Evaluation of antioxidant activity of hesperidin and its protective effect on H2O2 induced oxidative damage on pBR322 DNA and RBC cellular membrane

Hesperidin as a bioactive compound in citrus fruits reduces N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mortality and toxicity in mice: as a model for chronic lymphocytic leukemia

The current study is aimed at determining the preventive effects of hesperidin against death, weight changes, cellular damage, and oxidative stress in mice induced by n-ethyl-n-nitrosourea as a chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) model. Female mice were pretreated with hesperidin (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, daily for 30 days). Next, the animals received a single intraperitoneal injection of 80 mg/kg ENU on the 30th. Changes in weight and mortality were monitored for 120 days, and then the animals were sacrificed and parameters such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal membrane integrity, oxidized/reduced glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were analyzed in isolated lymphocytes. Hesperidin significantly increases the survival of mice up to 86% and delay in death time and prevents weight changes after exposure to ENU. Also, hesperidin improved cellular toxicity parameters such as ROS formation, MMP collapse, lysosomal membrane destabilization, and lipid peroxidation in isolated lymphocytes. These results promisingly showed that pretreatment with hesperidin increases delay in death time and reduces mortality cellular toxicities consistent with the carcinogenicity of alkylating compounds. This study confirms that the consumption of hesperidin and citrus most likely inhibits alkylating agents-induced carcinogenicity and toxicity.

Dietary Polyphenols: Review on Chemistry/Sources, Bioavailability/Metabolism, Antioxidant Effects, and Their Role in Disease Management

Polyphenols, as secondary metabolites ubiquitous in plant sources, have emerged as pivotal bioactive compounds with far-reaching implications for human health. Plant polyphenols exhibit direct or indirect associations with biomolecules capable of modulating diverse physiological pathways. Due to their inherent abundance and structural diversity, polyphenols have garnered substantial attention from both the scientific and clinical communities. The review begins by providing an in-depth analysis of the chemical intricacies of polyphenols, shedding light on their structural diversity and the implications of such diversity on their biological activities. Subsequently, an exploration of the dietary origins of polyphenols elucidates the natural plant-based sources that contribute to their global availability. The discussion extends to the bioavailability and metabolism of polyphenols within the human body, unraveling the complex journey from ingestion to systemic effects. A central focus of the review is dedicated to unravelling the antioxidant effects of polyphenols, highlighting their role in combating oxidative stress and associated health conditions. The comprehensive analysis encompasses their impact on diverse health concerns such as hypertension, allergies, aging, and chronic diseases like heart stroke and diabetes. Insights into the global beneficial effects of polyphenols further underscore their potential as preventive and therapeutic agents. This review article critically examines the multifaceted aspects of dietary polyphenols, encompassing their chemistry, dietary origins, bioavailability/metabolism dynamics, and profound antioxidant effects. The synthesis of information presented herein aims to provide a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and health enthusiasts, fostering a deeper understanding of the intricate relationship between polyphenols and human health.

Effect of Hesperidin on Barrier Function and Reactive Oxygen Species Production in an Oral Epithelial Cell Model, and on Secretion of Macrophage-Derived Inflammatory Mediators during Porphyromonas gingivalis Infection

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a periodontopathogenic bacterium that can adhere to and colonize periodontal tissues, leading to an inflammatory process, and, consequently, tissue destruction. New therapies using flavonoids, such as hesperidin, are being studied, and their promising properties have been highlighted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hesperidin on the epithelial barrier function, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and on the inflammatory response caused by P. gingivalis in in vitro models. The integrity of the epithelial tight junctions challenged by P. gingivalis was determined by monitoring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). P. gingivalis adherence to a gingival keratinocyte monolayer and a basement membrane model were evaluated by a fluorescence assay. A fluorometric assay was used to determine the ROS production in gingival keratinocytes. The level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) secretion was evaluated by ELISA; to assess NF-κB activation, the U937-3xjB-LUC monocyte cell line transfected with a luciferase reporter gene was used. Hesperidin protected against gingival epithelial barrier dysfunction caused by P. gingivalis and reduced the adherence of P. gingivalis to the basement membrane model. Hesperidin dose-dependently inhibited P. gingivalis-mediated ROS production by oral epithelial cells as well as the secretion of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, MMP-2, and MMP-9 by macrophages challenged with P. gingivalis. Additionally, it was able to attenuate NF-κB activation in macrophages stimulated with P. gingivalis. These findings suggest that hesperidin has a protective effect on the epithelial barrier function, in addition to reducing ROS production and attenuating the inflammatory response associated with periodontal disease.

Rutin and Hesperidin Revoke the Hepatotoxicity Induced by Paclitaxel in Male Wistar Rats via Their Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiapoptotic Activities

