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Wu W, Zhu L, Dou Z, Hou Q, Wang S, Yuan Z, Li B. Ghrelin in Focus: Dissecting Its Critical Roles in Gastrointestinal Pathologies and Therapies. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:948-964. [PMID: 38275675 PMCID: PMC10813987 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This review elucidates the critical role of ghrelin, a peptide hormone mainly synthesized in the stomach in various gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Ghrelin participates in diverse biological functions ranging from appetite regulation to impacting autophagy and apoptosis. In sepsis, it reduces intestinal barrier damage by inhibiting inflammatory responses, enhancing GI blood flow, and modulating cellular processes like autophagy and apoptosis. Notably, in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), serum ghrelin levels serve as markers for distinguishing between active and remission phases, underscoring its potential in IBD treatment. In gastric cancer, ghrelin acts as an early risk marker, and due to its significant role in increasing the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells, the ghrelin-GHS-R axis is poised to become a target for gastric cancer treatment. The role of ghrelin in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains controversial; however, ghrelin analogs have demonstrated substantial benefits in treating cachexia associated with CRC, highlighting the therapeutic potential of ghrelin. Nonetheless, the complex interplay between ghrelin's protective and potential tumorigenic effects necessitates a cautious approach to its therapeutic application. In post-GI surgery scenarios, ghrelin and its analogs could be instrumental in enhancing recovery and reducing complications. This article accentuates ghrelin's multifunctionality, shedding light on its influence on disease mechanisms, including inflammatory responses and cancer progression, and examines its therapeutic potential in GI surgeries and disorders, advocating for continued research in this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (W.W.); (Q.H.); (S.W.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (L.Z.); (Z.D.)
| | - Zhimin Dou
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (L.Z.); (Z.D.)
| | - Qiliang Hou
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (W.W.); (Q.H.); (S.W.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Sen Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (W.W.); (Q.H.); (S.W.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Ziqian Yuan
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (W.W.); (Q.H.); (S.W.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (W.W.); (Q.H.); (S.W.); (Z.Y.)
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (L.Z.); (Z.D.)
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Zhu J, Zhou T, Menggen M, Aimulajiang K, Wen H. Ghrelin regulating liver activity and its potential effects on liver fibrosis and Echinococcosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1324134. [PMID: 38259969 PMCID: PMC10800934 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1324134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin widely exists in the central nervous system and peripheral organs, and has biological activities such as maintaining energy homeostasis, regulating lipid metabolism, cell proliferation, immune response, gastrointestinal physiological activities, cognition, memory, circadian rhythm and reward effects. In many benign liver diseases, it may play a hepatoprotective role against steatosis, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis, and improve liver cell autophagy and immune response to improve disease progression. However, the role of Ghrelin in liver Echinococcosis is currently unclear. This review systematically summarizes the molecular mechanisms by which Ghrelin regulates liver growth metabolism, immune-inflammation, fibrogenesis, proliferation and apoptosis, as well as its protective effects in liver fibrosis diseases, and further proposes the role of Ghrelin in liver Echinococcosis infection. During the infectious process, it may promote the parasitism and survival of parasites on the host by improving the immune-inflammatory microenvironment and fibrosis state, thereby accelerating disease progression. However, there is currently a lack of targeted in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence for this viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Hydatid Disease, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tanfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Hydatid Disease, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Meng Menggen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Hydatid Disease, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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Sanikini H, Biessy C, Rinaldi S, Navionis AS, Gicquiau A, Keski-Rahkonen P, Kiss A, Weinstein SJ, Albanes D, Agudo A, Jenab M, Riboli E, Gunter MJ, Murphy G, Cross AJ. Circulating hormones and risk of gastric cancer by subsite in three cohort studies. Gastric Cancer 2023; 26:969-987. [PMID: 37455285 PMCID: PMC10640529 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-023-01414-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity has been positively associated with gastric cancer. Excess fat impacts hormones, which have been implicated in carcinogenesis. We investigated obesity-related hormones and cardia gastric cancer (CGC) and non-cardia gastric cancer (NCGC) risk. METHODS Nested case-control studies were conducted within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort (61 CGCs, and 172 NCGCs and matched controls) and the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) study (100 CGCs and 65 NCGCs and matched controls); serum hormones were measured. In UK-Biobank (n = 458,713), we included 137 CGCs and 92 NCGCs. Sex-specific analyses were conducted. For EPIC and ATBC, odds ratios (ORs), and for UK-Biobank hazard ratios (HRs), were estimated using conditional logistic regression and Cox regression, respectively. RESULTS Insulin-like growth-factor-1 was positively associated with CGC and NCGC in EPIC men (ORper 1-SD increase 1.94, 95% CI 1.03-3.63; ORper 1-SD increase 1.63, 95% CI 1.05-2.53, respectively), with similar findings for CGC in UK-Biobank women (HRper 1-SD increase 1.76, 95% CI 1.08-2.88). Leptin in EPIC men and C-peptide in EPIC women were positively associated with NCGC (ORT3 vs. T1 2.72, 95% CI 1.01-7.34 and ORper 1-SD increase 2.17, 95% CI 1.19-3.97, respectively). Sex hormone-binding globulin was positively associated with CGC in UK-Biobank men (HRper 1-SD increase 1.29, 95% CI 1.02-1.64). Conversely, ghrelin was inversely associated with NCGC among EPIC and ATBC men (ORper 1-SD increase 0.53, 95% CI 0.34-0.84; ORper 1-SD increase 0.22, 95% CI 0.10-0.50, respectively). In addition, dehydroepiandrosterone was inversely associated with CGC in EPIC and ATBC men combined. CONCLUSIONS Some obesity-related hormones influence CGC and NCGC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harinakshi Sanikini
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Carine Biessy
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Sabina Rinaldi
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Navionis
