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Zhou X, Park M, Choi Y. Friendship Homophily Trajectories among Asian American Youth from High School to College. J Youth Adolesc 2024; 53:2139-2150. [PMID: 38750314 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-024-02008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Friendship racial homophily, the tendency to form friendships with individuals who share the same racial background, is a normative developmental phenomenon that holds particular significance for youth of color in a racialized society. Yet, there exists a paucity of longitudinal research elucidating the stability and change of friendship racial composition across developmental span. This study aimed to examine the friendship racial homophily trajectories over a six-year period encompassing four time points. The sample comprised 437 Asian American youth (MAge = 16.52, SDAge = 1.36, 53% female), with 197 Filipino and 240 Korean participants. Using logistic multilevel modeling analyses, it was found that both Filipino and Korean American youth demonstrated an increase in friendship racial homophily from high school to college, but that Filipino youth overall reported lower levels of racial homophily compared to their Korean counterparts. The study findings also pinpointed several influential factors impacting these trajectories, including proficiency in heritage languages, ethnic identity, and encounters with racial discrimination from both White Americans and other People of Color. These results highlight the continuous evolution of friendship racial composition from high school to college and emphasize the crucial role of ethnic identity and experiences of discrimination in influencing these dynamics, with ethnic identity exerting more enduring effects and experiences of discrimination showing more situational impacts on the levels of racial homophily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Michael Park
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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2
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Kawabata Y, Dalisay F, Santos JM, Pokhrel P. A Mediation Model for Biculturalism and Cigarette and Betel Nut Use: The Case of Adolescents in Guam. ASIAN AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 14:297-305. [PMID: 37869473 PMCID: PMC10588809 DOI: 10.1037/aap0000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the associations between biculturalism and cigarette and betel nut use and the potential mediating roles of cigarette and betel nut use risk perception and resistance to peer and adult influence among adolescents in Guam. Participants were 673 ethnically diverse students (49% female; Mage = 12.7, SD = .89) from eight public middle schools. The results showed that biculturalism was not associated with cigarette use directly; however, this association was mediated by cigarette use risk perception and resistance to peer and adult influence. In other words, higher biculturalism was associated with more risk perception and then more resistance to peer and adult influence, which sequentially predicted less cigarette use. Similarly, the association between biculturalism and betel nut use was mediated by betel nut use risk perception and resistance to peer and adult influence. Higher biculturalism was associated with greater risk perception and then more resistance to peer and adult influence, which in turn resulted in less betel nut use. These findings can be used to inform the design and implementation of intervention and prevention programs targeting youth who are vulnerable to substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francis Dalisay
- College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, University of Guam
| | | | - Pallav Pokhrel
- Population Sciences in the Pacific, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa
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Lo AYH, Kim SY, Grotevant HD. Parents' adaptation from conflict: Bicultural socialization beliefs and acculturative family conflict in Chinese American families. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2023; 37:443-452. [PMID: 37053417 PMCID: PMC10239337 DOI: 10.1037/fam0001094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Many Chinese American parents desire for their children to take on both Chinese heritage and mainstream American values and behaviors, referred to as their bicultural socialization beliefs. Parents' development of such beliefs appears linked with parent-adolescent conflict concerning cultural values, yet the direction and temporal ordering of this relation is unclear. The present study aimed to resolve discrepancies in the literature through examining the bidirectional relations between Chinese American parents' bicultural socialization beliefs and the acculturative family conflict they experience with their children. Relations were examined across two developmental periods of the children: adolescence and emerging adulthood. Data came from a longitudinal study of 444 Chinese American families from the west coast of the United States. Mothers and fathers reported on their own bicultural socialization beliefs for their children. Mothers, fathers, and adolescents/emerging adults each reported on levels of acculturative family conflict within mother-adolescent and father-adolescent dyads. Higher levels of family conflict in adolescence consistently predicted greater increases in parents' desires for their children to be bicultural in emerging adulthood. Results have implications for interventions with Chinese American families and demonstrate Chinese American parents as capable of adapting and growing from challenging, culturally based interactions with their children. