efficacy. The findings are consistent with a "caring but confident" physiological profile among mothers with high parental self-efficacy, suggesting that greater confidence about parental influence might reduce parents' experience of stress/anxiety as they observe children face certain challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christy Miller Buchanan
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, PO Box 7778, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109-7778, USA.
| | - Meghan J Gangel
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, PO Box 7778, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109-7778, USA
| | - Amy L McCurdy
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA
| | - Anne C Fletcher
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA
| | - Cheryl Buehler
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guo X, Hua H, Xu J, Liu Z. Associations of childhood unintentional injuries with maternal emotional status during COVID-19. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:422. [PMID: 34560850 PMCID: PMC8460849 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02846-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To explore the characteristics of unintentional childhood-injury during the COVID-19 pandemic and assess the association of unintentional-injury with maternal emotional status. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a convenience sample of 1300 children under 12-years-old from 21 schools (including nurseries/ kindergartens/ primary schools) in Wuhan and Shanghai during March to April 2020, and the mothers completed questionnaires online. Self-rating Depression/Anxiety Scales were used to evaluate maternal emotional status, questions on child unintentional-injury were based on the International-Statistical-Classification-of-Diseases-and-Related-Health-Problems-version-10 (ICD-10), and a total of 11 kinds of unintentional injuries were inquired. Information on socio-demographic and family-background factors was also collected. Results The children of 0–4, 5–9, and 10–12 years accounted for 29.2, 55.2 and 15.6%, respectively, the unintentional-injury rates were 10.29, 4.18 and 3.45%, respectively (P < 0.001), and boys had higher rates than girls. The three leading causes included “being struck by/against”, falls and animal bites (traffic-injury accounted for a small proportion). Lower maternal educational, living in suburban/rural (vs. urban) areas, grandparents (vs. mothers) being main caregivers, more child exposure to secondhand smoke, close relatives being suspected/ confirmed COVID-19 cases were associated with a higher risk of child unintentional-injury. After adjusting for related confounders, higher maternal depression levels were associated with a higher risk of unintentional injury. Conclusions The characteristics of unintentional childhood injury were different from those in non-pandemic periods. The main causes, risk factors and the association of unintentional injury with maternal depression deserve attention for development of effective measures for preventing children from unintentional injury during COVID-19 pandemic. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-021-02846-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Guo
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, No. 910 Hengshan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.,MOE-Shanghai Key Lab of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hui Hua
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, No. 910 Hengshan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jian Xu
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, No. 910 Hengshan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, No. 910 Hengshan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wong TKY, Konishi C, Kong X. Parenting and prosocial behaviors: A meta‐analysis. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy K. Y. Wong
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Chiaki Konishi
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Xiaoxue Kong
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cheung RY, Chan LY, Chung KK. Emotion dysregulation between mothers, fathers, and adolescents: Implications for adolescents' internalizing problems. J Adolesc 2020; 83:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
16
|
Kumar SA, Franz MR, Brock RL, DiLillo D. Posttraumatic Stress and Parenting Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2020; 35:417-426. [PMID: 35664666 PMCID: PMC9162433 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-019-00124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Maternal trauma has been linked with problematic parenting, including both harsh and permissive behaviors. However, little is known about mechanisms accounting for this association. The current study examined the potential impact of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and emotion regulation on dysfunctional parenting behaviors in a sample of community mothers. We hypothesized a mediation model wherein PTSD would be associated with dysfunctional parenting (i.e., lax and overreactive behaviors) indirectly through deficits in maternal emotion regulation. METHOD Seventy-eight community mothers of 18- to 36-month-old children were administered the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) and 19 mothers met criteria for PTSD. Mothers also completed self-report measures of difficulties with emotion regulation and maternal laxness and overreactivity in parenting. RESULTS Results revealed that emotion dysregulation fully mediated relations between PTSD status and lax (but not overreactive) parenting behaviors. Compared to mothers without PTSD, those with PTSD reported greater lax parenting behaviors indirectly through greater emotion dysregulation. CONCLUSIONS Mothers with PTSD may struggle to parent assertively when trauma symptoms interfere with emotion regulation abilities. The current study highlights the need to design interventions focused on helping trauma-exposed mothers manage distress, ultimately aiming to enhance parenting effectiveness and improve child outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaina A. Kumar