Paclitaxel, one of the most effective chemotherapeutic drugs, is used to treat various cancers but it is exceedingly toxic when used long-term and can harm the liver. This study aimed to see if rutin, hesperidin, and their combination could protect male Wistar rats against paclitaxel (Taxol)-induced hepatotoxicity. Adult male Wistar rats were subdivided into 5 groups (each of six rats). The normal group was orally given the equivalent volume of vehicles for 6 weeks. The paclitaxel-administered control group received intraperitoneal injection of paclitaxel at a dose of 2 mg/Kg body weight twice a week for 6 weeks. Treated paclitaxel-administered groups were given paclitaxel similar to the paclitaxel-administered control group together with oral supplementation of rutin, hesperidin, and their combination at a dose of 10 mg/Kg body weight every other day for 6 weeks. The treatment of paclitaxel-administered rats with rutin and hesperidin significantly reduced paclitaxel-induced increases in serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase activities as well as total bilirubin level and liver lipid peroxidation. However, the levels of serum albumin, liver glutathione content, and the activities of liver superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase increased. Furthermore, paclitaxel-induced harmful hepatic histological changes (central vein and portal area blood vessel congestion, fatty changes, and moderate necrotic changes with focal nuclear pyknosis, focal mononuclear infiltration, and Kupffer cell proliferation) were remarkably enhanced by rutin and hesperidin treatments. Moreover, the elevated hepatic proapoptotic mediator (caspase-3) and pro-inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-α) expressions were decreased by the three treatments in paclitaxel-administered rats. The cotreatment with rutin and hesperidin was the most effective in restoring the majority of liver function and histological integrity. Therefore, rutin, hesperidin, and their combination may exert hepatic protective effects in paclitaxel-administered rats by improving antioxidant defenses and inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis.

Polyphenol Supplementation and Antioxidant Status in Athletes: A Narrative Review

Antioxidants in sports exercise training remain a debated research topic. Plant-derived polyphenol supplements are frequently used by athletes to reduce the negative effects of exercise-induced oxidative stress, accelerate the recovery of muscular function, and enhance performance. These processes can be efficiently modulated by antioxidant supplementation. The existing literature has failed to provide unequivocal evidence that dietary polyphenols should be promoted specifically among athletes. This narrative review summarizes the current knowledge regarding polyphenols' bioavailability, their role in exercise-induced oxidative stress, antioxidant status, and supplementation strategies in athletes. Overall, we draw attention to the paucity of available evidence suggesting that most antioxidant substances are beneficial to athletes. Additional research is necessary to reveal more fully their impact on exercise-induced oxidative stress and athletes' antioxidant status, as well as optimal dosing methods.

Investigation of the Genotoxicological Profile of Aqueous Betula pendula Extracts

Betula pendula belongs to the Betulaceae family and is most common in the northern hemisphere. Various birch species have exhibited antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer properties. In the present study, we investigated the genotoxic and cytotoxic activity as well as the antigenotoxic potential against the mutagenic agent mitomycin-C (MMC) of two commercial products, i.e., a Betula pendula aqueous leaf extract product (BE) and a Betula pendula product containing aqueous extract of birch leaves at a percentage of 94% and lemon juice at a percentage of 6% (BP) using the cytokinesis block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. The most prevalent compounds and elements of BE and BP were identified using UHPLC-MS and ICP-MS/MS, respectively. All mixtures of BE with MMC demonstrated a decrease in the MN frequencies, with the lowest and highest concentrations inducing a statistically significant antigenotoxic activity. BP lacked genotoxic potential, while it was cytotoxic in all concentrations. Its mixtures with MMC demonstrated statistically significant antigenotoxic activity only at the lowest concentration. UHPLC-MS and ICP-MS/MS showed the presence of various elements and phytochemicals. Our results reveal antigenotoxic and cytotoxic potential of both BE and BP, while the variations observed could indicate the importance of the interactions among different natural products and/or their compounds.

Hesperidin Functions as an Ergogenic Aid by Increasing Endothelial Function and Decreasing Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, Thereby Contributing to Improved Exercise Performance

The regulation of blood flow to peripheral muscles is crucial for proper skeletal muscle functioning and exercise performance. During exercise, increased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation leads to increased electron leakage and consequently induces an increase in ROS formation, contributing to DNA, lipid, and protein damage. Moreover, exercise may increase blood- and intramuscular inflammatory factors leading to a deterioration in endurance performance. The aim of this review is to investigate the potential mechanisms through which the polyphenol hesperidin could lead to enhanced exercise performance, namely improved endothelial function, reduced exercise-induced oxidative stress, and inflammation. We selected in vivo RCTs, animal studies, and in vitro studies in which hesperidin, its aglycone form hesperetin, hesperetin-metabolites, or orange juice are supplemented at any dosage and where the parameters related to endothelial function, oxidative stress, and/or inflammation have been measured. The results collected in this review show that hesperidin improves endothelial function (via increased NO availability), inhibits ROS production, decreases production and plasma levels of pro-inflammatory markers, and improves anaerobic exercise outcomes (e.g., power, speed, energy). For elite and recreational athletes, hesperidin could be used as an ergogenic aid to enhance muscle recovery between training sessions, optimize oxygen and nutrient supplies to the muscles, and improve anaerobic performance.

Characterization of PCS-2A, a polysaccharide derived from chestnut shell, and its protective effects against H2O2-induced liver injury in hybrid grouper

PCS-2A is a 34,023-Da acidic polysaccharide purified from chestnut shell consisting of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, ribose, and galacturonic acid subunits at a molar ratio of 0.019:0.044:0.059:0.052:0.197:0.628. FTIR, methylation, and NMR analyses suggest the following backbone, (→4)-α-d-GalAp-(1 → 2,4)-α-l-Rha-(1→), with the branch chain composed of arabinose on O-2 with 2,4)-α-l-Rha-(1→). CCK-8 assay indicated PCS-2A treatment offset the reduction in cell viability inflicted by H₂O₂. Furthermore, histological signs of recovery in hepatocytes and liver tissue and a decreased level of AST and ALT occurred following administration of PCS-2A, indicating anti-liver lesion capability. In addition, we found that PCS-2A effectively alleviated H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress via activation of the NRF2 signaling pathway, evidenced by the downregulation of ROS content and upregulation of Nrf2 expression, as well as its corresponding antioxidant enzymes. The antioxidative effect elicited by PCS-2A further ameliorated NF-κB-mediated inflammation, as evidenced by lower mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines, higher IκB in vitro, and reduced gene expression and activities of proinflammatory cytokines in vivo. Furthermore, in vitro apoptosis-related indicators revealed that P53-mediated apoptosis was alleviated via oxidative stress modulation. In summary, these results suggest that PCS-2A may elicit a protective effect against H₂O₂-induced liver injury via upregulation of the NRF2 signaling pathway.