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Audrey Gicquiau
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Pekka Keski-Rahkonen
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Agneta Kiss
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Stephanie J Weinstein
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Antonio Agudo
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Nutrition and Cancer Group, Epidemiology, Public Health, Cancer Prevention and Palliative Care Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Mazda Jenab
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Gwen Murphy
- Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Amanda J Cross
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Wang J, Liu D, Xie Y. GHRL as a prognostic biomarker correlated with immune infiltrates and progression of precancerous lesions in gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1142017. [PMID: 37469414 PMCID: PMC10353738 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1142017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Ghrelin is a protein that regulate appetite and energy balance in the human body, which is encoded by the ghrelin prepropeptide gene (GHRL). GHRL is linked with carcinogenesis and immune regulation. However, the correlation of GHRL to prognosis and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. Methods In this study, we assessed the transcriptional expression, prognosis, and different clinicopathological features about GHRL and the correlation between GHRL and tumor infiltration immune cells in GC patients based on the data published in the following databases: TIMER, GEPIA, GEO, STRING, UALCAN, TISIDB, and Kaplan-Meier Plotter. Furthermore, R software analysis for GC Correa' cascade was also provided. Finally, GHRL expression in GC tissues was assayed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Results We found that GHRL expression in GC samples was lower than in normal samples and verified by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry. However, sample type, cancer stage, and worse survival were correlated to high GHRL expression. We also found that the expression of GHRL in dysplasia was significantly lower than that in CNAG and in GC. High GHRL expression was connected with immunomodulators, chemokines, and infiltrating levels of B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells in GC. Conclusions GHRL is a prognostic biomarker for GC patients, and it is correlated with progression of precancerous lesions in GC. It might lead to poor prognosis by regulating tumor immune microenvironment. Studies are important to explore therapeutic targeting GHRL in the future.
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Role of the Ghrelin System in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105380. [PMID: 35628187 PMCID: PMC9141034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ghrelin system contains several components (e.g., ghrelin with growing number of alternative peptides, growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHS-Rs), and ghrelin-O-acyl-transferase (GOAT) and participates in regulation of a number of key processes of gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancer progression, including cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis. However, its exact role in promoting or inhibiting cancer progression is still unclear. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common human malignancies worldwide. Molecular studies suggest an autocrine/paracrine mechanism for the secretion of ghrelin in colorectal carcinogenesis and its contribution to its initial stages. However, the signalling pathways of CRC development involving the ghrelin system are poorly understood. Potential mechanisms of colon carcinogenesis involving components of the ghrelin system were previously described in an animal model and in in vitro studies. However, the diagnostic–prognostic role of serum ghrelin concentrations, tissue expression, or genetic changes of this system in various stages of CRC progression remains an open case. Thus, the aim of this study is to discuss the role of the ghrelin system in colon carcinogenesis, diagnostics and CRC prognostics, as well as the results of studies on the use of ghrelin and its analogues in the therapy of CRC-related syndromes (e.g., cachexia and sarcopenia).
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Ghrelin and Cancer: Examining the Roles of the Ghrelin Axis in Tumor Growth and Progression. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040483. [PMID: 35454071 PMCID: PMC9032665 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, a hormone produced and secreted from the stomach, is prim arily known as an appetite stimulant. Recently, it has emerged as a potential regulator/biomarker of cancer progression. Inconsistent results on this subject make this body of literature difficult to interpret. Here, we attempt to identify commonalities in the relationships between ghrelin and various cancers, and summarize important considerations for future research. The main players in the ghrelin family axis are unacylated ghrelin (UAG), acylated ghrelin (AG), the enzyme ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), and the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). GOAT is responsible for the acylation of ghrelin, after which ghrelin can bind to the functional ghrelin receptor GHSR-1a to initiate the activation cascade. Splice variants of ghrelin also exist, with the most prominent being In1-ghrelin. In this review, we focus primarily on the potential of In1-ghrelin as a biomarker for cancer progression, the unique characteristics of UAG and AG, the importance of the two known receptor variants GHSR-1a and 1b, as well as the possible mechanisms through which the ghrelin axis acts. Further understanding of the role of the ghrelin axis in tumor cell proliferation could lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for various cancers.
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Protective and Healing Effects of Ghrelin and Risk of Cancer in the Digestive System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910571. [PMID: 34638910 PMCID: PMC8509076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the ghrelin receptor, previously known as the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. This hormone is mainly produced by endocrine cells present in the gastric mucosa. The ghrelin-producing cells are also present in other organs of the body, mainly in the digestive system, but in much smaller amount. Ghrelin exhibits a broad spectrum of physiological effects, such as stimulation of growth hormone secretion, gastric secretion, gastrointestinal motility, and food intake, as well as regulation of glucose homeostasis and bone formation, and inhibition of inflammatory processes. This review summarizes the recent findings concerning animal and human data showing protective and therapeutic effects of ghrelin in the gut, and also presents the role of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 in these effects. In addition, the current data on the possible influence of ghrelin on the carcinogenesis, its importance in predicting the risk of developing gastrointestinal malignances, as well as the potential usefulness of ghrelin in the treatment of cancer, have been presented.