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Lai H, Wang D, Ou X. Cross-cultural adaptation of Chinese students in the United States: Acculturation strategies, sociocultural, psychological, and academic adaptation. Front Psychol 2023; 13:924561. [PMID: 36687892 PMCID: PMC9846175 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.924561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted with the primary purpose to gain a comprehensive understanding of Chinese students' acculturation by examining the effects of their acculturation strategies, sociocultural, psychological adaptation on the academic adaptation. The total number of 315 international Chinese students studying in the United States participated in an online survey. The mid-point split method was used to classify the four acculturation strategies among Chinese students. The results of a Chi-square test, ANOVA analyses and hierarchical regressions reveal that separation was the most preferred acculturation strategy by the Chinese students while marginalization was the least desirable. Chinese students did the best in sociocultural adaptation but the worst in academic adaptation. However, students who achieved a good sociocultural adaptation encountered unexpected problems with their psychological adaptation. Findings also indicate that international Chinese students' preference for separation and marginalization was associated with a better psychological and academic adaptation while integration and assimilation strategy was associated with a better sociocultural adaptation. Their academic adaptation can be predicted significantly by their psychological adaptation, not by their sociocultural adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Lai
- School of Foreign Languages, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Dianjian Wang
- School of Foreign Languages, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China,*Correspondence: Dianjian Wang,
| | - Xiancai Ou
- School of Education Science, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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5
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Toussaint L, Lee JA, Hyun MH, Shields GS, Slavich GM. Forgiveness, rumination, and depression in the United States and Korea: A cross-cultural mediation study. J Clin Psychol 2023; 79:143-157. [PMID: 35700333 PMCID: PMC11216058 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although substantial research has separately investigated forgiveness, rumination, and depression in the United States, few studies have investigated all three constructs in the same sample and we know of no studies that have examined how forgiveness, rumination, and depression are interrelated across cultures. METHOD To address this issue, we conducted a cross-cultural study wherein 204 and 297 healthy young adults from Korea and the United States, respectively, completed the Heartland Forgiveness Scale, Ruminative Response Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory-II. RESULTS Compared to US participants, Korean participants exhibited more forgiveness, similar levels of rumination, and slightly more depression. Two-group structural equation models revealed that forgiveness was directly related to depressive symptoms, and that forgiveness was indirectly related to depressive symptoms through rumination, in both the United States (proportion mediated = 0.363) and Korea (proportion mediated = 0.394). This indirect association did not differ across cultures. CONCLUSION Considered together, these results suggest that forgiveness appears to have beneficial effects on depression that are mediated through forgiveness-related reductions in rumination, and, importantly, that these effects are similar across cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Toussaint
- Department of Psychology, Luther College, Decorah, Iowa, USA
| | - Jiahn A. Lee
- Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myoung Ho Hyun
- Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Grant S. Shields
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - George M. Slavich
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Al Rifai M, Kianoush S, Jain V, Joshi PH, Cainzos-Achirica M, Nasir K, Merchant AT, Dodani S, Wong SS, Samad Z, Mehta A, Chunara R, Kalra A, Virani SS. Association of U.S. birth, duration of residence in the U.S., and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors among Asian adults. Prev Med Rep 2022; 29:101916. [PMID: 35898194 PMCID: PMC9309422 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prior studies have shown a direct association between U.S. birth and duration of residence with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) though, few have specifically focused on Asian Americans. Methods We utilized cross-sectional data from the 2006 to 2015 National Health Interview Survey. We compared prevalent cardiovascular risk factors and ASCVD among Asian American individuals by U.S. birth and duration of time spent in the U.S. Results The study sample consisted of 18,150 Asian individuals of whom 20.5 % were Asian Indian, 20.5 % were Chinese, 23.4 % were Filipino, and 35.6 % were of other Asian ethnic groups. The mean (standard error) age was 43.8 (0.21) years and 53 % were women. In multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models, U.S. birth was associated with a higher prevalence odds ratio (95 % confidence interval) of current smoking 1.31 (1.07,1.60), physical inactivity 0.62 (0.54,0.72), obesity 2.26 (1.91,2.69), hypertension 1.33 (1.12,1.58), and CAD 1.96 (1.24,3.11), but lower prevalence of stroke 0.28 (0.11,0.71). Spending greater than 15 years in the U.S. was associated with a higher prevalence of current smoking 1.65 (1.24,2.21), obesity 2.33 (1.57,3.47), diabetes 2.68 (1.17,6.15), and hyperlipidemia 1.72 (1.09,2.71). Conclusion Heterogeneity exists in cardiovascular risk factor burden among Asian Americans according to Asian ethnicity, U.S. birth, and duration of time living in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Al Rifai
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sina Kianoush
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vardhmaan Jain
- Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Parag H Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Miguel Cainzos-Achirica
- Division of Cardiovascular Prevention and Wellness, Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Khurram Nasir
- Division of Cardiovascular Prevention and Wellness, Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anwar T Merchant
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Sunita Dodani
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School (EVMS), Norfolk, VA, United States.,EVMS-Sentara Healthcare Analytics and Delivery Science Institute, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Sally S Wong