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Psychology Department, 238 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0308
| | - Molly R. Franz
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Psychology Department, 238 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0308
| | - Rebecca L. Brock
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Psychology Department, 238 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0308
| | - David DiLillo
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Psychology Department, 238 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0308
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ku B, Heinonen GA, MacDonald M, Hatfield B. An inquiry into how parents of children with autism spectrum disorder interact with their children in a motor skill-based play setting. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2019; 94:103494. [PMID: 31520962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2019.103494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies examining parental behaviors of parents of young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing (TD) children have taken place in free play settings and have primarily focused on examining social behaviors. Motor skill-based play settings, which are distinctly different from free play settings, have not been explicitly studied as it relates to parental behaviors in these environments. AIMS The purpose of this study was to examine parental behaviors of parents of children with and without ASD in two distinctly different play settings. METHODS Parental behaviors of eighteen parents of children with (n = 9) and without ASD (n = 9) were examined by observation in different play settings (free play [a social-play/traditional play based setting] and a motor skill-based play setting). The examined parental behaviors included parental encouragement, negativity, sensitivity, detachment, and intrusiveness. A 2 × 2 (group × play setting) repeated measures of ANOVA was conducted to examine the main effect of group (TD vs ASD) and play setting (a social-play based setting and a motor skill-based setting) and the interaction effect between group and play setting on parental behaviors. Post-hoc independent t-tests between groups in each setting were conducted to follow-up on significant interactions indicated in the repeated measures of ANOVA RESULTS: The repeated measures ANOVA revealed that parental encouragement showed a significant interaction effect, suggesting that the effect of group on parental encouragement depended on play setting. A post-hoc analysis revealed that parents of children with ASD showed statistically significant lower parental encouragement in a motor skill-based play setting but not in a social-play based setting compared to parents of TD children. Moreover, there was a main effect of group (parents of children with ASD vs. parents of TD children) on parental intrusiveness indicating that the mean parental intrusiveness on children with ASD was significantly higher than parents of TD children across both play settings. There were no statistically significant main or interaction effects on the other parental behaviors (parental negativity, sensitivity, and detachment) between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The current study indicated parental encouragement differences between parents of children with ASD and parents of TD children varied based on the play setting. These results identify a need to examine parental behaviors, especially parental encouragement and parental intrusiveness across various types of play settings. Furthermore, as parents of children with ASD displayed lower parental encouragement in a motor skill-based play setting compared to parents of TD children, future studies are warranted to improve parental encouragement of parents of children with ASD in a motor skill-based play setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byungmo Ku
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.
| | | | - Megan MacDonald
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Bridget Hatfield
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wu Q, Slesnick N, Murnan A. UNDERSTANDING PARENTING STRESS AND CHILDREN'S BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS AMONG HOMELESS, SUBSTANCE-ABUSING MOTHERS. Infant Ment Health J 2018; 39:423-431. [PMID: 29901225 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This article tested a model of parenting stress as a mediator between maternal depressive symptoms, emotion regulation, and child behavior problems using a sample of homeless, substance-abusing mothers. Participants were 119 homeless mothers (ages 18-24 years) and their young children (ages 0-6 years). Mothers responded to questions about their depressive symptoms, emotion regulation, parenting stress, and child behavior problems. A path analysis showed that maternal depressive symptoms were positively associated with child behavior problems through increased parenting stress whereas maternal cognitive reappraisal was negatively associated with child behavior problems through decreased parenting stress. Moreover, maternal expressive suppression was negatively related to child externalizing problems. Findings support the parenting stress theory and highlight maternal parenting stress as a mechanism associated with homeless children's mental health risk. This study has significant implications for understanding the parenting processes underlying child's resilience in the context of homelessness and maternal substance use.