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Batty MJ, Chabrier G, Sheridan A, Gage MC. Metabolic Hormones Modulate Macrophage Inflammatory Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184661. [PMID: 34572888 PMCID: PMC8467249 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Macrophages are a type of immune cell which play an important role in the development of cancer. Obesity increases the risk of cancer and obesity also causes disruption to the normal levels of hormones that are produced to coordinate metabolism. Recent research now shows that these metabolic hormones also play important roles in macrophage immune responses and so through macrophages, disrupted metabolic hormone levels may promote cancer. This review article aims to highlight and summarise these recent findings so that the scientific community may better understand how important this new area of research is, and how these findings can be capitalised on for future scientific studies. Abstract Macrophages are phagocytotic leukocytes that play an important role in the innate immune response and have established roles in metabolic diseases and cancer progression. Increased adiposity in obese individuals leads to dysregulation of many hormones including those whose functions are to coordinate metabolism. Recent evidence suggests additional roles of these metabolic hormones in modulating macrophage inflammatory responses. In this review, we highlight key metabolic hormones and summarise their influence on the inflammatory response of macrophages and consider how, in turn, these hormones may influence the development of different cancer types through the modulation of macrophage functions.
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GIST and Ghrelin: To Be or Not to Be? Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11081361. [PMID: 34441296 PMCID: PMC8393501 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ghrelin is the orexigenic hormone secreted mainly by the stomach. Its involvement in neoplastic development has been studied in gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. Our paper aims to evaluate the influence of the ghrelin axis in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Materials and Methods: The study design included two groups of patients, 46 with gastric GISTs and 30 with obesity. Archived tissue samples were evaluated for the presence of gastritis and H. pylori. Immunohistochemical expression of ghrelin and its receptor (GHS-R) was assessed. Results: All GISTs showed absent immunohistochemical expression for ghrelin, while GHS-R displayed a particular pattern, with notable differences in intensity (p = 0.0256) and percentage of stained cells (p < 0.00001) in the periphery vs. core of tumors. Positive ghrelin expression was lower in the gastric mucosa of the first group compared to the second group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The ghrelin axis can influence GISTs carcinogenesis through activation of GHS-R. A previously described direct autocrine/paracrine mechanism is not supported by our findings.
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Spiridon IA, Ciobanu DGA, Giușcă SE, Căruntu ID. Ghrelin and its role in gastrointestinal tract tumors (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:663. [PMID: 34296307 PMCID: PMC8335721 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, an orexigenic hormone, is a peptide that binds to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor; it is secreted mainly by enteroendocrine cells in the oxyntic glands of the stomach. Ghrelin serves a role in both local and systemic physiological processes, and is implicated in various pathologies, including neoplasia, with tissue expression in several types of malignancies in both in vitro and in vivo studies. However, the precise implications of the ghrelin axis in metastasis, invasion and cancer progression regulation has yet to be established. In the case of gastrointestinal (GI) tract malignancies, ghrelin has shown potential to become a prognostic factor or even a therapeutic target, although data in the literature are inconsistent and unsystematic, with reports untailored to a specific histological subtype of cancer or a particular localization. The evaluation of immunohistochemical expression shows a limited outlook owing to the low number of cases analyzed, and in vivo analyses have conflicting data regarding differences in ghrelin serum levels in patients with cancer. The aim of this review was to examine the relationship between ghrelin and GI tract malignancies to demonstrate the inconsistencies in current results and to highlight its clinical significance in the outcome of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Alexandra Spiridon
- Department of Pathology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași 700115, Romania
| | | | - Simona Eliza Giușcă
- Department of Pathology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași 700115, Romania
| | - Irina Draga Căruntu
- Department of Histology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași 700115, Romania
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Perego S, Sansoni V, Ziemann E, Lombardi G. Another Weapon against Cancer and Metastasis: Physical-Activity-Dependent Effects on Adiposity and Adipokines. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042005. [PMID: 33670492 PMCID: PMC7922129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physically active behavior has been associated with a reduced risk of developing certain types of cancer and improved psychological conditions for patients by reducing anxiety and depression, in turn improving the quality of life of cancer patients. On the other hand, the correlations between inactivity, sedentary behavior, and overweight and obesity with the risk of development and progression of various cancers are well studied, mainly in middle-aged and elderly subjects. In this article, we have revised the evidence on the effects of physical activity on the expression and release of the adipose-tissue-derived mediators of low-grade chronic inflammation, i.e., adipokines, as well as the adipokine-mediated impacts of physical activity on tumor development, growth, and metastasis. Importantly, exercise training may be effective in mitigating the side effects related to anti-cancer treatment, thereby underlining the importance of encouraging cancer patients to engage in moderate-intensity activities. However, the strong need to customize and adapt exercises to a patient’s abilities is apparent. Besides the preventive effects of physically active behavior against the adipokine-stimulated cancer risk, it remains poorly understood how physical activity, through its actions as an adipokine, can actually influence the onset and development of metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Perego
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Milano, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); or
| | - Veronica Sansoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Milano, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); or
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0266214068
| | - Ewa Ziemann
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; or
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Milano, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); or
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; or
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Zhu C, Liu Y, Kang W, Zhang Z, Zeng Z, Liu D. Exploration of the role of serum ghrelin in the diagnosis and treatment of digestive tract malignancies. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520920441. [PMID: 32366148 PMCID: PMC7221476 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520920441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The incidence of digestive tract malignancies (DTMs) is increasing, early
diagnosis is limited, and treatment effects are unsatisfactory. DTMs express
ghrelin, which might be involved in tumor formation and development; whether
serum ghrelin can provide useful guidance remains unknown. Methods Sera of healthy individuals were obtained from October 2017 through March
2018; serum samples from patients with gastric (GC), colon (CC), and rectal
(RC) cancers were collected during the same period. Serum ghrelin was tested
by ELISA and correlated with clinicopathology of patients with DTMs. Results Serum ghrelin was higher in patients (GC, 38 patients; CC, 24; RC, 26) than
in 69 healthy individuals and decreased significantly after tumor resection.