Enhanced Inhibition of Adipogenesis by Chrysin via Modification in Redox Balance, Lipogenesis, and Transcription Factors in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes in Comparison with Hesperidin

OBJECTIVE

The present study was conducted to elucidate the in-vitro anti-oxidant and anti-adipogenic effect of the flavone, chrysin in comparison with the citrus bioflavonoid, hesperidin during adipogenic differentiation in 3T3-L1 mouse preadipocytes.

METHODS

The effect of chrysin and hesperidin on adipogenic differentiation was evaluated using Oil red-O staining, triglyceride estimation, free glycerol release, and ROS accumulation. The expression of adipogenesis-related genes was evaluated in real time-polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

50 µmol chrysin or hesperidin did not affect the cell viability of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipocytes, but significantly reduced preadipocyte clonal population, accumulation of intracellular lipid and ROS and consequently increased lipolysis and antioxidant enzyme defence. It also decreased the expression of major adipogenic transcription factors, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c, fatty acid synthase and hormone sensitive lipase.

CONCLUSION(S)

Herein we have indicated, for the first time, the effective anti-adipogenic mechanism of chrysin by down-regulating adipogenesis, lipogenesis and ROS and up-regulating lipolysis and antioxidant enzyme in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. As a nutritional bioflavonoid, chrysin with its more effective inhibition on adipogenesis than hesperidin has the potential to be developed as an anti-adipogenic nutraceutical agent.

Oxidative stress, DNA damage, and cellular response in hydrogen peroxide-induced cell injury of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain)

Oxidative stress is considered as the toxicity mechanism of environmental stressors on aquatic organisms. This study aims to explore the effects of oxidative stress on physiological responses, DNA damage and transcriptional profiles of the mud crabs Scylla paramamosain. In the present study, mud crabs were injected with 0.1% and 1% hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) for 72 h. The results showed that superoxide dismutase and catalase activities significantly decreased after H₂O₂ injection. Malondialdehyde content, H₂O₂ content, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase activity significantly increased after H₂O₂ injection. Moreover, DNA damage occurred after H₂O₂ injection. Transcriptome analysis showed that 531 and 372 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified after 0.1% and 1% H₂O₂ injection, respectively. These DEGs were mainly involved in the oxidative stress response and immune functions. All these results indicated that oxidative stress could impair both antioxidant defense systems and immune systems. Transcriptome analysis provided valuable information on gene functions associated with the response to oxidative stress in the mud crab.

8-Week Supplementation of 2S-Hesperidin Modulates Antioxidant and Inflammatory Status after Exercise until Exhaustion in Amateur Cyclists

Both acute and chronic ingestion of 2S-hesperidin have shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in animal studies, but so far, no one has studied this effect of chronic ingestion in humans. The main objective was to evaluate whether an 8-week intake of 2S-hesperidin had the ability to modulate antioxidant-oxidant and inflammatory status in amateur cyclists. A parallel, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial study was carried out with two groups (500 mg/d 2S-hesperidin; n = 20 and 500 mg/d placebo; n = 20). An incremental test was performed to determine the working zones in a rectangular test, which was used to analyze for changes in antioxidant and inflammatory biomarkers. After 2S-hesperidin ingestion, we found in the rectangular test: (1) an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) after the exercise phase until exhaustion (p = 0.045) and the acute recovery phase (p = 0.004), (2) a decrease in the area under the oxidized glutathione curve (GSSG) (p = 0.016), and (3) a decrease in monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) after the acute recovery phase (p = 0.004), post-intervention. Chronic 2S-hesperidin supplementation increased endogenous antioxidant capacity (↑SOD) after maximal effort and decreased oxidative stress (↓AUC-GSSG) during the rectangular test, decreasing inflammation (↓MCP1) after the acute recovery phase.

Role of flavonoids against adriamycin toxicity

Doxorubicin (DOX), or adriamycin, is an anthracycline antineoplastic drug widely used in the chemotherapy of a large variety of cancers due to its potency and action spectrum. However, its use is limited by the toxicity on healthy cells and its acute and chronic side effects. One of the developed strategies to attenuate DOX toxicity is the combined therapy with bioactive compounds such as flavonoids. This review embraces the role of flavonoids on DOX treatment side effects. Protective properties of some flavonoidss against DOX toxicity have been investigated and observed mainly in heart but also in liver, kidney, brain, testis or bone marrow. Protective mechanisms involve reduction of oxidative stress by decrease of ROS levels and/or increase antioxidant defenses and interferences with autophagy, apoptosis and inflammation. Studies in cancer cells have reported that the anticancer activity of DOX was not compromised by the flavonoids. Moreover, some of them increased DOX efficiency as anti-cancer drug even in multidrug resistant cells.