- Office of Science, Medicine and Health, The American Heart Association, Dallas, TX, United States
| | | | - Anurag Mehta
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Rumi Chunara
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Global Public Health, New York University & Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ankur Kalra
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular, & Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Salim S Virani
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Section of Cardiology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Health Policy, Quality & Informatics Program, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center Health Services Research & Development Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, Houston, TX, United States.,Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Zong X, Cheah CSL, Ren H. Chinese American Adolescents' Experiences of COVID-19-Related Racial Discrimination and Anxiety: Person-Centered and Intersectional Approaches. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2022; 32:451-469. [PMID: 34850993 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the impact of COVID-19-related racial discrimination on Chinese American adolescents (N = 213; Mage = 13.95 years, SD = 2.35; 49% girls) at the intersection of race and gender. We explored (1) subgroups of adolescents based on ethnic identity, bicultural identity integration, and behavioral acculturation; (2) their demographic correlates; and (3) whether the association between racial discrimination and anxiety varied across subgroups and gender. Latent profile analysis identified three profiles: bicultural, marginalized, and separated. Bicultural and marginalized adolescents were vulnerable to direct and vicarious racial discrimination, respectively. Moreover, bicultural and marginalized boys and separated girls were more negatively affected by COVID-19-related racial discrimination. The findings highlight the utility of person-centered and intersectional approaches in understanding Chinese American adolescents' experiences of racial discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zong
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
| | | | - Huiguang Ren
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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Pachipala K, Shankar V, Rezler Z, Vittal R, Ali SH, Srinivasan MS, Palaniappan L, Yang E, Juul F, Elfassy T. Acculturation and Associations with Ultra-processed Food Consumption among Asian Americans: NHANES, 2011-2018. J Nutr 2022; 152:1747-1754. [PMID: 35389482 PMCID: PMC9258532 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption is linked to adverse health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Asian Americans (AAs) are the fastest growing ethnic group in the United States, yet their dietary patterns have seldom been described. OBJECTIVES The aim was to characterize UPF consumption among AAs and determine whether acculturation is associated with increased UPF consumption. METHODS The NHANES is an annual, cross-sectional survey representative of the US population. We examined 2011-2018 NHANES data, which included 2404 AAs ≥18 y old with valid 24-h dietary recall. Using day 1 dietary recall data, we characterized UPF consumption as the percentage of caloric intake from UPFs, using the NOVA classification system. Acculturation was characterized by nativity status, nativity status and years in the United States combined, home language, and an acculturation index. We assessed the association between acculturation and UPF consumption using linear regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, marital status, education, income, self-reported health, and self-reported diet quality. RESULTS UPFs provided, on average, 39.3% (95% CI: 38.1%, 40.5%) of total energy intake among AAs. In adjusted regression analyses, UPF consumption was 14% (95% CI: 9.5%, 17.5%; P < 0.05) greater among those with the highest compared with the lowest acculturation index score, 12% (95% CI: 8.5%, 14.7%: P < 0.05) greater among those who speak English only compared with non-English only in the home, 12% (95% CI: 8.6%, 14.7%: P < 0.05) greater among US-born compared with foreign-born AAs, and 15% (95% CI: 10.7%, 18.3%: P < 0.05) greater among US-born compared with foreign-born AAs with <10 y in the United States. CONCLUSIONS UPF consumption was common among AAs, and acculturation was strongly associated with greater proportional UPF intake. As the US-born AA population continues to grow, UPF consumption in this group is likely to increase. Further research on disaggregated AA subgroups is warranted to inform culturally tailored dietary interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithi Pachipala
- Stanford Center for Asian Health Research and Education (CARE), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vishal Shankar
- Stanford Center for Asian Health Research and Education (CARE), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zachary Rezler
- Stanford Center for Asian Health Research and Education (CARE), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ranjana Vittal
- Stanford Center for Asian Health Research and Education (CARE), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shahmir H Ali
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Malathi S Srinivasan
- Stanford Center for Asian Health Research and Education (CARE), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Latha Palaniappan
- Stanford Center for Asian Health Research and Education (CARE), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eugene Yang
- Stanford Center for Asian Health Research and Education (CARE), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Filippa Juul