Nutrition Risk Screening 2002 score and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio affected
perioperative serum ghrelin levels. The epithelial cell marker AE1/AE3 (pan
keratin) in patients with GC, tumor location in the colon in patients with
CC, and age in patients with RC also affected perioperative serum
ghrelin. Conclusions Serum ghrelin might provide early warning of occurrence and guide prognosis
of DTMs. Ghrelin can be used when screening for nutritional risk and
inflammation. The clinicopathological influence on serum ghrelin in patients
with DTMs is related to tumor location in the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhen Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqin Liu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weiming Kang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zimu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyang Zeng
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Hu XL, Zhu YJ, Hu CH, You L, Wu J, He XY, Huang WJ, Wu ZH. Ghrelin Affects Gastric Cancer Progression by Activating AMPK Signaling Pathway. Biochem Genet 2021; 59:652-667. [PMID: 33442814 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-020-10022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor (GHSR), Ghrelin is aberrant expressed in multiple malignant carcinoma, and involved in regulating a number of progression of cancer, especially in metastasis and proliferation. However, the precise role of Ghrelin in tumorigenesis of gastric cancer (GC) is still poorly understood. In this study, we extensively investigated the roles and mechanisms of Ghrelin in human gastric cancer. Ghrelin levels in cancer tissues and cell lines were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, and Western blot. Functional studies were performed after Ghrelin overexpressed or knockdown in AGS cell line. Cell proliferation was evaluated in by MTT and clone formation assays. The wound healing and Transwell system were used to assess the cell migration and invasive ability of GC cells. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, and metabolic assays were performed to reveal the function of Warburg effect in the process. Ghrelin was lowly expressed in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of Ghrelin inhibited gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and promoted apoptosis by activating the AMPK pathway, while D-[lys3]-GHRP-6 (a GHSR agonist) treatment relieved the effect, promoting tumorigenesis. Ghrelin knockdown increased the glucose uptake and lactic acid release, suggesting that Ghrelin elicited an anti-Warburg effect via AMPK pathway to inhibit gastric tumorigenesis. Ghrelin inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by eliciting an anti-Warburg effect via AMPK signaling pathway in gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southwest University Hospital, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Jun Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Hua Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Li You
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest University Hospital, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southwest University Hospital, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan He
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jie Huang
- Health Management Center, Southwest University Hospital, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Zong-Hui Wu
- Health Management Center, Southwest University Hospital, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
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Soleyman-Jahi S, Sadeghi F, Pastaki Khoshbin A, Khani L, Roosta V, Zendehdel K. Attribution of Ghrelin to Cancer; Attempts to Unravel an Apparent Controversy. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1014. [PMID: 31681567 PMCID: PMC6805778 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is an endogenous peptide hormone mainly produced in the stomach. It has been known to regulate energy homeostasis, stimulate secretion of growth hormone, and mediate many other physiologic effects. Various effects attributed to ghrelin contribute to many aspects of cancer development and progression. Accordingly, a large body of evidence has emerged about the association of ghrelin with several types of cancer in scales of cell-line, animal, and human studies. However, existing data are controversial. This controversy occurs in two main domains: one is the controversial results in local effects of ghrelin on different types of human cancer cell-lines; the second is the apparent disagreement in the results of in-vitro and clinical studies that investigated ghrelin association to one type of cancer. These inconsistencies have hampered the indications to consider ghrelin as a potential tumor biomarker or therapeutic agent in cancer patients. Previous studies have reviewed different parts of current literature about the ghrelin-cancer relationship. Although they have highlighted these controversial results in various ways, no specific recommendations have been given to address it. In this study, we comprehensively reviewed in-vitro, in-vivo, and clinical studies and attempted to use the following approaches to unravel the inconsistencies detected: (a) to distinguish local and systemic effects of ghrelin in interpreting its summary clinical role in each cancer; (b) scrutinizing factors that regulate local effects of ghrelin and could justify different effects of ghrelin on different cancer cell-lines. These approaches could have notable implications for future in-vitro and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Soleyman-Jahi
- Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Cancer Immunology Project, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadeghi
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Pastaki Khoshbin
- Cancer Immunology Project, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Khani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Venus Roosta
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Zendehdel
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Miao H, Pan H, Wang L, Yang H, Zhu H, Gong F. Ghrelin Promotes Proliferation and Inhibits Differentiation of 3T3-L1 and Human Primary Preadipocytes. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1296. [PMID: 31681009 PMCID: PMC6798085 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide that regulates energy hemostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism. We aimed to explore the effects of ghrelin on the proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 and human primary preadipocytes. Methods 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) spectrophotometry, Oil Red O staining, intracellular glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-3-PDH) assays and semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were used to investigate the action of ghrelin. Results Ghrelin (0.01–1000 ng/ml) significantly increased the numbers of 3T3-L1 cells, and the maximum stimulatory effect was observed with the 10 ng/ml ghrelin treatment for 24 h (p < 0.05). Ghrelin also promoted the proliferation of human primary preadipocytes from 24 h (p < 0.05) to 48 h (p < 0.05) at a concentration of 1000 ng/ml. Further investigation showed that IGF-1 levels were notably increased in ghrelin-treated 3T3-L1 and human preadipocytes, and IGF-1 antibody was capable to attenuate this stimulatory action of ghrelin (all p < 0.05). Additionally, ghrelin significantly suppressed the differentiation of 3T3-L1 and human primary preadipocytes; 10 ng/ml ghrelin notably downregulated G-3-PDH activities in 3T3-L1 cells on day 3 and in human cells from days 4 to 12 following differentiation (all p < 0.05), and the intracellular lipoprotein lipase mRNA levels were lower than that of the controls (p < 0.05). Further investigation showed that the mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPs) were also suppressed in ghrelin-treated human differentiating adipocytes. Conclusion Ghrelin promotes the proliferation of 3T3-L1 and human primary preadipocytes by increasing the expression of IGF-1. Ghrelin inhibits murine and human adipocyte differentiation by downregulating PPARγ2 and C/EBPα levels, consequently leading to decreased lipid accumulation and lipogenic enzymes expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Miao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Linjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fengying Gong
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Maugham ML, Seim I, Thomas PB, Crisp GJ, Shah ET, Herington AC, Gregory LS, Nelson CC, Jeffery PL, Chopin LK. Limited short-term effects on human prostate cancer xenograft growth and epidermal growth factor receptor gene expression by the ghrelin receptor antagonist [D-Lys 3]-GHRP-6. Endocrine 2019; 64:393-405. [PMID: 30390209 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1796-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ghrelin axis regulates many physiological functions (including appetite, metabolism, and energy balance) and plays a role in disease processes. As ghrelin stimulates prostate cancer proliferation, the ghrelin receptor antagonist [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 is a potential treatment for castrate-resistant prostate cancer and for preventing the metabolic consequences of androgen-targeted therapies. We therefore explored the effect of [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 on PC3 prostate cancer xenograft growth. METHODS NOD/SCID mice with PC3 prostate cancer xenografts were administered 20 nmoles/mouse [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 daily by intraperitoneal injection for 14 days and tumour volume and weight were measured. RNA sequencing of tumours was conducted to investigate expression changes following [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 treatment. A second experiment, extending treatment time to 18 days and including a higher dose of [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (200 nmoles/mouse/day), was undertaken to ensure repeatability. RESULTS We demonstrate here that daily intraperitoneal injection of 20 nmoles/mouse [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 reduces PC3 prostate cancer xenograft tumour volume and weight in NOD/SCID mice at two weeks post treatment initiation. RNA-sequencing revealed reduced expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in these tumours. Further experiments demonstrated that the effects of [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 are transitory and lost after 18 days of treatment. CONCLUSIONS We show that [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 has transitory effects on prostate xenograft tumours in mice, which rapidly develop an apparent resistance to the antagonist. Although further studies on [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 are warranted, we suggest that daily treatment with the antagonist is not a suitable treatment for advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Maugham
- Ghrelin Research Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Skeletal Biology and Forensic Anthropology Research Laboratory, Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Inge Seim
- Ghrelin Research Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Integrative Biology Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Patrick B Thomas
- Ghrelin Research Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gabrielle J Crisp
- Ghrelin Research Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Esha T Shah
- Ghrelin Research Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Adrian C Herington
- Ghrelin Research Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Laura S Gregory
- Skeletal Biology and Forensic Anthropology Research Laboratory, Cancer Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Colleen C Nelson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Penny L Jeffery
- Ghrelin Research Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lisa K Chopin
- Ghrelin Research Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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17
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Lin TC, Yeh YM, Fan WL, Chang YC, Lin WM, Yang TY, Hsiao M. Ghrelin Upregulates Oncogenic Aurora A to Promote Renal Cell Carcinoma Invasion. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030303. [PMID: 30836712 PMCID: PMC6468656 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone, originally identified from the stomach, that functions as an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) and promotes growth hormone (GH) release and food intake. Increasing reports point out ghrelin’s role in cancer progression. We previously characterized ghrelin’s prognostic significance in the clear cell subtype of renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), and its pro-metastatic ability via Snail-dependent cell migration. However, ghrelin’s activity in promoting cell invasion remains obscure. In this study, an Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA)-based investigation of differentially expressed genes in Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) dataset indicated the potential association of Aurora A with ghrelin in ccRCC metastasis. In addition, a significant correlation between ghrelin and Aurora A expression level in 15 ccRCC cell line was confirmed by variant probes. ccRCC patients with high ghrelin and Aurora A status were clinically associated with poor outcome. We further observed that ghrelin upregulated Aurora A at the protein and RNA levels and that ghrelin-induced ccRCC in vitro invasion and in vivo metastasis occurred in an Aurora A-dependent manner. Furthermore, MMP1, 2, 9 and 10 expressions are associated with poor outcome. In particular, MMP10 is significantly upregulated and required for the ghrelin-Aurora A axis to promote ccRCC invasion. The results of this study indicated a novel signaling mechanism in ccRCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Chieh Lin
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan.
| | - Yuan-Ming Yeh
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Lang Fan
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chan Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Ming Lin
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan.