Neuroprotective effects of hesperidin against methotrexate-induced changes in neurogenesis and oxidative stress in the adult rat

Methotrexate (MTX) induces the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and leads to neurotoxicity. The drug also negatively impacts neurogenesis and memory. Hesperidin (Hsd) is a major flavanoid with multiple beneficial pharmacological effects such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and neuroprotective effects. The aim of our study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of Hsd against MTX-induced alterations in oxidative stress and neurogenesis. Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups: 1) a vehicle group, which received saline and propylene glycol, 2) an Hsd group, which was orally administered with Hsd (100 mg/kg) for 21 days, 3) an MTX group, which received MTX (75 mg/kg) by intravenous injection on days 8 and 15, and 4) an MTX + Hsd group, which received both MTX and Hsd. After treatment with MTX, p21-positive cells had increased significantly and doublecortin (DCX) expression in the hippocampus had decreased significantly. Treatment with MTX also increased malondialdehyde (MDA) in both the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex and decreased levels of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Additionally, there were significant decreases in superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in the MTX group. However, co-treatment with Hsd ameliorated the negative effects of MTX on neurogenesis, oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzymes. These findings suggest that Hsd may be able to prevent neurotoxic effects of MTX by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis.

Hesperidin ameliorates signs of the metabolic syndrome and cardiac dysfunction via IRS/Akt/GLUT4 signaling pathway in a rat model of diet-induced metabolic syndrome

BACKGROUND

Hesperidin has been reported to have biological activities such as antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, and antioxidant effects. This study investigated whether hesperidin could improve signs of the metabolic syndrome and cardiac function in a high-fat diet (HFD) induced metabolic syndrome (MS) in rats.

METHODS

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed HFD and 15% fructose for 16 weeks and treated with hesperidin (15 or 30 mg/kg, based on signs of MS from a preliminary study) or metformin, a positive control agent, (100 mg/kg) for the final four weeks. Cardiac function, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance, serum insulin, and lipid profiles were measured. Histomorphometrics of left ventricles, epidydimal fat pads and liver were evaluated. Expressions of phosphorylate insulin receptor substrate1(p-IRS1), p-Akt and GLUT4 in cardiac tissue were determined.

RESULTS

Hesperidin and metformin attenuated MS in HFD rats (p < 0.05). The accumulation of visceral fat pads and fatty liver associated with increases in liver lipid contents and liver enzymes were found in MS rats that were alleviated in hesperidin or metformin-treated groups (p < 0.05). Hesperidin and metformin improved cardiac dysfunction and hypertrophy observed in MS rats (p < 0.05). Restoration of the insulin signaling pathway, IRS/Akt/GLUT4 protein expression, was demonstrated in hesperidin and metformin-treated groups (p < 0.05). Hesperidin (30 mg/kg) was more effective than the lower dose.

CONCLUSION

Hesperidin was effective in reducing signs of MS and alterations of LV hypertrophy and function. These beneficial effects on the heart were associated with the restoration of the cardiac insulin signaling pathway in MS rats.

Hesperidin improves insulin resistance via down-regulation of inflammatory responses: Biochemical analysis and in silico validation

Leptin resistance and co-existing insulin resistance is considered as hallmark of diet-induced obesity. Here, we investigated therapeutic potential of hesperidin to improve leptin and insulin resistance using high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese experimental animal model. We also performed in silico studies to validate therapeutic effectiveness of hesperidin by performing protein-ligand docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies. Group 1 was identified as control group receiving vehicle only. Group 2 was marked as non-treated group receiving 60% HFD. While, other groups were treated daily with orlistat (120 mg/kg/d), hesperidin (55 mg/kg/d), combination of hesperidin (55 mg/kg/d) + orlistat (120 mg/kg/d). Hesperidin alone (P<0.001) and particularly in combination with orlistat (P<0.001), resulted in controlling the levels of HFD-altered biomarkers including random and fasting state of glycemia, leptin and insulin resistance. Similarly, hesperidin also improved the serum and tissue levels of leptin, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha more significantly (P<0.05) when compared with that of orlistat. These results were found to be in accordance with the results of histopathological examination of pancreas, liver and adipose tissues. In-silico studies also proved that hesperidin binds to leptin receptor with higher affinity as compared to that of orlistat and induces the favorable variations in geometrical conformation of leptin receptor to promote its association with leptin which may lead to the cascades of reactions culminating the lipolysis of fats that may ultimately lead to cure obesity. The results of this study may be a significant expectation among the forthcoming treatment strategies for leptin and insulin resistance.

Fabrication of hesperidin nanoparticles loaded by poly lactic co-Glycolic acid for improved therapeutic efficiency and cytotoxicity

Hesperidin, as a flavonone, is recognized as promising anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer agent. Its poor bioavailability is crucial bottleneck for therapeutic efficacy. To enhance the stability and bioactive potentials, hesperidin -PLGA-Poloxamer 407 was successfully prepared to minimize or overcome problems associated with hesperidin absorption. The characteristics of nanohesperidin were testing by in vitro dissolution study, XRD, FTIR, PSA and SEM. Antioxidant effects of nanohesperidin were studied. The structure-activity relationship analysis with antioxidant pharmacophore has been performed by using density functional theory method and quantum chemical calculations. The structural properties were investigated using Becke three-parameter hybrid exchange and the Lee-Yang-Parr correction functional methods. Nanohesperidin was found to decrease the H₂O₂ activity-induced DNA instability. Blood compatibility on human erythrocytes was confirmed by haemolytic and in vitro toxicity assessments. The in vitro anticancer activity of nanohesperidin towards MCF-7 cells using various parameters was carried out. The nanohesperidin was found to exert cell growth arrest, activated DNA fragmentation and induced apoptotic cell death through caspase-3 and p53-dependent pathways. These findings showed that nanohesperidin play an important role in its anticancer effects, suggesting might be used for clinical trials and can represent driving formulation for novel chemotherapeutic agents.