- Department of Public Health Policy and Management, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Choi Y, Kim TY, Lee JP, Tan KPH, Noh S, Takeuchi D. Upholding Familism Among Asian American Youth: Measures of Familism among Filipino and Korean American Youth. ADOLESCENT RESEARCH REVIEW 2021; 6:437-455. [PMID: 34926785 PMCID: PMC8673742 DOI: 10.1007/s40894-020-00148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although it is one of the core cultural values of Asian American families and an influential determinant of youth development, familism remains under-studied among Asian Americans and, despite crucial within-group heterogeneity, lacks subgroup specificity. This study describes the ways in which two major Asian American subgroups of youth, i.e., Filipino Americans and Korean Americans, maintain traditional familism. Specifically, this study constructed six self-report subscales of familism utilizing underused and new survey items and tested their psychometric properties. Using data collected from Filipino American (n=150) and Korean American (n=188) adolescents living in a Midwest metropolitan area, the measures were examined for validity and reliability for each group and, when appropriate, for measurement invariance across the groups. The main findings are that the finalized scales demonstrated solid reliability and validity (e.g., content and construct) in each group and some invariance and that core traditions, in the form of familism values and behaviors, persevere among second-generation Asian Americans, although familism was more evident among Filipino American youth than in Korean American youth. In both groups, subdomains of familism were not as discrete as found among their parents, who were predominantly foreign-born first-generation immigrants. The finalized familism scales were associated differently with several correlates including acculturation variables and youth outcomes. The findings are discussed with a call for further empirical research of diverse ethnic groups and immigrant generations to more accurately account for how family process interacts with cultural origin and acculturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsun Choi
- School of Social Service Administration, University of
Chicago, 969 East 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tae Yeun Kim
- Department of Social Welfare, Chungnam National University,
Daejun, South Korea
| | - Jeanette Park Lee
- School of Social Service Administration, University of
Chicago, 969 East 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Samuel Noh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto,
ON, Canada
| | - David Takeuchi
- School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle,
USA
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10
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Racial Stereotypes and Asian American Youth Paradox. J Youth Adolesc 2021; 50:2374-2393. [PMID: 34686950 PMCID: PMC9074757 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Asian Americans are simultaneously stereotyped as a perpetual foreigner and a model minority. This cross-sectional study of 308 Filipino American youth (mean age 18 years; 47% emerging adult; 72% U.S.-born; 57% female) and 340 Korean American youth (mean age 18 years; 39% emerging adult; 59% U.S.-born; 49% female) is the first to investigate both the direct and interactive effects of these seemingly opposite stereotypes on internalizing and externalizing outcomes, and how these relations differ by ethnicity, age group (adolescence vs. emerging adulthood), and nativity (foreign-born vs. U.S.-born). The results confirm that the perpetual foreigner stereotype predicts more internalizing problems, whereas aspects of the model minority stereotype (i.e., achievement orientation and unrestricted mobility) had different effects by ethnicity. Those who deeply internalize the model minority stereotype were found to be particularly vulnerable. Furthermore, the interactive effects of these stereotypes were more prominent during emerging adulthood than in adolescence, regardless of ethnicity. These nuanced and complex mechanisms need to be thoroughly understood in order to develop appropriate and effective public health or school interventions that can support Asian American young people in dealing with the harmful effects of racial stereotypes.
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Park M, Choi Y, Yasui M, Hedeker D. Racial discrimination and the moderating effects of racial and ethnic socialization on the mental health of Asian American youth. Child Dev 2021; 92:2284-2298. [PMID: 34374432 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates trajectories of racial discrimination, racial and ethnic socialization (RES), and their interaction effects with social positions (nativity and gender) on mental health. A longitudinal study of 786 Filipino American (FA) and Korean American (KA) youth from the Midwestern United States (Mage.Wave1 = 15) confirmed that discrimination increased and significantly contributed to the upward trend of mental health distress, whereas the impact of RES differed by its type and by ethnicity. For example, promotion of mistrust and ethnic-heritage socialization were protective among U.S.-born FA youth, but for KA youth, preparation for bias was protective regardless of nativity and gender. This study highlights the importance of considering social positions to better understand the role of RES in youth psychological adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Park
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yoonsun Choi
- Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Miwa Yasui
- Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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12
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Ren H, Cheah CSL, Tahseen M, Zhou N. A person-centered examination of acculturation and psychological functioning among Chinese and Korean immigrant mothers in the United States. CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 27:95-106. [PMID: 33001674 PMCID: PMC8787863 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: The present research used a person-centered approach to examine the acculturation styles of Chinese and Korean immigrant mothers in the United States and demographic characteristics and psychological functioning associated with each acculturation style. Method: The sample comprised 240 first-generation Chinese immigrant mothers (CIMs; M = 37.80 years, SD = 4.55) and 222 first-generation Korean immigrant mothers (KIMs; M = 36.00 years, SD = 3.69) of preschool children. Latent profile analysis was used to identify latent acculturation styles among CIMs and KIMs. We further examined whether mothers' acculturation styles were associated