| | - Tse-Yen Yang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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Prognostic Significance of Preoperative and Postoperative Plasma Levels of Ghrelin in Gastric Cancer: 3-Year Survival Study. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2017; 8:e209. [PMID: 28055030 PMCID: PMC5288598 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2016.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate prognostic effects of plasma levels of ghrelin before and after gastrectomy in gastric cancer (GC). METHODS: We followed 81 GC patients up to 3 years in this study. They were candidates for curative gastrectomy with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Plasma levels of total and active ghrelins before and after the operation were assessed. Association of plasma levels of ghrelin with survival were assessed and adjusted for other potential prognostic factors using Cox regression analyses. RESULTS: Both total and active ghrelins dropped after gastrectomy (P<0.001 for both). Multiple Cox models revealed worse survival for patients with postoperative total ghrelins below median (hazards ratio (HR)=2.33, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–5.41) or 25th percentile (HR=4.29, 95% CI: 1.48–12.44) compared with patients with higher ghrelin levels. In case of preoperative total ghrelin, patients with either second or third quartiles of plasma ghrelin showed worse survival compared with patients with the lowest quartile (HR=2.67, 95% CI: 1.11–6.38 for second quartile, and HR=2.32, 95% CI: 1.01–5.35 for third quartile vs. the lowest quartile). However, there was no difference between patients with the highest and lowest quartiles (HR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.22–2.73). Similar pattern was observed for preoperative active ghrelin (HR=4.92, 95% CI: 1.80–13.54 for second quartile, and HR=2.87, 95% CI: 1.11–7.38 for third quartile vs. the lowest quartile). Advanced TNM stage (HR=4.88, 95% CI: 1.10–21.77), cachexia (HR=2.99, 95% CI: 1.35–6.63), and receiving no neoadjuvant chemotherapy (HR=2.02, 95% CI: 1.04–3.92) were other poor prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative and postoperative plasma levels of ghrelin could predict survival of GC patients with different patterns. This prognostic effect was independent of stage and cachexia. Measurement of plasma ghrelin in GC patients could complement conventional staging for more precise risk-stratification of the patients. Extrinsic admirations of ghrelin after total gastrectomy has potentials to improve survival of GC patients.
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Liu A, Huang C, Xu J, Cai X. Lentivirus-mediated shRNA interference of ghrelin receptor blocks proliferation in the colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Med 2016; 5:2417-26. [PMID: 27464938 PMCID: PMC5055151 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide, acts via the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) to stimulate the release of growth hormone. Moreover, it has a range of biological actions, including the stimulation of food intake, modulation of insulin signaling and cardiovascular effects. Recently, it has been demonstrated that ghrelin has a proliferative and antiapoptotic effects in cancers, suggesting a potential role in promoting tumor growth. However, it remains unknown whether GHSR contributes to colorectal cancer proliferation. In this study, the therapeutic effect of lentivirus‐mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting ghrelin receptor 1a (GHSR1a) was analyzed in colorectal cancer cell line SW480 both in vitro and in vivo. Our study demonstrated that ghrelin and GHSR1a are significantly upregulated in cancerous colorectal tissue samples and cell lines. In vitro, human colorectal cancer cell line SW480 with downregulation of GHSR1a by shRNA showed significant inhibition of cell viability compared with blank control (BC) or scrambled control (SC) regardless of the application of exogenous ghrelin. Furthermore, GHSR1a silencing by target specific shRNA was shown capable of increasing PTEN, inhibiting AKT phosphorylation and promoting the release of p53 in SW480 cells. In addition, the effects of GHSR1a knockdown were further explored in vivo using colorectal tumor xenograft mouse model. The tumor weights were decreased markedly in GHSR1α knockdown SW480 mouse xenograft tumors compared with blank control or negative control tumors. Our results suggested that the expression of GHSR1a is significantly correlated with the growth of colorectal cancer cells, and the GHSR1a knockdown approach may be a potential therapy for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First People Hospital of Yueyang, 39 Dong mao ling Road, Yueyang, Hunan, 325000, China.
| | - Chenggang Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The First People Hospital of Yueyang, 39 Dong mao ling Road, Yueyang, Hunan, 325000, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First People Hospital of Yueyang, 39 Dong mao ling Road, Yueyang, Hunan, 325000, China
| | - Xuehong Cai
- Department of General Surgery, The First People Hospital of Yueyang, 39 Dong mao ling Road, Yueyang, Hunan, 325000, China
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Okada Y, Sugita Y, Ohshima K, Morioka M, Komaki S, Miyoshi J, Abe H. Signaling of ghrelin and its functional receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, promote tumor growth in glioblastomas. Neuropathology 2016; 36:535-543. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Okada
- Department of Pathology; Kurume University School of Medicine; Kurume Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery; Kurume University School of Medicine; Kurume Japan
| | - Yasuo Sugita
- Department of Pathology; Kurume University School of Medicine; Kurume Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology; Kurume University School of Medicine; Kurume Japan
| | - Motohiro Morioka
- Department of Neurosurgery; Kurume University School of Medicine; Kurume Japan
| | - Satoru Komaki
- Department of Neurosurgery; Kurume University School of Medicine; Kurume Japan
| | - Junko Miyoshi
- Department of Neurosurgery; Kurume University School of Medicine; Kurume Japan
| | - Hideyuki Abe
- Department of Surgical Pathology; Kurume University School of Medicine; Kurume Japan
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Kraus D, Reckenbeil J, Wenghoefer M, Stark H, Frentzen M, Allam JP, Novak N, Frede S, Götz W, Probstmeier R, Meyer R, Winter J. Ghrelin promotes oral tumor cell proliferation by modifying GLUT1 expression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1287-99. [PMID: 26407611 PMCID: PMC11108541 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In our study, ghrelin was investigated with respect to its capacity on proliferative effects and molecular correlations on oral tumor cells. The presence of all molecular components of the ghrelin system, i.e., ghrelin and its receptors, was analyzed and could be detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. To examine cellular effects caused by ghrelin and to clarify downstream-regulatory mechanisms, two different oral tumor cell lines (BHY and HN) were used in cell culture experiments. Stimulation of either cell line with ghrelin led to a significantly increased proliferation. Signal transduction occurred through phosphorylation of GSK-3β and nuclear translocation of β-catenin. This effect could be inhibited by blocking protein kinase A. Glucose transporter1 (GLUT1), as an important factor for delivering sufficient amounts of glucose to tumor cells having high requirements for this carbohydrate (Warburg effect) was up-regulated by exogenous and endogenous ghrelin. Silencing intracellular ghrelin concentrations using siRNA led to a significant decreased expression of GLUT1 and proliferation. In conclusion, our study describes the role for the appetite-stimulating peptide hormone ghrelin in oral cancer proliferation under the particular aspect of glucose uptake: (1) tumor cells are a source of ghrelin. (2) Ghrelin affects tumor cell proliferation through autocrine and/or paracrine activity. (3) Ghrelin modulates GLUT1 expression and thus indirectly enhances tumor cell proliferation. These findings are of major relevance, because glucose uptake is assumed to be a promising target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Kraus
- Department of Prosthodontics, Preclinical Education, and Material Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Reckenbeil
- Department of Prosthodontics, Preclinical Education, and Material Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Wenghoefer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Helmut Stark
- Department of Prosthodontics, Preclinical Education, and Material Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Frentzen
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre Allam
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Natalija Novak
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stilla Frede
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Werner Götz
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Meyer
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Winter
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany.