The Protective Effect of Naringenin on Oxaliplatin-Induced Genotoxicity in Mice

Oxaliplatin is a third generation platinum based anti-cancer drug used against various human malignancies but displays genotoxic properties against normal cells. Naringenin is a naturally occurring bioflavonoid that possesses anti-oxidant properties and has protective effects against DNA damage. The aim of this study is to examine the protective effects of naringenin on oxaliplatin-induced DNA damage in mice. A total of 50, male BALB/c mice were randomly divided equally into five groups. Oxaliplatin toxicity was induced by a single dose (7 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)) injection (intraperitoneally (i.p.)) of oxaliplatin. Naringenin was given orally for ten consecutive days at two doses, 20 mg/kg b.w. (dose I) and 40 mg/kg b.w. (dose II), to group I and group II, respectively. On the tenth day of the experiment, animals in groups III, IV, and V were given a single i.p. injection of oxaliplatin (7 mg/kg b.w.). All the animals were sacrificed 24 h after oxaliplatin treatment. The extent of genotoxicity was assessed by multiple genotoxicity assays (8-hydroxydeoxy-guanosine marker, comet, micronucleus and chromosomal aberration assays, oxidative stress-marker Glutathione evaluation) in order to determine diverse kinds of DNA damage. The results indicated that naringenin administration significantly reduced the DNA damage induced by oxaliplatin possibly due to its strong anti-oxidant properties. The results suggest that naringenin is a potential candidate for future development as a chemoprotective agent against chemotherapy associated complications.

Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects of resveratrol on oxidative stress-induced liver damage in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Resveratrol, a dietary polyphenol, has been shown to exert antioxidation, hepatoprotection, anti-inflammation and immunostimulation. However, the effects and underlying mechanism of resveratrol on liver injury in fish are still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the potential protective effects and mechanism of resveratrol on oxidative stress-induced liver damage in tilapia. Fish were fed diet containing four doses of resveratrol (0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 g/kg diet) for 60 days, and then given an intraperitoneal injection of H₂O₂ or saline. The results showed that administration of resveratrol significantly ameliorated H₂O₂-induced liver injury. In serum and liver, resveratrol treatment suppressed the oxidative stress, as evidenced by the decline of lipid peroxidation level and increase of antioxidant activity. Resveratrol also activated erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway and enhanced the heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), NAD(P) H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1), glutathione S-transferase (GST) mRNA levels. Meanwhile, resveratrol treatment repressed TLR2-Myd88-NF-κB signaling pathway to decrease the inflammatory response in H₂O₂-induced liver injury as evidenced by the lower interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-8 mRNA levels and higher IL-10 mRNA level. Moreover, resveratrol treatment attenuated immunotoxicity in liver of H₂O₂-treated fish, accompanied by upregulation of hepcidin (HEP), complement 3 (C3) and lysozyme (LZM) mRNA levels. Overall results suggested that the protection of resveratrol on H₂O₂-induced liver injury, inflammation and immunotoxicity was due to its antioxidant property and its ability to modulate the Nrf2 and TLR2-Myd88-NF-κB signaling pathways.

Antioxidative, inflammatory and immune responses in hydrogen peroxide-induced liver injury of tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus)

Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many liver diseases in fish, but the molecular mechanism is still obscure. Here, we used hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce liver injury and assess underlying molecular mechanism linking oxidative stress and liver injury in fish. Tilapia were injected with various concentrations of H₂O₂ (0, 40, 120, 200, 300 and 400 mM) for 72 h. The blood and liver were collected to assay biochemical parameters and genes expression after 24, 48 and 72 h of injection. The results showed that treatments with higher H₂O₂ levels (300 and/or 400 mM) significantly increased the levels of GPT, GOT, AKP and MDA, and apparently decreased the levels of TP, ALB, SOD, GSH, CAT, GST and T-AOC throughout of the 72 h. The gene expression data showed that treatments with 200, 300 and/or 400 H₂O₂ suppressed Nrf2/keap1 pathway and its downstream genes including ho-1, nqo1 and gsta, activated inflammatory response via enhancing the mRNA levels of nf-κb, tnf-α, il-1β and il-8, and attenuating il-10 mRNA level, and caused immunotoxicity through downregulating the genes expression of c3, hep, lzm and Igm for 24, 48 and/or 72 h. Additionally, there was a mild or strong increase in levels of nrf2 and its subsequent antioxidant genes or enzymes such as ho-1, nqo1, gst, CAT and SOD in treatments with lower concentrations of H₂O₂ (40 or 120 mM) for 24 and/or 48 h. Overall results suggested that H₂O₂ hepatotoxicity was mainly concerned with lipid peroxidation, impairment antioxidant defense systems, inflammatory response and immunotoxicity, and Nrf2/Keap1 and NF-κB signaling pathways played important roles in oxidative stress-induced liver injury in fish.

Potential of morin and hesperidin in the prevention of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity

Oxidative stress is one of the important mechanisms of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Therefore, this study was designed to explore the potential protective effects of morin and/or hesperidin on oxidative stress in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. This study was performed on 42 Wistar rats. Rats were divided into seven groups: control, morin, hesperidin, cisplatin, cisplatin + morin, cisplatin + hesperidin, and cisplatin + morin + hesperidin. Morin and/or hesperidin were given for 10 consecutive days by oral gavage and on the 4th day a single dose of cisplatin (7 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally. After administrations, on the 11th day of the experiment the animals were killed, and malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NOx), glutathione (GSH) levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured. Cisplatin-treated rats showed increased levels of MDA, and decreased levels of NOx also activity of CAT. Morin and/or hesperidin pretreatment prevent oxidative stress in kidney tissue, while they increase the NOx level, CAT activity, and decrease MPO activity. In conclusion, morin + hesperidin pretreatment may have a significant potential for protection of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.