with their sociodemographic characteristics and psychological functioning within each cultural group. Results: Four acculturation styles were revealed among CIMs: (a) behaviorally undifferentiated/psychologically assimilated, (b) behaviorally marginalized/psychologically separated, (c) behaviorally psychologically assimilated, and (d) behaviorally integrated/psychologically undifferentiated. Three acculturation styles were uncovered among KIMs: behaviorally psychologically separated, behaviorally psychologically assimilated, and behaviorally psychologically integrated. Chinese behaviorally integrated/psychologically undifferentiated mothers and Korean behaviorally psychologically separated perceived the highest levels of coethnic concentration in their communities. Chinese behaviorally marginalized/psychologically separated mothers reported poorer psychological functioning than other Chinese mothers. Korean behaviorally psychologically separated mothers had poorer psychological functioning than other Korean mothers. Conclusions: Findings revealed the significant role of participation in the American mainstream culture for Asian immigrant mothers' psychological adjustment. The heterogeneity in the acculturation experiences of Asian immigrants in the United States was highlighted. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiguang Ren
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
| | | | - Madiha Tahseen
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
| | - Nan Zhou
- College of Preschool Education, Capital Normal University
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13
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Woo B, Maglalang DD, Ko S, Park M, Choi Y, Takeuchi DT. Racial discrimination, ethnic-racial socialization, and cultural identities among Asian American youths. CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 26:447-459. [PMID: 32118457 PMCID: PMC7483177 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigates whether and how racial discrimination is associated with ethnic-racial socialization in the family and how distinct aspects of ethnic-racial socialization influence children's ethnic and American identity among Filipino American and Korean American families. METHOD The data are obtained from the Midwest Longitudinal Study of Asian American Families Project (N = 1,580; 379 Filipino American youths and 377 parents, and 410 Korean American youths and 414 parents; Mage of youths = 15.01). Using the bootstrapping and maximum likelihood with missing values approaches, we conducted path analyses to test the hypothesized associations concurrently and longitudinally for each ethnic group. RESULTS Youth-reported racial discrimination was directly associated with weaker American identity, both concurrently and longitudinally. In concurrent models, racial discrimination experienced by both youth and parents was positively associated with youth-reported preparation for bias, which in turn was linked with stronger ethnic identity among Filipinos, whereas no indirect pathways reached statistical significance among Koreans. In longitudinal models, parent-reported discrimination was linked with higher levels of promotion of mistrust among both groups, which predicted weaker ethnic identity among Filipino youth but stronger American identity among Korean youth. CONCLUSIONS The present study highlights how exposure to racial discrimination may have a lasting influence in cultural identity development among Asian Americans and possibly through ethnic-racial socialization in the family, which might have been shaped by such experiences. Our results also underscore the importance of considering the experiences of both children and parents in studies of discrimination and ethnic-racial socialization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongki Woo
- College of Social Work, University of South Carolina
| | | | - Samuel Ko
- School of Social Work, Boston College
| | - Michael Park
- School of Social Service Administration, University of Chicago
| | - Yoonsun Choi
- School of Social Service Administration, University of Chicago
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Choi Y, Park M, Noh S, Lee JP, Takeuchi D. Asian American mental health: Longitudinal trend and explanatory factors among young Filipino- and Korean Americans. SSM Popul Health 2020; 10:100542. [PMID: 32021900 PMCID: PMC6994703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined a longitudinal trend of mental health among young Asian Americans during the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood and investigated explanatory factors of the trend. METHOD We longitudinally followed a cohort of Filipino American and Korean American youth and their families in Midwest since 2014 (N = 1,574 in Wave 1). This study used three waves of youth data (n = 781, M AGE = 15 in W1). RESULTS Depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation significantly increased among the samples between 2014 and 2018, which also became more serious in severity. Intergenerational cultural conflict in the family and the experience of racial discrimination significantly contributed to the upsurge of mental health distress. Conversely, a strong peer relationship and ethnic identity were critical resources suppressing both depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. CONCLUSIONS This study substantiated a troubling upward trend in mental health struggles among young Asian Americans and demonstrated a significant additive influence of culture and race/ethnicity on mental health beyond the normative influences of family process and peers. These key factors should be targeted in intervention to better serve Asian American young people who may mask their internal struggles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsun Choi
- School of Social Service Administration, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Park
- School of Social Service Administration, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Samuel Noh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeanette Park Lee
- School of Social Service Administration, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Takeuchi
- School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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