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Lien GS, Lin CH, Yang YL, Wu MS, Chen BC. Ghrelin induces colon cancer cell proliferation through the GHS-R, Ras, PI3K, Akt, and mTOR signaling pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 776:124-31. [PMID: 26879868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is the third most common malignancy worldwide. Recently, some interesting associations between ghrelin and cancer were reported, and it may participate in colon cancer development. In the present report, we explored the role of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), Ras, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways in the ghrelin-induced proliferation of human colon cancer cells. Ghrelin-caused HT-29 proliferation was reduced by [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (a GHS-R inhibitor). We also found that a dominant negative mutant of Ras (Ras DN), a PI3K inhibitor (LY 294002), an Akt DN, and an mTOR inhibitor (rapamycin) attenuated ghrelin-caused colon cancer cell proliferation. We found that ghrelin induced time-dependent increases in Ras activity. Moreover, ghrelin-mediated Akt Ser473 phosphorylation was attenuated by a Ras DN and LY 294002. Furthermore, a Ras DN, LY 294002, and an Akt DN all inhibited ghrelin-caused mTOR Ser2448 phosphorylation. These results indicate that the Ras/PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade plays a critical role in ghrelin-induced colon cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Shih Lien
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Huang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - You-Lan Yang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shun Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Chang Chen
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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23
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Meng C, Zhen-Xian Z, Peng C, Kun W, Gang-Tian Z, Yu-Qi F, Shi-Hai Y, Cheng-Cai H, Zhi-Rong G, Xiao-Dong M, Ning-Wei Z, Chao L. Monodisperse magnetic mesoporous silica microspheres facilitate the studies of gastric cancer-specific peptides in sera. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27378a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of gastric cancer remains poor despite the recent improvements in therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Meng
- Research Center of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease
- Jiangsu Academy of TCM
- Nanjing
- China
| | | | - Cao Peng
- Research Center of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease
- Jiangsu Academy of TCM
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Wang Kun
- Research Center of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease
- Jiangsu Academy of TCM
- Nanjing
- China
| | | | - Feng Yu-Qi
- Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Yan Shi-Hai
- Department of Pharmacology
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Huang Cheng-Cai
- Biomedical Research Laboratory
- Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Geng Zhi-Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Mao Xiao-Dong
- Research Center of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease
- Jiangsu Academy of TCM
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Zhao Ning-Wei
- Department of Pharmacology
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM
- Nanjing
- China
- Biomedical Research Laboratory
| | - Liu Chao
- Research Center of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease
- Jiangsu Academy of TCM
- Nanjing
- China
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24
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Effect of BRMS1 expression on proliferation, migration and adhesion of mouse forestomach carcinoma. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 8:724-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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25
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Kawaguchi M, Kanemaru A, Fukushima T, Yamamoto K, Tanaka H, Haruyama Y, Itoh H, Matsumoto N, Kangawa K, Nakazato M, Kataoka H. Ghrelin administration suppresses inflammation-associated colorectal carcinogenesis in mice. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:1130-6. [PMID: 26094822 PMCID: PMC4582981 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide that stimulates the release of pituitary growth hormone. Because of its orexigenic effects, ghrelin is being developed as a therapeutic option for postoperative support and treatment of anorexia-cachexia syndrome of cancer patients. However, ghrelin has a multiplicity of physiological functions, and it also affects cell proliferation. Therefore, the effects of ghrelin administration on carcinogenesis and cancer progression in patients susceptible to cancer should be clarified. In this study, we examined the effects of ghrelin on cancer promotion in vivo using murine intestinal carcinogenesis models. Intestinal tumorigenesis was examined to determine the effects of either exogenous ghrelin administration or ghrelin deficiency following deletion of the Ghrl gene. Two murine intestinal tumorigenesis models were used. The first was the azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced inflammation-associated colon carcinogenesis model and the second was the ApcMin/+ genetic cancer susceptibility model. In AOM/DSS-treated mice, administration of ghrelin significantly suppressed tumor formation in the colon. In contrast, ghrelin administration did not affect the number of intestinal tumors formed in ApcMin/+ mice. The absence of endogenous ghrelin did not affect the incidence of intestinal tumors in either AOM/DSS-treated mice or ApcMin/+ mice, though tumor size tended to be larger in Ghrl−/− colons in the AOM/DSS model. No tumor-promoting effect was observed by ghrelin administration in either tumorigenesis model. In summary, this study provides in vivo experimental evidence for the usefulness of ghrelin administration in the chemoprevention of inflammation-associated colorectal carcinogenesis and may suggest its safety in patients under colitis-associated cancer susceptibility conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Kawaguchi
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ai Kanemaru
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fukushima
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Koji Yamamoto
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Haruyama
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Matsumoto
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Nakazato
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kataoka
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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26
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Ali SS, Hamed EA, Ayuob NN, Shaker Ali A, Suliman MI. Effects of different routes of nicotine administration on gastric morphology and hormonal secretion in rats. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:881-95. [DOI: 10.1113/ep085015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soad Shaker Ali
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Enas Ahmed Hamed