The Protective Role of Phenolic Compounds Against Doxorubicin-induced Cardiotoxicity: A Comprehensive Review

Although doxorubicin (DOX) is among the most widely used anticancer agents, its clinical application is hampered owing to its cardiotoxicity. Adjuvant therapy with an antioxidant has been suggested as a promising strategy to reduce DOX-induced adverse effects. In this context, many phenolic compounds have been reported to protect against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. The cardioprotective effects of phenolic compounds are exerted via multiple mechanisms including inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation, apoptosis, NF-κB, p53, mitochondrial dysfunction, and DNA damage. In this review, we present a summary of the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical findings on the protective mechanisms of phenolic compounds against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.

Changes in the functional characteristics of tumor and normal cells after treatment with extracts of white dead-nettle

Lamium album L. is a perennial herb widely used in folk medicine. It possesses a wide spectrum of therapeutic activities (anti-inflammatory, astringent, antiseptic, antibiotic, antispasmodic, antioxidant and anti-proliferative). Preservation of medicinal plant could be done by in vitro propagation to avoid depletion from their natural habitat. It is important to know whether extracts from L. album plants grown in vitro possess similar properties as extracts from plants grown in vivo. For these reasons, it is important to examine changes in the composition of secondary metabolites during in vitro cultivation of the plant and how they affect the biological activity.

We used A549 human cancer cell line and normal kidney epithelial cells MDCKII (Madin–Darby canine kidney cells II) as controls in assessing the anti-cancer effect of plant extracts. To elucidate changes in some key functional characteristics, adhesion test, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide), transepithelial resistance (TER), immunofluorescence staining and trypan blue exclusion test were performed.

Methanol and chloroform extracts of in vivo and in vitro propagated plants affected differently cancerous and non-cancerous cells. The most pronounced differences were observed in the morphological analysis and in the cell adhesive properties. We also detected suppressed epithelial transmembrane electrical resistance of MDCK II cells, by treatment with plant extracts, compared to non-treated MDCK II cells. A549 cells did not polarize under the same conditions. Altered organization of actin filaments in both cell types were noticed suggesting that extracts from L. album L. change TER and actin filaments, and somehow may block cell mechanisms, leading to the polarization of MDCK II cells.

Analysis of differentially expressed genes in placental tissues of preeclampsia patients using microarray combined with the Connectivity Map database

Preeclampsia (PE), which affects 2-7% of human pregnancies, causes significant maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. To better understand the pathophysiology of PE, the gene expression profiles of placental tissue from 5 controls and 5 PE patients were assessed using microarray. A total of 224 transcripts were significantly differentially expressed (>2-fold change and q value <0.05, SAM software). Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis indicated that genes involved in hypoxia and oxidative and reductive processes were significantly changed. Three differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in these biological processes were further verified by quantitative real-time PCR. Finally, the potential therapeutic agents for PE were explored via the Connectivity Map database. In conclusion, the data obtained in this study might provide clues to better understand the pathophysiology of PE and to identify potential therapeutic agents for PE patients.

Phytochemical investigation and radical scavenging activities of Melia azedarach and its DNA protective effect in cultured lymphocytes

CONTEXT

Melia azedarach Linn (Meliaceae) is an Ayurvedic medicinal plant which is native to India. It is traditionally used for the treatment of leprosy, inflammation, scrofula, anthelmintic, antilithic, diuretic, deobstruent and cardiac disorders.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activities of the ethanol leaf extract of Melia azedarach (MA) and its protective effect against H2O2-induced cellular damage in cultured lymphocytes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The dose-dependent study of MA (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 µg/ml) was used to study in vitro radical scavenging assays. The effective dose of MA (60 µg/ml) was further used to study the H2O2-induced DNA damage (comet assay and DNA fragmentation assay) in cultured lymphocytes.

RESULTS

The ethanol extract of MA (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 µg/ml) exhibited a significant dose-dependent inhibition of in vitro radical scavenging assays and their corresponding IC50 values as follows: hydroxyl radical (26.50 ± 0.26 µg/ml), superoxide anion (30.00 ± 0.32 µg/ml), nitric oxide radical (48.00 ± 0.48 µg/ml), DPPH radical (30.55 ± 0.32 µg/ml) and reducing power (22.00 ± 0.22 µg/ml). The increase in the severity of DNA damage and TBARS was increased significantly (p<0.05) at 500 µM H2O2-treated cultured lymphocytes and RBC cellular membranes. The phytochemical screening studies identified 13 chemical constituents present in the leaf extract of MA.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The results of this study demonstrate that MA offers protection against H2O2-induced cellular damage and it can be developed as an effective antioxidant during oxidative stress.

Sesamol prevents doxorubicin-induced oxidative damage and toxicity on H9c2 cardiomyoblasts

Objectives

Exposure to toxicants like doxorubicin (Dox) damages cellular components by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). This can be attenuated using free radical scavengers and/or antioxidants.