Collapse
|
19
|
Laghi F, Lonigro A, Pallini S, Baiocco R. Emotion Regulation and Empathy: Which Relation with Social Conduct? The Journal of Genetic Psychology 2018; 179:62-70. [PMID: 29384468 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2018.1424705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A shared consensus among researchers deals with the positive association between the ability to effectively regulate and manage one's emotion and the engagement in empathic behavior and morally desirable actions. This study was designed to investigate how dispositional reliance on suppression and reappraisal differently impacted on the cognitive and affective components of empathy and on social conduct, distinguishing among prosocial, internalizing, and externalizing behaviors. Two hundred nineteen middle adolescents were enrolled and fulfilled self-reports assessing emotion regulation strategies, empathy, and social behaviors. The results suggest that there are important distinctions among the emotion regulation strategies and the components of empathy as they relate to one another and to prosocial behavior and problem conduct. Specifically, cognitive reappraisal was related to prosocial behavior through empathic concern. While internalizing behavior was associated with emotion regulation strategies, externalizing behavior was only related to perspective-taking ability. Delimitations and practical implications were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenzo Laghi
- a Department of Social and Developmental Psychology , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Antonia Lonigro
- a Department of Social and Developmental Psychology , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Susanna Pallini
- b Department of Education , University of Rome Tre , Rome , Italy
| | - Roberto Baiocco
- a Department of Social and Developmental Psychology , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cao M, Powers A, Cross D, Bradley B, Jovanovic T. Maternal emotion dysregulation, parenting stress, and child physiological anxiety during dark-enhanced startle. Dev Psychobiol 2017; 59:1021-1030. [PMID: 29027660 PMCID: PMC5690852 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Maternal emotion dysregulation (ED) plays a crucial role in the development of psychopathology in children. The current study aimed to investigate parenting stress as a mediator of the relationship between maternal emotion dysregulation and child startle potentiation, with child sex as a moderator. Mothers were interviewed to obtain self-report of maternal ED and parenting stress and child's dark-enhanced startle (DES) response was measured using electromyographic recordings of the eye-blink muscle during the delivery of acoustic probes. We found that maternal ED was positively correlated with both her parenting stress and her child's DES. A bootstrap analysis yielded a full mediation of the association between ED and child DES via parenting stress. Child sex was not a significant moderator of these relationships. These results suggest that maternal ED has important consequences for the intergenerational transmission of risk and also highlight the interaction of behavioral and biological mechanisms of risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minhnguyen Cao
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA
| | - Abigail Powers
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA
| | - Dorthie Cross
- Georgia Southern University, Department of Psychology, Statesboro, GA
| | - Bekh Bradley
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Mental Health Services, Decatur, GA
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ulrich F, Petermann F. Elterliche Emotionsdysregulation als Risikofaktor für die kindliche Entwicklung. KINDHEIT UND ENTWICKLUNG 2017. [DOI: 10.1026/0942-5403/a000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Emotionsregulation ist eines der zentralen Themen der Entwicklungspsychopathologie. Der überwiegende Anteil an Forschungsarbeiten widmet sich der Frage zur Entwicklung von Emotionsregulation, welche als zentrale Entwicklungsaufgabe im Kindesalter erachtet wird. Die Herausbildung einer altersangemessenen Emotionsregulation besitzt eine entscheidende Bedeutung für die psychische Gesundheit und dem späteren Schulerfolg eines Kindes. Obwohl die elterliche Emotionsregulation als ein zentraler Aspekt des Erziehungsverhaltens verstanden wird, ist noch immer nicht hinreichend geklärt, wie Eltern ihre eigenen Gefühle im Erziehungskontext regulieren. Dieser Beitrag bietet einen Überblick zum aktuellen Forschungsstand zu den Auswirkungen einer elterlichen Emotions(dys)regulation auf familiäre Prozesse der kindlichen Emotionsregulation und den Entwicklungsergebnissen des Kindes. Empfehlungen für die klinische Praxis werden diskutiert.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Ulrich
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen
| | - Franz Petermann
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Crandall A, Magnusson BM, Novilla MLB, Novilla LKB, Dyer WJ. Family Financial Stress and Adolescent Sexual Risk-Taking: The Role of Self-Regulation. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 46:45-62. [PMID: 27460827 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-016-0543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to control one's emotions, thoughts, and behaviors is known as self-regulation. Family stress and low adolescent self-regulation have been linked with increased engagement in risky sexual behaviors, which peak in late adolescence and early adulthood. The purpose of this study was to assess whether adolescent self-regulation, measured by parent and adolescent self-report and respiratory sinus arrhythmia, mediates or moderates the relationship between family financial stress and risky sexual behaviors. We assessed these relationships in a 4-year longitudinal sample of 450 adolescents (52 % female; 70 % white) and their parents using structural equation modeling. Results indicated that high family financial stress predicts engagement in risky sexual behaviors as mediated, but not moderated, by adolescent self-regulation. The results suggest that adolescent self-regulatory capacities are a mechanism through which proximal external forces influence adolescent risk-taking. Promoting adolescent self-regulation, especially in the face of external stressors, may be an important method to reduce risk-taking behaviors as adolescents transition to adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- AliceAnn Crandall
- Department of Health Science, Brigham Young University, 4103 LSB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
| | - Brianna M Magnusson
- Department of Health Science, Brigham Young University, 4103 LSB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - M Lelinneth B Novilla
- Department of Health Science, Brigham Young University, 4103 LSB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | | | - W Justin Dyer
- Department of Religious Education, Brigham Young University, 270 N JSB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pavlova MK, Silbereisen RK, Ranta M, Salmela-Aro K. Warm and Supportive Parenting Can Discourage Offspring’s Civic Engagement in the Transition to Adulthood. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 45:2197-2217. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-016-0511-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|