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine; Assuit University; Asyut Egypt
| | - Nasra Naeim Ayuob
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine; Mansoura University; Mansoura Egypt
| | - Ahmed Shaker Ali
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour Ibrahem Suliman
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
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27
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Wang J, Guo S, Han L, Fang M, Wang L, Bartsch JW, Li J. Correlation of ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor expression with clinical features in human pituitary adenomas. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:1909-1914. [PMID: 26136913 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, as a brain-gut peptide, has growth hormone (GH)-releasing and appetite-inducing activities and a widespread tissue distribution. Furthermore, ghrelin is an endogenous ligand of the GH secretagogue receptor (GHSR), and both ghrelin and GHSR are expressed in the pituitary; however, the data regarding the expression of ghrelin and GHSR in pituitary adenomas are divergent and conflicting. In the present study, therefore, the expression of ghrelin and GHSR was examined in the full spectrum of human pituitary adenoma subtypes (n=34) and in normal pituitary tissue (n=3). The mRNA and protein expression levels were quantified using a competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting and the correlation of the results with the clinical parameters was assessed. mRNA and protein expression of ghrelin and GHSR was detected in all samples with the highest mean level in GH adenomas, a moderate level in clinically non-functioning adenomas and the lowest level in adrenocorticotropin adenomas. A significant correlation between the ghrelin and GHSR mRNA expression levels was observed in the GH adenomas (n=12) (r=0.8435, P=0.0006). The ghrelin mRNA expression level in the GH adenomas correlated positively with the basic serum GH level (n=12) (r=0.6488, P=0.0225). Furthermore, the mean level of ghrelin mRNA expression was significantly higher in invasive adenomas than in noninvasive adenomas (P<0.01). Collectively, the results of the study provided evidence that ghrelin and GHSR are expressed in the various subtypes of pituitary adenoma, with specific overexpression in GH adenomas. The study suggests that the binding of ghrelin to GHSR promotes the secretion of GH and plays an important role in the development of GH adenomas via autocrine and/or paracrine effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan Central Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Songbo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Affiliated to Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Lin Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Affiliated to Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Mingbo Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan Central Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan Central Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Jörg W Bartsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Marburg University, D-35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan Central Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
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28
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Ghrelin and its emerging role in tumor pathogenesis and progression. Obes Res Clin Pract 2015; 9:184-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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29
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Paoluzi OA, Blanco DVG, Caruso R, Monteleone I, Monteleone G, Pallone F. Impairment of ghrelin synthesis in Helicobacter pylori-colonized stomach: New clues for the pathogenesis of H. pylori-related gastric inflammation. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:639-646. [PMID: 24574737 PMCID: PMC3921473 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i3.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, the ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a, takes part in several functions of the digestive system, including regulation of appetite, energy homeostasis, gastric acid secretion and motility. Ghrelin has also immunoregulatory properties and is supposed to inhibit some inflammatory pathways that can mediate gastric damage. Interestingly, ghrelin synthesis is reduced in the gastric mucosa of patients with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, a worldwide condition inducing a T helper (Th)1/Th17 cell response-driven gastritis, which may evolve towards gastric atrophy and cancer. In this article, we review the available data on the expression of ghrelin in H. pylori infection and discuss how the defective ghrelin synthesis may contribute to sustain the ongoing inflammatory response in this disease.
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30
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Huang MM, Guo AB, Sun JF, Chen XL, Yin ZY. Angiotensin II promotes the progression of human gastric cancer. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1056-60. [PMID: 24424956 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in cardiovascular homeostasis, carcinogenesis‑related angiogenesis and cell proliferation. The present study was undertaken to determine the expression of angiotensin (Ang) II, Ang II type 1 and 2 receptors (AT1R and AT2R), and the activity of the angiotensin‑converting enzyme (ACE) in gastric cancer tissue. The study further examined the roles of Ang II in the growth of gastric cancer cells in nude mice and in the migration and proliferation of MKN45 human gastric cancer cells. Gastric cancer tissue samples were obtained from gastric cancer patients. The levels of Ang II, AT1R and AT2R, as well as ACE activity were increased in tissues from gastric cancer patients compared to healthy tissues. A gastric cancer model was established by intraperitoneally injecting MKN45 human gastric cancer cells in nude mice, intraperitoneally injecting Ang II and measuring the tumor size every two days. Ang II treatment caused an increase in the size and weight of the tumor mass in nude mice, whereas the AT1R antagonist losartan significantly inhibited the size and weight of the tumor. While Ang II enhanced the migratory and proliferative rate of MKN45 human gastric cancer cells, these were significantly reduced following treatment with losartan. These results indicate that RAS is activated in gastric cancer patients and Ang II promotes the progression of gastric cancer in nude mice, as well as the migration and proliferation of MKN45 human gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Min Huang
- Department of Gerontics, Drum Tower Hospital, College of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Bin Guo
- Department of Gerontics, Drum Tower Hospital, College of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Feng Sun
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- Department of Gerontics, Drum Tower Hospital, College of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Yu Yin
- Department of Gerontics, Drum Tower Hospital, College of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
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