Methods

Dox-exposed cardiac myoblasts (H9c2 cells) were treated with sesamol (12.5, 25 and 50 μm), a natural phenolic compound. Intracellular ROS inhibition, cell viability and analysis of antioxidant and biochemical markers such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced/oxidized glutathione, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl content were performed. The effect of sesamol treatment on the cytotoxic and genotoxic parameters was studied by monitoring the signalling proteins involved in the apoptotic pathway.

Key findings

Dox triggered cellular and genetic damage by increasing levels of intracellular ROS, thereby decreasing cell viability and increasing apoptosis. Sesamol reversed the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of Dox. In addition, sesamol attenuated the pro-apoptotic proteins and improved the anti-apoptotic status. Sesamol pre-treatment also alleviated the disturbed antioxidant milieu by preventing ROS production and improving endogenous enzyme levels.

Conclusions

Among the different doses tested, 50 μm of sesamol showed maximum protection against Dox-induced oxidative damage. This reflects the significance of sesamol in ameliorating the deleterious effects associated with cancer chemotherapy.

Evaluation of the intravenous and topical routes for ocular delivery of hesperidin and hesperetin

PURPOSE

The objective of this study was to determine the ocular bioavailability of hesperidin and hesperetin, especially with respect to their distribution into the posterior segment of the eye, following systemic and topical administration in rabbits.

METHODS

Hesperidin and hesperetin were administered either intravenously or topically to male New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits. Vitreous humor and plasma samples were collected after intravenous administration and analyzed to estimate the concentrations of the parent compounds and their metabolites. Ocular tissue concentrations, obtained on topical administration of hesperidin and hesperetin, were also determined.

RESULTS

In the systemic circulation, hesperidin and hesperetin were rapidly metabolized into their glucuronides, which are extremely hydrophilic in nature. Vitreal samples did not demonstrate any detectable levels of hesperidin/hesperetin following intravenous administration. Topical administration produced significant concentrations of hesperidin/hesperetin in all the ocular tissues tested at the 1 and 3 hours time points postdosing, with hesperetin showing higher levels compared to hesperidin. However, only low levels were generated in the vitreous humor. Inclusion of a penetration enhancer, benzalkonium chloride (BAK), improved the back-of-the-eye hesperetin levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Ocular delivery of hesperidin/hesperetin via the systemic route does not seem to be feasible considering the rapid generation of the hydrophilic metabolites. Topical application appears to be more promising and needs to be further developed/refined.

Hesperidin-mediated expression of Nrf2 and upregulation of antioxidant status in senescent rat heart

OBJECTIVES

Oxidative stress is recognized as a key element responsible for the development of age-related pathologies. A declining endogenous defence system during senescence dictates the need for supplementation with exogenous antioxidants through diet. Hesperidin is a naturally occurring flavonone present in citrus fruits and has been shown to have many biological properties, including antioxidant activity. We investigated whether hesperidin supplementation could be valuable in protecting cardiac tissue of aged rats against age-related increase in oxidative stress, as well as the mechanism by which it can boost the antioxidant status of the cell.

METHODS

The activity of antioxidant enzymes, mRNA expression of Nrf2, protein levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase were measured using standard protocols.

KEY FINDINGS

Hesperidin treatment effectively protected aged rat heart by increasing the activity of enzymic antioxidants. Hesperidin upregulated the protein levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, which is responsible for maintaining the antioxidant status of the cell.

CONCLUSIONS

Hesperidin could be useful in protecting cardiomyocytes against age-related increase in oxidative stress mediated by Nrf2 upregulation.

Intravitreal kinetics of hesperidin, hesperetin, and hesperidin G: effect of dose and physicochemical properties

Hesperidin, a flavanone glycoside, and its aglycone hesperetin are potential candidates for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy and macular edema. The objective of this study was to delineate vitreal pharmacokinetics of hesperidin and hesperetin and the hydrophilic derivative glucosyl hesperidin (hesperidin G) following intravitreal administration in anaesthetized rabbits. Concentration changes in vitreous humor were monitored using microdialysis sampling procedure. All three molecules were administered intravitreally at three dose levels (50 µL injection volume containing 1.5, 4.5, and 15 µg of the drug, resulting in a final vitreal concentration of 1, 3, and 10 µg/mL). Vitreal microdialysis samples were collected every 20 min over a period of 10 h. All three molecules exhibited linear pharmacokinetics within the dose range tested because area under the curve and maximum concentration (C(max) ) increased linearly with increasing dose and a significant difference in the elimination parameters such as clearance or half-life was not observed. The vitreal elimination half-life of these three compounds was observed to correlate with the molecular weight and lipophilicity of the molecules. The findings from this study provide practical information that will be useful in the future design of ocular drug delivery strategies for bioflavonoids.

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Essential Oil

The chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (PCR) essential oil obtained using an improved Clevenger type apparatus were studied. Among the five different PCRs examined the highest yield of essential oil was found in Chachi 2004 (harvested and stored in 2004) and the lowest in Chachi 2008 (harvested and stored in 2008). Fifty three different volatile compounds were determined, including terpenic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and esters. D-limonene, one of terpenes, was the major constituent in PCR. The antioxidant capacity of PCR essential oil varied considerably with the duration of storage time, and the oil from Chachi 1994 has the strongest ferric-reducing antioxidant power. In addition, the essential oil possessed varying degrees of antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus), except Streptococcus faecalis, while had no effect on Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae).

Evaluating the radioprotective effect of hesperidin in the liver of Swiss albino mice

The present study was aimed to evaluate the radioprotective efficacy of hesperidin, a flavonone glycoside against X-ray radiation-induced cellular damage in the liver of Swiss albino mice. The first phase of the study was carried out to fix the effective concentration of hesperidin by performing a 30 days of survival studies using different graded doses [12.5, 25, 50 and 100mg/kg body weight] of hesperidin administered orally to mice via intragastric intubations for seven consecutive days prior to exposure of whole body radiation (10 Gy). Based on the results of survival studies, the effective dose of hesperidin was fixed which was then administered to animals orally via intragastric intubations for seven consecutive days prior to exposure of whole body radiation (4 Gy) to evaluate its radioprotective efficacy by performing various biochemical estimations, comet assay, DNA fragmentation assay and histopathological studies in the liver of Swiss albino mice. The results indicated that radiation-induced decrease in the levels of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and increase in lipid peroxidative index, DNA damage and comet parameters were altered by pre-administration with the effective dose of hesperidin [25mg/kg body weight] which restored the antioxidant status to near normal and decreased the levels of lipid peroxidative index, DNA damage and comet parameters. These results were further confirmed by histopathological examinations which indicated that pre-administration with the effective dose of hesperidin reduced the hepatic damage induced by radiation. Thus the current study shows hesperidin to be an effective radioprotector against radiation induced damage in the liver of mice.

Genotoxicity assessment of Pyungwi-san (PWS), a traditional herbal prescription

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Pyungwi-san (PWS, Heii-san in Japanese) is a mixture of six herbs and is traditionally used in Northeast Asia (especially Korea and Japan) for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorder, such as dyspepsia and inappetance induced by gastric dilatation and gastrointestinal catarrh.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Although PWS is a widely used herbal prescription in Korea and Japan, little information is available in the literature on the safety and toxicity of PWS. As part of a safety evaluation of PWS, the present study evaluated the potential genotoxicity of PWS using a standard battery of test.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We prepared PWS using a water extraction method and simultaneously extracted three compounds from PWS using high performance liquid chromatography. The PWS extract that was obtained was assayed for genotoxicity using the standard three tests recommended by the Korea Food and Drug Administration. These tests included the bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test), the chromosomal aberration test using China hamster lung cells, and the micronucleus test using ICR mice.

RESULTS

The Ames test showed that the PWS extract did not induce an increase in the number of revertant colonies compared with vehicle control at any dose in all of tester strains. In the micronucleus test, no significant increase was observed in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) at any dose of PWS extract compared with vehicle control. Conversely, chromosomal aberration test showed that the PWS extract at a dosage of 4500 μg/mL induced an increase in the number of chromosomal aberrations in the 6 h group with metabolic activation compared with the vehicle control.

CONCLUSION

PWS extract exhibits genotoxicity, based on the results of the chromosomal aberration test. Thus, further detailed experiments will be needed to identify the ingredient responsible for inducing this genotoxicity and to determine its mechanism.

Role of citrus juices and distinctive components in the modulation of degenerative processes: genotoxicity, antigenotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and longevity in Drosophila

It is well established that breakfast beverages contain high quantities of Citrus juices. The purpose of the present study was to assess the nutraceutical value of orange and lemon juices as well as two of their active compounds: hesperidin and limonene. Indicator assays were performed at three levels to evaluate different biological health promoter activities: (i) determination of the safety and DNA-damage protecting ability against free radicals by using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in Drosophila melanogaster, (ii) study of the modulating role for life span in Drosophila melanogaster, and (iii) measurement of the cytotoxic activity against the human tumor cell line HL60. The highest concentrations assayed for lemon juice and limonene (50% v/v and 0.73 mM, respectively) showed genotoxic activity as evidenced from SMART. Orange and lemon juices as well as hesperidin and limonene exhibit antigenotoxic activity against hydrogen peroxide used as an oxidative genotoxin. Life-span experiments revealed that the lower concentrations of orange juice, hesperidin, and limonene exerted a positive influence on the life span of Drosophila. Finally all substances showed cytotoxic activity, with hesperidin being least active. Taking into account the safety, antigenotoxicity, longevity, and cytotoxicity data obtained in the different assays, orange juice may be a candidate as a nutraceutical food as it (1) is not genotoxic, (2) is able to protect DNA against free radicals, and (3) inhibits growth of tumor cells.

Antidiarrhoeal and intestinal modulatory activities of Wei-Chang-An-Wan extract

AIM OF THE STUDY

Wei-Chang-An-Wan (WCAW), a traditional pharmaceutical preparation, has been used for treating various gastrointestinal (GI) diseases for several decades, but it is still poorly understood how it works on those disorders. This study was to investigate the effects of WCAW extract on GI tract.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The activities of the methanol extract (ME) of WCAW on castor oil-induced diarrhoea, gastrointestinal transit (GIT) in mice, and contractions of isolated rabbit jejunum were investigated. We further assessed the safety of ME in vivo. Additionally, a HPLC fingerprint of ME was appraised to ensure its chemical consistency.

RESULTS

Ten peaks were identified in the HPLC fingerprint of ME. At the doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg, ME significantly protected mice against castor oil-induced diarrhoea as well as the number of faeces and wet faeces. Interestingly, administration of ME significantly accelerated GIT in normal mice and reduced stimulated GIT induced by neostigmine. ME also dose-dependently attenuated spontaneous contractions of the isolated rabbit jejunum, and those induced by acetylcholine (Ach) and neostigmine. Moreover, oral administration of ME up to 5 g/kg did not produce any toxic effects. Taken together, ME is able to inhibit diarrhoea, increase normal GIT, and decrease GIT induced by neostigmine, which indicate that ME might play a bidirectional role in GI tract.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study provides a scientific basis for the clinical use of WCAW.